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Xiao-Qun Z, Xian-Li M, Ariffin NS. The potential of carbonic anhydrase enzymes as a novel target for anti-cancer treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 976:176677. [PMID: 38825301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a zinc-dependent metal enzyme that maintains the pH and carbon dioxide (CO2) homeostasis in cells by catalyzing the reversible hydration and dehydration of CO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3-). In mammals, there are 16 isozymes of CA existed, namely CAI to CAXIV, but only 15 isozymes are found in humans except CAXV. Human CAs have highly conserved catalytic domains, all of which are distributed in different tissues and play important physiological roles. Changes in their functions may disrupt the typical distribution of CAs throughout human body and therefore CAs can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for many diseases. Furthermore, the expression of CAs is correlated to the progression of numerous tumors, therapeutic sensitivity and patient prognosis. In this review, we discuss thoroughly the structure of CAs, their functional activities in human physiology, dysregulations and diseases related to CAs, and different types of CA inhibitors that can reverse their dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xiao-Qun
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Guilin Medical University, GuiLin, China
| | | | - Nur Syamimi Ariffin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Aspatwar A, Supuran CT, Waheed A, Sly WS, Parkkila S. Mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase VA and VB: properties and roles in health and disease. J Physiol 2023; 601:257-274. [PMID: 36464834 PMCID: PMC10107955 DOI: 10.1113/jp283579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase V (CA V), a mitochondrial enzyme, was first isolated from guinea-pig liver and subsequently identified in mice and humans. Later, studies revealed that the mouse genome contains two mitochondrial CA sequences, named Car5A and Car5B. The CA VA enzyme is most highly expressed in the liver, whereas CA VB shows a broad tissue distribution. Car5A knockout mice demonstrated a predominant role for CA VA in ammonia detoxification, whereas the roles of CA VB in ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis were evident only in the absence of CA VA. Previous studies have suggested that CA VA is mainly involved in the provision of HCO3 - for biosynthetic processes. In children, mutations in the CA5A gene led to reduced CA activity, and the enzyme was sensitive to increased temperature. The metabolic profiles of these children showed a reduced supply of HCO3 - to the enzymes that take part in intermediary metabolism: carbamoylphosphate synthetase, pyruvate carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase. Although the role of CA VB is still poorly understood, a recent study reported that it plays an essential role in human Sertoli cells, which sustain spermatogenesis. Metabolic disease associated with CA VA appears to be more common than other inborn errors of metabolism and responds well to treatment with N-carbamyl-l-glutamate. Therefore, early identification of hyperammonaemia will allow specific treatment with N-carbamyl-l-glutamate and prevent neurological sequelae. Carbonic anhydrase VA deficiency should therefore be considered a treatable condition in the differential diagnosis of hyperammonaemia in neonates and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - William S Sly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Flaxseed Polysaccharide Alters Colonic Gene Expression of Lipid Metabolism and Energy Metabolism in Obese Rats. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131991. [PMID: 35804806 PMCID: PMC9265598 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges. Recently, we found that flaxseed polysaccharides (FPs) had an anti-obesity effect through promoting lipid metabolism, but the obesity-inhibiting pathway of FP is still unclear. In this study, after FP intervention in an obese rat model, a transcriptome study was performed to further investigate how FP intervention alters the gene expression of colonic epithelial tissues (CETs). The results showed that there were 3785 genes differentially expressed due to the FP intervention, namely 374 downregulated and 3411 upregulated genes. After analyzing all the differentially expressed genes, two classical KEGG pathways were found to be related to obesity, namely the PPAR-signaling pathway and energy metabolism, involving genes Fabp1–5, Lpl, Gyk, Qqp7, Pparg, Rxrg, Acsl1, Acsl4, Acsl6, Cpt1c, Car1–4, Ca5b, Car8, Car12–14, Cps1, Ndufa4l2, Cox6b2, Atp6v1g2, Ndufa4l2 and Cox4i2. QRT-PCR results showed a consistent expression trend. Our results indicate that FP promotes lipid metabolism by changing the expression of some key genes of CETs, thus inhibiting obesity.
