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Zhang J, Qian XK, Song PF, Li XD, Wang AQ, Huo H, Yao JC, Zhang GM, Zou LW. A high-throughput screening assay for dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors using human plasma. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:2671-2678. [PMID: 34036983 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00415h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) plays a critical role in glucose metabolism and has become an important target for type 2 diabetes mellitus. We previously reported a two-photon fluorescent probe glycyl-prolyl-N-butyl-4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide (GP-BAN) for DPP-IV detection with high specificity and sensitivity. In this study, a high-throughput screening (HTS) method for DPP-IV inhibitors using human plasma as the enzyme source was established and optimized. Further investigations demonstrate that the IC50 value of sitagliptin (listed as the DPP-IV inhibitor) determined with human recombinant DPP-IV (36.22 nM) is very similar to that in human plasma (39.18 nM), and sitagliptin acts as a competitive inhibitor against human plasma DPP-IV-mediated GP-BAN hydrolysis. These results indicate that expensive human recombinant DPP-IV can be replaced by human plasma in this GP-BAN-based assay. On this basis, GP-AMC (commercial probe) was used as a comparison to verify this method, and the catalytic efficacy (Vmax/Km) for GP-AMC (0.09 min-1) hydrolysis in human plasma is lower than that for GP-BAN (0.21 min-1). Further analysis of inhibition kinetics (sitagliptin) and molecular docking (GP-BAN and GP-AMC) showed that GP-BAN has better specificity and affinity for enzymes than GP-AMC. Finally, the optimized method was used for the HTS of DPP-IV inhibitors in 69 natural alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Xing-Kai Qian
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Pei-Fang Song
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - An-Qi Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hong Huo
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, China
| | - Jing-Chun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd, Linyi, 276006, China.
| | - Gui-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd, Linyi, 276006, China.
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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2
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Sun YN, Zhang MM, Li LX, Ji R, Wang X, Li P, Li YY, Zheng MQ, Liu GQ, Zuo XL, Li Z, Li YQ. Cresyl violet as a new contrast agent in probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy for in vivo diagnosis of gastric intestinal metaplasia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 35:453-460. [PMID: 31518444 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cresyl violet (CV) is a topical dye that allows simultaneous chromoendoscopy and in vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy in identification of neoplastic changes of the lower gastrointestinal tract without intravenous injection of fluorescein, but as yet no investigation has reported its application in the diagnosis of gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM). This study aims to assess the feasibility as well as diagnosis accuracy of topical CV for in vivo diagnosis of GIM by using probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE). METHODS In this prospective, open-label, feasibility study, 129 confocal videos from 22 patients with known GIM were analyzed and compared with corresponding histological images to establish the CV staining characteristics. In addition, 47 patients with known or suspected GIM were prospectively enrolled to evaluate the accuracy of this topical CV endomicroscopic imaging. RESULTS Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with topical CV enabled clear visualization of the goblet cells, absorptive cells, and intestinal villi of GIM. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of pCLE diagnosis of GIM on a per-location analysis was 93.01%, 91.95%, 93.51%, 86.96%, and 96.11%, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient for inter-observer agreement and mean kappa value for intra-observer agreement for the diagnosis of GIM was 0.82 and 0.87, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Topical CV enables real-time chromoendoscopy in conjunction with pCLE examination of the stomach and warrants accurate diagnosis of GIM. It may be an acceptable and potentially alternative dye for confocal imaging in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ning Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Li-Xiang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yue-Yue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng-Qi Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guan-Qun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiu-Li Zuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Aftabizadeh M, Tatarek-Nossol M, Andreetto E, El Bounkari O, Kipp M, Beyer C, Latz E, Bernhagen J, Kapurniotu A. Blocking Inflammasome Activation Caused by β-Amyloid Peptide (Aβ) and Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP) through an IAPP Mimic. