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Mohd Nafi SN, Idris F, Jaafar H. Cellular and Molecular Changes in MNU-Induced Breast Tumours Injected with PF4 or bFGF. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:3231-3238. [PMID: 29281877 PMCID: PMC5980876 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.12.3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Angiogenic activity has been considered to reflect important molecular events during breast tumour
development. The present study concerned cellular and molecular changes of MNU-induced breast tumours subjected
to promotion and suppression of angiogenesis. Methods: Female Sprague Dawley rats at the age of 21 days received
MNU at the dose 70 mg/kg of body weight by intraperitoneal injection. Three months post-carcinogen initiation,
mammary tumours were palpated and their growth was monitored. When the tumour diameter reached 1.0 ± 0.05 cm,
rats were given bFGF or PF4 intratumourally at a dose of 10 μg/tumour. Entire palpable tumour were subsequently
excised and subjected to histology examination, IHC staining, and RT-PCR. Results: No critical morphological changes
were observed between pro-angiogenic factor, bFGF, and control groups. However, increase of tumour size with more
necrotic and diffuse areas was notable in tumours after anti-angiogenic PF4 intervention. ER and PR mRNA expression
was significantly up- and down-regulated in bFGF and PF4 groups, respectively. The trends were significantly associated
with peri- and intratumoural MVD counts. However, irrespective of whether we promoted or inhibited angiogenesis,
the expression of EGFR and ERBB2 continued to be significantly increased but this was not significantly associated
with the MVD score. No significant differences in E-cadherin and LR gene expression were noted between intervention
and control groups. Conclusion: ER and PR receptor expression shows consistent responses when tumour angiogenesis
is manipulated either positively or negatively. Our study adds to current understanding that not only do we need to
target hormonal receptors, as presently practiced, but we also need to target endothelial receptors to successfully treat
breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Norasikin Mohd Nafi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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2
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Non-invasive quantification of tumor vascular architecture during docetaxel-chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 134:1013-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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3
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Parametric mapping of immunohistochemically stained tissue sections; a method to quantify the colocalization of tumor markers. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2011; 34:119-29. [PMID: 21302028 PMCID: PMC3063563 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-010-0008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Automated analysis of immunohistochemically stained tissue sections is of great importance in cancer research to detect tumor-specific prognostic markers and make therapy decisions. Here, an automated quantitative analysis is presented to assess the colocalization of CAIX, a membrane-bound hypoxic marker and Ki-67, a nuclear proliferation marker. Methods Tissue sections of 104 biopsies from 89 patients were stained for CAIX and Ki-67 with diaminobenzidine and haematoxylin counterstain. Image scans of whole tumor sections were recorded and image maps were created with parametric mapping to quantify the markers and assess the colocalization. Results The fraction of CAIX showed a range of 0–93%. The interobserver correlation and the correlation between manual scores and automated analysis were both very strong (rs=0.96, p <0.0001, and rs=0.97, p <0.0001). The labelling index of Ki-67 exhibited a range of 0–42% with less strong interobserver and manual to automated analysis correlations (rs=0.90, p <0.0001, and rs=0.71, p <0.0008). The relative tumor area positive for both markers varied from 0 – 76%. Conclusion Parametric mapping of immunohistochemically stained tumor sections is a reliable method to quantitatively analyze membrane-bound proteins and assess the colocalization of various tumor markers in different subcellular compartments.
