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Li S, Jiang T, Zeng X, Zhu N, Shen C, Gong W, Zhang C, He L. The Effect of α-Olefin-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer on the Rheological and Crystalline Properties and Microcellular Foaming Behavior of Polyamide 6. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092056. [PMID: 37177202 PMCID: PMC10180843 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The α-olefin-maleic anhydride copolymer DIA as a chain extender was used to modify polyamide 6 (PA6) during melt blending. The ability to modulate this modification for PA6 has been shown to be dependent on the effects of its content on the molecular weight distribution, rheological properties, crystalline properties, mechanical properties, and foaming behavior of foam samples. By increasing the DIA content, the viscoelasticity, water contact angle, and elongation at break improved as a result of a significant decrease in water absorption and melt flow rate. Compared with raw PA6, the modified PA6 presented a relatively wider molecular weight distribution. However, the crystallinity of modified PA6 samples decreased, the double melting peaks became one peak, and the α crystallites at 20.3° gradually disappeared with increasing DIA content. The morphologies of composite foams with different contents were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the cell size of different PA6 samples decreased from 160 μm to 83 μm and the cell density increased from 1.1 × 105 cells/cm3 to 5.9 × 105 cells/cm3 when the content of DIA increased from 0 wt% to 5 wt%. Meanwhile, the cell morphology obviously improved and the cell size distribution became narrow. Thus, a preparation technology based on foaming materials with excellent performance, such as better bubble quality and low water absorption, was developed for further research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
| | - Tuanhui Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
| | - Xiangbu Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
| | - Nenggui Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
| | - Chao Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Institute of Materials and Construction, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li He
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
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2
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Ho KH, Lu X, Lau SK. In Situ Dispersion of Lignin in Polypropylene via Supercritical CO 2 Extrusion Foaming: Effects of Lignin on Cell Nucleation and Foam Compression Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081813. [PMID: 37111960 PMCID: PMC10145137 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercritical CO2 (scCO2) extrusion foamed high-melt-strength (HMS) polypropylene (PP) often suffers from low cell density, large cell sizes, and poor cell structure uniformity due to the poor nucleation rates of CO2 in the PP. To remedy this, various inorganic fillers have been used as heterogeneous nucleation agents. Although their efficient nucleation effects have been demonstrated, the preparation of these fillers causes some adverse effects on the environment/human health or involves relatively expensive processes or non-eco-friendly chemicals. In this work, biomass-based lignin is studied as a sustainable, lightweight, and cost-effective nucleating agent. It is found that scCO2 could assist in situ dispersion of lignin in the PP in the foaming process, leading to significantly increased cell density, smaller cells, and improved cell uniformity. The Expansion Ratio is also simultaneously improved due to reduced diffusive gas loss. The PP/lignin foams with low lignin loadings exhibit higher compression moduli and plateau strengths than the PP foams with the same densities owing to the improved cell uniformity and probably also the reinforcing effect of the small lignin particles in cell walls. Moreover, the energy absorption capability of the PP/lignin foam with 1 wt% lignin could match the PP foam with similar compression plateau strengths; even the density of the former is 28% lower than the latter. Therefore, this work provides a promising approach to a cleaner and more sustainable production of HMS PP foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keen Hoe Ho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 5 CleanTech Loop #01-01, CleanTech Two Block B, Singapore 636732, Singapore
| | - Xuehong Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Soo Khim Lau
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 5 CleanTech Loop #01-01, CleanTech Two Block B, Singapore 636732, Singapore
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3
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Ziejewska C, Grela A, Hebda M. Influence of Waste Glass Particle Size on the Physico-Mechanical Properties and Porosity of Foamed Geopolymer Composites Based on Coal Fly Ash. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2044. [PMID: 36903157 PMCID: PMC10004531 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In order to protect the environment and counteract climate change, it is necessary to take any actions that enable a reduction in CO2 emissions. One of the key areas is research focused on developing alternative sustainable materials for construction to reduce the global demand for cement. This work presents the properties of foamed geopolymers with the addition of waste glass as well as determined the optimal size and amount of waste glass for improving the mechanical and physical features of the produced composites. Several geopolymer mixtures were fabricated by replacing coal fly ash with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of waste glass by weight. Moreover, the effect of using different particle size ranges of the addition (0.1-1200 µm; 200-1200 µm; 100-250 µm; 63-120 µm; 40-63 µm; 0.1-40 µm) in the geopolymer matrix was examined. Based on the results, it was found that the application of 20-30% of waste glass with a particle size range of 0.1-1200 µm and a mean diameter of 550 µm resulted in approximately 80% higher compressive strength in comparison to unmodified material. Moreover, the samples produced using the smallest fraction (0.1-40 µm) of waste glass in the amount of 30% reached the highest specific surface area (43.711 m2/g), maximum porosity (69%), and density of 0.6 g/cm3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Ziejewska
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grela
- Faculty of Environmental and Power Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Marek Hebda
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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4
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Rostami-Tapeh-Esmaeil E, Rodrigue D. Morphological, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Rubber Foams: A Review Based on Recent Investigations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1934. [PMID: 36903049 PMCID: PMC10004622 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
During recent decades, rubber foams have found their way into several areas of the modern world because these materials have interesting properties such as high flexibility, elasticity, deformability (especially at low temperature), resistance to abrasion and energy absorption (damping properties). Therefore, they are widely used in automobiles, aeronautics, packaging, medicine, construction, etc. In general, the mechanical, physical and thermal properties are related to the foam's structural features, including porosity, cell size, cell shape and cell density. To control these morphological properties, several parameters related to the formulation and processing conditions are important, including foaming agents, matrix, nanofillers, temperature and pressure. In this review, the morphological, physical and mechanical properties of rubber foams are discussed and compared based on recent studies to present a basic overview of these materials depending on their final application. Openings for future developments are also presented.