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3703-3717. [PMID: 31295403 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in the brain and pancreas is linked to cell degeneration and pathogenesis of both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Inflammatory cascades in both tissues are triggered by the uptake of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) or islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) aggregates by microglial cells (AD) or macrophages (T2D) and their insufficient lysosomal degradation. This results in lysosomal damage, caspase-1/NLRP3 inflammasome activation and release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a key proinflammatory cytokine in both diseases. Here we show that the inflammatory processes mediated by Aβ and IAPP aggregates in microglial cells and macrophages are blocked by IAPP-GI, a nonamyloidogenic IAPP mimic, which forms high-affinity soluble and nonfibrillar hetero-oligomers with both polypeptides. In contrast to fibrillar Aβ aggregates, nonfibrillar Aβ/IAPP-GI or Aβ/IAPP hetero-oligomers become rapidly internalized by microglial cells and targeted to lysosomes where Aβ is fully degraded. Internalization occurs via IAPP receptor-mediated endocytosis. Moreover, in contrast to IAPP aggregates, IAPP/IAPP-GI hetero-oligomers become rapidly internalized and degraded in the lysosomal compartments of macrophages. Our findings uncover a previously unknown function for the IAPP/Aβ cross-amyloid interaction and suggest that conversion of Aβ or IAPP into lysosome-targeted and easily degradable hetero-oligomers by heteroassociation with IAPP mimics could become a promising approach to specifically prevent amyloid-mediated inflammation in AD, T2D, or both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aftabizadeh
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, City of Hope Medical Center Duarte, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | | | - Erika Andreetto
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Omar El Bounkari
- Chair of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Chair of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Aphrodite Kapurniotu
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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4
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Ripp S, Turunen P, Minot ED, Rowan AE, Blank KG. Deciphering Design Principles of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Protease Substrates: Thermolysin-Like Protease from Geobacillus stearothermophilus as a Test Case. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4148-4156. [PMID: 31458650 PMCID: PMC6641592 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b02084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protease activity is frequently assayed using short peptides that are equipped with a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) reporter system. Many frequently used donor-acceptor pairs are excited in the ultraviolet range and suffer from low extinction coefficients and quantum yields, limiting their usefulness in applications where a high sensitivity is required. A large number of alternative chromophores are available that are excited in the visible range, for example, based on xanthene or cyanine core structures. These alternatives are not only larger in size but also more hydrophobic. Here, we show that the hydrophobicity of these chromophores not only affects the solubility of the resulting FRET-labeled peptides but also their kinetic parameters in a model enzymatic reaction. In detail, we have compared two series of 4-8 amino acid long peptides, designed to serve as substrates for the thermolysin-like protease (TLP-ste) from Geobacillus stearothermophilus. These peptides were equipped with a carboxyfluorescein donor and either Cy5 or its sulfonated derivative Alexa Fluor 647 as the acceptor. We show that the turnover rate k cat is largely unaffected by the choice of the acceptor fluorophore, whereas the K M value is significantly lower for the Cy5- than for the Alexa Fluor 647-labeled substrates. TLP-ste is a rather nonspecific protease with a large number of hydrophobic amino acids surrounding the catalytic site, so that the fluorophore itself may form additional interactions with the enzyme. This hypothesis is supported by the result that the difference between Cy5- and Alexa Fluor 647-labeled substrates becomes less pronounced with increasing peptide length, that is, when the fluorophore is positioned at a larger distance from the catalytic site. These results suggest that fluorophores may become an integral part of FRET-labeled peptide substrates and that K M and k cat values are generally only valid for a specific combination of the peptide sequence and FRET pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ripp
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Department of Molecular Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Petri Turunen
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Department of Molecular Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ethan D. Minot
- Department
of Physics, Oregon State University, 301 Weniger Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-6507, United States
| | - Alan E. Rowan
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Department of Molecular Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin G. Blank
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Department of Molecular Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Mechano(bio)chemistry,
Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm Science Park, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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5
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Xing J, Gong Q, Zhang R, Sun S, Zou R, Wu A. A novel non-enzymatic hydrolytic probe for dipeptidyl peptidase IV specific recognition and imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8773-8776. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel non-enzymatic hydrolytic probe for DPP IV is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Qiuyu Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Renshuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology
- Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Shan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Ruifen Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
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6
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Ogawa F, Takeda M, Miyanaga K, Tani K, Yamazawa R, Ito K, Tarui A, Sato K, Omote M. Development of a fluorogenic small substrate for dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:2690-2697. [PMID: 29564006 PMCID: PMC5753067 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of aniline and m-phenylenediamine derivatives with electron-withdrawing 3,3,3-trifluoropropenyl substituents were synthesized as small and chemically stable fluorescent organic compounds. Their fluorescence performances were evaluated by converting 2,4-disubstituted aniline 1 to the non-fluorescent dipeptide analogue H-Gly-Pro-1 for the use as a fluorogenic substrate for dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). The progress of the enzymatic hydrolysis of H-Gly-Pro-1 with DPP-4 was monitored by fluorometric determination of 1 released into the reaction medium. The results suggest that 1 could be used as fluorophore in OFF–ON-type fluorogenic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futa Ogawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Masanori Takeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Kanae Miyanaga
- Division of Natural Sciences, Osaka Kyoiku University, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka 582-8582, Japan
| | - Keita Tani
- Division of Natural Sciences, Osaka Kyoiku University, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka 582-8582, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yamazawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tarui
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Masaaki Omote
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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7
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Gong Q, Shi W, Li L, Wu X, Ma H. Ultrasensitive Fluorescent Probes Reveal an Adverse Action of Dipeptide Peptidase IV and Fibroblast Activation Protein during Proliferation of Cancer Cells. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8309-14. [PMID: 27444320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptide peptidase IV (DPPIV) and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) are isoenzymes. Evidence shows that DPPIV is related to antitumor immunity, and FAP may be a drug target in cancer therapy, making it seem that the two enzymes might have a synergistic role during the proliferation of cancer cells. Surprisingly, herein, we find an adverse action of DPPIV and FAP in the proliferation process by analyzing their changes with two tailor-made ultrasensitive fluorescent probes. First, the up-regulation of DPPIV and down-regulation of FAP in cancer cells under the stimulation of genistein are detected. Then, we find that MGC803 cells with a higher FAP but lower DPPIV level than SGC7901 cells exhibit a faster proliferation rate. Importantly, inhibiting the DPPIV expression with siRNA increases the proliferation rate of MGC803 cells, whereas the FAP inhibition decreases the rate. These findings suggest that the two enzymes play an adverse role during the proliferation of cancer cells, which provides us a new viewpoint for cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Gong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lihong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huimin Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Park HS, Yeo HY, Chang HJ, Kim KH, Park JW, Kim BC, Baek JY, Kim SY, Kim DY. Dipeptidyl peptidase 10, a novel prognostic marker in colorectal cancer. Yonsei Med J 2013; 54:1362-9. [PMID: 24142639 PMCID: PMC3809881 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2013.54.6.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) gene family exhibits multiple functions and is involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. It has attracted pharmaceutical interest in the areas of metabolic disorders as well as cancer. However, clinicopathologic significance of DPPIV family in colorectal cancer is not fully understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS The clinical relevance of DPPIV and DPP10 expression was determined by immunohistochemical staining, and by assessing its clinicopathologic correlation in 383 colorectal cancer patients with known clinical outcomes. RESULTS DPPIV was not expressed in normal colon mucosa, but it showed luminal expression in 52 of the 383 colorectal cancers (13.5%). DPPIV expression in tumors was associated with right-sided location of the colon (p=0.010) and more advanced tumor stage (p=0.045). DPP10 was expressed in normal colonic mucosa, but its expression varied in primary colorectal cancer tissues. Loss of DPP10 expression was found in 11 colorectal cancers (CRCs) (2.9%), and multivariate analysis showed that loss of DPP10 expression was an independent factor for poor patient prognosis (p=0.008). CONCLUSION DPP10 may play a role in disease progression of colorectal cancer and loss of DPP10 expression in primary CRC is significantly associated with poor survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heae Surng Park
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 410-769, Korea.
