1
|
Fenton TR, Merlino Barr S, Elmrayed S, Alshaikh B. Expected and Desirable Preterm and Small Infant Growth Patterns. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100220. [PMID: 38670164 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Adequate nutrition is necessary for achieving optimal growth and neurodevelopment. Growth is a natural and expected process that happens concomitantly with rapid advancements in neurodevelopment. Serial weight, length, and head circumference growth measures are essential for monitoring development, although identifying pathological deviations from normal growth can pose challenges. Appropriate growth assessments require considerations that a range of sizes for length, head circumference, and weight are expected and appropriate. Because of genetic differences and morbidities, there is a considerable overlap between the growth of healthy infants and those with growth alterations. Parents tend to be over-concerned about children who plot low on growth charts and often need reassurance. Thus, the use of terms such as "poor" growth or growth "failure" are discouraged when growth is approximately parallel to growth chart curves even if their size is smaller than specific percentiles. No specific percentile should be set as a growth goal; individual variability should be expected. An infant's size at birth is important information that goes beyond the common use of prognostic predictions of appropriate compared with small or large for gestational age. The lower the birthweight, the lower the nutrient stores and the more important the need for nutrition support. Compared to term infants, preterm infants at term-equivalent age have a higher percentage of body fat, but this diminishes over the next months. Current research findings support expert recommendations that preterm infants should grow, after early postnatal weight loss, similar to the fetus and then term-born infants, which translates to growth approximately parallel to growth chart curves. There is no need for a trade-off between optimum cognition and optimum future health. Each high-risk infant needs individualized nutrition and growth assessments. This review aims to examine infant growth expectations and messaging for parents of preterm and term-born infants within the broader causal framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanis R Fenton
- Community Health Sciences, O'Brien Institute of Public Health, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | | | - Seham Elmrayed
- Community Health Sciences, O'Brien Institute of Public Health, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, American University in Cairo, Egypt
| | - Belal Alshaikh
- Community Health Sciences, O'Brien Institute of Public Health, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Berggren SS, Dahlgren J, Andersson O, Bergman S, Roswall J. Reference limits for osteocalcin in infancy and early childhood: A longitudinal birth cohort study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2024; 100:399-407. [PMID: 38385947 DOI: 10.1111/cen.15036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The longitudinal variations in serum levels of the hormone osteocalcin is largely unknown during infancy and early childhood. Our aim was to establish reference limits for total serum osteocalcin during specific time points from birth until 5 years of age and present those in the context of sex, breastfeeding practices and gestational age (GA). DESIGN Blood samples from 551 Swedish children were analysed at birth, 4, 12, 36 and 60 months of age. Total serum osteocalcin was measured using the IDS-iSYS N-MID Osteocalcin assay technique. Information about the mother, birth, anthropometrics and a food diary were collected. RESULTS Sex-specific and age-specific reference limits were established for the five time points. The median osteocalcin levels over time were 40.8, 90.0, 67.8, 62.2 and 80.9 μg/L for boys and 38.1, 95.5, 78.3, 73.9 and 92.6 μg/L for girls. Lower GA was associated to higher osteocalcin at birth, and ongoing breastfeeding was associated to higher osteocalcin levels. CONCLUSION Osteocalcin followed a wavelike pattern with low levels in the umbilical cord and a postnatal peak during the first year which then declined and rose again by the age of five. Knowledge of this wavelike pattern and association to factors as sex, breastfeeding and GA may help clinicians to interpret individual osteocalcin levels and guide in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Berggren
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Health Center Hyltebruk, Hyltebruk, Halland, Sweden
| | - Jovanna Dahlgren
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Västra Götalandregion, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ola Andersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Bergman
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Primary Health Care Unit, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Spenshult Research and Development Centre, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Josefine Roswall
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Halland Hospital Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Casey L, Fenton TR. Recognizing and addressing atypical growth. Paediatr Child Health 2023; 28:495-501. [PMID: 38638544 PMCID: PMC11022869 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
While child growth evaluation is fundamental to paediatric practice, an increasingly complex clinical picture can complicate interpretation of growth patterns. This practice point uses representative case studies to illustrate key features of interpretation and response to commonly encountered growth patterns. Awareness of these common patterns and their etiologies will enhance the clinician's ability to respond appropriately and minimize the risk for under- or over-diagnosis of growth impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Casey