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5
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Kim J, Kim SW, Kweon BC, Kim KH, Cha SW. Solid-State Surface Patterning on Polymer Using the Microcellular Foaming Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051153. [PMID: 36904394 PMCID: PMC10007601 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a novel process that integrates the molding and patterning of solid-state polymers with the force generated from the volume expansion of the microcellular-foaming process (MCP) and the softening of solid-state polymers due to gas adsorption. The batch-foaming process, which is one of the MCPs, is a useful process that can cause thermal, acoustic, and electrical characteristic changes in polymer materials. However, its development is limited due to low productivity. A pattern was imprinted on the surface using a polymer gas mixture with a 3D-printed polymer mold. The process was controlled with changing weight gain by controlling saturation time. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to obtain the results. The maximum depth could be formed in the same manner as the mold geometry (sample depth: 208.7 μm; mold depth: 200 μm). Furthermore, the same pattern could be imprinted as a layer thickness of 3D printing (sample pattern gap and mold layer gap: 0.4 mm), and surface roughness was increased according to increase in the foaming ratio. This process can be used as a novel method to expand the limited applications of the batch-foaming process considering that MCPs can impart various high-value-added characteristics to polymers.
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6
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Cell Nucleation Dynamic and Expansion Characteristics of Milk Protein Puffs Containing Fruit Pomace Made by Supercritical Fluid Extrusion. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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7
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Production and Application of Polymer Foams Employing Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8905115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric foams have characteristics that make them attractive for different applications. However, some foaming methods rely on chemicals that are not environmentally friendly. One of the possibilities to tackle the environmental issue is to utilize supercritical carbon dioxide ScCO2 since it is a “green” solvent, thus facilitating a sustainable method of producing foams. ScCO2 is nontoxic, chemically inert, and soluble in molten plastic. It can act as a plasticizer, decreasing the viscosity of polymers according to temperature and pressure. Most foam processes can benefit from ScCO2 since the methods rely on nucleation, growth, and expansion mechanisms. Process considerations such as pretreatment, temperature, pressure, pressure drop, and diffusion time are relevant parameters for foaming. Other variables such as additives, fillers, and chain extenders also play a role in the foaming process. This review highlights the morphology, performance, and features of the foam produced with ScCO2, considering relevant aspects of replacing or introducing a novel foam. Recent findings related to foaming assisted by ScCO2 and how processing parameters influence the foam product are addressed. In addition, we discuss possible applications where foams have significant benefits. This review shows the recent progress and possibilities of ScCO2 in processing polymer foams.