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Li T, Liu X, Riederer B, Nikolovska K, Singh AK, Mäkelä KA, Seidler A, Liu Y, Gros G, Bartels H, Herzig KH, Seidler U. Genetic ablation of carbonic anhydrase IX disrupts gastric barrier function via claudin-18 downregulation and acid backflux. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222:e12923. [PMID: 28748627 PMCID: PMC5901031 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms for the parietal cell loss and fundic hyperplasia observed in gastric mucosa of mice lacking the carbonic anhydrase 9 (CAIX). Methods We assessed the ability of CAIX‐knockout and WT gastric surface epithelial cells to withstand a luminal acid load by measuring the pHi of exteriorized gastric mucosa in vivo using two‐photon confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cytokines and claudin‐18A2 expression was analysed by RT‐PCR. Results CAIX‐knockout gastric surface epithelial cells showed significantly faster pHi decline after luminal acid load compared to WT. Increased gastric mucosal IL‐1β and iNOS, but decreased claudin‐18A2 expression (which confer acid resistance) was observed shortly after weaning, prior to the loss of parietal and chief cells. At birth, neither inflammatory cytokines nor claudin‐18 expression were altered between CAIX and WT gastric mucosa. The gradual loss of acid secretory capacity was paralleled by an increase in serum gastrin, IL‐11 and foveolar hyperplasia. Mild chronic proton pump inhibition from the time of weaning did not prevent the claudin‐18 decrease nor the increase in inflammatory markers at 1 month of age, except for IL‐1β. However, the treatment reduced the parietal cell loss in CAIX‐KO mice in the subsequent months. Conclusions We propose that CAIX converts protons that either backflux or are extruded from the cells rapidly to CO2 and H2O, contributing to tight junction protection and gastric epithelial pHi regulation. Lack of CAIX results in persistent acid backflux via claudin‐18 downregulation, causing loss of parietal cells, hypergastrinaemia and foveolar hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Li
- Department of Gastroenterology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - X. Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Department of Department of Gastroenterology; Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College; Zunyi China
| | - B. Riederer
- Department of Gastroenterology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - K. Nikolovska
- Department of Gastroenterology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - A. K. Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - K. A. Mäkelä
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu; Oulu University; Finland
| | - A. Seidler
- Department of Gastroenterology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Y. Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - G. Gros
- Department of Physiology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - H. Bartels
- Department of Anatomy; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - K. H. Herzig
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu; Oulu University; Finland
| | - U. Seidler
- Department of Gastroenterology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
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Cloning, expression, purification and characterization of human mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase VA. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:16. [PMID: 28330086 PMCID: PMC4705057 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase VA (CAVA) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of CO2 to produce HCO3- and proton. CAV is primarily involved in several biosynthetic processes such as ureagenesis, gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis by providing bicarbonate ion. Here, we report a new strategy for cloning, expression and purification for CAVA in the bacterial system followed by its biophysical characterization. The cDNA of CAVA, a 801 nucleotide long that encodes a 267-amino acid polypeptide of molecular mass of 30-kDa (excluding signal peptide), was sub-cloned in the expression vector pET21c and transformed into Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) for expression. The recombinant protein was purified in two steps by Ni-NTA and DEAE weak anion-exchange chromatography under native condition from the supernatant, while inclusion bodies (IBs) were used to get protein under the denatured condition with a relatively high yield. CAVA was purified under denatured conditions in a single step using Ni-NTA chromatography. SDS-PAGE showed a band of 30-kDa, which was further confirmed as CAVA by Western blot and MALDI-TOF/MS. We further performed enzyme activity to ensure that both forms of purified proteins are enzymatically active. Measurements of secondary structure of the native, denatured and renatured proteins were carried out using circular dichroism. The purified protein can be further used for structural and biochemical studies.