- Canadian Paediatric Society, Nutrition and Gastroenterology Committee, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanis R Fenton
- Canadian Paediatric Society, Nutrition and Gastroenterology Committee, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Casey L, Fenton TR. La détection et la prise en charge d’une croissance atypique. Paediatr Child Health 2023; 28:501-509. [PMID: 38638539 PMCID: PMC11022866 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
En pédiatrie, il est fondamental d’évaluer la croissance de l’enfant, mais un tableau clinique de plus en plus complexe peut compliquer l’évaluation des profils de croissance. Le présent point de pratique s’appuie sur des études de cas représentatives pour décrire les principaux éléments de l’interprétation des profils de croissance courants et la réponse à privilégier. Le clinicien qui connaît ces profils courants et leur étiologie sera mieux en mesure d’y répondre de manière appropriée et de limiter le risque de sous-diagnostiquer ou de surdiagnostiquer les retards de croissance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Casey
- Société canadienne de pédiatrie, comité de nutrition et de gastroentérologie, Ottawa (Ontario) Canada
| | - Tanis R Fenton
- Société canadienne de pédiatrie, comité de nutrition et de gastroentérologie, Ottawa (Ontario) Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fenton TR, Hay WW, Elmrayed S. INTERBIO-21st Phenotypes-Additional Considerations. JAMA Pediatr 2021; 175:979. [PMID: 34152380 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanis R Fenton
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Seham Elmrayed
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reyes I, Higgins M. Parental perception of child's body mass index and health within primary care. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2017; 29:375-383. [PMID: 28440560 DOI: 10.1002/2327-6924.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Overweight and obesity are sensitive issues to address with pediatric patients during any visit. Patients and families may not recognize that their child is overweight or obese and may not be ready to make change. The goals for this study were to collect overall statistics on the clinic in regards to weight status of children presenting for well child visits and to capture parental perception of the child's weight status in relation to child's age. METHODS A consecutive sample of parents and caregivers with a child aged 2-18 completed the survey and consented for the study on the day of the survey during a well child visit. CONCLUSIONS Parents, regardless of culture and age tended to underestimate the weight of their child. These findings further support the literature in that the younger the child, the more likely it is that the parent underestimates their weight status. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Interventions should include early education with parents on what a healthy weight is and how it can predict future health. Addressing and recognizing early concerns and assessing parental perception can be important if educational messages are delivered throughout the span of the early years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imelda Reyes
- Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
The infant feeding practices of Chinese immigrant mothers in Australia: A qualitative exploration. Appetite 2016; 105:375-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
8
|
Duarte LS, Fujimori E, Minagawa Toriyama AT, Palombo CNT, Borges ALV, Kurihayashi AY. Brazilian Maternal Weight Perception and Satisfaction With Toddler Body Size: A Study in Primary Health Care. J Pediatr Nurs 2016; 31:490-7. [PMID: 27132799 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Maternal perception and satisfaction with child's weight status are important to detect early and to successfully treat the extremes in weight, especially during early childhood, when the child is more dependent on maternal care. OBJECTIVES To assess the inaccuracy of maternal perception of toddler body size and its associated factors and to analyze maternal dissatisfaction with toddler body size. METHODS Cross-sectional study with 135 mother-toddler dyads attending Primary Health Care Facilities, São Paulo, Brazil. Children's actual weight status was classified using body mass index-for-age. Inaccuracy and dissatisfaction were assessed using an image scale. We used logistic regression to identify the factors associated with inaccuracy of maternal perception of toddler body size. RESULTS Inaccuracy in maternal perception was observed in 34.8% of participants. Mothers of excessive weight children were more likely to have inaccurate perceptions (OR=4.6; 95% CI 2.0-10.7), and mothers of children who attended well-child care were less likely to have inaccurate perceptions (OR=0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.9). More than half of mothers (52.6%) were dissatisfied with their toddler's size and desired a larger child (75.0% of mothers of underweight children, 25.0% of mothers whose children were at risk for overweight and 23.0% of mothers of overweight children). CONCLUSION The majority of mothers were inaccurate in their perception and was dissatisfied with their toddler's body size. Maternal inaccuracy and dissatisfaction differed by the weight status of the toddler. Attendance at well-child visits was an effective way to decrease maternal inaccuracy, which reinforces the importance of the influence of health professionals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Simões Duarte
- Public Health Nursing Department of University of São Paulo School of Nursing, Brazil.