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8
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Mantha S, Chao H, Ylitalo AS, Fitzgibbons TC, Zhou W, Ginzburg VV, Wang ZG. Surfactant in a Polyol-CO 2 Mixture: Insights from a Classical Density Functional Theory Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:16172-16182. [PMID: 36524704 PMCID: PMC9798868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Silicone-polyether (SPE) surfactants, made of a polydimethyl-siloxane (PDMS) backbone and polyether branches, are commonly used as additives in the production of polymeric foams with improved properties. A key step in the production of polymeric foams is the nucleation of gas bubbles in the polymer matrix upon supersaturation of dissolved gas. However, the role of SPE surfactants in the nucleation of gas bubbles is not well understood. In this study, we use classical density functional theory to investigate the effect of an SPE surfactant on the nucleation of CO2 bubbles in a polyol foam formulation. We find that the addition of an SPE surfactant leads to a ∼3-fold decrease in the polyol-CO2 interfacial tension at the surfactant's critical micelle concentration. Additionally, the surfactant is found to reduce the free energy barrier and affect the minimum free energy pathway (MFEP) associated with CO2 bubble nucleation. In the absence of a surfactant, a CO2-rich bubble nucleates from a homogeneous CO2-supersaturated polyol solution by following an MFEP characterized by a single nucleation barrier. Adding a surfactant results in a two-step nucleation process with reduced free energy barriers. The first barrier corresponds to the formation of a spherical aggregate with a liquid-like CO2 core. This spherical aggregate then grows into a CO2-rich bubble (spherical aggregate with a vapor-like CO2 core) of a critical size representing the second barrier. We hypothesize that the stronger affinity of CO2 for PDMS (than polyether) stabilizes the spherical aggregate with the liquid-like CO2 core, leading to a lower free energy barrier for CO2 bubble nucleation. Stabilization of such an aggregate during the early stages of the nucleation may lead to foams with more, smaller bubbles, which can improve their microstrustural features and insulating abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriteja Mantha
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Huikuan Chao
- Dow,
Inc., Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Andrew S. Ylitalo
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | - Weijun Zhou
- Dow,
Inc., Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Valeriy V. Ginzburg
- Dow,
Inc., Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
- Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48910, United States
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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9
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Open-Celled Foams from Polyethersulfone/Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Blends Using Foam Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010118. [PMID: 36616468 PMCID: PMC9824152 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethersulfone (PESU), as both a pristine polymer and a component of a blend, can be used to obtain highly porous foams through batch foaming. However, batch foaming is limited to a small scale and is a slow process. In our study, we used foam extrusion due to its capacity for large-scale continuous production and deployed carbon dioxide (CO2) and water as physical foaming agents. PESU is a high-temperature thermoplastic polymer that requires processing temperatures of at least 320 °C. To lower the processing temperature and obtain foams with higher porosity, we produced PESU/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blends using material penetration. In this way, without the use of organic solvents or a compounding extruder, a partially miscible PESU/PEG blend was prepared. The thermal and rheological properties of homopolymers and blends were characterized and the CO2 sorption performance of selected blends was evaluated. By using these blends, we were able to significantly reduce the processing temperature required for the extrusion foaming process by approximately 100 °C without changing the duration of processing. This is a significant advancement that makes this process more energy-efficient and sustainable. Additionally, the effects of blend composition, nozzle temperature and foaming agent type were investigated, and we found that higher concentrations of PEG, lower nozzle temperatures, and a combination of CO2 and water as the foaming agent delivered high porosity. The optimum blend process settings provided foams with a porosity of approximately 51% and an average foam cell diameter of 5 µm, which is the lowest yet reported for extruded polymer foams according to the literature.
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10
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Corrugated thermoplastic polyurethane foams with high mechanical strength fabricated by integrating fused filament fabrication and microcellular foaming using supercritical CO2. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Hasanzadeh R, Azdast T. Innovative Applications of Polymeric Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8155. [PMID: 36431639 PMCID: PMC9692724 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The new open Special Issue of Materials, entitled "Innovative Applications of Polymeric Foams", aims to highlight original and review papers on new scientific and applied research and provide outstanding contributions to inform the community's understanding of innovative applications of polymeric foams [...].
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12
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Hasanzadeh R, Mojaver P, Khalilarya S, Azdast T, Chitsaz A, Mojaver M. Polyurethane Foam Waste Upcycling into an Efficient and Low Pollutant Gasification Syngas. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224938. [PMID: 36433065 PMCID: PMC9694370 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste treatment has attracted much attention and, in this regard, gasification processes offer an efficient thermochemical technique that can produce a syngas rich in hydrogen. This technique has been well developed for solid waste and biomass while investigations on gasification of polymeric foam are rare. Therefore, this study explores the treatment of polyurethane foam waste with different gasifying agents, based on thermodynamic modeling. The polymeric foam gasification was developed using the best model for estimating higher heating value (gross calorific value). As the results indicated, models based on both ultimate and proximate analyses had better performance in predicting higher heating value. As one of the main objectives and novelties, the steam and air gasification performance of flexible and rigid polyurethane foam wastes was investigated and compared from efficiency and CO2 emission viewpoints. Polyurethane foam gasification by steam resulted in higher hydrogen efficiency, led to lower energy efficiency and produced lower CO2 emissions compared to gasification by air. A hydrogen efficiency of 41.4% was obtained for gasification of waste flexible polyurethane foam by steam. An energy efficiency of 76.6% and CO2 emission of 7.43 g per mole of feedstock were attained for waste flexible polyurethane foam gasified by air.
