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Mariager T, Terkelsen JH, Bue M, Öbrink-Hansen K, Nau R, Bjarkam CR, Nielsen H, Bodilsen J. Continuous evaluation of single-dose moxifloxacin concentrations in brain extracellular fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma: a novel porcine model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:1313-1319. [PMID: 38573940 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge regarding CNS pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin is limited, with unknown consequences for patients with meningitis caused by bacteria resistant to beta-lactams or caused by TB. OBJECTIVE (i) To develop a novel porcine model for continuous investigation of moxifloxacin concentrations within brain extracellular fluid (ECF), CSF and plasma using microdialysis, and (ii) to compare these findings to the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target against TB. METHODS Six female pigs received an intravenous single dose of moxifloxacin (6 mg/kg) similar to the current oral treatment against TB. Subsequently, moxifloxacin concentrations were determined by microdialysis within five compartments: brain ECF (cortical and subcortical) and CSF (ventricular, cisternal and lumbar) for the following 8 hours. Data were compared to simultaneously obtained plasma samples. Chemical analysis was performed by high pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. The applied PK/PD target was defined as a maximum drug concentration (Cmax):MIC ratio >8. RESULTS We present a novel porcine model for continuous in vivo CNS pharmacokinetics for moxifloxacin. Cmax and AUC0-8h within brain ECF were significantly lower compared to plasma and lumbar CSF, but insignificantly different compared to ventricular and cisternal CSF. Unbound Cmax:MIC ratio across all investigated compartments ranged from 1.9 to 4.3. CONCLUSION A single dose of weight-adjusted moxifloxacin administered intravenously did not achieve adequate target site concentrations within the uninflamed porcine brain ECF and CSF to reach the applied TB CNS target.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mariager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - J H Terkelsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - M Bue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus Denmark Microdialysis Research Group (ADMIRE), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - K Öbrink-Hansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Gødstrup Hospital, Herning, Denmark
| | - R Nau
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C R Bjarkam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - H Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - J Bodilsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Abouelhassan Y, Fratoni AJ, Shepard AK, Nicolau DP, Asempa TE. Pharmacokinetics and soft-tissue distribution of tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide using microdialysis: a study in healthy subjects and patients with diabetic foot infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 78:296-301. [PMID: 36424364 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide is a novel oral carbapenem prodrug of tebipenem, the active moiety. We assessed tebipenem steady-state pharmacokinetics in the skin and soft tissue in healthy subjects and infected patients with diabetes using in vivo microdialysis. METHODS Six healthy subjects and six patients with an ongoing diabetic foot infection (DFI) received tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide 600 mg orally every 8 h for three doses. A microdialysis probe was inserted in the thigh of healthy subjects or by the wound margin in patients. Plasma and dialysate samples were obtained immediately prior to the third dose and sampled over 8 h. RESULTS Tebipenem plasma protein binding (mean ± SD) was 50.2% ± 2.4% in healthy subjects and 53.5% ± 5.6% in infected patients. Mean ± SD tebipenem pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma for healthy subjects and infected patients were: maximum free concentration (fCmax), 3.74 ± 2.35 and 3.40 ± 2.86 mg/L, respectively; half-life, 0.88 ± 0.11 and 2.02 ± 1.32 h; fAUC0-8, 5.61 ± 1.64 and 10.01 ± 4.81 mg·h/L. Tebipenem tissue AUC0-8 was 5.99 ± 3.07 and 8.60 ± 2.88 mg·h/L for healthy subjects and patients, respectively. The interstitial concentration-time profile largely mirrored the free plasma profile within both populations, resulting in a penetration ratio of 107% in healthy subjects and 90% in infected patients. CONCLUSIONS Tebipenem demonstrated excellent distribution into skin and soft tissue of healthy subjects and patients with DFI following oral administration of 600 mg of tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Abouelhassan
- Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Andrew J Fratoni
- Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Ashley K Shepard
- Hartford Healthcare Medical Group, Podiatric Surgery, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - David P Nicolau
- Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Tomefa E Asempa
- Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
