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The In Vitro Effect of Laser Irradiation (Er:YAG and CO 2) and Chemical Reagents (Hydrogen Peroxide, Sodium Hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine, or Sodium Fluoride) Alone or in Combination on Reducing Root Caries Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415732. [PMID: 36555374 PMCID: PMC9779214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Lasers have been used for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity and bacterial reductions in periodontology. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Erbium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG) lasers with chlorhexidine (CHX), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), or sodium fluoride (NaF) on the viability of oral bacteria associated with root caries. (2) Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Enterococcus faecalis were grown in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth, diluted to an OD660 of 0.5, and treated with antiseptics with or without simultaneous irradiation with the Er:YAG and CO2 lasers for 30 s repeated three times. The treatment groups consisted of 1: no treatment, 2: 0.5% H2O2 alone, 3: 0.5% NaOCl alone, 4: 0.12% CHX alone, 5: 2% NaF alone, 6: laser alone, 7: laser with 0.5% H2O2, 8: laser with 0.5% NaOCl, 9: laser with 0.12% CHX, and 10: laser with 2% NaF for both lasers. The microbial viability was determined through plating and viable colonies were counted, converted into CFU/mL, and transformed into log form. The statistical analysis was performed using a two-tailed paired t-test. (3) The use of CO2 and Er:YAG lasers alone failed to show statistically significant antibacterial activity against any of the bacteria. The only effective monotreatment was CHX for S. mutans. The combined treatment of 0.5% NaOCl with Er:YAG produced the greatest reduction in overall viability. (4) The combination of the Er:YAG laser with 0.5% NaOCl resulted in the largest reduction in bacterial survival when compared to monotherapies with antimicrobial solutions or lasers.
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2
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Towle I, Irish JD, Sabbi KH, Loch C. Dental caries in wild primates: Interproximal cavities on anterior teeth. Am J Primatol 2021; 84:e23349. [PMID: 34855230 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries has been reported in a variety of primates, although it is still considered rare in wild populations. In this study, 11 catarrhine primate taxa (n = 339 individuals; 7946 teeth) were studied for the presence of caries. A differential diagnosis of lesions in interproximal regions of anterior teeth was undertaken, since they had been previously described as both carious and non-carious in origin. Each permanent tooth was examined macroscopically, with severity and position of lesions recorded. Two specimens were examined further, using micro-CT scans to assess demineralization. Differential diagnosis confirmed the cariogenic nature of interproximal cavities on anterior teeth (ICATs). Overall results show 3.3% of all teeth (i.e., anterior and posterior teeth combined) were carious (n = 262), with prevalence varying among species from 0% to >7% of teeth affected. Those with the highest prevalence of ICATs include Pan troglodytes verus (9.8% of anterior teeth), Gorilla gorilla gorilla (2.6%), Cercopithecus denti (22.4%), Presbytis femoralis (19.5%), and Cercopithecus mitis (18.3%). ICATs make up 87.9% of carious lesions on anterior teeth. These results likely reflect dietary and food processing differences among species, but also between the sexes (e.g., 9.3% of all female P. troglodytes verus teeth were carious vs. 1.8% in males). Processing cariogenic fruits and seeds with the anterior dentition (e.g., wadging) likely contributes to ICAT formation. Further research is needed in living primate populations to ascertain behavioral/dietary influences on caries occurrence. Given the presence of ICATs in frugivorous primates, their diagnosis in archaeological and paleontological specimens may shed light on diet and food processing behaviors in fossil primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Towle
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joel D Irish
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,The Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kris H Sabbi
- Department of Anthropology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Carolina Loch
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Towle I, Irish JD, De Groote I, Fernée C, Loch C. Dental caries in South African fossil hominins. S AFR J SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2021/8705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Once considered rare in fossil hominins, caries has recently been reported in several hominin species, requiring a new assessment of this condition during human evolution. Caries prevalence and location on the teeth of South African fossil hominins were observed and compared with published data from other hominin samples. Teeth were viewed macroscopically, with lesion position and severity noted and described. For all South African fossil hominin specimens studied to date, a total of 10 carious teeth (14 lesions), including 4 described for the first time here, have been observed. These carious teeth were found in a minimum of seven individuals, including five Paranthropus robustus, one early Homo, and one Homo naledi. All 14 lesions affected posterior teeth. The results suggest cariogenic biofilms and foods may have been present in the oral environment of a wide variety of hominins. Caries prevalence in studied fossil hominins is similar to those in pre-agricultural human groups, in which 1–5% of teeth are typically affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Towle
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joel D. Irish
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PaleoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Christianne Fernée
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Loch