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Idrees D, Shahbaaz M, Bisetty K, Islam A, Ahmad F, Hassan MI. Effect of pH on structure, function, and stability of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase VA. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:449-461. [PMID: 26828699 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1149097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase VA (CAVA) catalyzes the hydration of carbon dioxide to produce proton and bicarbonate which is primarily expressed in the mitochondrial matrix of liver, and involved in numerous physiological processes including lipogenesis, insulin secretion from pancreatic cells, ureagenesis, gluconeogenesis, and neuronal transmission. To understand the effect of pH on the structure, function, and stability of CAVA, we employed spectroscopic techniques such as circular dichroism, fluorescence, and absorbance measurements in wide range of pH (from pH 2.0 to pH 11.5). CAVA showed an aggregation at acidic pH range from pH 2.0 to pH 5.0. However, it remains stable and maintains its secondary structure in the pH range, pH 7.0-pH 11.5. Furthermore, this enzyme has an appreciable activity at more than pH 7.0 (7.0 < pH ≤ 11.5) with maximum activity at pH 9.0. The maximal values of kcat and kcat/Km at pH 9.0 are 3.7 × 106 s-1 and 5.5 × 107 M-1 s-1, respectively. However, this enzyme loses its activity in the acidic pH range. We further performed 20-ns molecular dynamics simulation of CAVA to see the dynamics at different pH values. An excellent agreement was observed between in silico and in vitro studies. This study provides an insight into the activity of CAVA in the pH range of subcellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Idrees
- a Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences , Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025 , India
| | - Mohd Shahbaaz
- b Department of Chemistry , Durban University of Technology , Durban 4000 , South Africa
| | - Krishna Bisetty
- b Department of Chemistry , Durban University of Technology , Durban 4000 , South Africa
| | - Asimul Islam
- a Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences , Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025 , India
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- a Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences , Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025 , India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- a Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences , Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025 , India
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Niemelä AM, Hynninen P, Mecklin JP, Kuopio T, Kokko A, Aaltonen L, Parkkila AK, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J, Waheed A, Sly WS, Orntoft TF, Kruhøffer M, Haapasalo H, Parkkila S, Kivelä AJ. Carbonic anhydrase IX is highly expressed in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:1760-6. [PMID: 17855694 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) II, CA IX, and CA XII are expressed in various neoplasias and have been linked to tumorigenesis. We examined their expression in three different groups of colorectal cancer [i.e., microsatellite stable (MSS), microsatellite instable (MSI), and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)]. First, we analyzed gene expression profiles of 113 specimens by a microarray method to study the expression of various CA isozymes in the subgroups of colorectal cancer. The results indicated that mRNAs for CA II and CA XII are down-regulated and CA IX mRNA is up-regulated in all three tumor categories when compared with the normal tissue. The up-regulation of CA IX was greatest in the HNPCC group. For more information, 77 specimens were immunohistochemically stained to study the levels of CA II, CA IX, and CA XII. Immunohistochemical analyses further confirmed that the subgroups express CA II, CA IX, and CA XII differentially, and the HNPCC tumors express high levels of CA IX. Expression of these CAs did not correlate to Dukes stage or grade of differentiation. Our results show that CAs are differentially expressed in the subgroups of colorectal cancer, and CA IX expression seems to be very high in most cases of HNPCC. CA IX could be a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in HNPCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi M Niemelä
- Department of Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Keskussairaalantie 19, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland
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Blachier F, Mariotti F, Huneau JF, Tomé D. Effects of amino acid-derived luminal metabolites on the colonic epithelium and physiopathological consequences. Amino Acids 2006; 33:547-62. [PMID: 17146590 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Depending on the amount of alimentary proteins, between 6 and 18 g nitrogenous material per day enter the large intestine lumen through the ileocaecal junction. This material is used as substrates by the flora resulting eventually in the presence of a complex mixture of metabolites including ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, short and branched-chain fatty acids, amines; phenolic, indolic and N-nitroso compounds. The beneficial versus deleterious effects of these compounds on the colonic epithelium depend on parameters such as their luminal concentrations, the duration of the colonic stasis, the detoxication capacity of epithelial cells in response to increase of metabolite concentrations, the cellular metabolic utilization of these metabolites as well as their effects on colonocyte intermediary and oxidative metabolism. Furthermore, the effects of metabolites on electrolyte movements through the colonic epithelium must as well be taken into consideration for such an evaluation. The situation is further complicated by the fact that other non-nitrogenous compounds are believed to interfere with these various phenomenons. Finally, the pathological consequences of the presence of excessive concentrations of these compounds are related to the short- and, most important, long-term effects of these compounds on the rapid colonic epithelium renewing and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Blachier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche de Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, Paris, France.