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Umemori Y, Handa K, Sakamoto S, Kageyama M, Iijima T. QSAR model to predict K p,uu,brain with a small dataset, incorporating predicted values of related parameter. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 33:885-897. [PMID: 36420623 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2022.2149619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The unbound brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu,brain) is a parameter that indicates the extent of central nervous system penetration. Pharmaceutical companies build prediction models because many experiments are required to obtain Kp,uu,brain. However, the lack of data hinders the design of an accurate prediction model. To construct a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model with a small dataset of Kp,uu,brain, we investigated whether the prediction accuracy could be improved by incorporating software-predicted brain penetration-related parameters (BPrPs) as explanatory variables for pharmacokinetic parameter prediction. We collected 88 compounds with experimental Kp,uu,brain from various official publications. Random forest was used as the machine learning model. First, we developed prediction models using only structural descriptors. Second, we verified the predictive accuracy of each model with the predicted values of BPrPs incorporated in various combinations. Third, the Kp,uu,brain of the in-house compounds was predicted and compared with the experimental values. The prediction accuracy was improved using five-fold cross-validation (RMSE = 0.455, r2 = 0.726) by incorporating BPrPs. Additionally, this model was verified using an external in-house dataset. The result suggested that using BPrPs as explanatory variables improve the prediction accuracy of the Kp,uu,brain QSAR model when the available number of datasets is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Umemori
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino-shi, Japan
| | - K Handa
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino-shi, Japan
| | - S Sakamoto
- Pharmaceutical Development Coordination Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Chiyoda-ku, Japan
| | - M Kageyama
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino-shi, Japan
| | - T Iijima
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino-shi, Japan
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Petersen EK, Bue M, Harlev C, Jørgensen AR, Schmedes A, Hanberg P, Petersen LK, Stilling M. Abdominal tissue concentrations and penetration of carboplatin in a HIPEC procedure ‒ assessment in a novel porcine model. Pleura Peritoneum 2022; 7:117-125. [PMID: 36159212 PMCID: PMC9467902 DOI: 10.1515/pp-2022-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Peritoneal dissemination from intraabdominal cancers is associated with poor prognosis and rapid disease progression. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is an antineoplastic treatment, which has improved survival and recurrence-free survival, but little is known about the acquired chemotherapy concentrations in local tissues. The aim of this study was to assess concentrations of carboplatin during and after HIPEC treatment dynamically and simultaneously in various abdominal organ tissues by means of microdialysis in a novel porcine model. Methods Eight pigs underwent imitation cytoreductive surgery followed by HIPEC (90 min) using a carboplatin dosage of 800 mg/m2. Microdialysis catheters were placed for sampling of drug concentrations in various solid tissues: peritoneum, liver, bladder wall, mesentery and in different depths of one mm and four mm in the hepatoduodenal ligament and rectum. During and after HIPEC, dialysates and blood samples were collected over 8 h. Results No statistically significant differences in mean AUC0-last (range: 2,657–5,176 min·µg/mL), mean Cmax (range: 10.6–26.0 µg/mL) and mean Tmax (range: 105–206 min) were found between the compartments. In plasma there was a tendency towards lower measures. No difference between compartments was found for tissue penetration. At the last samples obtained (450 min) the mean carboplatin concentrations were 4.9–9.9 µg/mL across the investigated solid tissues. Conclusions Equal carboplatin distribution in abdominal organ tissues, detectable concentrations for at least 6 h after HIPEC completion, and a carboplatin penetration depth of minimum four mm were found. The present study proposes a new HIPEC porcine model for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth K. Petersen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Mats Bue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Christina Harlev
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Andrea R. Jørgensen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Anne Schmedes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology , Lillebaelt Hospital , Vejle , Denmark
| | - Pelle Hanberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Lone K. Petersen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , Odense University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Maiken Stilling
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
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Kucharz K, Kutuzov N, Zhukov O, Mathiesen Janiurek M, Lauritzen M. Shedding Light on the Blood-Brain Barrier Transport with Two-Photon Microscopy In Vivo. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1457-1468. [PMID: 35578062 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of brain disorders relies on efficient delivery of therapeutics to the brain, which is hindered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The work of Prof. Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes was instrumental in understanding the principles of drug delivery to the brain and developing new tools to study it. Here, we show how some of the concepts developed in her research can be translated to in vivo 2-photon microscopy (2PM) studies of the BBB. We primarily focus on the methods developed in our laboratory to characterize the paracellular diffusion, adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, and receptor-mediated transcytosis of drug nanocarriers at the microscale, illustrating how 2PM can deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kucharz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolay Kutuzov
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oleg Zhukov
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Mathiesen Janiurek
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Lauritzen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