| | - Elizabeth Fujimori
- Public Health Nursing Department of University of São Paulo School of Nursing, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Byrne R, Magarey A, Daniels L. Maternal perception of weight status in first-born Australian toddlers aged 12-16 months--the NOURISH and SAIDI cohorts. Child Care Health Dev 2016; 42:375-81. [PMID: 27001154 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The preference amongst parents for heavier infants is in contrast to obesity prevention efforts worldwide. Parents are poor at identifying overweight in older children, but few studies have investigated maternal perception of weight status amongst toddlers and none in the Australian setting. METHODS Mothers (n = 290) completed a self-administered questionnaire at child age 12-16 months, defining their child's weight status as underweight, normal weight, somewhat overweight or very overweight. Weight-for-length z-score was derived from measured weight and length, and children categorized as underweight, normal weight, at risk overweight or obese (WHO standards). Objective classification was compared with maternal perception of weight status. Mean weight-for-length z-score was compared across categories of maternal perception using one-way ANOVA. Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine child or maternal characteristics associated with inaccurate weight perception. RESULTS Most children (83%) were perceived as normal weight. Twenty nine were described as underweight, although none were. Sixty-six children were at risk of overweight, but 57 of these perceived as normal weight. Of the 14 children who were overweight, only 4 were identified as somewhat overweight by their mother. Compared with mothers who could accurately classify their normal weight child, mothers who were older had higher odds of perceiving their normal weight child as underweight, while mothers with higher body mass index had slightly higher odds of describing their overweight/at risk child as normal weight. CONCLUSION The leaner but healthy weight toddler was perceived as underweight, while only the heaviest children were recognized as overweight. Mothers unable to accurately identify children at risk are unlikely to act to prevent further excess weight gain. Practitioners can lead a shift in attitudes towards weight in infants and young children, promoting routine growth monitoring and adequate but not rapid weight gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Byrne
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Children's Health Research, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Magarey
- Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - L Daniels
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thompson AL, Adair L, Bentley ME. "Whatever average is:" understanding African-American mothers' perceptions of infant weight, growth, and health. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 55:348-355. [PMID: 25684782 DOI: 10.1086/676476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical researchers have raised concerns that mothers' inability to recognize infant and toddler overweight poses a barrier to stemming increasing rates of overweight and obesity, particularly among low-income or minority mothers. Little anthropological research has examined the sociocultural, economic or structural factors shaping maternal perceptions of infant and toddler size or addressed biomedical depictions of maternal misperception as a "socio-cultural problem." We use qualitative and quantitative data from 237 low-income, African-American mothers to explore how they define 'normal' infant growth and infant overweight. Our quantitative results document that mothers' perceptions of infant size change with infant age, are sensitive to the size of other infants in the community, and are associated with concerns over health and appetite. Qualitative analysis documents that mothers are concerned with their children's weight status and assess size in relation to their infants' cues, local and societal norms of appropriate size, interactions with biomedicine, and concerns about infant health and sufficiency. These findings suggest that mothers use multiple models to interpret and respond to child weight. An anthropological focus on the complex social and structural factors shaping what is considered 'normal' and 'abnormal' infant weight is critical for shaping appropriate and successful interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Linda Adair
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ; Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Margaret E Bentley
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ; Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Appropriate levels of parental perception and concern about child weight are important components of successful obesity treatment, but the factors that contribute to these attitudes need clarification. The aim of this study was to identify child and parent characteristics that best predict parental perceptions and concerns about child weight. A cross-sectional design was used to assess characteristics of parents (e.g. age, income, and feeding attitudes) and children (e.g. body composition, ad libitum intake, and reported physical activity). Results are reported for 75, 4-6year-olds from diverse ethnicities. Perceived child weight and concern were measured with the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ). Multiple linear regression was used to identify the best models for perceived child weight and concern. For perceived child weight, the best model included parent age, children's laboratory intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and palatable buffet items, and two measures of child body composition (ratio of trunk fat-to-total fat and ratio of leg fat-to-total fat). For concern, child android/gynoid fat ratio explained the largest amount of variance, followed by restrictive feeding and SSB intake. Parental perceptions and concerns about child weight are best explained by models that account for children's eating behavior and body fat distribution.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hager ER, Candelaria M, Latta LW, Hurley KM, Wang Y, Caulfield LE, Black MM. Maternal perceptions of toddler body size: accuracy and satisfaction differ by toddler weight status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 166:417-22. [PMID: 22566540 DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine (1) accuracy of maternal perceptions of toddler body size; (2) factors associated with accuracy of toddler body size; and (3) how maternal satisfaction relates to accuracy/toddler body size. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Low-income community sample from suburban Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)/urban pediatric clinics. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred eighty-one mother-toddler dyads (toddlers: 54.1% male; mean age, 20.2 months; 70.8% African American; 8.5% underweight [<15th weight-for-length percentile]; and 29.2% overweight [≥85th weight-for-length percentile]). MAIN EXPOSURE Measured anthropometry (mother/toddler) and demographics. OUTCOME MEASURE Validated toddler silhouette scale (accuracy and satisfaction). RESULTS Nearly 70% of mothers were inaccurate in assessing their toddler's body size. Compared with mothers of healthy-weight toddlers, mothers of underweight toddlers were 9.13 times more likely to be accurate (95% CI, 2.94-28.36) and mothers of overweight toddlers were 87% less likely to be accurate (95% CI, 0.05-0.33); accuracy did not differ by toddler age, sex, or race or mother's education or weight status. More than 70% of all mothers and 81.7% of mothers of overweight toddlers were satisfied with their toddler's body size. Accurate mothers of underweight toddlers were less likely to be satisfied than accurate mothers of healthy-weight toddlers (30.0% vs 76.8%; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Mothers of overweight toddlers had inaccurate perceptions of their toddler's body size and were highly satisfied, suggesting a view of heavy toddlers as normative. Mothers of underweight toddlers had accurate perceptions yet were dissatisfied, suggesting recognition of their child as outside the norm. Because inaccurate perceptions begin early in toddlerhood, pediatric providers should help improve families' understanding of healthy body size. Future studies should examine how satisfaction and accuracy relate to parenting behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Hager
- Division of Growth and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|