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Zeng Z, Xiong H. Evaluation and control strategy analysis of influenza cases in Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, China from 2018 to 2022. GEOSPATIAL HEALTH 2024; 19. [PMID: 39382337 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2024.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
According to World Trade Organization (WTO) statistics, the incidence of seasonal influenza in China has been on the rise since 2018. The aim of this study was to identify and investigate the influence of factors related to the incidence of four common types of influenza viruses. Data of patients with common cold and associated virus infections are described, and a logistic regression model based on gender, age and season was established. The relationship between virus type and the above three factors was analyzed in depth and significant (p<0.05) associations noted. We noted a fluctuation trend, with the infection rate of influenza virus showing an upward trend from 2018 to 2019 and from 2021 to 2022 and a downward trend from 2019 to 2021. The total number of cases in adolescents aged 18-30 years was higher than that in the elderly. The impact of different types of influenza virus on the population ranked from large to small, with special roles played by Influenza B/Victoria, H3N2, Influenza A/H1N1 pdm and Influenza B/Yamagata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Zeng
- Department of Public Health Management Section, The First People's Hospital of Jiujiang.
| | - Huomei Xiong
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiujiang.
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Rathored J, Soni R, Patel KK, Shende S, Samal D. Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Outbreak in the Districts of Chhattisgarh: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e55365. [PMID: 38562351 PMCID: PMC10982610 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The H1N1 flu is a subtype of the influenza A virus, also known as the swine flu. An entirely new strain of the H1N1 virus started sickening people in the 2009-2010 flu season. It was a novel influenza virus combination that can infect humans, pigs, and birds. It was frequently referred to as the "swine flu." The virus may be able to spread for a little while longer in children and individuals with compromised immune systems. Objective The objective is to investigate the outbreaks of H1N1 among young adults in the Bastar District of Chhattisgarh. Methods Collection of the blood samples of 342 individuals between December 2015 and November 2017 was done. Thirty-one cases of Influenza A (H1N1) PDM09 virus infection were identified and confirmed. The molecular relationship between viruses is identified by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Result The majority of samples (n=13) were sourced from Raipur Medical College, followed by contributions from Durg District Hospital (n=5), Raigarh Medical College (n=4), Rajnandgaon District Hospital (n=3), Jagdalpur Medical College (n=2), Bilaspur Medical College (n=2), and smaller contributions from Dhamtari District Hospital and Gariyabandh Primary Health Care. Among these, 31 samples tested positive for Influenza A (H1N1) PDM 2009 virus, with a slightly higher prevalence among 19 female patients. Age-wise distribution revealed higher proportions of positive cases in the age groups of 0-10 years, 31-40 years, and 21-30 years. In the molecular analysis, 154 samples showed no target amplification, while 125 samples exhibited amplification of only Influenza A without subtype (H1) amplification. Remarkably, 31 patients who tested positive for Influenza A (H1N1) died from the virus; most of the deaths were in children under five and middle-aged adults. Conclusion The detection of Influenza A (H1N1) PDM 2009 virus, especially among females, indicates its persistent circulation. Positive cases were prevalent among younger and middle-aged individuals. Molecular analysis showed subtype variations, with significant fatalities observed in children under five and middle-aged adults, emphasizing the severity of the virus across different age groups. It is advised that in order to keep Indian influenza surveillance up to date and robust, more epidemiological data should be gathered, along with information on risk factors like immunization status, hospitalization, and mortality rates should be estimated, and influenza case subtyping should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaishriram Rathored
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Central Research Laboratory and Molecular Diagnostics, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Rani Soni
- Department of Microbiology, Late Baliram Kashyap Memorial Government Medical College, Jagdalpur, IND
| | - Krishna K Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Government TCL Postgraduate College, Janjgir, IND
| | - Sandesh Shende
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Central Research Laboratory and Molecular Diagnostics, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Debashish Samal
- Department of Microbiology, Late Baliram Kashyap Memorial Government Medical College, Jagdalpur, IND