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Towle I, Riga A, Irish JD, Dori I, Menter C, Moggi-Cecchi J. Root caries on a Paranthropus robustus third molar from Drimolen. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 170:319-323. [PMID: 31265762 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental caries is often perceived as a modern human disease. However, their presence is documented in many early human groups, various nonhuman primates and, increasingly, our hominin ancestors and relatives. In this study, we describe an antemortem lesion on the root of a Paranthropus robustus third molar from Drimolen, South Africa, which likely represents another example of caries in fossil hominins. MATERIALS AND METHODS The molar, DNH 40, is dated to 2.0-1.5 Ma and displays a lesion on the mesial root surface, extending from the cementoenamel junction 3 mm down toward the apex. The position and severity of the lesion was macroscopically recorded and micro-CT scanned to determine the extent of dentine involvement. RESULTS A differential diagnosis indicates root caries, as the lesion is indistinguishable from clinical examples. Although necrotic in appearance, external tertiary dentine is evident on a micro CT scan. Gingival recession and/or continuous eruption of the tooth as a result of extensive occlusal wear would have occurred to facilitate caries formation. Therefore, the lesion is likely linked to relative old age of this individual. DISCUSSION This new example increases the total number of carious lesions described in P. robustus teeth to 10, on occlusal, interproximal, and now, root surfaces. Beyond the consumption of caries-causing food, caries formation would have also required the presence of requisite intraoral cariogenic bacteria in this individual and the species. Of interest, the presence of tertiary dentine on the outward surface suggests the DNH 40 lesion may have been arrested, that is, no longer active, perhaps relating to a change in diet or oral microbiome just prior to the individual's death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Towle
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alessandro Riga
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Joel D Irish
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PaleoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Irene Dori
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Colin Menter
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jacopo Moggi-Cecchi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
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Mira A, Buetas E, Rosier B, Mazurel D, Villanueva-Castellote Á, Llena C, Ferrer MD. Development of an in vitro system to study oral biofilms in real time through impedance technology: validation and potential applications. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1609838. [PMID: 31105900 PMCID: PMC6507917 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1609838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives: We have developed a standardized, easy-to-use in vitro model to study single- and multiple-species oral biofilms in real time through impedance technology, which elucidates the kinetics of biofilm formation in 96-well plates, without the requirement for any further manipulation. Design and Results: Using this system, biofilms of Streptococcus mutans appear to be sugar-dependent and highly resistant to amoxicilin, an antibiotic to which this oral pathogen is highly sensitive in a planktonic state. Saliva, tongue and dental plaque samples were also used as inocula to form multiple-species biofilms. DNA isolation and Illumina sequencing of the biofilms showed that the multi-species biofilms were formed by tens or hundreds of species, had a similar composition to the original inoculum, and included fastidious microorganisms which are important for oral health and disease. As an example of the potential applications of the model, we show that oral biofilms can be inhibited by amoxicilin, but in some cases they are induced by the antibiotic, suggesting the existence of responders and non-responders to a given antibiotic. Conclusions: We therefore propose the system as a valid in vitro model to study oral biofilm dynamics, including their susceptibility to antibiotics, antiseptics or anti-adhesive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mira
- FISABIO Foundation, Centre for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Buetas
- FISABIO Foundation, Centre for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bob Rosier
- FISABIO Foundation, Centre for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Danuta Mazurel
- FISABIO Foundation, Centre for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Llena
- Departamento de Estomatologia, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria D Ferrer
- FISABIO Foundation, Centre for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
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Pereira D, Seneviratne CJ, Koga-Ito CY, Samaranayake LP. Is the oral fungal pathogen Candida albicans a cariogen? Oral Dis 2017; 24:518-526. [PMID: 28513096 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pathobiology of dental caries is complex. Data from recent molecular microbiologic studies have further redefined the role of the oral microbiome in the etiology of dental caries. This new information challenges the conventional view on the hegemony of classic cariogenic prokaryotes such as Streptococcus mutans in caries etiology, and raises the intriguing possibility of the participation of the eukaryotic oral fungal pathogen Candida in the caries process. The virulence attributes of Candida species such as their acidogenicity and aciduric nature, the ability to develop profuse biofilms, ferment and assimilate dietary sugars, and produce collagenolytic proteinases are all indicative of their latent cariogenic potential. Based on the above, oral candidal counts have been used by some as a caries risk indicator. On the contrary, other studies suggest that Candida is merely a passenger extant in an acidic cariogenic milieu, and not a true pathogen. In this review, we critically examine the varying roles of Candida, and traditionally accepted cariogens such as the mutans group of streptococci in the pathobiology of dental caries. The weight of available data tends to imply that Candida may play a pivotal role as a secondary agent perpetuating the carious process, especially in dentinal caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dfa Pereira
