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Chen LT, Chen YK, Yang TR, Chiang YS, Hsieh CY, Cheng C, Ding QW, Wu PJ, Peng CYJ. Examining the normality assumption of a design-comparable effect size in single-case designs. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:379-405. [PMID: 36650402 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-02035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
What Works Clearinghouse (WWC, 2022) recommends a design-comparable effect size (D-CES; i.e., gAB) to gauge an intervention in single-case experimental design (SCED) studies, or to synthesize findings in meta-analysis. So far, no research has examined gAB's performance under non-normal distributions. This study expanded Pustejovsky et al. (2014) to investigate the impact of data distributions, number of cases (m), number of measurements (N), within-case reliability or intra-class correlation (ρ), ratio of variance components (λ), and autocorrelation (ϕ) on gAB in multiple-baseline (MB) design. The performance of gAB was assessed by relative bias (RB), relative bias of variance (RBV), MSE, and coverage rate of 95% CIs (CR). Findings revealed that gAB was unbiased even under non-normal distributions. gAB's variance was generally overestimated, and its 95% CI was over-covered, especially when distributions were normal or nearly normal combined with small m and N. Large imprecision of gAB occurred when m was small and ρ was large. According to the ANOVA results, data distributions contributed to approximately 49% of variance in RB and 25% of variance in both RBV and CR. m and ρ each contributed to 34% of variance in MSE. We recommend gAB for MB studies and meta-analysis with N ≥ 16 and when either (1) data distributions are normal or nearly normal, m = 6, and ρ = 0.6 or 0.8, or (2) data distributions are mildly or moderately non-normal, m ≥ 4, and ρ = 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6. The paper concludes with a discussion of gAB's applicability and design-comparability, and sound reporting practices of ES indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ting Chen
- Department of Educational Studies, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - Yi-Kai Chen
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Rong Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Chiang
- Department of Curriculum & Instruction, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Cheng-Yu Hsieh
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Che Cheng
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Qi-Wen Ding
- Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ju Wu
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Chao-Ying Joanne Peng
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Copeland WE, Ivanova MY, Achenbach TM, Turner LV, Tong G, Ahmeti-Pronaj A, Au A, Bellina M, Caldas JC, Chen YC, Csemy L, da Rocha MM, Dobrean A, Ezpeleta L, Funabiki Y, Harder VS, Lecannelier F, Leiner de la Cabada M, Leung P, Liu J, Mahr S, Malykh S, Markovic J, Ndetei DM, Oh KJ, Petot JM, Riad G, Sakarya D, Samaniego VC, Sebre S, Shahini M, Silvares E, Simulioniene R, Sokoli E, Talcott JB, Vazquez N, Wolanczyk T, Zasepa E. Cultural contributions to adults' self-rated mental health problems and strengths: 7 culture clusters, 28 societies, 16 906 adults. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7581-7590. [PMID: 37203460 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723001332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown how much variation in adult mental health problems is associated with differences between societal/cultural groups, over and above differences between individuals. METHODS To test these relative contributions, a consortium of indigenous researchers collected Adult Self-Report (ASR) ratings from 16 906 18- to 59-year-olds in 28 societies that represented seven culture clusters identified in the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavioral Effectiveness study (e.g. Confucian, Anglo). The ASR is scored on 17 problem scales, plus a personal strengths scale. Hierarchical linear modeling estimated variance accounted for by individual differences (including measurement error), society, and culture cluster. Multi-level analyses of covariance tested age and gender effects. RESULTS Across the 17 problem scales, the variance accounted for by individual differences ranged from 80.3% for DSM-oriented anxiety problems to 95.2% for DSM-oriented avoidant personality (mean = 90.7%); by society: 3.2% for DSM-oriented somatic problems to 8.0% for DSM-oriented anxiety problems (mean = 6.3%); and by culture cluster: 0.0% for DSM-oriented avoidant personality to 11.6% for DSM-oriented anxiety problems (mean = 3.0%). For strengths, individual differences accounted for 80.8% of variance, societal differences 10.5%, and cultural differences 8.7%. Age and gender had very small effects. CONCLUSIONS Overall, adults' self-ratings of mental health problems and strengths were associated much more with individual differences than societal/cultural differences, although this varied across scales. These findings support cross-cultural use of standardized measures to assess mental health problems, but urge caution in assessment of personal strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Copeland
- University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Masha Y Ivanova
- University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Thomas M Achenbach
- University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Lori V Turner
- University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Guangyu Tong
- Yale University, 135 College St, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Adelina Ahmeti-Pronaj
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Kosova, 10000 Prishtine, Kosova
| | - Alma Au
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Monica Bellina
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, 7 Padiglione, Via Don Luigi Monza 20, Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy
| | - J Carlos Caldas
- Departamento de Ciências Sociais e do Comportamento, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde - Norte, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, PRD, Portugal
| | - Yi-Chuen Chen
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Ladislav Csemy
- Prague Psychiatric Centre, Laboratory of Social Psychiatry, Ustavni 91, 181 03 Praha 8, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marina M da Rocha
- University Paulista (Unip), Institute of Human Sciences, Rua Francisco Bautista, 300, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anca Dobrean
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, 400015, Rupublicii st. 37, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Lourdes Ezpeleta
- Departament de Psicologia Clinica i de la Salut, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Edifici B, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Yasuko Funabiki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Valerie S Harder
- University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | | | - Marie Leiner de la Cabada
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, P. O. Box 43091 Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Patrick Leung
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room 356, Sino Building, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Room 426, Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Safia Mahr
- Departement de Psychologie, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre la Défense, Laboratoire EVACLIPSY, Batiment C, 3e Etage, Salles C.319 & C.321, 200 Avenue de la Republique, Nanterre 92001, France
| | - Sergey Malykh
- Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education, Mokhovaya str, 9/4, Moscow 125009, Russia
| | - Jasminka Markovic
- Medical Faculty Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 1, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - David M Ndetei
- Africa Mental Health Foundation, P.O. Box 48423-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kyung Ja Oh
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Soedaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jean-Michel Petot
- Departement de Psychologie, Université de Paris Ouest, Laboratoire EVACLIPSY, Batiment C, 3 Etage, Salles C.319 & C.321, 200 Avenue de la Republique, Nanterre 92001, France
| | | | - Direnc Sakarya
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Sandra Sebre
- Department of Psychology, University of Latvia, Jurmalas Avenue 74/76, Riga, Latvia LV-1083
| | - Mimoza Shahini
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Kosova, 10000 Prishtine, Kosova
| | - Edwiges Silvares
- University of São Paulo, Instituto de Psicologia, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes 1721, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roma Simulioniene
- Department of Psychology, Klaipeda University, Herkaus Manto str. 84, Klaipeda 92294, Lithuania
| | - Elvisa Sokoli
- Department of Psychology, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Joel B Talcott
- Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK B4 7ET
| | - Natalia Vazquez
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomasz Wolanczyk
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Zasepa
- The Maria Grzegorzewska Academy of Special Education, Room 3609, Szczesliwicka 40, 02-353, Warsaw, Poland
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