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Sharman MJ, Bacci B, Whittem T, Mansfield CS. In vivo confocal endomicroscopy of small intestinal mucosal morphology in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1372-8. [PMID: 24128334 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Confocal endomicroscopy (CEM) is an endoscopic technology that permits in vivo cellular and subcellular imaging of the gastrointestinal mucosa. OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility of CEM to evaluate small intestinal mucosal topologic morphology in dogs and to characterize the appearance in healthy dogs. ANIMALS Fourteen clinically healthy research colony dogs. METHODS Experimental study. Dogs were anesthetized for standard endoscopic evaluation of the small intestine followed by CEM. Two fluorophores were used to provide contrast: fluorescein (10% solution, 15 mg/kg IV) before administration of topical acriflavine (0.05% solution) via an endoscopy spray catheter. A minimum of 5 sites within the small intestine were assessed and at each location, sequential adjustment of imaging depth allowed collection of a three-dimensional volume equivalent to an 'optical biopsy'. CEM-guided pinch biopsies were obtained for histologic examination. RESULTS CEM provided high-quality in vivo cellular and subcellular images. Intravenous administration of fluorescein provided sufficient contrast to allow assessment of the vasculature, cellular cytoplasmic features and goblet cell numbers, and distribution. Topical application of acriflavine preferentially stained cellular nucleic acids, allowing evaluation of nuclear morphology. Quality of captured images was occasionally affected by motion artifact, but improved with operator experience. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE CEM provides in vivo images that allow for cellular and subcellular assessment of intestinal mucosal morphology during endoscopy. This has implications for aiding in vivo diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sharman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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10
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The chemistry of small-molecule fluorogenic probes. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 113:1-34. [PMID: 23244787 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386932-6.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Chemical fluorophores find wide use in biology to detect and visualize different phenomena. A key advantage of small-molecule dyes is the ability to construct compounds where fluorescence is activated by chemical or biochemical processes. Fluorogenic molecules, in which fluorescence is activated by enzymatic activity, light, or environmental changes, enable advanced bioassays and sophisticated imaging experiments. Here, we detail the collection of fluorophores and highlight both general strategies and unique approaches that are employed to control fluorescence using chemistry.
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11
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Sinclair A, Mulcahy LE, Geldeard L, Malik S, Fielder MD, Le Gresley A. Development of an in situ culture-free screening test for the rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus within healthcare environments. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:3307-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40150b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Terentyeva TG, Van Rossom W, Van der Auweraer M, Blank K, Hofkens J. Morpholinecarbonyl-Rhodamine 110 Based Substrates for the Determination of Protease Activity with Accurate Kinetic Parameters. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1932-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bc2001038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana G. Terentyeva
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Rossom
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Mark Van der Auweraer
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kerstin Blank
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Materials, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Abstract
The early detection of many human diseases is crucial if they are to be treated successfully. Therefore, the development of imaging techniques that can facilitate early detection of disease is of high importance. Changes in the levels of enzyme expression are known to occur in many diseases, making their accurate detection at low concentrations an area of considerable active research. Activatable fluorescent probes show immense promise in this area. If properly designed they should exhibit no signal until they interact with their target enzyme, reducing the level of background fluorescence and potentially endowing them with greater sensitivity. The mechanisms of fluorescence changes in activatable probes vary. This review aims to survey the field of activatable probes, focusing on their mechanisms of action as well as illustrating some of the in vitro and in vivo settings in which they have been employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Drake
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, Box 0946, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
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14