- São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - C J Seneviratne
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - C Y Koga-Ito
- São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - L P Samaranayake
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait.,School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Australia
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7
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Abstract
Models of the caries process have made significant contributions toward defining the roles of bacteria in caries. Microbiologists use a variety of in vitro systems to model aspects of the caries process. Also, in situ models in humans provide information on the microbiology of caries in vivo. These models do not involve the entire process leading to natural caries; consequently, the results from such studies are used to deduce the roles of bacteria in natural caries. Therefore, they can be described as Inferential Caries Models. In contrast, animal models and some clinical trials in humans involve natural caries and can be described as Complete Caries Models. Furthermore, these models are used in two distinct ways. They can be used as Exploratory Models to explore different aspects of the caries process, or as Test Models to determine the effects of anticaries agents. This dichotomy in approach to the use of caries models results in modification of the models to suit a particular role. For example, if we consider Exploratory Models, the in situ appliance in humans is superior to others for analyzing the microbiology of plaque development and demineralization in vivo. The chemostat and biofilm models are excellent for exploring factors influencing bacterial interactions. Both models can also be used as Test Models. The in situ model has been used to test the effects of fluoride on the microflora and demineralization, while the chemostat and biofilm models allow for the testing of antibacterial agents. Each model has its advantages and disadvantages and role in analysis of the caries process. Selection of the model depends on the scientific question posed and the limitations imposed by the conditions available for the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.H. Bowden
- Department of Oral Biology Faculty of Dentistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E OW2
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8
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Khaddam M, Salmon B, Le Denmat D, Tjaderhane L, Menashi S, Chaussain C, Rochefort GY, Boukpessi T. Grape seed extracts inhibit dentin matrix degradation by MMP-3. Front Physiol 2014; 5:425. [PMID: 25400590 PMCID: PMC4215787 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Since Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been suggested to contribute to dentin caries progression, the hypothesis that MMP inhibition would affect the progression of dentin caries is clinically relevant. Grape seed extracts (GSE) have been previously reported to be natural inhibitors of MMPs. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the capacity of a GSE mouthrinse to prevent the degradation of demineralized dentin matrix by MMP-3 (stromelysin-1). MATERIALS AND METHODS Standardized blocks of dentin obtained from sound permanent teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons were demineralized with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and pretreated either with (A) GSE (0.2% w/v), (B) amine fluoride (AmF) (20% w/v), (C) a mouthrinse which contains both, (D) placebo, (E) sodium fluoride (0.15 mg.ml(-1)), (F) PBS, (G) Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), or (H) zinc chloride (ZnCl2). The dentin blocks were then incubated with activated recombinant MMP-3. The supernatants were analyzed by Western Blot for several dentin matrix proteins known to be MMP-3 substrate. In parallel, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on resin replica of the dentin blocks. RESULTS Western blot analysis of the supernatants revealed that MMP-3 released from the dentin matrix small proteoglycans (decorin and biglycan) and dentin sialoprotein (DSP) in the AmF, sodium fluoride, PBS and placebo pretreated groups, but not in the GSE and mouthrinse pretreated groups. SEM examination of resin replica showed that the mouthrinse and its active components not only had an anti-MMP action but also modified the dentin surface accessibility. CONCLUSION This study shows that GSE either alone or combined with AmF as in the evaluated mouthrinse limits dentin matrix degradation. This association may be promising to prevent the progression of caries within dentin. However, the procedure should be adapted to clinically relevant durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayssam Khaddam
- EA 2496, Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental school, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéMontrouge, France
| | - Benjamin Salmon
- EA 2496, Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental school, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéMontrouge, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Odontology Departments (Bretonneau and Charles Foix)Paris, France
| | - Dominique Le Denmat
- EA 2496, Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental school, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéMontrouge, France
| | - Leo Tjaderhane
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Institute of Dentistry, Oulu University Hospital and University of OuluOulu, Finland
| | - Suzanne Menashi
- Laboratoire CRRET, Université Paris-Est, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCréteil, France
| | - Catherine Chaussain
- EA 2496, Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental school, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéMontrouge, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Odontology Departments (Bretonneau and Charles Foix)Paris, France
| | - Gaël Y. Rochefort
- EA 2496, Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental school, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéMontrouge, France
