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Hsu YT, Chang AM, Daubert D, Roberts F, Chen D, Trivedi HM, Gomez J, Darveau RP. Inflammation and tissue remodeling mediator expression during gingivitis: A comparison between experimental, naturally occurring gingivitis, and periodontal health. J Periodontol 2024. [PMID: 38708772 DOI: 10.1002/jper.23-0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to evaluate the immune regulation and tissue remodeling responses during experimental gingivitis (EG) and naturally occurring gingivitis (NG) to provide a comprehensive analysis of host responses. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was obtained from 2 human studies conducted in university settings. METHODS The EG study enrolling 26 volunteers provided controls for the baseline (Day 0) from healthy disease-free participants, while Day 21 (the end of EG induction of the same group) was used to represent EG. Twenty-six NG participants age-matched with those of the EG group were recruited. GCF samples were analyzed for 39 mediators of inflammatory/immune responses and tissue remodeling using commercially available bead-based multiplex immunoassays. The differences in GI and mediator expression among groups were determined at a 95% confidence level (p ≤ 0.05) by a 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a post-hoc Tukey's test. RESULTS Our findings showed that EG had a greater gingival index than NG and was healthy (p < 0.01 of all comparisons). Furthermore, EG showed significantly higher levels of MPO (p < 0.001), CCL3 (p < 0.05), and IL-1B (p < 0.001) than NG. In contrast, NG had increased levels of MIF (p < 0.05), Fractalkine (p < 0.001), angiogenin (p < 0.05), C3a (p < 0.001), BMP-2 (p < 0.001), OPN (p < 0.05), RANKL (p < 0.001), and MMP-13 (p < 0.001) than EG. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with the findings from chronic (NG) versus acute (EG) inflammatory lesions, these data reveal that NG displays greater immune regulation, angiogenesis, and bone remodeling compared to EG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ting Hsu
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ana M Chang
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, Washington, USA
| | - Diane Daubert
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Frank Roberts
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dandan Chen
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Harsh M Trivedi
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Juliana Gomez
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rich P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Ye Q, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Ouyang Z, Feng Y, Hu J, Su X, Chen N, Chen Y, Tan L, Feng Y, Guo Y. Prevotella, a dominant bacterium in young people with stage Ⅲ periodontitis, related to the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105316. [PMID: 38423169 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTS As periodontitis progresses, the oral microbiome changes dynamically. The aim of this study is to evaluate the dominant bacteria of adults with stage III periodontitis and investigate potential pathways related to the dominant bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS 16S rRNA sequencing was carried out to detect the differences in the oral microbiome between adult with stage Ⅰ and stage Ⅲ periodontitis and find the dominant bacteria in each group. The inhibitor of the predominant pathway for stage Ⅲ periodontitis was used to investigate the role of the dominant bacteria in periodontitis in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the α-diversity between the two groups. The results of β-diversity showed that the samples were divided into different groups according to the stage of periodontitis. The dominant bacteria in youths with stage Ⅲ periodontitis was Prevotella and may be related to the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway. Administration of SKF-86002 suppressed the expression of inflammation mediators in vivo and vitro. CONCLUSIONS Prevotella was the one dominant bacteria in young people with stage Ⅲ periodontitis and was related to the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ye
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Digital Oral and Maxillofacial Defect Repair, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Digital Oral and Maxillofacial Defect Repair, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Digital Oral and Maxillofacial Defect Repair, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Zeyue Ouyang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Digital Oral and Maxillofacial Defect Repair, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Digital Oral and Maxillofacial Defect Repair, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Digital Oral and Maxillofacial Defect Repair, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaolin Su
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Digital Oral and Maxillofacial Defect Repair, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Ningxin Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Digital Oral and Maxillofacial Defect Repair, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Digital Oral and Maxillofacial Defect Repair, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Digital Oral and Maxillofacial Defect Repair, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Yunzhi Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Digital Oral and Maxillofacial Defect Repair, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Changsha, China.
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Digital Oral and Maxillofacial Defect Repair, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Changsha, China.