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Wulkersdorfer B, Wicha SG, Kurdina E, Carrion Carrera SF, Matzneller P, Al Jalali V, Vossen MG, Riesenhuber S, Lackner E, Dorn C, Zeitlinger M. Protein binding of clindamycin in vivo by means of intravascular microdialysis in healthy volunteers. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:2106-2113. [PMID: 33970263 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The efficacy of an anti-infective drug is influenced by its protein binding (PB), since only the free fraction is active. We hypothesized that PB may vary in vitro and in vivo, and used clindamycin, a drug with high and concentration-dependent PB to investigate this hypothesis. METHODS Six healthy volunteers received a single intravenous infusion of clindamycin 900 mg. Antibiotic plasma concentrations were obtained by blood sampling and unbound drug concentrations were determined by means of in vivo intravascular microdialysis (MD) or in vitro ultrafiltration (UF) for up to 8 h post dosing. Clindamycin was assayed in plasma and MD fluid using a validated HPLC-UV (ultraviolet) method. Non-linear mixed effects modelling in NONMEM® was used to quantify the PB in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS C max was 14.95, 3.39 and 2.32 mg/L and AUC0-8h was 41.78, 5.80 and 6.14 mg·h/L for plasma, ultrafiltrate and microdialysate, respectively. Calculated ratio of AUCunbound/AUCtotal showed values of 13.9%±1.8% and 14.7%±3.1% for UF and microdialysate, respectively. Modelling confirmed non-linear, saturable PB for clindamycin with slightly different median (95% CI) dissociation constants (Kd) for the alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AAG)-clindamycin complex of 1.16 mg/L (0.91-1.37) in vitro versus 0.85 mg/L (0.58-1.01) in vivo. Moreover, the estimated number of binding sites per AAG molecule was 2.07 (1.79-2.25) in vitro versus 1.66 in vivo (1.41-1.79). CONCLUSIONS Concentration-dependent PB was observed for both investigated methods with slightly lower levels of unbound drug fractions in vitro as compared with in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Wulkersdorfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian G Wicha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elizaveta Kurdina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan F Carrion Carrera
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Matzneller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Service of Rheumatology, Hospital of Silandro (SABES-ASDAA), Via Ospedale, 339028, Silandro-Schlanders, Italy
| | - Valentin Al Jalali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias G Vossen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Riesenhuber
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edith Lackner
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Dorn
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Bachhav SS, Dighe V, Mali N, Gogtay NJ, Thatte UM, Devarajan PV. Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Diazepam from an Intranasal Aqua-Triggered In-Situ (ATIS) Gelling Microemulsion: Monitoring Brain Uptake by Microdialysis. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 45:785-799. [PMID: 32813265 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-020-00641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES An innovative intranasal aqua-triggered in-situ (ATIS) gel is a polymer-free in-situ gelling microemulsion which gels instantaneously on contact with minute quantities of water to form a mucoadhesive gel. The objective of the study was to develop ATIS diazepam (ATIS-diazepam) as an alternative to the injection for epileptic emergencies and evaluate its brain uptake and nose-to-brain targeting efficiency in rats. METHODS ATIS-diazepam (1 mg/100 µL) was prepared and characterized for in vitro formulation characteristics. An LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the bioanalysis of diazepam. In vivo studies for pharmacokinetics, brain uptake and nasal irritation of intranasal ATIS-diazepam were conducted in rats. Brain uptake was investigated with brain microdialysis, a highly sensitive technique enabling quantification of free drug, which correlates to efficacy. RESULTS ATIS-diazepam exhibited globule size < 200 nm, low viscosity, negative zeta potential and good stability. A significant increase in mucoadhesion was exhibited by ATIS-diazepam following the addition of a small quantity of water. ATIS-diazepam showed burst release in pH 6.4 with 50% diazepam release in ~ 10 min, which was sustained over 1 h. The absolute bioavailability was ~ 50% with both intranasal free-diazepam and ATIS-diazepam. Intranasal administration of ATIS-diazepam revealed immediate absorption with rapid and high brain extracellular fluid concentration compared to intravenous free-diazepam solution. The estimated direct transport potential and drug targeting efficiency of intranasal ATIS-diazepam was significantly higher (2-fold) than intranasal free-diazepam solution, which was attributed to the mucoadhesive and microemulsion properties of ATIS-diazepam. The nasal irritation study revealed the safety of ATIS-diazepam compared to free-diazepam solution. CONCLUSION Intranasal ATIS-diazepam showed promise of higher direct nose-to-brain targeting, better safety and hence has an immense implication in the treatment of epileptic emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar S Bachhav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Vikas Dighe
- National Center for Preclinical Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), ICMR, J. M. Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Nitin Mali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nithya J Gogtay
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Urmila M Thatte
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Padma V Devarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India.