| | - Tchilalo Boukpessi
- EA 2496, Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental school, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéMontrouge, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Odontology Departments (Bretonneau and Charles Foix)Paris, France
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Bignozzi I, Crea A, Capri D, Littarru C, Lajolo C, Tatakis DN. Root caries: a periodontal perspective. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:143-63. [PMID: 23647556 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE A prevailing dental problem in the periodontal patient is root caries. Specifically, periodontal involvement often results in root surfaces becoming exposed and at risk for this condition. Periodontal therapy often leads to increased gingival recession as well, and the associated increased root caries risk may compromise the long-term success and survival of periodontally treated teeth.This narrative review will address the topic of root caries in the periodontal patient, focusing on unmet research needs. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Medline database was searched to identify items dealing with root caries, in terms of clinical features, diagnosis, pathogenic mechanisms and histopathology, as well as epidemiology, focusing then on the relationship between root caries and periodontal disorders. RESULTS Although there is extensive literature on root caries, consensus is lacking regarding certain aspects, such as diagnostic criteria, prevalence within populations and indisputable risk factors. Advancing age could be an aggravating factor in susceptibility to root caries for the periodontal patient; however, definitive evidence in this regard is still missing. Similarly, full awareness of the increased risk of root caries in patients with periodontal disease or long-term periodontal treatment appears to be still lacking. CONCLUSION Research regarding root caries in age-specific (elderly) periodontal patients is needed. Improved oral hygiene practices, locally applied preventive measures, good dietary habits and regular dental check-ups are crucial approaches to prevent both periodontal disease progression and root caries. Periodontal patients with root exposure should follow a strict root caries prevention protocol, as an integral component of their periodontal maintenance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bignozzi
- EduPERIO Periodontal Education and Research International Organization, Rome, Italy
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10
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Klein MI, DeBaz L, Agidi S, Lee H, Xie G, Lin AHM, Hamaker BR, Lemos JA, Koo H. Dynamics of Streptococcus mutans transcriptome in response to starch and sucrose during biofilm development. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13478. [PMID: 20976057 PMCID: PMC2957427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of sucrose and starch in the presence of surface-adsorbed salivary α-amylase and bacterial glucosyltransferases increase the formation of a structurally and metabolically distinctive biofilm by Streptococcus mutans. This host-pathogen-diet interaction may modulate the formation of pathogenic biofilms related to dental caries disease. We conducted a comprehensive study to further investigate the influence of the dietary carbohydrates on S. mutans-transcriptome at distinct stages of biofilm development using whole genomic profiling with a new computational tool (MDV) for data mining. S. mutans UA159 biofilms were formed on amylase-active saliva coated hydroxyapatite discs in the presence of various concentrations of sucrose alone (ranging from 0.25 to 5% w/v) or in combination with starch (0.5 to 1% w/v). Overall, the presence of sucrose and starch (suc+st) influenced the dynamics of S. mutans transcriptome (vs. sucrose alone), which may be associated with gradual digestion of starch by surface-adsorbed amylase. At 21 h of biofilm formation, most of the differentially expressed genes were related to sugar metabolism, such as upregulation of genes involved in maltose/maltotriose uptake and glycogen synthesis. In addition, the groEL/groES chaperones were induced in the suc+st-biofilm, indicating that presence of starch hydrolysates may cause environmental stress. In contrast, at 30 h of biofilm development, multiple genes associated with sugar uptake/transport (e.g. maltose), two-component systems, fermentation/glycolysis and iron transport were differentially expressed in suc+st-biofilms (vs. sucrose-biofilms). Interestingly, lytT (bacteria autolysis) was upregulated, which was correlated with presence of extracellular DNA in the matrix of suc+st-biofilms. Specific genes related to carbohydrate uptake and glycogen metabolism were detected in suc+st-biofilms in more than one time point, indicating an association between presence of starch hydrolysates and intracellular polysaccharide storage. Our data show complex remodeling of S. mutans-transcriptome in response to changing environmental conditions in situ, which could modulate the dynamics of biofilm development and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlise I. Klein
- Center for Oral Biology and Eastman Department of Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Lena DeBaz
- Center for Oral Biology and Eastman Department of Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Senyo Agidi
- Center for Oral Biology and Eastman Department of Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Herbert Lee
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Gary Xie
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Amy H.-M. Lin
- Department of Food Science, Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bruce R. Hamaker
- Department of Food Science, Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - José A. Lemos
- Center for Oral Biology and Eastman Department of Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Hyun Koo
- Center for Oral Biology and Eastman Department of Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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11