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Matsuoka T, Kobayashi M, Sugimoto T, Araki K. An immunocytochemical study of regeneration of gastric epithelia in rat experimental ulcers. Med Mol Morphol 2006; 38:233-42. [PMID: 16378232 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-005-0297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We experimentally observed the process of regeneration of gastric mucosal cells in ulcers induced by surgical removal of the fundic mucosa of rats. The techniques utilized were immunocytochemistry, laser confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Routine TEM and PAS reaction were used for parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous cells. As markers of parietal cells, H+-K+ ATPase, Na+-K+ ATPase, carbonic anhydrase, and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) were used, and for chief cells pepsinogen was used. Healing process of mucosal defect was as follows. On day 2 after the operation, the single-layered regenerating epithelium (RE) originating from the marginal epithelium of the ulcer extended over the granulation tissue of the ulcer base towards the center. Regenerating glands (RGs) appeared in the ulcer margin. The cells appearing first in the RE were undifferentiated cells that had a high nucleus: cytoplasm ratio and abundant free ribosomes. On day 5, the ulcer was almost filled with RGs. Most cells stained positive for PAS reaction. A few immature parietal cells stained weakly with H+-K+ ATPase, Na+-K+ ATPase, carbonic anhydrase, and aquaporin-4 antibodies, and a few immature chief cells stained weakly with pepsinogen antibody were also observed on day 5. On day 10, the ulcer was filled with RGs. The RGs in the periphery of the ulcer stained positive for markers of mature parietal cells and chief cells, whereas the center of the ulcer was composed of immature parietal cells and chief cells. By day 25, the mucosal defect was filled with normal gastric glands formed by maturation of the RGs. The undifferentiated cells that first appeared in the ulcer margin seem to differentiate to special functioning cells of the stomach 5-10 days after ulcer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Matsuoka
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
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Supuran CT, Scozzafava A. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and their therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.10.5.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Pastorekova S, Parkkila S, Pastorek J, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrases: current state of the art, therapeutic applications and future prospects. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2004; 19:199-229. [PMID: 15499993 DOI: 10.1080/14756360410001689540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are wide-spread enzymes, present in mammals in at least 14 different isoforms. Some of these isozymes are cytosolic (CA I, CA II, CA III, CA VII, CA XIII), others are membrane-bound (CA IV, CA IX, CA XII and CA XIV), CA V is mitochondrial and CA VI is secreted in the saliva and milk. Three cytosolic acatalytic forms are also known (CARP VIII, CARP X and CARP XI). The catalytically active isoforms, which play important physiological and patho-physiological functions, are strongly inhibited by aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides. The catalytic and inhibition mechanisms of these enzymes are understood in great detail, and this greatly helped the design of potent inhibitors, some of which possess important clinical applications. The use of such CA inhibitors (CAIs) as antiglaucoma drugs are discussed in detail, together with the recent developments that led to isozyme-specific and organ-selective inhibitors. A recent discovery is connected with the involvement of CAs and their sulfonamide inhibitors in cancer: many potent CAIs were shown to inhibit the growth of several tumor cell lines in vitro and in vivo, thus constituting interesting leads for developing novel antitumor therapies. Future prospects for drug design of inhibitors of these ubiquitous enzymes are dealt with. Although activation of CAs has been a controversial issue for some time, recent kinetic, spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic experiments offered an explanation of this phenomenon, based on the catalytic mechanism. It has been demonstrated recently, that molecules that act as carbonic anhydrase activators (CAAs) bind at the entrance of the enzyme active site participating in facilitated proton transfer processes between the active site and the reaction medium. In addition to CA II-activator adducts, X-ray crystallographic studies have been also reported for ternary complexes of this isozyme with activators and anion (azide) inhibitors. Structure-activity correlations for diverse classes of activators is discussed for the isozymes for which the phenomenon has been studied, i.e., CA I, II, III and IV. The possible physiological relevance of CA activation/inhibition is also addressed, together with recent pharmacological/ biomedical applications of such compounds in different fields of life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pastorekova
