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Szechy KA, Turk PD, O'Donnell LA. Autism and Employment Challenges: The Double Empathy Problem and Perceptions of an Autistic Employee in the Workplace. AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD 2024; 6:205-217. [PMID: 39139509 PMCID: PMC11317796 DOI: 10.1089/aut.2023.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Background High unemployment rates are found among autistic adults. Difficulties with social functioning in non-autistic workplaces can be significant barriers to employment success. Autistic social functioning challenges in non-autistic spaces have traditionally been attributed to assumed impairments in Theory of Mind (ToM). Alternatively, the Double Empathy Problem (DEP) posits that autistic social challenges arise not from assumed impairments within the autistic person but instead from mutual misunderstandings in the autistic/non-autistic social interaction. The purpose of this study was to compare the ToM impairments explanation of autistic social functioning with the DEP, within the context of autistic employee social functioning in a non-autistic workplace. Methods This study compared autistic and non-autistic participants' ability to accurately interpret the behaviors of an autistic employee at work. A sample of 254 participants (173 non-autistic and 81 autistic) read a vignette about a hypothetical autistic employee having difficulty coping in the workplace. Participants answered open-ended questions regarding their interpretation of the employee's behavior and emotional state. Results A significantly greater proportion of autistic participants (50.7%) accurately interpreted the behavior of the employee compared with non-autistic participants (31.2%) (χ 2 = 8.65, p = 0.003). Autistic participants with the highest behavior interpretation scores had significantly higher mean self-reported autism traits scores (M = 26.8) compared with autistic participants who scored lowest on behavior interpretation (M = 19.3, p < 0.001). The opposite relationship was found for non-autistic participants. Conclusions Results from this study contribute to evidence supporting the DEP, shifting the paradigm of autistic social functioning away from a deficit model and toward addressing mutual misunderstandings in the autistic/non-autistic social interaction. The pattern of findings between neurotype groups by behavior interpretation abilities on an autism traits measure points to mutual misunderstandings as a clash of neurologically different social cultures. Addressing the DEP in the workplace would contribute to removing barriers to successful employment for autistic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Szechy
- Faculty of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, School of Social Work, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
| | - Pamela D. Turk
- State of Michigan, Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lisa A. O'Donnell
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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2
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Munsell EGS, Coster WJ. How have Participation Outcomes of Autistic Young Adults been Measured? A Scoping Review. J Autism Dev Disord 2023; 53:4424-4437. [PMID: 36068380 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autistic young adults experience challenges participating in the workforce, post-secondary schooling, and living in the community. We examined how participation outcomes have been measured in autistic young adults. Articles (n = 113) were identified through database searches and citation tracking. Guided by current models in the literature, data were extracted for each measure of participation. Results include a description of the studies in the review, the extent to which participation across life situations has been addressed, and a critical analysis of the measures used to describe participation. While there is some breadth in the investigation of participation across diverse life situations, there is limited depth in what the measures capture and many measures used lack psychometric support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G S Munsell
- Center for Education in Health Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
- Center for Rehabilitation Outcomes Research, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, 355 E Erie St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Wendy J Coster
- Occupational Therapy Department, College of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Reich K, Dalferth M. [From the Placement Paradigm to Sustainable Support of Companies in the Integration of People with High-Functioning Autism - Results of an Employer Survey]. DIE REHABILITATION 2023; 62:289-298. [PMID: 37040873 DOI: 10.1055/a-1998-6630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
As part of the AUT-1A project, 123 employers were surveyed by questionnaires about their experiences with the employment of autistic employees. The aim was to identify the factors that promote and hinder employment. The study indicates that the vocational qualification in vocational training centers (BBW) has a positive effect on sustainable employment of people with autism spectrum diagnosis (ASD), but the support for companies is not sufficient yet. Also, a lack of education regarding autism-friendly environmental design as well as a lack of education about the diagnosis autism of the direct colleagues could be worked out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Reich
- Wissenschaftliche Projektleitung, Berufsbildungswerk St. Franziskus Abensberg
| | - Matthias Dalferth
- Fakultät für Angewandte Sozial- und Gesundheitswissenschaften, OTH Regensburg
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Chen X, Wu JR, Grenawalt TA, Mpofu N, Chan F, Tansey TN. Employer Practices for Customized Training for Onboarding of People With Disabilities. REHABILITATION RESEARCH, POLICY, AND EDUCATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1891/re-22-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Background:To improve employment outcome, systematic research that is based on demand-side needs is needed to clarify how employer practice factors can affect customized training efforts.Objective:The purpose of this study is to report the results of a scoping review to identify the best employer practices that are used to improve customized training efforts and results for people with disabilities in the workplace.Method:A scoping review of demand-side employment literature was conducted. Five databases were searched for articles published between 1985 and 2017. After filtering articles based on the search criteria, the final number of articles included in the analysis was 27.Findings:We identified three key themes related to customized training efforts. These include: (a) employment support, (b) work values, and (c) employment temperature.Conclusion:The findings of this scoping review provide valuable information for disability employment professionals and rehabilitation counselors to engage and assist employers in relation to customized training efforts.