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Klein MI, Duarte S, Xiao J, Mitra S, Foster TH, Koo H. Structural and molecular basis of the role of starch and sucrose in Streptococcus mutans biofilm development. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:837-41. [PMID: 19028906 PMCID: PMC2632160 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01299-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of sucrose and starch with bacterial glucosyltransferases and human salivary amylase may enhance the pathogenic potential of Streptococcus mutans within biofilms by influencing the structural organization of the extracellular matrix and modulating the expression of genes involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis and specific sugar transport and two-component systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Klein
- Eastman Department of Dentistry and Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14620, USA
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12
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Duarte S, Klein MI, Aires CP, Cury JA, Bowen WH, Koo H. Influences of starch and sucrose on Streptococcus mutans biofilms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:206-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Shen S, Samaranayake LP, Yip HK. In vitro growth, acidogenicity and cariogenicity of predominant human root caries flora. J Dent 2004; 32:667-78. [PMID: 15476962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Revised: 06/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (Sm), Lactobacillus acidophilus (La) and Actinomyces israelii (Ai) have been associated with root surface caries, which is an increasing problem in elderly Chinese. The aim of this study therefore, was to evaluate in vitro, the growth, acidogenicity and cariogenicity of these organisms, both in mono- and co-cultures using an in vitro model. Forty-eight root specimens were prepared using intact extracted human molars. Fresh, wild-type bacteria obtained from root caries lesions were assembled into seven experimental groups as either mono- or co-cultures and incubated with the root specimens. Appropriate controls were included. Growth curve of each experimental group was monitored for 24h, aerobically, at 37 degrees C using a microplate reader. The pH of the medium was recorded after 24-h incubation using a pH meter. Mean depths of artificial root lesions produced in each cultural group were measured using polarized light microscopy in specimens cut into thin sections (100+/-20 microm). Compared with mono-cultures, synergistic growth was observed in co-cultures of 'La+Sm', 'Ai+La' and 'Ai+La+Sm'. Mean lesion depth produced in La group was significantly shallower than other mono- or co-culture groups (p<0.01). The pH values of all culture media were similar after 24-h incubation. The current data elucidate the complex interactions of three predominant bacterial species considered prime agents of human root surface caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Shen
- Oral Bio-Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, The Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Nikawa H, Yamashiro H, Makihira S, Nishimura M, Egusa H, Furukawa M, Setijanto D, Hamada T. In vitro cariogenic potential of Candida albicans. Mycoses 2004; 46:471-8. [PMID: 14641620 DOI: 10.1046/j.0933-7407.2003.00888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The adherence and dissociation of Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, Streptococcus mutans and S. sanguis to six substrates including hydroxylapatite (HAP) which exhibit various hydrophobicity, was examined by the use of a bioluminescent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay. Dissolution of HAP by C. albicans or S. mutans was determined spectrophotometrically by the use of o-cresolphthalein complexone. In the adherence of C. tropicalis, S. mutans and S. sanguis, the amount of adherent cells correlated with the hydrophobicity of the substrates. In contrast, the adherence of C. albicans to HAP was extraordinary high, although the adherence of the fungi also correlated with the hydrophobicity of the substrates, except for HAP. The yeasts attached to HAP was effectively removed by high concentration of either phosphate or calcium ions. The amount of calcium-release from HAP caused by C. albicans and S. mutans was 113 microg ml(-1) (final pH = 3.45), and 5.4 microg ml(-1) (final pH 4.81), respectively and the maximum growth of C. albicans and S. mutans was 10(7) cfu ml(-1) and 7.4 x 10(12) cfu ml(-1), respectively. The results, taken together, suggest that C. albicans adhere to HAP specifically through electrostatic interaction, and that, in a much smaller number (1.0/7.4 x 10(5)), C. albicans possesses the ability to dissolve HAP to a greater extent (approximately 20-fold) when compared with S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nikawa
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Hiroshima University Faculty of Dentistry, Hiroshima, Japan.
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15
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Nikawa H, Egusa H, Makihira S, Yamashiro H, Fukushima H, Jin C, Nishimura M, Pudji RR, Hamada T. Alteration of the coadherence of Candida albicans with oral bacteria by dietary sugars. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 16:279-83. [PMID: 11555304 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.2001.016005279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between bacterial oral flora and Candida albicans are important in denture plaque formation. This study therefore first aimed to quantify the coadherence of C. albicans and bacteria by the use of a bioluminescent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay based on the firefly luciferase-luciferin system. The second aim was to examine the effect of i) dietary sugars (used for preculture) and ii) enzymatic digestion of fungi on the coadherence. When yeast was preincubated in yeast nitrogen base medium (YNB) supplemented with 250 mM glucose, the yeast coadhered with all isolates of Streptoccus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis, and no significant coadhesion was observed with the isolates of Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus salivarius, Lactobacillus and Actinomyces. However, when the yeast was precultured in YNB supplemented with 500 mM galactose, the yeast coadhered with S. salivarius and Actinomyces, which was not observed when the yeast was grown in YNB with glucose. In addition, the coadherence of the yeast with the isolates of S. sanguis was significantly reduced. Enzymatic digestion of yeast and a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay revealed that expression of at least two types of proteinaceous adhesins are involved in these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nikawa