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Ta NN, Li Y, Schuyler CA, Lopes-Virella MF, Huang Y. DPP-4 (CD26) inhibitor alogliptin inhibits TLR4-mediated ERK activation and ERK-dependent MMP-1 expression by U937 histiocytes. Atherosclerosis 2010; 213:429-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Van Noorden CJF. Imaging enzymes at work: metabolic mapping by enzyme histochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem 2010; 58:481-97. [PMID: 20124092 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2010.955518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For the understanding of functions of proteins in biological and pathological processes, reporter molecules such as fluorescent proteins have become indispensable tools for visualizing the location of these proteins in intact animals, tissues, and cells. For enzymes, imaging their activity also provides information on their function or functions, which does not necessarily correlate with their location. Metabolic mapping enables imaging of activity of enzymes. The enzyme under study forms a reaction product that is fluorescent or colored by conversion of either a fluorogenic or chromogenic substrate or a fluorescent substrate with different spectral characteristics. Most chromogenic staining methods were developed in the latter half of the twentieth century but still find new applications in modern cell biology and pathology. Fluorescence methods have rapidly evolved during the last decade. This review critically evaluates the methods that are available at present for metabolic mapping in living animals, unfixed cryostat sections of tissues, and living cells, and refers to protocols of the methods of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J F Van Noorden
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Goetz M, Toermer T, Vieth M, Dunbar K, Hoffman A, Galle PR, Neurath MF, Delaney P, Kiesslich R. Simultaneous confocal laser endomicroscopy and chromoendoscopy with topical cresyl violet. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 70:959-68. [PMID: 19595315 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) has been shown to reliably predict histology during ongoing endoscopy. To unmask lesions for CLE, chromoendoscopy has been mandated. Usually fluorescein then serves as a contrast agent for CLE, but it does not allow direct nuclear visualization, must be injected, leads to a transient skin discoloration, and may have allergic side effects. OBJECTIVE To establish a single topical dye, cresyl violet (CV), for simultaneous chromoendoscopy and in vivo CLE of the lower GI tract. DESIGN Animal preclinical study, prospective clinical trial. SETTING Mainz University Clinic (tertiary care center). PATIENTS, METHODS, AND INTERVENTIONS: To establish the staining characteristics and optimal concentration of CV, the ileum and colon of 7 BL6 mice were stained with CV (0.1%-2%), and in vivo confocal imaging was performed with FIVE1. In a subsequent clinical trial, 67 sites in 36 patients were topically stained with CV 0.13%, and subsurface serial images were generated at different depths with an endomicroscope. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Prediction of histology according to the Mainz confocal classification and nuclear visualization with topical CV. RESULTS Endomicroscopy with topical CV yielded (sub-)cellular details of normal mucosa, and regenerative and neoplastic changes at variable imaging depths in high resolution comparable to those with intravenous fluorescein. By cytoplasmic enrichment of CV, nuclear morphology could be negatively visualized. Reliable differentiation of nonneoplastic versus neoplastic changes during ongoing endoscopy and a high interobserver agreement based on the microscopic images generated in vivo could be achieved. LIMITATIONS Single-center study, nonrandomized, limited number of patients. CONCLUSIONS CV can be applied topically and allows simultaneous chromoendoscopy and endomicroscopy with accurate prediction of histology with visualization of nuclear morphology. It may therefore be a single-agent alternative to chromoendoscopy and fluorescein in endomicroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Goetz
- I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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17
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Sasuga Y, Iwasawa T, Terada K, Oe Y, Sorimachi H, Ohara O, Harada Y. Single-Cell Chemical Lysis Method for Analyses of Intracellular Molecules Using an Array of Picoliter-Scale Microwells. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9141-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8016423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Sasuga
- The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Building FSB-401, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan, Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa
| | - Tomoyuki Iwasawa
- The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Building FSB-401, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan, Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa
| | - Kayoko Terada
- The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Building FSB-401, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan, Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa
| | - Yoshihiro Oe
- The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Building FSB-401, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan, Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa
| | - Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Building FSB-401, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan, Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa
| | - Osamu Ohara
- The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Building FSB-401, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan, Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa
| | - Yoshie Harada