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Bergman J, Svenningsson A, Liv P, Bergenheim T, Burman J. Location matters: highly divergent protein levels in samples from different CNS compartments in a clinical trial of rituximab for progressive MS. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:49. [PMID: 32727487 PMCID: PMC7390226 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between proteins in different CNS extracellular compartments is unknown. In this study the levels of selected proteins in three compartments in people with progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) were compared. Methods During an open label, phase 1b study on intraventricular administration of rituximab for PMS, samples were collected from the interstitial space (ISS) of the brain through microdialysis. Samples were also obtained from ventricular and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These samples were analyzed with a multiplexed proximity extension assay, measuring the levels of 180 proteins split equally between two panels, detecting proteins associated with immunology and neurology, respectively. Results Considerable differences in concentrations were observed between the three analyzed compartments. Compared to ventricular CSF, ISS fluid contained statistically significant higher levels of 25 proteins (84% immunology panel and 16% neurology panel). Ventricular CSF contained significantly higher levels of 54 proteins (31% immunology panel and 69% neurology panel) compared to ISS fluid, and 17 proteins (76% immunology panel and 24% neurology panel) compared to lumbar CSF. Lumbar CSF showed significantly higher levels of 115 proteins (32% immunology panel and 68% neurology panel) compared to ventricular CSF. The three compartments displayed poor correlation with a median Spearman’s rho of -0.1 (IQR 0.4) between ISS and ventricular CSF and 0.3 (IQR 0.4) between ventricular and lumbar CSF. Conclusion A substantial heterogeneity in the protein levels of samples obtained from different CNS compartments was seen. Therefore, data obtained from analysis of lumbar CSF should be interpreted with caution when making conclusions about pathophysiological processes in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Bergman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anders Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Liv
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tommy Bergenheim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joachim Burman
- Department of Neurosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Eley VA, Christensen R, Ryan R, Jackson D, Parker SL, Smith M, van Zundert AA, Wallis SC, Lipman J, Roberts JA. Prophylactic Cefazolin Dosing in Women With Body Mass Index >35 kg·m−2 Undergoing Cesarean Delivery: A Pharmacokinetic Study of Plasma and Interstitial Fluid. Anesth Analg 2020; 131:199-207. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Population pharmacokinetics of piperacillin in plasma and subcutaneous tissue in patients on continuous renal replacement therapy. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 92:133-140. [PMID: 31978581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Piperacillin is a β-lactam antimicrobial frequently used in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury treated with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). However, data regarding piperacillin tissue concentrations in this patient population are limited. A prospective observational study was conducted of free piperacillin concentrations during a single 8-h dosing interval in plasma (8 samples) and subcutaneous tissue (SCT) (13 samples), in 10 patients treated with CRRT following piperacillin 4 g given every 8 h as intermittent administration over 3 min. METHODS A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using NONMEM 7.4.3, to simulate alternative administration modes and dosing regimens. SCT concentrations were obtained using microdialysis. Piperacillin concentrations were compared to the clinical breakpoint minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16 mg/l), with evaluation of the following pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics targets: 50% fT > 1 × MIC, 100% fT > 1 × MIC, and 100% fT > 4 × MIC. RESULTS SCT concentrations were generally lower than plasma concentrations. For the target of 50% free time (fT) > 1 × MIC and 100% fT > 1 × MIC, piperacillin 4 g every 8 h resulted in probability of target attainment (PTA) >90% in both plasma and SCT. PTA > 90% for the target of 100% fT > 4 × MIC was only achieved for continuous infusion. CONCLUSIONS Piperacillin 4 g every 8 h is likely to provide sufficient exposure in both plasma and SCT to treat P.aeruginosa infections in critically ill patients on CRRT, given that targets of 50% fT > 1 × MIC or 100% fT > 1 × MIC are adequate. However, if a more aggressive target of 100% fT > 4 × MIC is adopted, continuous infusion is needed.