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Rumrill SP, Rumrill P, Gooden C, Leslie MJ, Ju HJ, Cormier AG. A scoping literature review of transition-related research involving youth with autism spectrum disorder. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION 2023. [DOI: 10.3233/jvr-230010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Owing to steadily increasing rates of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among children, youth, and adults, it is certain that growing numbers of these individuals will need transition and vocational rehabilitation (VR) services for many years to come. ASD research has focused on identifying employment barriers rather than on effective interventions to remove or reduce those barriers. Even so, some evidence has demonstrated support for the effectiveness of specific transition-related interventions. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the existing literature regarding transition and employment for youth with ASD. METHOD: We begin with an overview of the clinical characteristics of ASD and its incidence and prevalence in the U.S. Then, we examine vocational issues facing individuals with ASD. RESULTS: The remainder of the article focuses on transition and VR implications with specific emphases on (a) interdisciplinary transition planning, (b) postsecondary educational supports and services, and (c) employment interventions. CONCLUSION: ASD is a high-incidence disability that presents significant service delivery and advocacy needs for young people with ASD and their families. Evidence-based employment interventions are available to help young people with ASD make smooth transitions to adulthood in the settings of their choice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hyun-Ju Ju
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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6
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Baker-Ericzén MJ, ElShamy R, Kammes RR. Current Status of Evidence-Based Practices to Enhance Employment Outcomes for Transition Age Youth and Adults on the Autism Spectrum. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2022; 24:161-170. [PMID: 35192114 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-022-01327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides a highlight of existing evidence-based practices and community support systems that exist to enhance employment outcomes for autistic transition-age youth (TAY) and adults. An update is provided on the current status of these programs and the impact they are having on employment outcomes for this population. RECENT FINDINGS Many programs exist that prove to be efficacious in improving employment outcomes. These programs can be categorized as vocational rehabilitation service system level interventions, provider and consumer level interventions targeting skills related to employment, and consumer level interventions delivered within community vocational rehabilitation or education settings. A more recent increase in programs is consistent with multiple research and policy calls for amplified programming in this area. Despite these recent increases, there is still a need to further develop effective programming to support employment outcomes as the growing autistic population age into adulthood. Community-based research and practice should continue to be developed and tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Baker-Ericzén
- Department of Administration, Rehabilitation and Post-Secondary Education, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Interwork Institute, 6367 Alvarado Court, Suite 350, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA.