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4
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McGinley JN, Thompson MD, Thompson HJ. A method for serial tissue processing and parallel analysis of aberrant crypt morphology, mucin depletion, and Beta-catenin staining in an experimental model of colon carcinogenesis. Biol Proced Online 2010; 12:9032. [PMID: 21406072 PMCID: PMC3284111 DOI: 10.1007/s12575-010-9032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of architectural and morphological characteristics of cells for establishing prognostic indicators by which individual pathologies are assigned grade and stage is a well-accepted practice. Advances in automated micro- and macroscopic image acquisition and digital image analysis have created new opportunities in the field of prognostic assessment; but, one area in experimental pathology, animal models for colon cancer, has not taken advantage of these opportunities. This situation is primarily due to the methods available to evaluate the colon of the rodent for the presence of premalignant and malignant pathologies. We report a new method for the excision and processing of the entire colon of the rat and illustrate how this procedure permitted the quantitative assessment of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), a premalignant colon pathology, for characteristics consistent with progression to malignancy. ACF were detected by methylene blue staining and subjected to quantitative morphometric analysis. Colons were then restained with high iron diamine–alcian blue for assessment of mucin depletion using an image overlay to associate morphometric data with mucin depletion. The subsequent evaluation of ACF for beta-catenin staining is also demonstrated. The methods described are particularly relevant to the screening of compounds for cancer chemopreventive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N McGinley
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, 1173 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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5
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Matos LLD, Trufelli DC, de Matos MGL, da Silva Pinhal MA. Immunohistochemistry as an important tool in biomarkers detection and clinical practice. Biomark Insights 2010; 5:9-20. [PMID: 20212918 PMCID: PMC2832341 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunohistochemistry technique is used in the search for cell or tissue antigens that range from amino acids and proteins to infectious agents and specific cellular populations. The technique comprises two phases: (1) slides preparation and stages involved for the reaction; (2) interpretation and quantification of the obtained expression. Immunohistochemistry is an important tool for scientific research and also a complementary technique for the elucidation of differential diagnoses which are not determinable by conventional analysis with hematoxylin and eosin. In the last couple of decades there has been an exponential increase in publications on immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry techniques. This review covers the immunohistochemistry technique; its history, applications, importance, limitations, difficulties, problems and some aspects related to results interpretation and quantification. Future developments on the immunohistochemistry technique and its expression quantification should not be disseminated in two languages—that of the pathologist and another of clinician or surgeon. The scientific, diagnostic and prognostic applications of this methodology must be explored in a bid to benefit of patient. In order to achieve this goal a collaboration and pooling of knowledge from both of these valuable medical areas is vital
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6
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Jiang W, Jiang C, Pei H, Wang L, Zhang J, Hu H, Lü J. In vivo molecular mediators of cancer growth suppression and apoptosis by selenium in mammary and prostate models: lack of involvement of gadd genes. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:682-91. [PMID: 19276161 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We used acute selenium (Se) treatments (i.e., daily single oral gavage of 2 mg Se per kilogram of body weight for 3 days) of female Sprague-Dawley rats bearing 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinomas to increase the probability of detecting in vivo apoptosis and the associated gene/protein changes in the cancerous epithelial cells. The results show that whereas control carcinomas doubled in volume in 3 days, Se-methylselenocysteine and selenite treatments regressed approximately half of the carcinomas, accompanied by a 3- to 4-fold increase of morphologically observable apoptosis and approximately 40% inhibition of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine index of the cancerous epithelial cells. The mRNA levels of growth arrest-DNA damage inducible 34 (gadd34), gadd45, and gadd153 genes were, contrary to expectation, not higher in the Se-treated carcinomas than in the gavage or diet restriction control groups. The gadd34 and gadd153 proteins were localized in the nonepithelial cells and not induced in the cancer epithelial cells of the Se-treated carcinomas. On the other hand, both Se forms decreased the expression of cyclin D1 and increased levels of P27Kip1 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation in a majority of the mammary carcinomas. Furthermore, the lack of induction of gadd genes in vivo by methylseleninic acid was confirmed in a human prostate xenograft model in athymic nude mice. In summary, these experiments showed the induction of cancer epithelial cell apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation by Se in vivo through the potential involvement of cyclin D1, P27Kip1, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathways. They cast doubt on the three gadd genes as mediators of Se action in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqin Jiang