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13
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Esmaili P, Azdast T, Doniavi A. Innovative technique to fabricate nanocomposite bimodal foams containing expandable polymeric miroballoons: piezoelectric characteristics. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Peng K, Mubarak S, Diao X, Cai Z, Zhang C, Wang J, Wu L. Progress in the Preparation, Properties, and Applications of PLA and Its Composite Microporous Materials by Supercritical CO 2: A Review from 2020 to 2022. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204320. [PMID: 36297898 PMCID: PMC9611929 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of degradable plastic foams is in line with the current development concept of being pollution free and sustainable. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) microporous foam with biodegradability, good heat resistance, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties can be successfully applied in cushioning packaging, heat insulation, noise reduction, filtration and adsorption, tissue engineering, and other fields. This paper summarizes and critically evaluates the latest research on preparing PLA microporous materials by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) physical foaming since 2020. This paper first introduces the scCO2 foaming technologies for PLA and its composite foams, discusses the CO2-assisted foaming processes, and analyzes the effects of process parameters on PLA foaming. After that, the paper reviews the effects of modification methods such as chemical modification, filler filling, and mixing on the rheological and crystallization behaviors of PLA and provides an in-depth analysis of the mechanism of PLA foaming behavior to provide theoretical guidance for future research on PLA foaming. Lastly, the development and applications of PLA microporous materials based on scCO2 foaming technologies are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangming Peng
- CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Suhail Mubarak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu-si 59626, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Xuefeng Diao
- Jinyoung (Xiamen) Advanced Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361028, China
| | - Zewei Cai
- CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry Engineering, Minjiang University, Xiyuangong Road No. 200, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Industrial Design Institute, Minjiang University, Xiyuangong Road No. 200, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (J.W.); (L.W.)
| | - Jianlei Wang
- CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (J.W.); (L.W.)
| | - Lixin Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (J.W.); (L.W.)
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15
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Facile one-step method to manufacture polypropylene bead foams with outstanding thermal insulation and mechanical properties via supercritical CO2 extrusion foaming. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Lightweight, low-shrinkage and high elastic poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) foams achieved by microcellular foaming using N2 & CO2 as co-blowing agents. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Li Y, Zheng L, Song L, Han Y, Yang Y, Tan C. Toward Balanced Piezoelectric and Mechanical Performance: 3D Printed Polyvinylidene Fluoride/Carbon Nanotube Energy Harvester with Hierarchical Structure. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Li
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lang Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Li Song
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Changbin Tan
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
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18
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Wang X, Wang Y, Wang X. Fabrication strategy for long‐chain branched polypropylene foams with high resilience and compressive strength. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqiao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
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19
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Xu Z, Wang G, Zhao J, Zhang A, Dong G, Zhao G. Anti-shrinkage, high-elastic, and strong thermoplastic polyester elastomer foams fabricated by microcellular foaming with CO2 & N2 as blowing agents. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Hössinger-Kalteis A, Reiter M, Jerabek M, Major Z. Application of computed tomography data–based modelling technique for polymeric low density foams, Part B: Characterization of the mechanical behaviour. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221096073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The non-linear material behaviour of low density polypropylene foams is investigated under several quasi-static loading conditions with a combined modelling technique based on computed tomography data and Voronoi diagrams. A simulation methodology for determining the linear elastic properties is introduced in Hössinger-Kalteis et al. (2021). In this paper, the methodology is extended regarding the material model, where additionally the non-linear region is considered. The model takes into account property determining microstructural features like orientation-dependent cell wall thicknesses and anisotropic cell shapes. Thus, the anisotropic material behaviour under tension and compression load is estimated for extrusion foams with different densities utilizing the microstructural simulation model. Based on the characterized behaviour under tension and compression, constitutive models are generated. These are implemented in bending test simulations due to lower computational effort. The simulation results are validated with experimental results, which shows that the model gives satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Reiter
- Institute of Polymer Product Engineering, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
| | | | - Zoltán Major
- Institute of Polymer Product Engineering, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
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21
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Rattanakawin P, Yoshimoto K, Hikima Y, Nagamine S, Jiang Y, Tosaka M, Yamago S, Ohshima M. Control of the Cell Structure of UV-Induced Chemically Blown Nanocellular Foams by Self-Assembled Block Copolymer Morphology. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji Yoshimoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuta Hikima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nagamine
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuhan Jiang
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tosaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohshima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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22