- The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Building FSB-401, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan, Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa
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18
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Smith BC, Hallows WC, Denu JM. Mechanisms and molecular probes of sirtuins. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2008; 15:1002-13. [PMID: 18940661 PMCID: PMC2626554 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins are critical regulators of many cellular processes, including insulin secretion, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Sirtuins are associated with a variety of age-associated diseases such as type II diabetes, obesity, and Alzheimer's disease. A thorough understanding of sirtuin chemical mechanisms will aid toward developing novel therapeutics that regulate metabolic disorders and combat associated diseases. In this review, we discuss the unique deacetylase mechanism of sirtuins and how this information might be employed to develop inhibitors and other molecular probes for therapeutic and basic research applications. We also cover physiological regulation of sirtuin activity and how these modes of regulation may be exploited to manipulate sirtuin activity in live cells. Development of molecular probes and drugs that specifically target sirtuins will further understanding of sirtuin biology and potentially afford new treatments of several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Smith
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; University of Wisconsin, Medical School; Madison, WI 53706; USA
| | - William C. Hallows
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; University of Wisconsin, Medical School; Madison, WI 53706; USA
| | - John M. Denu
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; University of Wisconsin, Medical School; Madison, WI 53706; USA
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19
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Abstract
Small-molecule fluorescent probes embody an essential facet of chemical biology. Although numerous compounds are known, the ensemble of fluorescent probes is based on a modest collection of modular "core" dyes. The elaboration of these dyes with diverse chemical moieties is enabling the precise interrogation of biochemical and biological systems. The importance of fluorescence-based technologies in chemical biology elicits a necessity to understand the major classes of small-molecule fluorophores. Here, we examine the chemical and photophysical properties of oft-used fluorophores and highlight classic and contemporary examples in which utility has been built upon these scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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20
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Creasy BM, Hartmann CB, White FKH, McCoy KL. New assay using fluorogenic substrates and immunofluorescence staining to measure cysteine cathepsin activity in live cell subpopulations. Cytometry A 2007; 71:114-23. [PMID: 17200959 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsins are endosomal/lysosomal proteases that play important roles in regulating cell physiological processes in cardiovascular, neurological, musculoskeletal, and immunological systems. Pathophysiological processes are often associated with a change in cathepsin expression and activity, leading to the possibility of using cathepsins as disease markers for diagnosis and prognosis. METHODS We describe a new assay utilizing an argon laser flow cytometer to measure activities of cysteine cathepsins B, L, and S in live cells using cell permeable fluorogenic cresyl violet-conjugated peptides as selective substrates. Substrate concentration dependency and time kinetics studies were performed. The activity assay was combined with immunofluorescence staining to detect cell lineage-specific molecules and assess cathepsin activities in a heterogeneous cell population. RESULTS Substrate concentrations utilized were not limiting, because MFI significantly increased in a macrophage cell line stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Selective cathepsin inhibitors demonstrated the selectivity of substrate cleavage. Cells fixed and stored before analysis had no loss of fluorescence product. Activities of cathepsins B, L and S in splenic B cells, T cells and macrophages identified by immunofluorescence staining were analyzed. CONCLUSION This novel technique determines cathepsin activities on a per cell basis without requiring purification of different cell types from a heterogeneous cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine M Creasy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0678, USA
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21