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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7
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Zhu Z, Jiang W, McGinley JN, Thompson HJ. Energetics and mammary carcinogenesis: effects of moderate-intensity running and energy intake on cellular processes and molecular mechanisms in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106:911-8. [PMID: 19095749 PMCID: PMC2660253 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91201.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects on mammary carcinogenesis of similar limitations in energy availability either by energy expenditure due to moderate-intensity running (physical activity, PA) or by regulating dietary energy (RE) intake relative to a sedentary control (SC) group that ate ad libitum. A total of 90 female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (50 mg/kg) and 7 days thereafter were randomized to either SC, a PA group given free access to a motorized running wheel, or a RE group whose food intake limited growth to the rate observed in PA. Compared with SC, mammary carcinogenesis was inhibited by RE or PA. Cancer incidence, 92.6%, 77.8%, and 66.7% (P = 0.06), and cancer multiplicity, 3.44, 2.11, and 1.62 cancers/rat (P = 0.006), in SC, RE, and PA, respectively, were reduced to a similar extent by RE and PA. Histological and Western blot analyses of mammary carcinomas provided evidence that RE and PA induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway, that cell cycle progression was suppressed at the G(1)/S transition, and that intratumoral blood vessel density was reduced, although it remains to be determined whether PA and RE exert these effects via the same mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjian Zhu
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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8
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Lejeune M, Jaén J, Pons L, López C, Salvadó MT, Bosch R, García M, Escrivà P, Baucells J, Cugat X, Alvaro T. Quantification of diverse subcellular immunohistochemical markers with clinicobiological relevancies: validation of a new computer-assisted image analysis procedure. J Anat 2008; 212:868-78. [PMID: 18510512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue microarray technology and immunohistochemical techniques have become a routine and indispensable tool for current anatomical pathology diagnosis. However, manual quantification by eye is relatively slow and subjective, and the use of digital image analysis software to extract information of immunostained specimens is an area of ongoing research, especially when the immunohistochemical signals have different localization in the cells (nuclear, membrane, cytoplasm). To minimize critical aspects of manual quantitative data acquisition, we generated semi-automated image-processing steps for the quantification of individual stained cells with immunohistochemical staining of different subcellular location. The precision of these macros was evaluated in 196 digital colour images of different Hodgkin lymphoma biopsies stained for different nuclear (Ki67, p53), cytoplasmic (TIA-1, CD68) and membrane markers (CD4, CD8, CD56, HLA-Dr). Semi-automated counts were compared to those obtained manually by three separate observers. Paired t-tests demonstrated significant differences between intra- and inter-observer measurements, with more substantial variability when the cellular density of the digital images was > 100 positive cells/image. Overall, variability was more pronounced for intra-observer than for inter-observer comparisons, especially for cytoplasmic and membrane staining patterns (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.050). The comparison between the semi-automated and manual microscopic measurement methods indicates significantly lower variability in the results yielded by the former method. Our semi-automated computerized method eliminates the major causes of observer variability and may be considered a valid alternative to manual microscopic quantification for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marylène Lejeune
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, Tortosa, Spain.
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9
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Dagnon K, Heudes D, Bernaudin JF, Callard P. Computerized morphometric analysis of microvasculature in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Microvasc Res 2007; 75:112-8. [PMID: 17560614 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between tumor cells and microvasculature are particularly critical. This computerized morphometric study was designed to analyze the distance between cancer cells and blood vessels and microvasculature organization in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) comparing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC). Seventy nine nests of tumor cells, located less than or more than 3 mm from the invading edge, with a similar surface area, and their surrounding stroma were analyzed. After immunolabeling with an antihuman CD34 monoclonal antibody, computerized morphometric analyses of microvascular density (MVD), distribution of microvessels within stroma, and fractions of carcinomatous cells over various distances from microvessels were performed. This analysis showed a significantly higher MVD score in ADC than in SCC, particularly close to the invading edge (382+/-57 in ADC <3 mm; 242+/-28 in SCC <3 mm, p=0.015). Moreover, a significantly higher proportion of cancer cells was situated more than 75 microm from microvessels in SCC than in ADC, regardless of their site in relation to the invading edge (for example, 25+/-5% in ADC <3 mm; 52+/-3% in SCC <3 mm, p=0.001).