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11
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Nowak H, Weidemann C, Martini S, Oesterreicher ZA, Dorn C, Adamzik M, Kees F, Zeitlinger M, Rahmel T. Repeated determination of moxifloxacin concentrations in interstitial space fluid of muscle and subcutis in septic patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 74:2681-2689. [PMID: 31299075 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For an effective antimicrobial treatment, it is crucial that antibiotics reach sufficient concentrations in plasma and tissue. Currently no data exist regarding moxifloxacin plasma concentrations and exposure levels in tissue under septic conditions. OBJECTIVES To determine the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin in plasma and interstitial space fluid over a prolonged period. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ten septic patients were treated with 400 mg of moxifloxacin once a day; on days 1, 3 and 5 of treatment plasma sampling and microdialysis in the subcutis and muscle of the upper thigh were performed to determine concentrations of moxifloxacin in different compartments. This trial was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS, register number DRKS00012985). RESULTS Mean unbound fraction of moxifloxacin in plasma was 85.5±3.4%. On day 1, Cmax in subcutis and muscle was 2.8±1.8 and 2.5±1.3 mg/L, respectively, AUC was 24.8±15.1 and 21.3±10.5 mg·h/L, respectively, and fAUC0-24/MIC was 100.9±62.9 and 86.5±38.3 h, respectively. Cmax for unbound moxifloxacin in plasma was 3.5±0.9 mg/L, AUC was 23.5±7.5 mg·h/L and fAUC0-24/MIC was 91.6±24.8 h. Key pharmacokinetic parameters on days 3 and 5 showed no significant differences. Clearance was higher than in healthy adults, but tissue concentrations were comparable, most likely due to a lower protein binding. CONCLUSIONS Surprisingly, the first dose already achieved exposure comparable to steady-state conditions. The approved daily dose of 400 mg was adequate in our patient population. Thus, it seems that in septic patients a loading dose on the first day of treatment with moxifloxacin is not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmuth Nowak
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, D Bochum, Germany
| | - Caroline Weidemann
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, D Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Martini
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, D Bochum, Germany
| | - Zoe Anne Oesterreicher
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Dorn
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, D Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Adamzik
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, D Bochum, Germany
| | - Frieder Kees
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, D Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Rahmel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, D Bochum, Germany
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12
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Hanberg P, Lund A, Søballe K, Bue M. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of meropenem in porcine cancellous bone determined by microdialysis: An animal study. Bone Joint Res 2019; 8:313-322. [PMID: 31463039 PMCID: PMC6691366 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.87.bjr-2018-0308.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Meropenem may be an important drug in the treatment of open tibial fractures and chronic osteomyelitis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe meropenem pharmacokinetics in plasma, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCT), and cancellous bone using microdialysis in a porcine model. Methods Six female pigs were assigned to receive 1000 mg of meropenem intravenously over five minutes. Measurements of meropenem were obtained from plasma, SCT, and cancellous bone for eight hours thereafter. Microdialysis was applied for sampling in solid tissues. The meropenem concentrations were determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. Results The penetration of meropenem into cancellous bone, expressed as the ratio of plasma to cancellous bone area under the concentration-curve from zero to the last measured value, was incomplete and delayed. The time with concentration above the minimal inhibitory concentration (T>MIC), for an MIC of 0.5 μg/ml, was shorter for cancellous bone in comparison with both plasma and SCT. For MICs above 0.5 μg/ml, T>MIC in cancellous bone was only shorter than SCT. Considering an MIC of 4 μg/ml, no animals achieved the target of 40% T>MIC in plasma and cancellous bone, while less than 20% achieved it in SCT. Conclusion The main finding of this study was short T>MIC in cancellous bone after intravenous administration of 1000 mg meropenem. Consequently, in order to achieve sufficient tissue concentration in the cases of open tibial fractures and chronic osteomyelitis, supplemental application of meropenem may be necessary.Cite this article: P. Hanberg, A. Lund, K. Søballe, M. Bue. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of meropenem in porcine cancellous bone determined by microdialysis: An animal study. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:342-348. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.87.BJR-2018-0308.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelle Hanberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Horsens Regional Hospital and Orthopaedic Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Horsens, Denmark and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andrea Lund
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Søballe
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mats Bue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Horsens Regional Hospital and Orthopaedic Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Horsens, Denmark and Aarhus, Denmark
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13