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Ortiz-Sánchez BJ, Juárez-Avelar I, Andrade-Meza A, Mendoza-Rodríguez MG, Chirino YI, Monroy-Pérez E, Paniagua-Contreras GL, Rodriguez-Sosa M. Periodontitis exacerbation during pregnancy in mice: Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a key inductor. J Periodontal Res 2024; 59:267-279. [PMID: 37990413 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to investigate the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the exacerbation of pregestational periodontal disease (PGPD). BACKGROUND Periodontitis (PT) is a severe stage of periodontal disease characterized by inflammation of the supporting tissues of the teeth, which usually worsens during pregnancy. MIF is a proinflammatory cytokine that is significantly elevated in periodontitis, both at the beginning and at the end of pregnancy. Although periodontitis usually presents with greater severity during pregnancy, the participation of MIF in the evolution of periodontitis has not been established. METHODS To analyze the relevance of MIF in the exacerbation of PGPD, we employed a model of PGPD in WT and Mif-/- mice, both with a BALB/c genetic background. PT was induced with nylon suture ligatures placed supramarginally around the second upper right molar. For PGPD, PT was induced 2 weeks before mating. We evaluated histological changes and performed histometric analysis of the clinical attachment loss, relative expression of MMP-2 and MMP-13 by immunofluorescence, and relative expression of the cytokines mif, tnf-α, ifn-γ, and il-17 by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Our data revealed that periodontal tissue from PGPD WT mice produced a twofold increase in MIF compared with PT WT mice. Moreover, the evolution of periodontitis in Mif-/- mice was less severe than in PGDP WT mice. Periodontal tissue from Mif-/- mice with PGPD produced 80% less TNF-α and no IFN-γ, as well as 50% lower expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and 25% less MMP-13 compared to WT PGDP mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that MIF plays an important role in the exacerbation of periodontitis during pregnancy and that MIF is partially responsible for the inflammation associated with the severity of periodontitis during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsaida J Ortiz-Sánchez
- Carrera de Cirujano Dentista, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Imelda Juárez-Avelar
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata. Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Antonio Andrade-Meza
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata. Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica Gabriela Mendoza-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología. Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología. Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Eric Monroy-Pérez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | | | - Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Oner F, Onat FC, Ozkan Karasu Y. Salivary and serum nitric oxide synthase, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha and macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels in periodontal disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25888. [PMID: 38384515 PMCID: PMC10878917 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Periodontal disease is multifactorial inflammatory disease involving both gingivitis and periodontitis. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1α) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) are mediators contributing to the progression of periodontal diseases with distinct functions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the local and systemic iNOS, MIP-1α and MIF concentrations in patients having periodontal disease with different severities. Design The study was conducted on 88 individuals equally divided into four groups; 1) Periodontally Healthy 2) Gingivitis 3) Stage I-II Periodontitis 4) Stage III-IV Periodontitis. Saliva and serum samples were obtained from each individual and then periodontal examinations were performed. Plaque and bleeding on probing indexes, probing depths and clinical attachment levels were measured on each tooth to determine the periodontal status. Concentrations of iNOS, MIP-1α and MIF were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Patients with stage I-II and stage III-IV periodontitis had more iNOS levels than periodontally healthy people in serum and saliva (p ≤ 0,001 for serum; p < 0,05 for saliva). Stage III-IV periodontitis group had significantly more serum-iNOS levels than that in gingivitis group (p = 0,005). When compared with periodontally healthy individuals, MIP-1α levels in stage III-IV periodontitis patients were measured significantly more in saliva; (p = 0,016) but less in serum (p = 0,006) samples. More serum-MIF concentrations were observed in stage I-II periodontitis groups than that in periodontally healthy individuals (p < 0,05). Conclusion Increased salivary and serum iNOS and serum-MIF levels in different stages of periodontitis suggest that these molecules might be involved in periodontal disease pathogenesis. Also, oral microenvironment may stimulate the enhanced MIP-1α concentration in advanced periodontitis cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Oner
- Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Faruk Cagri Onat
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Yerda Ozkan Karasu
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Erzurum, Turkey