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Shahrin L, Nowrin I, Afrin S, Rahaman MZ, Al Hasan MM, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM. Monitoring and evaluation practices and operational research during public health emergencies in southeast Asia region (2012-2022) - a systematic review. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2024; 21:100340. [PMID: 38361592 PMCID: PMC10866922 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to explore the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and operational research (OR) practices during public health emergencies (PHE) in the southeast Asian region (SEAR) over the last decade. We searched electronic databases and grey literature sources for studies published between 2012 and 2022. The studies written in English were included, and a narrative synthesis was undertaken. A total of 29 studies were included in this review. Among these 25 studies documented M&E and four studies documented OR practices. The majority of the studies were from India and Bangladesh, with no evidence found from Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Timor-Leste. M&E of surveillance programs were identified among which PHE due to COVID-19 was most prevalent. M&E was conducted in response to COVID-19, cholera, Nipah, Ebola, Candida auris, and hepatitis A. OR practice was minimal and reported from India and Indonesia. India conducted OR on COVID-19 and malaria, whereas Indonesia focused on COVID-19 and influenza. While most SEAR countries have mechanisms for conducting M&E, there is a noticeable limitation in OR practices. There is a compelling need to develop a standard framework for M&E. Additionally, enhancing private sector engagement is crucial for strengthening preparedness against PHE. Furthermore, there is a necessity to increase awareness about the importance of conducting M&E and OR during PHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubaba Shahrin
- Clinical and Diagnostic Services, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Nutrition Research Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Iffat Nowrin
- Maternal and Child Health Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Maternal and Child Health Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zamiur Rahaman
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - KM Saif-Ur-Rahman
- College of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Evidence Synthesis Ireland and Cochrane Ireland, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Alagarasu K, Kaushal H, Shinde P, Kakade M, Chaudhary U, Padbidri V, Sangle SA, Salvi S, Bavdekar AR, D’costa P, Choudhary ML. TNFA and IL10 Polymorphisms and IL-6 and IL-10 Levels Influence Disease Severity in Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Infected Patients. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121914. [PMID: 34946862 PMCID: PMC8700762 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are key modulators of immune response, and dysregulated production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines contributes to the pathogenesis of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection. Cytokine production is impacted by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes coding for them. In the present study, SNPs in the IL6, TNFA, IFNG, IL17A, IL10, and TGFB were investigated for their association with disease severity and fatality in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-affected patients with mild disease (n = 293) and severe disease (n = 86). Among those with severe disease, 41 patients had fatal outcomes. In a subset of the patients, levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, IFN-γ, and IL-17 were assayed in the plasma for their association with severe disease. The frequency of TNFA rs1800629 G/A allele was significantly higher in severe cases and survived severe cases group compared to that of those with mild infection (OR with 95% for mild vs. severe cases 2.95 (1.52–5.73); mild vs. survived severe cases 4.02 (1.84–8.82)). IL10 rs1800896-rs1800872 G-C haplotype was significantly lower (OR with 95% 0.34 (0.12–0.95)), while IL10 rs1800896-rs1800872 G-A haplotype was significantly higher (OR with 95% 12.11 (2.23–76.96)) in fatal cases group compared to that of the mild group. IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly higher in fatal cases compared to that of survived severe cases. IL-6 levels had greater discriminatory power than IL-10 to predict progression to fatal outcome in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus-infected patients. To conclude, the present study reports the association of TNFA and IL10 SNPs with severe disease in Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus-infected subjects. Furthermore, IL-6 levels can be a potential biomarker for predicting fatal outcomes in Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalichamy Alagarasu
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India; (K.A.); (H.K.); (P.S.); (M.K.); (U.C.)
| | - Himanshu Kaushal
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India; (K.A.); (H.K.); (P.S.); (M.K.); (U.C.)
| | - Pooja Shinde
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India; (K.A.); (H.K.); (P.S.); (M.K.); (U.C.)
| | - Mahadeo Kakade
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India; (K.A.); (H.K.); (P.S.); (M.K.); (U.C.)
| | - Urmila Chaudhary
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India; (K.A.); (H.K.); (P.S.); (M.K.); (U.C.)
| | | | - Shashikala A. Sangle
- Department of Medicine, BJ Medical College, Pune 411001, India; (S.A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sonali Salvi
- Department of Medicine, BJ Medical College, Pune 411001, India; (S.A.S.); (S.S.)