- Centre of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 842 45 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Gut MO, Parkkila S, Vernerová Z, Rohde E, Závada J, Höcker M, Pastorek J, Karttunen T, Gibadulinová A, Závadová Z, Knobeloch KP, Wiedenmann B, Svoboda J, Horak I, Pastoreková S. Gastric hyperplasia in mice with targeted disruption of the carbonic anhydrase gene Car9. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:1889-903. [PMID: 12454846 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.37052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX is a highly active enzyme with adhesion capacity that is functionally implicated in acid-base balance and intercellular communication. It is normally present in basolateral membranes of gastrointestinal epithelial cells and ectopically expressed in various carcinomas. To show its physiologic relevance, we have cloned the Car9 gene and generated CA IX-deficient mice. METHODS The mice with null mutation of the Car9 gene were obtained by targeted gene disruption. Tissue architecture and expression of markers were determined by histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS Mice homozygous for the mutation developed gastric hyperplasia of the glandular epithelium with numerous cysts. The first changes were observed in the newborn animals, and the hyperplasia became prominent at the end of gastric morphogenesis in 4-week-old mice. Loss of CA IX led to overproduction of mucus-secreting pit cells and depletion of pepsinogen-positive chief cells. The proportion of H(+)/K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase-positive parietal cells significantly decreased, but their absolute number was not reduced. Correspondingly, CA IX-deficient mice had normal gastric pH, acid secretion, and serum gastrin levels. CONCLUSIONS Phenotypic consequences of the Car9 null mutation show the important role of CA IX in morphogenesis and homeostasis of the glandular gastric epithelium via the control of cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ortova Gut
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Pharmacology and Medical Center of Free University of Berlin, Germany
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Sato T, Kashima K, Gamachi A, Daa T, Nakayama I, Yokoyama S. Immunohistochemical localization of pyruvate carboxylase and carbamyl-phosphate synthetase I in normal and neoplastic human pancreatic tissues. Pancreas 2002; 25:130-5. [PMID: 12142734 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200208000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been suggested that pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and carbamyl-phosphate synthetase I (CPS I) might be colocalized with carbonic anhydrase V (CA V), which is generally considered to provide HCO3- ions for PC and CPS I. AIM To examine the immunohistochemical staining of endogenous biotin; of three mitochondrial biotin-binding enzymes (namely, PC, CPS I, and propionyl CoA-carboxylase); and of cytosolic acetyl CoA-carboxylase in pancreatic tissues. METHODOLOGY Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 23 samples of normal pancreas and 63 samples of neoplastic pancreatic tissues. RESULTS It was found that the distribution of PC, CPS I, and endogenous biotin was not related to that of CA V but was similar to that of CA II in normal centroacinar cells, intercalated duct cells, and intralobular duct cells. In addition, PC was detected unexpectedly in delta-cells of islets. CONCLUSION It seems likely that CA II plays a major role in the secretion of NaHCO3 into the pancreatic juice. Hence, it is possible that PC and CPS I in the centroacinar cells, intercalated duct cells, and intralobular duct cells are strongly activated and might use HCO3- ions provided by CA II and not by CA V. Among the pancreatic neoplasms examined, ductal adenocarcinomas exhibited significantly elevated immunoreactivity specific for the four biotin-binding enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Sato
- Department of Pathology, Oita Medical University, Oita, Japan.
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Axford SE, Sharp N, Ross PE, Pearson JP, Dettmar PW, Panetti M, Koufman JA. Cell biology of laryngeal epithelial defenses in health and disease: preliminary studies. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2001; 110:1099-108. [PMID: 11768697 DOI: 10.1177/000348940111001203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal epithelium has intrinsic antireflux defenses, including carbonic anhydrases (CAs I to IV) that appear to be protective against gastric reflux. This study aimed to investigate the expression and distribution of CA isoenzymes in laryngeal epithelium. Laryngeal biopsy specimens collected from the vocal fold and interarytenoid regions were analyzed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Carbonic anhydrases I and II were expressed by the majority of samples analyzed. In contrast, CA III was differentially expressed in the interarytenoid samples and was not detected in any vocal fold samples. The expression of CA III was increased in esophagitis as compared to normal esophageal tissue. Carbonic anhydrase I and III isoenzymes were distributed cytoplasmically in the basal and lower prickle cell layers. The laryngeal epithelium expresses some CA isoenzymes and has the potential to protect itself against laryngopharyngeal reflux. Laryngeal tissue may be more sensitive to injury due to reflux damage than the esophageal mucosa because of different responses of CA isoenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Axford
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Scotland
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- Departments of Anatomy and Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, FIN-90220 Oulu, Finland
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