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Alhammadi A, Koippallil Gopalakrishnan AR, Saqan R, Badran Z, Al Kawas S, Rahman B. Salivary macrophage chemokines as potential biomarkers of gingivitis. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:77. [PMID: 36747174 PMCID: PMC9903476 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to analyze the salivary levels of macrophage-activating factor (MAF), macrophage-chemotactic factor (MCF), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in healthy and gingivitis patients, and to correlate between the concentrations of these chemo attractants with the intensity of gingival inflammation clinically. METHODS Sixty saliva specimens were collected from periodontally healthy (n = 30), and gingivitis patients (n = 30). Bleeding on probing (BOP), Visible Plaque Index (VPI), and Simplified Modified Gingival Index (SMGI) were recorded through clinical examination. Salivary MAF, MCF, and MIF concentrations were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 28). Total mean score for each biomarker was determined, and descriptive bivariate statistics were conducted to characterize the levels of biomarkers among the study groups. The difference in the biomarker levels among the study groups were analyzed by independent sample t test and one-way ANOVA. The diagnostic ability of the biomarkers was further tested by ROC curve analysis. RESULTS Salivary levels of MAF was not significantly different between periodontally healthy individuals and gingivitis patients. The difference in MCF and MIF levels between patients with gingivitis and those with healthy periodontium was statistically significant (p 0.05 and p 0.001, respectively). When examined across the various stages of disease progression, MIF showed statistically significant difference among the three biomarkers (p 0.05). ROC curve analysis further revealed that area under the curve (AUC) for MIF has a better diagnostic capacity than MCF (AUC 0.981 vs. 0.673). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that MIF could be considered as a potential salivary biomarker for gingivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Alhammadi
- grid.412789.10000 0004 4686 5317Master of Dental Surgery in Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Aghila Rani Koippallil Gopalakrishnan
- grid.412789.10000 0004 4686 5317Wound Healing and Oral Diagnostic Research Group-Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Roba Saqan
- grid.412789.10000 0004 4686 5317Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Zahi Badran
- grid.412789.10000 0004 4686 5317Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Sausan Al Kawas
- grid.412789.10000 0004 4686 5317Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Science, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Betul Rahman
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.
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6
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Kantrong N, Chang AM, Bamashmous S, Hajjar AM, Bucala RJ, Darveau RP. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor regulates specific innate immune sensor responses in gingival epithelial cells. J Periodontol 2022; 93:1940-1950. [PMID: 35100435 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gingival epithelium protects periodontal tissues and the alveolar bone by maintaining a steady state of regulated inflammatory surveillance, also known as healthy homeostasis. Accordingly, the repertoire of receptors present within the gingival epithelium showcases its ability to recognize microbial colonization and contribute to bacterial sensing. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is one of many cytokines that are expressed in this protective state and is involved in neutrophil regulation. However, its role in the maintenance of healthy gingival tissue has not been described. METHODS Gingival tissues from wild-type (WT) and Mif knock-out (KO) mice were stained for neutrophils and three key neutrophil chemoattractants: MIF, Gro-α/CXCL1, and Gro-β/CXCL2 in the junctional epithelium (JE). In addition, gene silencing studies were performed using gingival epithelial cells (GECs) to examine the role of MIF on transcription of key bacterial recognition receptors Toll-like receptors (TLR)-1, -2, -4, -6, -9 and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1R1 and IL-1R2) in response to oral bacterial stimulation. RESULTS WT murine gingival tissues demonstrated high expression of MIF in the JE. In Mif KO mice, despite the significant reduction of Gro-α/CXCL1 and Gro-β/CXCL2, there was a slight increase in neutrophils. Gene silencing experiments showed that MIF down-regulated the mRNA expression of TLR4, IL-1R1, and IL-1R2 in GEC, in addition to decreasing secreted IL-8/CXCL8 in response to bacteria. CONCLUSIONS MIF regulates the expression of TLR4, IL-1Rs, and IL-8/CXCL8, components that are all involved in maintaining oral health. Our data demonstrate that MIF is a significant contributor to the maintenance of healthy oral homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutthapong Kantrong
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Oral Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ana M Chang
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shatha Bamashmous
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeline M Hajjar
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard J Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Abstract