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Intricate Mind Institute, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | | | - Rebecca R Kammes
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Anderson KA, Hemmeter J, Wittenburg D, Baller J, Roux AM, Rast JE, Shattuck PT. National and State Trends in autistic Adult Supplemental Security Income Awardees: 2005-2019. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:3547-3559. [PMID: 34406587 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper used Social Security Administration program data from 2005 to 2019 to examine national- and state-level changes in the number of new adult supplemental security income (SSI) awardees on the autism spectrum relative to awardees with intellectual disability and other mental health disorders. We identified three main findings: the number of autistic awards increased between 2005 and 2019 when awards for all other mental health disorders declined; roughly nine out of every 10 autistic adult awardees were between ages 18-25 years; there was variation in the growth of autistic awards across states. These findings support the need to consider geographic and age differences in SSI program participation among autistic adults and determine the underlying causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy A Anderson
- A.J. Drexel ASD Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,A.J. Drexel ASD Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market Street, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | | | | | - Julia Baller
- Mathematica Policy Research, Princeton, NJ, 08543-2393, USA
| | - Anne M Roux
- A.J. Drexel ASD Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jessica E Rast
- A.J. Drexel ASD Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Paul T Shattuck
- A.J. Drexel ASD Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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A Scoping Review of the Contextual Factors Impacting Employment in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-021-00229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Schall C, Wehman P, Avellone L, Taylor JP. Competitive Integrated Employment for Youth and Adults with Autism: Findings from a Scoping Review. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2020; 43:701-722. [PMID: 33127003 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A scoping review was conducted to map existing literature on effective interventions for competitive employment for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Empirical database searches were conducted. A filter for level of methodological rigor was implemented. A total of 25 articles met inclusion criteria. Findings were categorized by level of evidence. Findings revealed strong empirical support for a transition-to-work program called Project SEARCH plus ASD Supports and traditional supported employment services. Receipt of specific vocational rehabilitation and transition services in high school were also identified as effective interventions. Recommendations per level of evidence are provided in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Schall
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Autism Center for Excellence, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA.
| | - Paul Wehman
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Autism Center for Excellence, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, Autism Center for Excellence, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA
| | - Lauren Avellone
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Autism Center for Excellence, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA
| | - Joshua P Taylor
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Autism Center for Excellence, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA
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10
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Diener ML, Wright CA, Taylor C, D'Astous V, Lasrich L. Dual perspectives in autism spectrum disorders and employment: Toward a better fit in the workplace. Work 2020; 67:223-237. [PMID: 32955484 DOI: 10.3233/wor-203268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with people with other disabilities, individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have the lowest rates of employment and switch jobs at a higher frequency. Thus, understanding how to support workplace success for people with ASD is important. OBJECTIVE Grounded in an ecological conceptual model, this study explores the dual employment perspectives of adults with ASD and supervisors who worked with individuals with ASD. METHODS Using participatory research methods, a purposive sample of ten adults with ASD (all verbal with high school diplomas) and ten supervisors participated in semi-structured interviews on employment experiences. Qualitative analyses were used to identify themes. RESULTS Four major themes emerged from an ecological framework to create a strong person-environment fit in the workplace: 1) building on interest/experiences/strengths/skills, 2) reducing social demands, 3) clear communication and expectations, and 4) ASD awareness for work environment. Comparisons between the two groups of participants showed substantive differences in expectations and accommodations. CONCLUSIONS Supervisors, although eager to employ individuals with ASD, could benefit by employing an ecological model to successful employment. Results indicate that multiple lenses on the process of employment for those with ASD can lead to better outcomes in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Diener
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Cheryl A Wright
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carly Taylor
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Valerie D'Astous
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lauren Lasrich
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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11
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Vocational Rehabilitation Service Utilization and Employment Outcomes Among Secondary Students on the Autism Spectrum. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 51:212-226. [PMID: 32399821 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04533-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
U.S. policy interventions encourage earlier provision of Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) services to support students and youth with disabilities such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during the transition from school to work. We analyzed Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA-911) data using multivariable logistic regression to determine the association of VR services receipt with employment outcomes for students ages 16-21, same-age non-student youth and young adults with ASD. Students with autism received job-related services (job search, job placement, and on-the-job supports) at rates significantly below comparison groups, even though odds of successful employment at VR exit were significantly higher if they received these services. Findings suggest that rates of employment among students with autism might be improved with intentional delivery of job-related services.