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Daryadel M, Azdast T. A newly developed layered model to analytically predict the piezoelectric property of polymeric foams: Cellular geometry consideration. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Daryadel
- Mechanical Engineering Department Urmia University Urmia Iran
| | - Taher Azdast
- Mechanical Engineering Department Urmia University Urmia Iran
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23
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Cuadra-Rodríguez D, Qi XL, Barroso-Solares S, Rodríguez Pérez MÁ, Pinto J. Microcellular foams production from nanocomposites based on PS using MOF nanoparticles with enhanced CO 2 properties as nucleating agent. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221087599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of metal-organic frameworks (MOF) nanoparticles as nucleating agents in gas dissolution foaming processes is presented. In this work, MOF nanoparticles with three different particle sizes were synthetized and introduced in film composites based on polystyrene at 1 wt.%. The addition of nanoparticles with high affinity to CO2, which is the gas used as a physical blowing agent, can contribute to increase the nucleation efficiency in comparison with the classical heterogeneous route using non CO2-philic particles. Nanoparticles dispersion in solids and cellular structure in foams were studied as a function of the particle size and foaming parameters, studying for first time the impact of MOF nanoparticles on the nucleation by gas dissolution foaming. Nucleation efficiencies in the order of 10−2 were achieved for PS/MOF composites. In addition, the thermal stability of the cellular structure in the composites was enhanced regarding to PS matrix, preserving the cellular structure regardless the foaming temperature. Therefore, MOF nanoparticles have emerged as promising nucleating agents in foaming procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao-Lin Qi
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Javier Pinto
- Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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24
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Comprehensive study of theoretical models for predicting piezoelectric properties parameters of polymeric foams. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-02988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Hasanzadeh R, Azdast T, Mojaver M, Darvishi MM, Park CB. Cost-effective and reproducible technologies for fabrication of tissue engineered scaffolds: The state-of-the-art and future perspectives. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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Xu Z, Wang G, Zhao J, Zhang A, Zhao G. Super-elastic and structure-tunable poly(ether-block-amide) foams achieved by microcellular foaming. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Rostami M, Azdast T, Hasanzadeh R, Moradian M. A study on fabrication of nanocomposite polyethylene foam through extrusion foaming procedure. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/02624893211040949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foaming a polymer not only turns it into a lightweight material but also gives some special properties to it. However, the most important issue is controlling the foaming process to achieve a desirable structure with high cell density and low relative density. In the present study, the extrusion foaming process of polyethylene was studied through stepwise amendments. An innovative extrusion system was designed and implemented to produce extrusion foams under different material and process conditions using N2 as blowing agent. In the first step, the final cooling condition was investigated. The air-cooling condition led to a higher cell density/lower cell size compared to the water-cooling condition although a higher relative density was obtained. In the second step, the effects of the addition of talc and the synergetic effect of talc/nanoclay at different contents were investigated in detail. The hybrid of talc/nanoclay had a noticeably improving effect on the cellular structure. In the third step, the effects of processing parameters including the die temperature and screw speed were studied on the foam properties. Finally, up to 49.4% decrease in the relative density of samples was observed, also cell densities up to 2.5 × 104 cell/cm3 and cell sizes as small as 280 µm were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Rostami
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Taher Azdast
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rezgar Hasanzadeh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Milad Moradian
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Rokkonen T, Willberg-Keyriläinen P, Ropponen J, Malm T. Foamability of Cellulose Palmitate Using Various Physical Blowing Agents in the Extrusion Process. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152416. [PMID: 34372019 PMCID: PMC8347262 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer foams are widely used in several fields such as thermal insulation, acoustics, automotive, and packaging. The most widely used polymer foams are made of polyurethane, polystyrene, and polyethylene but environmental awareness is boosting interest towards alternative bio-based materials. In this study, the suitability of bio-based thermoplastic cellulose palmitate for extrusion foaming was studied. Isobutane, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen (N2) were tested as blowing agents in different concentrations. Each of them enabled cellulose palmitate foam formation. Isobutane foams exhibited the lowest density with the largest average cell size and nitrogen foams indicated most uniform cell morphology. The effect of die temperature on foamability was further studied with isobutane (3 wt%) as a blowing agent. Die temperature had a relatively low impact on foam density and the differences were mainly encountered with regard to surface quality and cell size distribution. This study demonstrates that cellulose palmitate can be foamed but to produce foams with greater quality, the material homogeneity needs to be improved and researched further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teijo Rokkonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, P.O. Box 1300, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pia Willberg-Keyriläinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 4E, P.O Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland; (P.W.-K.); (J.R.)
| | - Jarmo Ropponen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 4E, P.O Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland; (P.W.-K.); (J.R.)
| | - Tero Malm
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, P.O. Box 1300, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland;
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