Oral commensal bacteria actively participate with gingival tissue to maintain healthy neutrophil surveillance and normal tissue and bone turnover processes. Disruption of this homeostatic host-bacteria relationship occurs during experimental gingivitis studies where it has been clearly established that increases in the bacterial burden increase gingival inflammation. Here, we show that experimental gingivitis resulted in three unique clinical inflammatory phenotypes (high, low, and slow) and reveal that interleukin-1β, a reported major gingivitis-associated inflammatory mediator, was not associated with clinical gingival inflammation in the slow response group. In addition, significantly higher levels of Streptococcus spp. were also unique to this group. The low clinical response group was characterized by low concentrations of host mediators, despite similar bacterial accumulation and compositional characteristics as the high clinical response group. Neutrophil and bone activation modulators were down-regulated in all response groups, revealing novel tissue and bone protective responses during gingival inflammation. These alterations in chemokine and microbial composition responses during experimental gingivitis reveal a previously uncharacterized variation in the human host response to a disruption in gingival homeostasis. Understanding this human variation in gingival inflammation may facilitate the identification of periodontitis-susceptible individuals. Overall, this study underscores the variability in host responses in the human population arising from variations in host immune profiles (low responders) and microbial community maturation (slow responders) that may impact clinical outcomes in terms of destructive inflammation.
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Chen Y, Wong WK, Seneviratne JC, Huang S, McGrath C, Hagg U. Associations between salivary cytokines and periodontal and microbiological parameters in orthodontic patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24924. [PMID: 33725852 PMCID: PMC7969212 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic treatment can lead to microbial-induced gingival inflammation and aseptic periodontal inflammations. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between salivary pro-inflammatory cytokines levels with gingival health status and oral microbe loads among patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.The present investigation was a cross-sectional study among a sample of 111 consecutive orthodontic patients (mean age 18.4 ± 4.4 years). Clinical examinations were conducted to assess the gingival health status employing the Modified Gingival Index, Gingival Bleeding Index, and Plaque Index. Salivary microbiological assessments of total aerobic and anaerobic bacteria count, streptococci count, and lactobacilli count were undertaken. Saliva immunological assessments included Interleukin-1Beta (IL-1β) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) ELISA assays.The mean ± standard deviation of salivary IL-1β was 83.52 ± 85.62 pg/ml and MIF was 4.12 ± 0.96 ng/ml. Moderate positive correlations were found between salivary IL-1β levels and total aerobic and anaerobic bacteria count, streptococci count, and lactobacilli count (r = 0.380-0.446, P < .001), and weak positive correlations between salivary MIF levels and total salivary aerobic and anaerobic bacteria counts (r = 0.249-0.306, P < .01) were observed. A positive correlation was found between salivary IL-1β levels and Bleeding Index (r = 0.216, P < .05).The level of salivary IL-1β positively correlates with oral bacterial load among orthodontic patients; the relationship between inflammatory cytokines and oral microflora deserved further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, China
| | - Wing Kit Wong
- Department of Dentistry & Maxillofacial Surgery, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong
| | | | - Shuying Huang
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, China
| | | | - Urban Hagg
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid, Saliva, and Serum of Chronic Periodontitis Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7850392. [PMID: 30868074 PMCID: PMC6379857 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7850392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis (CP) is an infection that affects the teeth supporting structure. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an important effector cytokine of the innate immune system. Due to its functional characteristics, MIF may be involved in the immunopathology of CP. The aim of the present study was to evaluate MIF levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva, and serum of CP patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 subjects divided into two groups: subjects with CP (n= 30) and periodontally healthy subjects without CP (n=30). MIF was quantified in GCF, saliva, and serum of all participants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MIF concentrations were higher in GCF, saliva, and serum in the group with CP compared with the group without CP and a higher MIF concentration was observed in GCF (p=0.001) and saliva (p=0.009) in the group with CP. MIF intragroup comparisons between fluids demonstrated significant high levels of MIF in saliva compared with GCF and serum in both study groups (p<0.05). A positive correlation was found between clinical signs and MIF concentration in GCF (p<0.05). There is an association between the MIF and the clinical signs of the disease. Therefore, MIF could have an important role in the pathology and progression of CP.