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/blood supply
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Lung Neoplasms/blood supply
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Microcirculation/pathology
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Stromal Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Koami Dagnon
- Service d' Anatomie Pathologique and UPRES EA 3499, Université Paris 6, Hôpital Tenon, 4 Rue de la Chine, Paris, France
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10
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Leal S, Diniz C, Sá C, Gonçalves J, Soares AS, Rocha-Pereira C, Fresco P. Semiautomated computer-assisted image analysis to quantify 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride-immunostained small tissues. Anal Biochem 2006; 357:137-43. [PMID: 16914112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to develop a technique to measure stained areas in images from sample tissue sections, namely when the structure of interest does not fill the entire image field of the microscope. We propose a semiautomated computer-assisted image analysis (SACAIA) method in which brightfield color images of 3,3'-diaminobenzidene tetrahydrochloride (DAB)-stained antigens are converted to their blue component and boundaries are delineated to extract the object of interest. The number of pixels of a defined color (elicited by DAB) is counted and used to measure the stained area relative to the total area of the tissue under study. The percentages of area stained with adenosine A(1) receptor were 40.76+/-2.08 and 42.44+/-2.26% for manual analysis and SACAIA, respectively (P=0.582). A strong linear correlation of A(1) receptor quantification was found (r=0.98, P<0.001, and 95% CI=0.97 to 0.99 for manual method; r=0.99, P<0.001, and 95% CI=0.98 to 0.99 for SACAIA method). The extent to which misclassification affected staining quantification was evaluated by Bland-Altman analysis, indicating that this method can be applied accurately to quantify the immunohistochemical staining area (occupied by a specific antigen) in small sample tissues that do not fill the entire image field of the microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Leal
- Serviço de Farmacologia, CEQOFFUP, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-047 Porto, Portugal
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11
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Sharma R, Kline RP, Wu EX, Katz JK. Rapid in vivo Taxotere quantitative chemosensitivity response by 4.23 Tesla sodium MRI and histo-immunostaining features in N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea induced breast tumors in rats. Cancer Cell Int 2005; 5:26. [PMID: 16078994 PMCID: PMC1208921 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-5-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sodium weighted images can indicate sodium signal intensities from different features in the tumor before and 24 hours following administration of Taxotere. Aim To evaluate the association of in vivo intracellular sodium magnetic resonance image intensities with immuno-biomarkers and histopathological features to monitor the early tumor response to Taxotere chemotherapy in Methyl-Nitroso-Urea induced rat xenograft breast tumors. Methods and Materials Methyl-Nitroso-Urea (MNU) induced rat xenograft breast tumors were imaged for sodium MRI and compared with tumor histology, immunostaining after 24 hours chemotherapy. Results Sodium MRI signal intensities represented sodium concentrations. Excised tumor histological sections showed different in vitro histological end points i.e. single strand DNA content of cell nuclei during cell cycle (G1/S-G2/M), distinct S or M histograms (Feulgen labeling to nuclear DNA content by CAS 200), mitotic figures and apoptosis at different locations of breast tumors. Necrosis and cystic fluid appeared gray on intracellular (IC) sodium images while apoptosis rich regions appeared brighter on IC sodium images. After 24 hours Taxotere-treated tumors showed lower 'IC/EC ratio' of viable cells (65–76%) with higher mitotic index; apoptotic tumor cells at high risk due to cytotoxicity (>70% with high apoptotic index); reduced proliferation index (270 vs 120 per high power field) associated with enhanced IC sodium in vivo MR image intensities and decreased tumor size (3%; p < 0.001; n = 16) than that of pre-treated tumors. IC-Na MR signal intensities possibly indicated Taxotere chemosensitivity response in vivo associated with apoptosis and different pre-malignant features within 24 hours of exposure of cancer cells to anti-neoplastic Taxotere drug. Conclusion Sodium MRI imaging may be used as in vivo rapid drug monitoring method to evaluate Taxotere chemosensitivity response associated with neoplasia, apoptosis and tumor histology features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sharma
- Department of Medicine, W168th Street, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Richard P Kline
- Department of Medicine, W168th Street, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Ed X Wu
- Department of Radiology, W168th Street, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Jose K Katz
- Department of Medicine, W168th Street, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Department of Radiology, W168th Street, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
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12
