1
|
Nieforth LO, Kaufman S. Practitioner Experiences of the Death of an Equine in an Equine-Assisted Services Program. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024:302228241249200. [PMID: 38652760 DOI: 10.1177/00302228241249200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Given the nature of horse-human interactions in equine-assisted services (EAS), death of a horse may have significant impacts. In this study, an online survey was distributed to EAS practitioners. The goal of the study was to explore the experiences of practitioners and identify the socioemotional processes that occur upon the death of an equine within an EAS program. Open-ended responses (N = 84) were analyzed qualitatively using a grounded theory and constant-comparative approach. Responses are situated into two themes (1) Processing the death of an equine and (2) Practical implications. Experiences processing the death of an equine can be situated within Worden's Four Tasks of Mourning, extending a grief model previously only considered in the context of human death to animal death. Practical implications found within responses highlight actions practitioners can take to prepare for and process through the death of an equine in their program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne O Nieforth
- Comparative Pathobiology, Center for the Human Animal Bond, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sara Kaufman
- Communication Studies, Manchester University, North Manchester, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang N, Sandler I, Thieleman K, Wolchik S, O'Hara K. Self-Compassion for Caregivers of Children in Parentally Bereaved Families: A Theoretical Model and Intervention Example. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2023; 26:430-444. [PMID: 36920631 PMCID: PMC10866557 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-023-00431-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Family-based bereavement interventions have shown promises to prevent problem outcomes and promote resilience in parentally bereaved children. Evidence of the broad range of mental and physical health problems following the death of a parent supports the need for a transdiagnostic approach that promotes adaptation and reduces multiple problem outcomes for parentally bereaved families. We discuss self-compassion as a promising framework for a transdiagnostic approach. We argue that three elements of self-compassion-mindfulness (vs. over-identification), self-kindness (vs. self-judgment), and common humanity (vs. isolation)-can facilitate loss-oriented coping, restoration-oriented coping, and the oscillation process between the two. This sets the foundation for individual and family processes that support bereavement adjustment. To explain how self-compassion promotes adjustment outcomes in parentally bereaved families, we review the extant literature with a focus on parental emotion regulation and effective parenting and propose a conceptual model with testable hypotheses to guide more research in this area. The model suggests that caregivers' self-compassion is a resilience resource for multiple adaptive outcomes for themselves and for their child through its positive impacts on emotion regulation and effective parenting. We illustrate the utility of the framework with an example of a family-based bereavement prevention program that integrated self-compassion training. Future directions for research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1 University Place, Stamford, CT, USA.
| | - Irwin Sandler
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kara Thieleman
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Karey O'Hara
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Silva I, Jólluskin G, Vilhena E, Byrne A. Adaptation of the Pet Bereavement Questionnaire for European Portuguese Speakers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:534. [PMID: 36612855 PMCID: PMC9819858 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The loss or death of a beloved pet creates a grief reaction comparable to that of the loss of a family member and may lead to the development of symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of persistent complicated grief disorder. Nevertheless, society does not always recognize it as a significant loss, which may contribute to bereaved owners feeling isolated and ashamed when coping with it, as well as not resorting to mental health professionals when necessary. The development of instruments to assess these reactions may contribute to improving the understanding of this suffering. This study aimed to adapt the Pet Bereavement Questionnaire for European Portuguese speakers. A non-probabilistic convenience sample of 169 adults who had a pet that died answered a battery of questionnaires, which included the Portuguese version of the Pet Bereavement Questionnaire. This version resulted from a consensus translation prepared by two translators and subsequently subjected to a cognitive debriefing. The Portuguese version of the instrument demonstrated good reliability (good internal consistency for the total questionnaire and for its subscales) and good external validity (negative correlation with well-being measures and positive correlation with psychopathology measures), as well as reasonable internal validity and sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Silva
- I3ID, Human and Social Sciences Faculty, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Glória Jólluskin
- I3ID, Human and Social Sciences Faculty, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Estela Vilhena
- 2Ai, School of Technology, Instituto Politécnico do Cávado e do Ave, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal
| | - Allison Byrne
