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Chudal R, Tiiri E, Brunstein Klomek A, Ong SH, Fossum S, Kaneko H, Kolaitis G, Lesinskiene S, Li L, Huong MN, Praharaj SK, Sillanmäki L, Slobodskaya HR, Srabstein JC, Wiguna T, Zamani Z, Sourander A. Victimization by traditional bullying and cyberbullying and the combination of these among adolescents in 13 European and Asian countries. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1391-1404. [PMID: 33884501 PMCID: PMC9402766 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There has been a lack of studies on bullying in non-western low-income and middle-income countries. This study reported the prevalence of traditional victimization, cybervictimization, and the combination of these, in 13 European and Asian countries, and explored how psychiatric symptoms were associated with victimization. The data for this cross-sectional, school-based study of 21,688 adolescents aged 13-15 were collected from 2011 to 2017. The main outcomes were traditional and cybervictimization obtained from student self-reports. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was used to assess psychiatric symptoms. Generalized estimating equation and logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The mean prevalence of any victimization was 28.9%, of traditional victimization only, this was 17.7%, and for cybervictimization only this was 5.1%. Cybervictimization occurred both independently, and in combination with, traditional victimization. The mean prevalence of combined victimization was 6.1%. The mean proportion of those who were cyberbullied only among those who were either cyberbullied only or bullied both traditionally and in cyber was 45.1%. The rates of prevalence varied widely between countries. In the total sample, those who experienced combined victimization, reported the highest internalizing symptoms (girls, OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.22-1.29; boys, OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.25-1.33). The study findings suggest that anti-bullying interventions should include mental health components and target both traditional and cyberbullying. Due to the overlap between these, targeting bullying should primarily focus on how to reduce bullying behavior rather than just focusing on where bullying takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Chudal
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Tiiri
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Anat Brunstein Klomek
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzlyia, Israel
| | - Say How Ong
- Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sturla Fossum
- The Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hitoshi Kaneko
- Psychological Support and Research Center for Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gerasimos Kolaitis
- Department of Child Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Sigita Lesinskiene
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Psychiatry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Liping Li
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Mai Nguyen Huong
- Department of Psychiatry, Vietnam National Children's Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Samir Kumar Praharaj
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Lauri Sillanmäki
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Helena R Slobodskaya
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Jorge C Srabstein
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's National, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tjhin Wiguna
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Zahra Zamani
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andre Sourander
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
- Psychological Support and Research Center for Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
- INVEST Research Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Cyberbullying and Associated Factors in Member Countries of the European Union: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies with Representative Population Samples. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127364. [PMID: 35742613 PMCID: PMC9223899 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarise the current state of empirical research and establish an up-to-date estimate of the prevalence of cyberbullying through the gathering of self-reported experiences from representative population samples from EU countries. Bibliographic searches were conducted on main electronic databases for studies until November 2021. We considered observational studies that provided data on cyberbullying prevalence and/or associated factors. Seven studies with data from 25 countries were included. Rates ranged between 2.8–31.5% for cybervictimization, between 3.0–30.6% for cyberperpetration, and between 13.0–53.1% for cyberbystanding. The rate of cybervictimization perpetration was 4%. Meta-analysis-pooled prevalence showed rates of 9.62% and 11.91% for cybervictimization and cyberperpetration, respectively. Given the large variation in the rates seen between the different examined studies, in addition to the increase over recent years in the prevalence rates of the different examined dimensions of cyberbullying, it would be useful to deepen research into the causes of these differences and the factors associated with each of the dimensions. This should be performed through populational surveys which enable the collection of a greater quantity of more consistent information with a view to designing prevention and intervention CB programs that are targeted and adapted towards the characteristics of the target population.