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Huikeshoven M, Beliën JAM, Tukkie R, Beek JF. The vascular response induced by transmyocardial laser revascularization is determined by the size of the channel scar: Results of CO2, holmium and excimer lasers. Lasers Surg Med 2005; 35:35-40. [PMID: 15278926 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To investigate the angiogenic effect of CO2, Ho:YSGG, and XeCl excimer TMLR in a rat model with morphologic characteristics of chronic myocardial ischemia. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Two channels (200-320 microm) were created per rat heart. After 14 days, vessel numbers and densities in and around laser scars were assessed. RESULTS Capillary densities in the laser scars were equal between the three lasers ( approximately 130 vessels/mm2) but much lower than in control areas ( approximately 2,100 vessels/mm2). Vessel densities excluding capillaries were significantly higher in Ho:YSGG and CO2 scars compared to excimer scars, while only Ho:YSGG scars contained significantly more large vessels (diameter > or = 20 microm) than control areas. Only rarely, extension of vascular growth into adjacent myocardium was observed in any of the three groups. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the angiogenic response following TMLR is limited to the channel scar and related to the scar size rather than the specific laser type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Huikeshoven
- Laser Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Longatto Filho A, Martins A, Costa SMA, Schmitt FC. VEGFR-3 expression in breast cancer tissue is not restricted to lymphatic vessels. Pathol Res Pract 2005; 201:93-9. [PMID: 15901129 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the immunohistochemical reactivity for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3), a protein playing an important role in lymphangiogenesis, in breast cancer. A retrospective series of 77 invasive ductal breast carcinomas was investigated. The relationship between VEGFR-3 expression and clinicopathologic parameters was examined for statistical significance using Pearson's chi-square (chi2) test and Fisher's exact test (when n<5). Threshold for significance was p<0.05. Patient age ranged from 31 to 77 years (mean: 55 years). The VEGFR-3 immunoreactivity was as follows: 5 cases were negative (6.5%), 35 + (45.4%), 27+ + (35.1%), and 10+ + + (13.0%). Reactions were positive for both lymphatic and blood vessels in several cases. VEGFR-3-positive reactions were more frequent in the tumor periphery than within the tumor. Immunoreactivity was also observed in myoepithelial cells surrounding both normal ducts and ducts with ductal carcinoma in situ. Statistical analysis of VEGFR-3 reactions was not significantly related to node status, microvessel density, and tumor grade. Ploidy showed a tendency towards significance (p=0.063); however, owing to the limited number of cases, statistical significance was not reached. VEGFR-3 lacks lymphatic vessel specificity and is also expressed in blood vessels, myoepithelial cells, and neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhemar Longatto Filho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, Health Sciences School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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14
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Thompson HJ, McGinley JN, Spoelstra NS, Jiang W, Zhu Z, Wolfe P. Effect of Dietary Energy Restriction on Vascular Density during Mammary Carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5643-50. [PMID: 15313902 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis by dietary energy restriction is associated with a decrease in cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis. Although changes in the metabolism of insulin-like growth factor I and glucocorticoids have been proposed to modulate these cellular processes, limitations in blood supply could induce similar effects. To investigate this possibility, female Sprague Dawley rats were given an injection of 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea and fed purified diets ad libitum or at 60% ad libitum intake, i.e., 40% dietary energy restriction. Premalignant mammary pathologies and mammary adenocarcinomas obtained from these rats were processed for vascular density analysis via CD-31 immunostaining. Vascular density, measured as vessels/unit area, of premalignant mammary pathologies and adenocarcinomas from dietary energy restriction rats was reduced 31 and 39%, respectively (P < 0.01). This effect, which was observed in a 50-microm wide band of tissue surrounding each pathology, was exerted on blood vessels > 25 microm2. Conversely, intratumoral vascular density was unaffected by dietary energy restriction. cDNA microarray and Western blot analyses of adenocarcinomas for evidence of dietary energy restriction-mediated effects on vascularization revealed that only the level of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor protein Flk-1 was significantly reduced (P < 0.001). It appears that dietary energy restriction imposes limitations in the supply of blood to developing pathologies, an effect that could directly inhibit the carcinogenic process. The vascular density data imply that dietary energy restriction inhibited the growth of endothelial cells but leave unresolved the question of whether dietary energy restriction had a specific effect on angiogenesis. The factors that account for the failure of dietary energy restriction to limit intratumoral vascularization are not obvious and merit additional investigation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Caloric Restriction
- Carcinogens
- Cell Division/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/growth & development
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/blood supply
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Methylnitrosourea
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Precancerous Conditions/blood supply
- Precancerous Conditions/metabolism
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- Weight Loss/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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15