| | | | - Pradeep D’costa
- KEM Hospital Research Center, Pune 411001, India; (A.R.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Manohar Lal Choudhary
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India; (K.A.); (H.K.); (P.S.); (M.K.); (U.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-020-26006270
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Chatterjee P, Nair P, Chersich M, Terefe Y, Chauhan AS, Quesada F, Simpson G. One Health, "Disease X" & the challenge of "Unknown" Unknowns. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:264-271. [PMID: 33906988 PMCID: PMC8204831 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_601_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and its rapid spread globally emphasizes the ever-present threat of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. In this review, the pathogen pyramid framework was utilized to identify the "unknown unknowns" associated with the emergence and rapid transmission of novel infectious disease agents. Given that the evolutionary origin of most of the emerging infectious disease agents can be traced to an animal source, we argue the need to integrate the "One Health" approach as a part of surveillance activities. The need for focusing on undertaking global and regional mapping activities to identify novel pathogens is discussed, given that there are an estimated 1.67 million unknown viruses, of which around 631,000 to 827,000 unknown viruses have the capacity to infect human beings. The emerging risks due to the ever-expanding interface between human, animals, both domestic and wildlife, and the environment are highlighted, these are largely driven by the need for safe habitation, growing food, developing infrastructure to support the increasing human population and desire for economic growth. The One Health approach provides a holistic way to address these cross-sectoral issues, by bridging institutional gaps, enumerating priority risk areas and pathogens, and highlighting putative risk factors for subsequent spillover events involving emerging and re-emerging infectious disease pathogens at the human-animal-environment interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Chatterjee
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Matthew Chersich
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Yitagele Terefe
- Tropical Animal Health and Control of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Greg Simpson
- Wildlife Forensic Academy, Cape Town, South Africa
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Goel I, Sharma S, Kashiramka S. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in India: An analysis of policy and technological interventions. HEALTH POLICY AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 10:151-164. [PMID: 33520638 PMCID: PMC7837304 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Following a surge in cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in June 2020, India became the third-worst affected country worldwide. This study aims to analyse the underlying epidemiological situation in India and explain possible impacts of policy and technological changes. Methods Secondary data were utilized, including recently published literature from government sources, the COVID-19 India website and local media reports. These data were analysed, with a focus on the impact of policy and technological interventions. Results The spread of COVID-19 in India was initially characterized by fewer cases and lower case fatality rates compared with numbers in many developed countries, primarily due to a stringent lockdown and a demographic dividend. However, economic constraints forced a staggered lockdown exit strategy, resulting in a spike in COVID-19 cases. This factor, coupled with low spending on health as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), created mayhem because of inadequate numbers of hospital beds and ventilators and a lack of medical personnel, especially in the public health sector. Nevertheless, technological advances, supported by a strong research base, helped contain the damage resulting from the pandemic. Conclusions Following nationwide lockdown, the Indian economy was hit hard by unemployment and a steep decline in growth. The early implementation of lockdown initially decreased the doubling rate of cases and allowed time to upscale critical medical infrastructure. Measures such as asymptomatic testing, public–private partnerships, and technological advances will be essential until a vaccine can be developed and deployed in India. Public interest summary The spread of COVID-19 in India was initially characterized by lower case numbers and fewer deaths compared with numbers in many developed countries. This was mainly due to a stringent lockdown and demographic factors. However, economic constraints forced a staggered lockdown exit strategy, resulting in a spike in COVID-19 cases in June 2020. Subsequently, India became the third-worst affected country worldwide. Low spending on health as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) meant there was a shortage of hospital beds and ventilators and a lack of medical personnel, especially in the public health sector. Nevertheless, technological advances, supported by a strong research base, helped contain the health and economic damage resulting from the pandemic. In the future, measures such as asymptomatic testing, public–private partnerships, and technological advances will be essential until a vaccine against COVID-19 can be developed and rolled-out in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Goel
- Economics Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Sharma
- Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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Chatterjee P, Nagi N, Agarwal A, Das B, Banerjee S, Sarkar S, Gupta N, Gangakhedkar RR. The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: A review of the current evidence. Indian J Med Res 2020; 151:147-159. [PMID: 32362642 PMCID: PMC7357405 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_519_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (nCoV) spillover event, with its epicenter in Wuhan, People's Republic of China, has emerged as a public health emergency of international concern. This began as an outbreak in December 2019, and till February 28, 2020, there have been 83,704 confirmed cases of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally, with 2,859 deaths, resulting in an overall case fatality rate of 3.41 per cent (95% confidence interval 3.29-3.54%). By this time (February 28, 2020) 58 countries or territories and one international conveyance (Diamond Princess Cruise Ship) were affected. As a part of the global response to manage and contain the pandemic, major emphasis was placed on generating research intelligence to guide evidence-based responses to contain the virus, which was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), owing to its genetic similarities with the SARS virus. This review summarizes the emerging evidence which can help guide the public health response, particularly in India. Key areas have been identified in which research needs to be conducted to generate critical intelligence for advising prevention and control efforts. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has once again exposed the weaknesses of global health systems preparedness, ability to respond to an infectious threat, the rapidity of transmission of infections across international borders and the ineffectiveness of knee-jerk policy responses to emerging/re-emerging infectious disease threats. The review concludes with the key learning points from the ongoing efforts to prevent and contain COVID-19 and identifies the need to invest in health systems, community-led response mechanisms and the need for preparedness and global health security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Chatterjee
- Translational Global Health Policy Research Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Nazia Nagi
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Anup Agarwal
- Translational Global Health Policy Research Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, Pali, Haryana, India
| | - Sayantan Banerjee
- World Health Organization, South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India
| | - Swarup Sarkar
- Translational Global Health Policy Research Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- CG Pandit Chair (Medical), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Raman R. Gangakhedkar
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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