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Xu W, Pan Y, Xu Q, Wu Y, Pan J, Hou J, Lin L, Tang X, Li C, Liu J, Zhang D. Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 promotes intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in endothelial cells and monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion through macrophage migration inhibitory factor. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:16. [PMID: 29482504 PMCID: PMC5828317 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), one of the main pathogenic bacteria involved in periodontitis, induces the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule - 1 (ICAM-1) and monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. This effect plays a pivotal role in atherosclerosis development. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifunctional cytokine and critically affects atherosclerosis pathogenesis. In this study, we tested the involvement of MIF in the P. gingivalis ATCC 33277-enhanced adhesive properties of endothelial cells. RESULTS Endothelial MIF expression was enhanced by P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 infection. The MIF inhibitor ISO-1 inhibited ICAM-1 production in endothelial cells, and monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion was induced by P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 infection. However, the addition of exogenous human recombinant MIF to P. gingivalis ATCC 33277-infected endothelial cells facilitated monocyte recruitment by promoting ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These experiments revealed that MIF in endothelial cells participates in the pro-atherosclerotic lesion formation caused by P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 infection. Our novel findings identify a more detailed pathological role of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyue Xu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North St.117, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110002, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North St.117, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110002, China
| | - Qiufang Xu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North St.117, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110002, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North St.117, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110002, China
| | - Jiayu Pan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North St.117, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110002, China
| | - Jingya Hou
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North St.117, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110002, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North St.117, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110002, China
| | - Xiaolin Tang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North St.117, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110002, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North St.117, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110002, China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North St.117, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110002, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North St.117, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110002, China.
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11
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Lira-Junior R, Öztürk VÖ, Emingil G, Bostanci N, Boström EA. Salivary and Serum Markers Related to Innate Immunity in Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2017; 88:1339-1347. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Lira-Junior
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Veli Özgen Öztürk
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Gulnur Emingil
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nagihan Bostanci
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth A. Boström
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Persson GR. Dental geriatrics and periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2017; 74:102-115. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Heidari Z, Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb H, Hashemi M, Ansarimoghaddam S, Moudi B, Sheibak N. Association of macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene polymorphisms with chronic periodontitis in a South Eastern Iranian population. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2017; 14:395-402. [PMID: 29238378 PMCID: PMC5713063 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.218563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key proinflammatory mediator. It plays a vital role in immune response against the oral disease. MIF is a regulator of innate immunity, and bacterial antigens can stimulate serum level of this protein. In experimental gingivitis, the expression level of MIF increases and this increment positively correlates with oral plaque index. The single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding the MIF protein can control the function of MIF. The aim of the present study was a clarification of the associations between MIF-173 G/C, MIF 95 bp, and 189 bp insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms and chronic periodontitis (CP) compared with healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This case–control study was carried out on 210 CP patients and 100 normal subjects. MIF-173 G/C and MIF 95 bp and 189 bp I/D polymorphisms were genotyped, using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment-length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and PCR, respectively. Allele and genotype frequencies of the variants were compared between patients and controls using Chi-square. test. The value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study findings showed that MIF-173 G/C polymorphism, especially the C allele increased the risk of CP. The 95-bp I/D polymorphism was not associated with CP and the 185-bp I/D variant was not polymorphic in our population. Conclusion: Therefore, MIF-137 G/C variant increased the risk of CP in the South East of the Iranian population. In other words, polymorphisms in MIF gene influence clinical outcome of CP infection and influence the susceptibility to disease. Further studies with larger sample sizes and different ethnicities are required to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heidari