- I3ID, Human and Social Sciences Faculty, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hughes B, Lewis Harkin B. The Impact of Continuing Bonds Between Pet Owners and Their Pets Following the Death of Their Pet: A Systematic Narrative Synthesis. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2022:302228221125955. [PMID: 36069106 DOI: 10.1177/00302228221125955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When a pet dies, owners can experience similar levels of grief as when a human dies. Previous research indicates the role of continuing bonds (CB) when a pet is alive. To understand the impact of these bonds after the pet has died, we conducted a systematic narrative synthesis according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA). Findings were heterogenous, yet there were still parallels in the literature. CB can sometimes aggravate and intensify grief experiences, particularly when pet grief is perceived as disenfranchised grief. However, identifying appropriate bonds can be useful to moderate the intensity of grief and be a valuable mechanism of support. CB can also help post-traumatic growth of owners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Hughes
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Bolton, Bolton, UK
| | - Beth Lewis Harkin
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Bolton, Bolton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Disenfranchised Guilt—Pet Owners’ Burden. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131690. [PMID: 35804588 PMCID: PMC9264879 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Guilt is the unpleasant emotion associated with one’s behaviors, thoughts, or intentions, and it is based on the possibility that one may be in the wrong or others may have this perception. Parental guilt is one common type of guilt and is often associated with work–family conflict (WFC). WFC and related guilt have been found to be related to depression and anxiety. The current study was designed to explore dog owners’ guilt surrounding their dogs through an online anonymous survey. Results suggest that dog owners’ guilt and WFC associated with their dog are at similar levels to those reported in human family studies. Additionally, the relationship between dog owners’ guilt and discrepancy between their actual and ideal self, in regard to the role of a dog owner, also mirrored human-only family research. Because pet-related guilt is unrecognized, acknowledged, or supported, we suggest it is disenfranchised. In this period of post-COVID-19 pandemic time, as people return to work, it is important that companies and communities acknowledge pet owner guilt and pet-related WFC and help owners find practical, effective solutions. Abstract Guilt refers to an unpleasant emotional state associated with one’s behaviors, thoughts, or intentions, and it is based on the possibility that one may be in the wrong or that others may have this perception. Parental guilt is one common subtype and is often associated with work–family conflict (WFC). WFC and related guilt have been found to be associated with depression and anxiety. Through an online anonymous survey, the current study was designed to explore dog owners’ guilt surrounding their dogs. Results suggest that dog owners’ guilt and WFC associated with their dog are at levels similar to those reported in human family studies. Additionally, the relationship between dog owners’ guilt and discrepancy between participants’ actual and ideal self, in regard to the role of a dog owner, also mirrored human-only family research. Because pet-related guilt is unrecognized, acknowledged, or supported, we suggest it is disenfranchised. As people return to work, in this period of post-COVID-19 pandemic time, it is paramount that companies and communities acknowledge pet owner guilt and WFC and help owners find practical, effective solutions.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mc Veigh MJ. "Giving voice to the voiceless": An exploration of the grieving ritual for a therapy dog. DEATH STUDIES 2022; 47:339-347. [PMID: 35459433 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2022.2067263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of animal-assisted therapy with children who have experienced trauma is receiving increasing attention in the literature. However, there is a lack of attention given to the death of therapy animals. The scholarship on the death of animal companions highlights a varying depth of acknowledgment of children's grief. This article draws on the clinical experience of one therapy center's approach to the death of a therapy dog. Knowledge gained from this experience highlighted the necessity of acknowledging the death, the need for clear communication with children and young people, and the importance of involving children in a memorial ritual.
Collapse
|
7
|
Preliminary Exploration of Weekly Peer Group Discussions as a Strategy for Coping with Feelings Associated with Euthanasia in Dairy Caretakers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042177. [PMID: 35206363 PMCID: PMC8872095 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Dairy caretakers experience a variety of occupational risks including stress related to performing euthanasia and making euthanasia-related decisions for cattle in their care. Few supportive interventions exist to help caretakers cope with euthanasia-related stress. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of weekly peer discussion sessions as an intervention to reduce euthanasia-related stress and grief in dairy caretakers. This study utilized scores from a modified pet-based bereavement questionnaire to assess the change in bereavement of caretakers in response to euthanasia-related stress in a non-treatment group (who did not attend peer discussion sessions, n = 7) and a treatment group (who attended peer discussion sessions, n = 15). Key findings of this study were that discussion sessions did not have a direct impact on the study outcomes as measured using a pet bereavement scale, as there was no difference in the change in bereavement scores during the 8 week study period between the treatment and non-treatment groups. Thematic analysis of peer discussions revealed that compassion towards dairy cattle is a prominent factor in areas of decision making, protocols, and training. Further studies should continue to explore how performing euthanasia and making euthanasia-related decisions impacts caretakers and what supportive interventions can reduce stress and grief.