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Hiroshima University School of Dentistry, Japan
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Aldsworth TG, MacFarlane TW. A novel in vitro model system to grow films of oral bacteria for the study of human tooth root surface caries. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 91:139-46. [PMID: 11442723 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a simple and flexible novel in vitro model system to grow films of oral bacteria that could be used to study aspects of dental caries. METHODS AND RESULTS Standardized suspensions of bacteria were inoculated into Ultrafree-CL (Millipore) ultrafiltration units at various densities. These were incubated for varying time intervals with a range of carbon sources. The bacterial films reproducibly achieved between 107 and 108 cfu cm-2, irrespective of the number inoculated and with no significant changes for 14 d. However, Streptococcus mutans grew through membranes with pores of diameter greater than 0.1 microm after 6 d. Culture of films in sucrose or water for 6 d led to a decreased number of colony-forming units, but returning them to broth reversed this. CONCLUSION Reproducible films of oral bacteria can be cultured in Ultrafree-CL units. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study has shown that Ultrafree-CL units can be used as a simple model system to grow biofilms that could be used for dental caries research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Aldsworth
- Department of Oral Sciences, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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Tanzer JM, Baranowski LK, Rogers JD, Haase EM, Scannapieco FA. Oral colonization and cariogenicity of Streptococcus gordonii in specific pathogen-free TAN:SPFOM(OM)BR rats consuming starch or sucrose diets. Arch Oral Biol 2001; 46:323-33. [PMID: 11269866 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(00)00126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The significance of Streptococcus gordonii in dental caries is undefined, as is that of other alpha-amylase-binding bacteria (ABB) commonly found in the mouth. To clarify the ecological and cariological roles of S. gordonii our specific pathogen-free Osborne-Mendel rats, TAN:SPFOM(OM)BR, were fed either diet 2000 (containing 56% confectioner's sugar, most of which is sucrose) or diet 2000CS (containing 56% cornstarch, in lieu of confectioner's sugar) and inoculated with S. gordonii strains. Uninoculated rats were free of both indigenous mutans streptococci (MS) and ABB, including S. gordonii, as shown by culture on mitis salivarius and blood agars of swabs and sonicates of dentitions after weanlings had consumed these diets for 26 days. ABB were detected by radiochemical assay using [125I]-amylase reactive to alpha-amylase-binding protein characteristic of the surface of S. gordonii and other ABB. No ABB were detected (detection limit < 1 colony-forming units in 10(6) colony-forming units). Thus the TAN:SPFOM(OM)BR colony presents a 'clean animal model' for subsequent study. Consequently, S. gordonii strains Challis or G9B were used to inoculate weanling rat groups consuming either the high-sucrose diet 2000 or the cornstarch diet 2000CS. Two additional groups fed each of these diets remained unioculated. Recoveries of inoculants were tested 12 and 26 days later by oral swabs and sonication of the molars of one hemimandible of each animal, respectively. Uninoculated animals were reconfirmed to be free of ABB and mutans streptococci, but inoculated ones eating diet 2000CS had S. gordonii recoveries of 1-10% or, if eating diet 2000, 10-30% of total colony-farming units in sonicates. There were no statistically significant differences among the inoculated and uninoculated animal groups' caries scores when they ate the cornstarch diet. Lesion scores for sucrose-eating rats were, however, from 2.4-5.1-fold higher than for cornstarch-eating rats, P < 0.001, and were still higher if animals had been inoculated with either Challis (1.41-fold) or G9B (1.64-fold), than if uninoculated, both P < 0.001, so long as the rats ate the sucrose diet. Therefore, TAN:SPFOM(OM)BR rats do not harbour ABB or S. gordonii but can be colonized by S. gordonii. Colonization levels of S. gordonii on the teeth are higher in the presence of high sucrose than with high starch-containing diets. Caries scores are augmented by sucrose compared with starch, and are further augmented by S gordonii colonization. S. gordonii is thus cariologically significant in the presence of sucrose, at least in this rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tanzer
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-1605, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Sequencing upstream of the Streptococcus mutans gene for a CcpA gene homolog, regM, revealed an open reading frame, named amy, with homology to genes encoding alpha-amylases. The deduced amino acid sequence showed a strong similarity (60% amino acid identity) to the intracellular alpha-amylase of Streptococcus bovis and, in common with this enzyme, lacked a signal sequence. Amylase activity was found only in S. mutans cell extracts, with no activity detected in culture supernatants. Inactivation of amy by insertion of an antibiotic resistance marker confirmed that S. mutans has a single alpha-amylase activity. The amylase activity was induced by maltose but not by starch, and no acid was produced from starch. S. mutans can, however, transport limit dextrins and maltooligosaccharides generated by salivary amylase, but inactivation of amy did not affect growth on these substrates or acid production. The amylase digested the glycogen-like intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) purified from S. mutans, but the amy mutant was able to digest and produce acid from IPS; thus, amylase does not appear to be essential for IPS breakdown. However, when grown on excess maltose, the amy mutant produced nearly threefold the amount of IPS produced by the parent strain. The role of Amy has not been established, but Amy appears to be important in the accumulation of IPS in S. mutans grown on maltose.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Simpson