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12
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Schall C, Wehman P, Avellone L, Taylor JP. Competitive Integrated Employment for Youth and Adults with Autism: Findings from a Scoping Review. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2020; 29:373-397. [PMID: 32169268 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A scoping review was conducted to map existing literature on effective interventions for competitive employment for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Empirical database searches were conducted. A filter for level of methodological rigor was implemented. A total of 25 articles met inclusion criteria. Findings were categorized by level of evidence. Findings revealed strong empirical support for a transition-to-work program called Project SEARCH plus ASD Supports and traditional supported employment services. Receipt of specific vocational rehabilitation and transition services in high school were also identified as effective interventions. Recommendations per level of evidence are provided in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Schall
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Autism Center for Excellence, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA.
| | - Paul Wehman
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Autism Center for Excellence, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, Autism Center for Excellence, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA
| | - Lauren Avellone
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Autism Center for Excellence, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA
| | - Joshua P Taylor
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Autism Center for Excellence, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA
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Shattuck PT, Garfield T, Roux AM, Rast JE, Anderson K, Hassrick EM, Kuo A. Services for Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systems Perspective. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2020; 22:13. [PMID: 32026004 PMCID: PMC7002329 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-020-1136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review original research about services for adults on the autism spectrum published from January 2013 through December 2018. The main aim is to characterize the topical and methodological aspects of research about services. We review research on services related to employment, living in the community, and social participation. We compare our results with those from a similar review published in 2012 to assess progress and identify where new directions in research about services for adults with autism are needed. RECENT FINDINGS We found the evidence base about services for adults on the autism spectrum remains very small and highly variable in aims and methods. There is wide variability in methods used to define sampling frames and recruit participants. Most studies focus on employment. Almost no studies examine the overall ecosystem of services serving autistic adults. Few studies use a conceptual framework for understanding access to, or improvement of, services. The small size of the extant research coupled with inconsistent quality prevents the accumulation of new knowledge in ways that would significantly inform the improvement of systems of care for the growing population of adults on the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Shattuck
- 0000 0001 2181 3113grid.166341.7A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Tamara Garfield
- 0000 0001 2181 3113grid.166341.7A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Anne M. Roux
- 0000 0001 2181 3113grid.166341.7A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Jessica E. Rast
- 0000 0001 2181 3113grid.166341.7A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Kristy Anderson
- 0000 0001 2181 3113grid.166341.7A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Elizabeth McGhee Hassrick
- 0000 0001 2181 3113grid.166341.7A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Alice Kuo
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eUCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA USA
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Scott M, Milbourn B, Falkmer M, Black M, Bӧlte S, Halladay A, Lerner M, Taylor JL, Girdler S. Factors impacting employment for people with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2018; 23:869-901. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361318787789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to holistically synthesise the extent and range of literature relating to the employment of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Database searches of Medline, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Scopus, ERIC, Web of Science and EMBASE were conducted. Studies describing adults with autism spectrum disorder employed in competitive, supported or sheltered employment were included. Content analysis was used to identify the strengths and abilities in the workplace of employees with autism spectrum disorder. Finally, meaningful concepts relating to employment interventions were extracted and linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Sets for autism spectrum disorder. The search identified 134 studies for inclusion with methodological quality ranging from limited to strong. Of these studies, only 36 evaluated employment interventions that were coded and linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, primarily focusing on modifying autism spectrum disorder characteristics for improved job performance, with little consideration of the impact of contextual factors on work participation. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Sets for autism spectrum disorder are a useful tool in holistically examining the employment literature for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. This review highlighted the key role that environmental factors play as barriers and facilitators in the employment of people with autism spectrum disorder and the critical need for interventions which target contextual factors if employment outcomes are to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Scott
- Curtin University, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Australia
| | | | - Marita Falkmer
- Curtin University, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Australia
- Jönköping University, Sweden
| | - Melissa Black
- Curtin University, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Australia
| | - Sven Bӧlte
- Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
- Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| | | | | | - Julie Lounds Taylor
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Centre, USA
- Vanderbilt University, USA
- Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, USA
| | - Sonya Girdler
- Curtin University, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Australia
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