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Thompson HJ, McGinley JN, Wolfe P, Spoelstra NS, Knott KK. Targeting Angiogenesis for Mammary Cancer Prevention: Factors to Consider in Experimental Design and Analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.1173.13.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
An experimental model developed to investigate premalignant stages of breast cancer was used to establish a rationale for designing experiments that target angiogenesis for cancer prevention. Blood vessels were identified via CD31 immunostaining, and all vessels that occurred in a 50 μm wide region circumscribing each pathology were counted using a digital imaging technique. The blood vessel density associated with terminal end buds was unaffected by carcinogen treatment, whereas vessel density was higher in intraductal proliferations and ductal carcinoma in situ than in terminal end buds (P < 0.001) and total vascularity increased with morphologic progression. In comparison with intraductal proliferation or ductal carcinoma in situ, mammary carcinomas had higher vascular density in the tissue surrounding the cancer with a marked increase in the number of blood vessels <25 μm2. These data suggest that antiangiogenic chemopreventive agents would inhibit cancer occurrence if initiated at any premalignant stage of the carcinogenic process. Because increased vascular density observed during premalignancy could be explained by the size expansion of the lesion and its encroachment on a preexisting blood supply, by pathology-associated vessel expansion, and/or by angiogenesis, it remains to be determined if antiangiogenic agents will reduce the prevalence of premalignant lesions or cause their accumulation by blocking conversion to carcinomas. Failure to recognize the patterns of vascularization that accompany morphologic progression could limit the success of efforts to target angiogenesis for cancer prevention and lead to misinformation about how agents that affect blood vessel formation or growth inhibit the carcinogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J. Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - John N. McGinley
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Pamela Wolfe
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Nicole S. Spoelstra
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Katrina K. Knott
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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16
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Brey EM, Lalani Z, Johnston C, Wong M, McIntire LV, Duke PJ, Patrick CW. Automated selection of DAB-labeled tissue for immunohistochemical quantification. J Histochem Cytochem 2003; 51:575-84. [PMID: 12704205 DOI: 10.1177/002215540305100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in both clinical and basic research settings has led to the development of techniques for acquiring quantitative information from immunostains. Staining correlates with absolute protein levels and has been investigated as a clinical tool for patient diagnosis and prognosis. For these reasons, automated imaging methods have been developed in an attempt to standardize IHC analysis. We propose a novel imaging technique in which brightfield images of diaminobenzidene (DAB)-labeled antigens are converted to normalized blue images, allowing automated identification of positively stained tissue. A statistical analysis compared our method with seven previously published imaging techniques by measuring each one's agreement with manual analysis by two observers. Eighteen DAB-stained images showing a range of protein levels were used. Accuracy was assessed by calculating the percentage of pixels misclassified using each technique compared with a manual standard. Bland-Altman analysis was then used to show the extent to which misclassification affected staining quantification. Many of the techniques were inconsistent in classifying DAB staining due to background interference, but our method was statistically the most accurate and consistent across all staining levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Brey
- Laboratory of Reparative Biology and Bioengineering, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and University of Texas Center for Biomedical Engineering, Houston 77030, USA
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17
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Abstract
Dietary energy restriction (DER) inhibits the development of spontaneous, chemically, genetically, and virally induced mammary cancer in rats and/or mice. DER inhibits the initiation and postinitiation stages of mammary carcinogenesis and the development of both ovarian-hormone-dependent and -independent mammary carcinomas. The predominant effect of DER appears to be suppression of the clonal expansion of transformed cells, and this effect is most likely mediated via the coordinated regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. The effects of DER on cell cycle regulation and apoptosis are consistent with the limitation of one or more cell survival factors. Evidence is presented that the chemical mediators of this effect, glucocorticoids, insulin, and/or insulin-like growth factors, are elicited in response to the limitation in glucose availability imposed by DER. Investigation of DER is highly relevant to the misregulation of body weight which has been identified as a human health problem of global proportion. Mechanistic studies hold the promise of leading to the identification of DER mimetic approaches that can be used in the prevention and control of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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