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ansarimoghaddam
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Bita Moudi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Nadia Sheibak
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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14
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Gürkan A, Eren G, Çetinkalp Ş, Akçay YD, Emingil G, Atilla G. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1, RANTES and macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels in gingival crevicular fluid of metabolic syndrome patients with gingivitis. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 69:82-8. [PMID: 27270225 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to determine gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted protein (RANTES) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in metabolic syndrome patients with gingivitis. DESIGN Twenty metabolic syndrome patients with gingivitis (MSG), 20 MetS patients with clinically healthy periodontium (MSH), 20 systemically healthy subjects with gingivitis and 20 subjects who were both systemically and periodontally healthy were included. Periodontal and systemical parameters were recorded. GCF MCP-1, RANTES and MIF levels were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS MSG and MSH groups had elevated blood pressure, triglyceride, waist circumference and fasting glucose values in comparison to gingivitis and healthy groups (P<0.0001). Clinical periodontal parameters were higher in MSG and gingivitis groups when compared to those of the MSH and healthy groups (P<0.0001). MCP-1 and RANTES levels (ng/mg total protein) of MSG group were higher than those of the MSH groups (P=0.005, P=0.0001, respectively). Also gingivitis group had higher MCP-1, RANTES and MIF levels compared to the healthy group (P=0.011, P=0.0001, P=0.011 respectively). The RANTES level of MSG group was significantly higher than those of the gingivitis group (P=0.01), but MCP-1 and MIF levels were similar in the MSG and gingivitis groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Elevated levels of GCF RANTES in MetS patients with gingivitis might associate with the presence of increased gingival inflammation by MetS. Low-grade systemic inflammation associated with MetS and adipose tissue-derived RANTES might lead to altered GCF RANTES levels in the presence of gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gürkan
- Ege University, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Gülnihal Eren
- Ege University, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Şevki Çetinkalp
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Delen Akçay
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Emingil
- Ege University, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gül Atilla
- Ege University, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, İzmir, Turkey
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15
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Abiko Y, Sato T, Sakashita R, Tomida J, Kawamura Y, Takahashi N. Profiling subgingival microbiota of plaque biofilms in the elderly. J Oral Biosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Li X, Lan HY, Huang XR, Zhang C, Jin LJ. Expression profile of macrophage migration-inhibitory factor in human gingiva and reconstituted human gingival epithelia stimulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide. J Periodontal Res 2013; 48:527-32. [PMID: 23298274 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) plays crucial roles in the recruitment and activation of macrophages as well as in helping to kill bacteria. This study investigated the expression profile of MIF in human gingiva under different periodontal conditions and its expression patterns induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in gingival epithelia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gingival tissue samples were collected from deep pockets and clinically healthy sites of 22 nonsmoking subjects with chronic periodontitis. The expression of MIF mRNA and protein was evaluated using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The in vitro study analyzed the effects of P. gingivalis LPS on the expression of MIF in a reconstituted human gingival epithelia (RHGE) model. RESULTS In gingival epithelia, MIF protein was diffusely expressed from the basal layer to the granular and spinous layers; whereas, in the underlying connective tissues, MIF was observed around the dilated blood vessels in the deep-pocket tissues. A significantly lower level of expression of MIF mRNA and an increased level of expression of MIF protein were found in deep-pocket tissues compared with clinically healthy tissues. Expression of MIF mRNA in the RHGE model was significantly down-regulated by P. gingivalis LPS. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that MIF expression may be related to periodontal conditions and that its expression profile could be modulated by P. gingivalis LPS. MIF may play a role in periodontal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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Tsuchida S, Satoh M, Umemura H, Sogawa K, Kawashima Y, Kado S, Sawai S, Nishimura M, Kodera Y, Matsushita K, Nomura F. Proteomic analysis of gingival crevicular fluid for discovery of novel periodontal disease markers. Proteomics 2012; 12:2190-202. [PMID: 22623421 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The protein composition of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) may reflect the pathophysiology of periodontal diseases. A standard GCF proteomic pattern of healthy individuals would serve as a reference to identify biomarkers of periodontal diseases by proteome analyses. However, protein profiles of GCF obtained from apparently healthy individuals have not been well explored. As a step toward detection of proteomic biomarkers for periodontal diseases, we applied both gel-based and gel-free methods to analyze GCF obtained from healthy subjects as compared with supragingival saliva. To ensure optimized protein extraction from GCF, a novel protocol was developed. The proteins in GCF were extracted with high yield by urea buffer combined with ultrafiltration and the intensity of spots with supragingival saliva and GCF was compared using agarose two-dimensional electrophoresis. Eight protein spots were found to be significantly more intense in GCF. They included superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), and dermcidin (DCD). Moreover, GCF proteins from healthy subjects were broken down into small peptide fragments and then analyzed directly by LC-MS/MS analysis. A total of 327 proteins including ApoA-I, SOD1, and DCD were identified in GCF. These results may serve as reference for future proteomic studies searching for GCF biomarkers of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachio Tsuchida
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Madeira MFM, Queiroz-Junior CM, Costa GM, Santos PC, Silveira EM, Garlet GP, Cisalpino PS, Teixeira MM, Silva TA, Souza DDG. MIF induces osteoclast differentiation and contributes to progression of periodontal disease in mice. Microbes Infect 2011; 14:198-206. [PMID: 22016007 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory and alveolar bone destructive disease triggered by microorganisms from the oral biofilm. Oral inoculation of mice with the periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) induces marked alveolar bone loss and local production of inflammatory mediators, including Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF). The role of MIF for alveolar bone resorption during PD is not known. In the present study, experimental PD was induced in BALB/c wild-type mice (WT) and MIF knockout mice (MIF⁻/⁻) through oral inoculation of Aa. Despite enhanced number of bacteria, MIF⁻/⁻ mice had reduced infiltration of TRAP-positive cells and reduced alveolar bone loss. This was associated with decreased neutrophil accumulation and increased levels of IL-10 in periodontal tissues. TNF-α production was similar in both groups. In vitro, LPS from Aa enhanced osteoclastic activity in a MIF-dependent manner. In conclusion, MIF has role in controlling bacterial growth in the context of PD but contributes more significantly to the progression of bone loss during PD by directly affecting differentiation and activity of osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Fernandes Moreira Madeira
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Andersen E, Dessaix IM, Perneger T, Mombelli A. Myeloid-related protein (MRP8/14) expression in gingival crevice fluid in periodontal health and disease and after treatment. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:458-63. [PMID: 20337885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Myeloid-related protein (MRP8/14) and its subunits are biomarkers of inflammation. The present study evaluated whether gingival crevice fluid levels of these markers discriminate periodontitis from healthy sites in patients with chronic periodontitis or diseased from healthy subjects, and whether these biomarkers detect longitudinal changes after therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Levels of MRP8/14, MRP14 and total protein were quantified in 19 periodontitis patients before non-surgical periodontal therapy, after 3 and 6 mo of treatment, and were measured once in 11 periodontally healthy subjects. In total, diseased subjects contributed 59 sites with probing depths >4 mm (PP) and 21 sites <4 mm (PH); healthy subjects contributed 91 sites (HH). RESULTS Overall, in diseased subjects, MRP8/14, MRP14 and total protein were not significantly different between PP and PH sites. However, at baseline, MRP8/14 and total protein had significantly higher values at sites in periodontally diseased than in healthy subjects. Clinical improvement was associated with a significant decrease of MRP8/14 and MRP14 from baseline to month 6 in PP sites. Interestingly, a similar decrease was observed in PH sites for all three markers. At 6 mo, however, levels of MRP8/14 and protein in PP and PH sites of patients were still significantly higher than in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION Gingival crevice fluid levels of MRP8/14 did not differentiate between clinically diseased and healthy sites in patients with chronic periodontitis. However, this marker was elevated in periodontally diseased compared with healthy subjects, and its values decreased following therapy. MRP8/14 may be used to monitor the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Andersen
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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