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper critically reviews the history of denture plaque and identifies some concerns with the presence of Candida in the mouth. DATA SOURCES This review covers literature sources related to Candida albicans and its relationship to denture plaque. STUDY SELECTION The articles selected for this review are from referred journals and describe C. albicans and its relationship to oral, gastrointestinal and pleuropulmonary infections. The relationship to caries, root caries and periodontal disease is also covered. CONCLUSIONS Denture plaque containing Candida could cause not only oral candidiasis, like oral thrush or denture-induced stomatitis, but also caries, root caries and periodontitis of abutment teeth. However, there is only limited experimental evidence or information available on the cariogenicity of Candida. The continuous swallowing or aspiration of micro-organisms from denture plaque exposes patients, particularly the immunocompromised host or medicated elderly, to the risks of unexpected infections. The term, 'denture plaque' has been used throughout the review. However, the term 'plaque on denture' should be used because the microbial flora and its pathogenicity of denture plaque resembles those of plaque formed on the tooth surface, so called dental plaque. In addition, the term 'denture related stomatitis' would be preferable to 'denture induced stomatitis', since the inflammation of (palatal) mucosa is not induced by the denture, but by wearing the denture or by plaque on the denture.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nikawa
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Hiroshima University School of Dentistry, Japan
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Nikawa H, Hamada T, Yamashiro H, Murata H, Subiwahjudi A. The effect of saliva or serum on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans colonization of hydroxylapatite beads. J Dent 1998; 26:31-7. [PMID: 9479923 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(96)00076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several recent reports imply the possibility of cariogenicity of denture plaque containing Candida albicans. Hence the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of salivary and serum pellicles on C. albicans and Streptococcus mutans colonization on hydroxylapatite beads. METHODS The colonization of three isolates of C. albicans and two isolates of S. mutans was examined by the use of a bioluminescent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay based on the firefly luciferase-luciferin system. RESULTS In the preliminary study, a good correlation was observed between the cell number and ATP amount of each isolate tested, and the results yielded a level of significance (P < 0.001; Student's t-test), confirming the validity of this method. When the relative ATP content of the 48 h colonization of both isolates of S. mutans were compared, a saliva pellicle was significantly more effective in promoting bacterial colonization than either uncoated or serum pellicle (ANOVA; P < 0.01). In contrast, in the case of colonization of C. albicans isolates, a serum pellicle was significantly more effective in promoting the colonization of C. albicans GDH 18 and GDH 19, than both uncoated specimens and saliva pellicle (ANOVA; P < 0.01). Similar trends were observed with C. albicans GDH 16, though significant differences were not observed (ANOVA; P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The results suggest that the mechanism involved in fungal colonization on hydroxylapatite (HAP) should be different from that of mutans streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nikawa
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Hiroshima University School of Dentistry, Japan
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21
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Abstract
The microbial etiology of dental caries is discussed in terms of the dynamic relationship among the dental plaque microbiota, dietary carbohydrate, saliva, and the pH-lowering and cariogenic potential of dental plaque. The evidence supports a concept of caries as a dietary carbohydrate-modified bacterial infectious disease. Its key feature is a dietary carbohydrate-induced enrichment of the plaque microbiota with organisms such as the mutans streptococci and lactobacilli which causes an increase of plaque's pH-lowering and cariogenic potential. The shift in the plaque proportions of these organisms appears to be related to their relatively high acid tolerance. A large body of evidence also supports a major effect of saliva on caries development. Integration of salivary effects with the concept of caries as a dietary carbohydrate-modified bacterial infectious disease suggests a broader concept which includes a major role of saliva in the regulation of the exposure of tooth surfaces to carbohydrate and of plaque acidity and, hence, the microbial composition and the pH-lowering and cariogenic potential of dental plaque. It is proposed that caries occurs preferentially in dentition sites characterized by a relatively high exposure to carbohydrate and diminished salivary effects. Some implications of this concept are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Houte