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Masur K, Schwartz F, Entschladen F, Niggemann B, Zaenker KS. DPPIV inhibitors extend GLP-2 mediated tumour promoting effects on intestinal cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 137:147-55. [PMID: 16908079 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucagon-like peptides-1 and -2 (GLP-1 and -2) are co-secreted after food intake from intestinal L cells. Since both peptides are rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPPIV), research is focused on the development of DPPIV inhibitors or DPPIV resistant. AIMS In this study we investigated, whether the inhibition of DPPIV activity and the resulting increased half-life of DPPIV substrates may influence cancer development and progression. METHODS We examined proliferation and migratory activity of two human colon cancer cell lines (SW480, HT29) after stimulation with GLP-2 in combination with or without DPPIV inhibitors. RESULTS Migratory activity was increased by 25% from 20% matrix induced activity to a maximum of 45% (100 nM GLP-2). In cells expressing CD26, migration was prolonged by addition of DPPIV inhibitors in a concentration dependent manner. After treatment with GLP-2 doubling time decreased from 2.4 to 1.5 days - and addition of DPPIV inhibitors enhanced the effect of GLP-2. CONCLUSIONS The use of DPPIV inhibitors together with GLP-2 led to increased proliferation as well as elevated migratory activity. Therefore, the use of DPPIV inhibitors could increase the risk of promoting an already existing intestinal tumour and may support the potential of colon cancer cells to metastasize.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Masur
- Institute of Immunology, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58448 Witten, Germany.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Lavis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322 (USA)
| | - Tzu-Yuan Chao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544 (USA), Fax: (+1)608-262-3453
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322 (USA)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544 (USA), Fax: (+1)608-262-3453
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23
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van Nierop K, Muller FJM, Stap J, Van Noorden CJF, van Eijk M, de Groot C. Lysosomal destabilization contributes to apoptosis of germinal center B-lymphocytes. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54:1425-35. [PMID: 16957167 PMCID: PMC3958119 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.6a6967.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During germinal center (GC) reactions, B-lymphocytes with high-affinity B-cell receptors are selected. Regulation of apoptosis is a key process in selecting such wanted B-cells and in eliminating B-cells with unwanted specificities. In this paper, we show that apoptosis in human GC B-cells involves lysosomal destabilization, which is strictly controlled by caspase-8 activity, but not by caspase-9 activity. Ligation of CD40 provides resistance to lysosomal destabilization. Experimental lysosomal rupture by the lysosomotropic drug O-methyl-l-serine dodecylamide hydrochloride (MSDH) induces apoptosis in GC B-cells, including phosphatidyl serine exposure, mitochondrial inactivation, and DNA fragmentation. These apoptotic features occur in the absence of caspase-3 activity. Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) protect binding B-lymphocytes from lysosomal destabilization, in both the absence and the presence of MSDH. Our study demonstrates that lysosomal leakage induces apoptosis of GC B-cells in a caspase-3-independent manner and that high-affinity binding to FDCsprevents lysosomal leakage and apoptosis in GC B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten van Nierop
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Yee DJ, Balsanek V, Bauman DR, Penning TM, Sames D. Fluorogenic metabolic probes for direct activity readout of redox enzymes: Selective measurement of human AKR1C2 in living cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13304-9. [PMID: 16938874 PMCID: PMC1569159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604672103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current arsenal of tools and methods for the continuous monitoring and imaging of redox metabolic pathways in the context of intact cells is limited. Fluorogenic substrates allow for direct measurement of enzyme activity in situ; however, in contrast to proteases and exo-glycosidases, there are no simple guidelines for the design of selective probes for redox metabolic enzymes. Here, we introduce redox probe 1 and demonstrate its high selectivity in living cells for human hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily. AKR1C isoforms perform multiple functions among which the metabolism of potent steroid hormones is well documented. Moreover, expression of these enzymes is responsive to cellular stress and pathogenesis, including cancer. Our probe design is based on redox-sensitive optical switches, which couple a ketone-alcohol redox event to a profound change in fluorescence. The high selectivity of phenyl ketone 1 for AKR1C2 over the many endogenous reductases present in mammalian cells was established by a quantitative comparison of the metabolic rates between null control cells (COS-1) and AKR1C2-transfected cells. Phenyl ketone 1 is a cell-permeable fluorogenic probe that permits a direct, real-time, and operationally simple readout of AKR1C2 enzyme activity in intact mammalian cells. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that probe 1 enables the quantitative examination of physiological substrate 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone ("dark substrate") in situ by means of a two-substrate competitive assay. Similarly, inhibitor potency of physiological (ursodeoxycholate) and synthetic inhibitors (flufenamic acid, ibuprofen, and naproxen) was also readily evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J. Yee
- *Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027; and
| | - Vojtech Balsanek
- *Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027; and
| | - David R. Bauman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 130C John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Trevor M. Penning
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 130C John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dalibor Sames