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Houkamau C, Satherley N, Stronge S, Wolfgramm R, Dell K, Mika J, Newth J, Sibley CG. Cyberbullying Toward Māori Is Rife in New Zealand: Incidences and Demographic Differences in Experiences of Cyberbullying Among Māori. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2021; 24:822-830. [PMID: 34491836 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2020.0877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous research on cyberbullying has focused almost entirely on examining its prevalence among dominant ethnic populations, leaving it unclear how common cyberbullying is among indigenous peoples. Our study draws on a large sample of Māori adults aged 18-83 years (n = 6,529) who completed the questionnaire-based Māori Identity and Financial Attitudes Study in 2017. We analyzed reports of cyberbullying according to demographic characteristics, namely gender, age, sexual orientation, and multiple ethnic affiliations. On average, 19.3 percent of participants reported ever experiencing cyberbullying, and 4.1 percent reported experiencing cyberbullying within the past month. Young adults (aged 18-25) experienced the most, and incidences progressively declined among older cohorts. Women and those identifying as a minority sexual orientation reported higher rates of cyberbullying than men and heterosexuals. Those identifying as Māori as one of their multiple ethnicities reported higher rates of cyberbullying than those who identified as Māori only. Together, these findings provide a detailed investigation of the prevalence of cyberbullying in a large national indigenous sample. Previous data show that cyberbullying is common among adolescents and adults in New Zealand; however, our data indicate an even higher prevalence among the Māori. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed in light of Māori mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Houkamau
- Department of Management and International Business, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole Satherley
- Department of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Stronge
- Department of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rachel Wolfgramm
- Department of Management and International Business, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kiri Dell
- Department of Management and International Business, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jason Mika
- Te Au Rangahau, Massey University Manawatu, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jamie Newth
- Department of Management and International Business, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris G Sibley
- Department of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Tiiri E, Luntamo T, Mishina K, Sillanmäki L, Brunstein Klomek A, Sourander A. Did Bullying Victimization Decrease After Nationwide School-Based Antibullying Program? A Time-Trend Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:531-540. [PMID: 30951802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed changes in traditional and cyberbullying victimization, and their associations with mental health, before and after the introduction of a nationwide antibullying program in Finnish schools in 2009. METHOD This time-trend assessment comprised two methodologically identical cross-sectional survey studies, with 2,061 adolescents in 2008 (response rate 90.2%) and 1,936 in 2014 (91.8%). Their mean age was 14.4 years. They completed questionnaires about traditional and cyberbullying, mental health, and perceptions of school safety. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% CIs are presented with 2008 as the reference year. RESULTS From 2008 to 2014, traditional victimization decreased from 28.9% to 19.1% (odds ratio [OR] = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.4-0.7) among boys and from 23.2% to 17.4% (OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.6-0.9) among girls. Cyberbullying victimization remained fairly stable at 3.3% and 3.0% (OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.4-1.2) for boys and at 2.7% and 4.1% (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.9-2.4) for girls. Combined traditional and cyberbullying victimization decreased from 6.1% to 3.9% (OR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.4-0.8) among boys and from 7.5% to 6.7% (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.6-1.2) among girls. Those experiencing both traditional and cyberbullying reported the highest mental health problems. Perceived school safety improved among boys, but not among girls. Both boys and girls reported greater efforts by teachers and fellow students to stop bullying. CONCLUSION Combined traditional and cyberbullying victimization was an indicator of comorbid mental health problems. Interventions that target both types of bullying, and that are integrated with mental health promotion, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Tiiri
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | | - Anat Brunstein Klomek
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzlyia, Israel
| | - Andre Sourander
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; INVEST Research Flagship, University of Turku, Finland
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Cañas E, Estévez E, León-Moreno C, Musitu G. Loneliness, Family Communication, and School Adjustment in a Sample of Cybervictimized Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17010335. [PMID: 31947793 PMCID: PMC6982055 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare individual, family, and social variables, such as the perception of loneliness, family communication, and school adjustment in a sample of 2399 Andalusian (Spanish) adolescents aged 12 to 18 (M = 14.63, SD = 1.91) suffering from cybervictimization (low, moderate, and high). The results show that adolescents suffering from high cybervictimization report more loneliness, more problematic communication with both parents, and worse school adjustment than the rest of the groups. Regarding gender, differences are observed in open communication with the mother and in the dimensions of school adjustment, being more favorable for girls. However, there were no significant differences between girls and boys in the loneliness variable. The interaction effects indicate, on the one hand, that female severe cybervictims present more avoidant communication with the mother than the other groups, and, on the other hand, that male cybervictims of all three groups and female severe cybervictims have lower academic competence than the group of female low cybervictims, followed by female moderate cybervictims. These data support the idea that, depending on its intensity and duration, cybervictimization affects girls and boys differently in terms of individual, family, and social variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Cañas
- Departament of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernández University, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Alicante, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965-919-466
| | - Estefanía Estévez
- Departament of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernández University, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Celeste León-Moreno
- Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain; (C.L.-M.); (G.M.)
| | - Gonzalo Musitu
- Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain; (C.L.-M.); (G.M.)
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