- Forsyth Dental Center, Department of Oral Microbiology, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Firestone AR, Feagin FF, Heaven TJ, Sheetz J, Denys F. In vitro demineralization by strains of Actinomyces viscosus and Streptococcus sobrinus of sound and demineralized root surfaces. J Dent Res 1993; 72:1180-3. [PMID: 8360359 DOI: 10.1177/00220345930720080301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Root sections were inoculated with one of two strains of Actinomyces viscosus or a strain of Streptococcus sobrinus and then incubated for 9 days in Trypticase soy broth (TSB) containing 0.25% glucose or TSB supplemented with 0.25% sucrose (TSB+S). Lesion progression was measured from microradiographs. One section from each group was examined with a transmission electron microscope. Lesion progression was associated with a fall in the pH of the medium. However, lesion progression was not correlated with the mean 48-hour pH of the medium. In both TSB and TSB + S, lesion progression with A. viscosus was significantly greater than in the S. sobrinus group. However, the mean 48-hour pH value in TSB + S was lower than that in the S. sobrinus group. Plaque formation in TSB was, subjectively, least in the S. sobrinus group. Examination of transmission electron micrographs revealed bacteria penetrating the surfaces of the sections and extending into the lesion in the A. viscosus groups but not in the S. sobrinus group. This in vitro bacterial plaque model of root caries may be suitable for investigations of the bacterial etiology of root-surface caries and the virulence factors associated with pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Firestone
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294
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Komiyama K, Khandelwal RL. Acid production by Actinomyces viscosus of root surface caries and non-caries origin during glycogen synthesis and degradation at different pH levels. J Oral Pathol Med 1992; 21:343-7. [PMID: 1403842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1992.tb01362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Actinomyces viscosus strains, freshly isolated from root surface caries lesions and intact root surfaces, were studied for their glycogen synthetic and degradative activities at pH 4.5, 5.0, and 7.0 in a pH-stat. At all three pH levels, root caries origin of A. viscosus synthesized up to three times as much glycogen compared to non-root caries origin. Since root caries origin of A. viscosus strains initially synthesized large amounts of glycogen, a longer period of time was required to deplete this polymer, resulting in an extended period of acid production, even at pH 4.5 and pH 5.0. This study suggests that the ability of A. viscosus of root caries origin to synthesize large quantities of glycogen and subsequently degrade this stored polymer slowly with acid production, at acidic pH levels, may play an important role in the root caries process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Komiyama
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Glor EB, Miller CH, Spandau DF. Degradation of starch and its hydrolytic products by oral bacteria. J Dent Res 1988; 67:75-81. [PMID: 11039050 DOI: 10.1177/00220345880670011501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Selected strains of oral bacteria were analyzed for their ability to degrade wheat starch, maltose, maltotriose, and maltoheptaose. S. sanguis IUOM-11M and JC804, S. mutans 6715, S. salivarius IUOM-8, A. viscosus IUOM-62, and A. naeslundii ATCC 12104 degraded all four substrates. S. mutans NCTC 10449 degraded starch, maltose, and maltotriose, while A. viscosus ATCC 15987 degraded starch and maltose, and S. sanguis SS34 degraded only maltose. L. casei IUOM-14 did not degrade any of the substrates. Analysis of starch degradation products from S. sanguis IUOM-11M and A. viscosus IUOM-62 demonstrated oligosaccharides, maltose, and trace amounts of glucose for the former and oligosaccharides, maltotriose, and maltose for the latter. S. sanguis IUOM-11M alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) demonstrated a pH optimum of 6.5 and greatly enhanced activity from maltose-cultured cells as compared with cells cultured in glucose or fructose. The presence of fructose in the growth medium prevented this enhancement of activity by maltose. Maltose inhibited sucrose-dependent synthesis of S. sanguis IUOM-11M insoluble polysaccharide and both primer-dependent and primer-independent synthesis of soluble polysaccharide. Maltoheptaose inhibited primer-dependent but not primer-independent soluble polysaccharide synthesis. Several oral bacteria have the ability to hydrolyze starch and to degrade further the products to acidogenic substrates. These products may also inhibit sucrose-dependent synthesis of polysaccharides, which enhances the production of the acidogenic substrate fructose. The results add further support to the growing body of evidence suggesting that caries-promoting properties of starch may be expressed only when starch is present in diets containing sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Glor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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Kaufman HW, Pollock JJ, Gwinnett AJ. Microbial caries induction in the roots of human teeth in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 1988; 33:499-503. [PMID: 3149890 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(88)90031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans GS5, Lactobacillus casei DSM20011 and Actinomyces viscosus T14 produce artificial caries in the roots of extracted teeth. Roots were coated with wax leaving an 8 mm2 window exposed on the buccal surfaces, and then incubated for 8 days in the presence of the test organism, the synthetic medium being changed each day. Samples were then examined by SEM, or microradiographs were obtained from 120 microns sections. The pH at the root surface at the end of the induction averaged 4.43, 5.00 and 5.20, and the lesion depths measured on the microradiographs averaged 121, 83 and 34 microns, for Strep. mutans, L. casei and A. viscosus respectively. This relationship between pH and lesion depth confirms earlier findings. As all of these organisms can produce lesions in tooth structure, elimination of one type would probably not eliminate caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Kaufman
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, SUNY, Stony Brook 11794-8702
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