- *Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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25
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Mugherli L, Burchak ON, Chatelain F, Balakirev MY. Fluorogenic ester substrates to assess proteolytic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4488-91. [PMID: 16806926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new type of fluorogenic ester substrates is described. Prepared from fluorescein in three steps with common commercially available precursors, they all generate bright green fluorescence upon proteolysis. Their particular structure allows the same substrate be used to report enzymatic activity of various proteases from serine and cysteine superfamilies. The substrate cleavage is sensitive to specific protease inhibitors providing a tool for inhibitor screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mugherli
- Laboratoire Biopuces, Département Réponse et Dynamique Cellulaires, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
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26
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Ho NH, Weissleder R, Tung CH. Development of a dual fluorogenic and chromogenic dipeptidyl peptidase IV substrate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2599-602. [PMID: 16517162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new far-red dual fluorogenic and chromogenic substrate, 5-glycylprolylglycylprolyl-9-di-3-sulfonyl-propylaminobenza[a]phenoxazonium perchlorate (GPGP-2SBPO), was developed for dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) sensing. The glycylprolylglycylprolyl tetrapeptide was chosen as the recognition sequence due to its stability under physiological conditions. In contrast, the truncated substrate, GP-2SBPO, containing only a glycylprolyl peptide, is unstable. Proteolysis of GPGP-2SBPO was assayed by monitoring the absorbance and fluorescence signals from the released fluorochrome, 2SBPO, at 625 and 670nm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Hui Ho
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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27
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Boonacker E, Stap J, Koehler A, Van Noorden CJF. The need for metabolic mapping in living cells and tissues. Acta Histochem 2005; 106:89-96. [PMID: 15147629 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2003] [Revised: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate activity of an enzyme depends on many regulatory steps from transcription of the gene up to complex formation of the enzyme. Therefore, gene expression (mRNA levels) or protein expression (protein levels) are not reliable parameters to predict the functional activity of an enzyme. Activity measurements in cell homogenates or in frozen or fixed (and thus dead) cell preparations are not appropriate either because post-translational regulation mechanisms that exist in living cells may be lost by homogenization or freezing or chemical fixation of cells. Therefore, metabolic mapping in living cells or, in other words, visualization and quantification using microscopy and image analysis of enzyme reactions in living cells is the approach of choice to understand the functional role of enzymes in vivo as is demonstrated here with a number of examples in recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Boonacker
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Frederiks WM, Mook ORF. Metabolic mapping of proteinase activity with emphasis on in situ zymography of gelatinases: review and protocols. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:711-22. [PMID: 15150280 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4r6251.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are essential for protein catabolism, regulation of a wide range of biological processes, and in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Several techniques are available to localize activity of proteases in tissue sections or cell preparations. For localization of the activity of matrix metalloproteinases, in situ zymography was introduced some decades ago. The procedure is based on zymography using SDS polyacrylamide gels containing gelatin, casein, or fibrin as substrate. For in situ zymography, either a photographic emulsion containing gelatin or a fluorescence-labeled proteinaceous macromolecular substrate is brought into contact with a tissue section or cell preparation. After incubation, enzymatic activity is revealed as white spots in a dark background or as black spots in a fluorescent background. However, this approach does not allow precise localization of proteinase activity because of limited sensitivity. A major improvement in sensitivity was achieved with the introduction of dye-quenched (DQ-)gelatin, which is gelatin that is heavily labeled with FITC molecules so that its fluorescence is quenched. After cleavage of DQ-gelatin by gelatinolytic activity, fluorescent peptides are produced that are visible against a weakly fluorescent background. The incubation with DQ-gelatin can be combined with simultaneous immunohistochemical detection of a protein on the same section. To draw valid conclusions from the findings with in situ zymography, specific inhibitors need to be used and the technique has to be combined with immunohistochemistry and zymography. In that case, in situ zymography provides data that extend our understanding of the role of specific proteinases in various physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma M Frederiks
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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