Collapse
|
8
|
Harris D. Compassion-focused grief therapy. BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2021.1960948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Harris
- King’s University College at Western University, London, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kogan LR, Currin-McCulloch J, Bussolari C, Packman W, Erdman P. The Psychosocial Influence of Companion Animals on Positive and Negative Affect during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072084. [PMID: 34359212 PMCID: PMC8300185 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The initial months of COVID-19 forced people to quickly adapt to dramatic changes to their daily lives. As a result of the inevitable decrease in access to social support available during the lockdown phase of COVID-19, countless individuals relied upon their companion dogs and cats. Given the strong connections many people have with their companion animals, this study hypothesized that companion dogs and cats would positively impact guardians’ mental health. Anonymous online surveys were used to test this premise. A total of 5061 responses, primarily females (89%) from the United States (84%), were analyzed. Results suggest that companion animals played a critical role in reducing feelings of depression, anxiety, isolation, and loneliness. Companion animals also helped increase guardians’ experiences of self-compassion, ability to maintain a regular schedule, feel a sense of purpose and meaning, and cope with uncertainty. This was most prevalent for women under the age of 40 who were highly bonded to their companion animal. In conclusion, our study suggests that a companion dog or cat can help mitigate the effects of extreme stress and social isolation. Abstract The initial months of COVID-19 forced people to quickly adapt to dramatic changes to their daily lives. As a result of the inevitable decrease in access to social support available during the lockdown phase of COVID-19, countless individuals relied upon their companion dogs and cats. Given the strong connections people often have with their companion animals, this study hypothesized that companion dogs and cats would positively impact guardians’ mental health. Anonymous, cross-sectional online surveys were used to test this premise. A total of 5061 responses, primarily females (89%) from the United States (84%), were analyzed. Results suggest that companion animals played a critical role in helping reduce feelings of depression, anxiety, isolation, and loneliness for a majority of pet guardians. Companion animals also helped increase guardians’ experiences of self-compassion, ability to maintain a regular schedule, feel a sense of purpose and meaning, and cope with uncertainty. This was most pronounced for women under the age of 40 who were highly bonded to their companion animal. In conclusion, our study suggests that a companion dog or cat can buffer the effects of extreme stress and social isolation as witnessed during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori R. Kogan
- Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-97-02185580
| | | | - Cori Bussolari
- Counseling Psychology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA;
| | - Wendy Packman
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA;
| | - Phyllis Erdman
- College of Education, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cleary M, West S, Thapa DK, Westman M, Vesk K, Kornhaber R. Grieving the loss of a pet: A qualitative systematic review. DEATH STUDIES 2021; 46:2167-2178. [PMID: 33881389 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2021.1901799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Animal owners who experience the death of a beloved family pet or companion animal may experience feelings of grief and loss that are synonymous with the death of a human. This systematic review synthesized 19 qualitative papers from 17 studies that explored the psychosocial impact of bereavement and grieving the loss of a pet. The analysis revealed five themes: Their Relationship; Their Grief; Their Guilt; Their Supports; and Their Future. By looking beyond grief, health professionals can respond to bereaved pet owners the same way they would for other forms of human bereavement and provide the necessary support to transition bereavement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cleary
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sancia West
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, Australia
| | - Deependra K Thapa
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Westman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Rachel Kornhaber
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Park R, Royal K. A National Survey of Companion Animal Owners' Self-Reported Methods of Coping Following Euthanasia. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030089. [PMID: 32645978 PMCID: PMC7558086 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The human-animal bond is often regarded as a special relationship in which owners benefit from unconditional love and perceived understanding from their companion animal. Thus, end-of-life decisions such as euthanasia may inflict significant emotional impact upon the companion animal owner and result in a complicated grief response. The purpose of this study was to examine the methods American companion animal owners utilize to cope with loss following companion animal euthanasia. (2) Methods: A total of 340 companion animal owners with experience euthanizing a companion animal completed an online survey asking how they found comfort after the loss of their companion animal. (3) Results: A total of 74.7% noted that they mourned privately, 58.2% sought social support, 32.1% adopted a new companion animal, 12.4% relied on faith or prayer and 0.9% participated in a support group. (4) Conclusions: Grief associated with companion animal loss is important. As a majority of clients that euthanized their companion animal mourn privately, the veterinary community must work towards identifying and providing appropriate, accessible social resources for bereaved companion animal owners to utilize, if desired.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lyons M, Floyd K, McCray H, Peddie C, Spurdle K, Tlusty A, Watkinson C, Brewer G. Expressions of Grief in Online Discussion Forums-Linguistic Similarities and Differences in Pet and Human Bereavement. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2020; 85:1007-1025. [PMID: 32249671 PMCID: PMC9358610 DOI: 10.1177/0030222820914678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We compared online discussion forum posts related to pet loss to those related to human bereavement. Posts (N = 401) were analyzed using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software for frequencies of word use relevant to bereavement. Words related to anger, sadness, and negative emotions were used at similar frequencies for all grief. Sibling loss was associated with using first person pronouns at higher frequencies, and positive emotion words at lower frequencies than other categories of loss. There were some similarities in partners and pets in the word use related to friends and social connectedness. Words related to religion were highest when writing about losing a child and lowest when losing a pet. Our results highlight the similarities in the vocabulary in pet and human bereavement. Findings demonstrate the importance of online discussion forums for understanding the process of grief and specific relationship types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minna Lyons
- Minna Lyons, School of Psychology, The University of Liverpool, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|