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Hartmut Derendorf's work on tissue distribution. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 136:104977. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Zhao R, Wang Q, Hu XX, Nie TY, Yang XY, Li CR, Lu X, Wang X, Jiang JD, Pang J, You XF. Microdialysis combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the quantitation of gemifloxacin and its application to a muscle penetration study in healthy and MRSA-infected rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217573. [PMID: 31170198 PMCID: PMC6553852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological efficacy is based on the drug concentration in target tissues, which usually cannot be represented by the plasma concentration. The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics of gemifloxacin in plasma and skeletal muscle and evaluate its tissue penetration in both healthy and MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)-infected rats. A microdialysis (MD) combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to determine free gemifloxacin concentrations in rat plasma and skeletal muscle simultaneously. The in vivo recoveries of MD were 23.21% ± 3.42% for skeletal muscle and 20.62% ± 3.19% for plasma, and were concentration independent. We provided evidence that the method developed here meets FDA requirements. Additionally, this method was successfully applied to the determination of free gemifloxacin in rats. Muscle and blood dialysates were collected after an 18 mg/kg intravenous bolus dose. The mean areas under the concentration-time curves (AUCs) from 0 to 9 h for skeletal muscle and plasma were 3641.50 ± 915.65 h*ng/mL and 7068.32 ± 1964.19 h*ng/mL in MRSA-infected rats and 3774.72 ± 700.36 h*ng/mL and 6927.49 ± 1714.86 h*ng/mL in healthy rats, respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in gemifloxacin exposure between healthy rats and MRSA-infected rats for plasma or muscle. The low ratio of AUC0-9 muscle to AUC0-9 plasma suggested lower drug exposure in skeletal muscle than in plasma for both healthy and MRSA-infected rats. Our study suggested that the administration of gemifloxacin according to drug levels in plasma to treat local infection is unreasonable and might result in an inadequate dose regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Xin Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tong-Ying Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cong-Ran Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiukun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Dong Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Pang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Fu You
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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15
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Friston D, Laycock H, Nagy I, Want EJ. Microdialysis Workflow for Metabotyping Superficial Pathologies: Application to Burn Injury. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6541-6548. [PMID: 31021084 PMCID: PMC6533596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Burn injury can be a devastating traumatic injury, with long-term personal and social implications for the patient. The many complex local and disseminating pathological processes underlying burn injury's clinical challenges are orchestrated from the site of injury and develop over time, yet few studies of the molecular basis of these mechanisms specifically explore the local signaling environment. Those that do are typically destructive in nature and preclude the collection of longitudinal temporal data. Burn injury therefore exemplifies a superficial temporally dynamic pathology for which experimental sampling typically prioritizes either specificity to the local burn site or continuous collection from circulation. Here, we present an exploratory approach to the targeted elucidation of complex, local, acutely temporally dynamic interstitia through its application to burn injury. Subcutaneous microdialysis is coupled with ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analysis, permitting the application of high-throughput metabolomic profiling to samples collected both continuously and specifically from the burn site. We demonstrate this workflow's high yield of burn-altered metabolites including the complete structural elucidation of niacinamide and uric acid, two compounds potentially involved in the pathology of burn injury. Further understanding the metabolic changes induced by burn injury will help to guide therapeutic intervention in the future. This approach is equally applicable to the analysis of other tissues and pathological conditions, so it may further improve our understanding of the metabolic changes underlying a wide variety of pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Friston
- Nociception
Group, Section of Anaesthetic, Pain Medicine and Intensive
Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, and Systems and Digestive Medicine,
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial
College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Helen Laycock
- Nociception
Group, Section of Anaesthetic, Pain Medicine and Intensive
Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, and Systems and Digestive Medicine,
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial
College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Istvan Nagy
- Nociception
Group, Section of Anaesthetic, Pain Medicine and Intensive
Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, and Systems and Digestive Medicine,
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial
College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Elizabeth J. Want
- Nociception
Group, Section of Anaesthetic, Pain Medicine and Intensive
Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, and Systems and Digestive Medicine,
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial
College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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16
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Zhang L, Yao L, Kang Z, Huang Z, Gu X, Shen X, Ding H. Microdialysis Determination of Cefquinome Pharmacokinetics in Murine Thigh From Healthy, Neutropenic, and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-Infected Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:249. [PMID: 30914957 PMCID: PMC6422941 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at applying microdialysis to explore cefquinome pharmacokinetics in thigh and plasma of healthy, neutropenic, and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-infected mice. The relative recoveries (RRs) were tested in vitro by dialysis and retrodialysis and in vivo by retrodialysis. ICR mice were randomly divided into four groups: H-40 (healthy mice receiving cefquinome at 40 mg/kg), H-160, N-40 (neutropenic mice), and I-40 mg/kg (thigh infected-mice with A. pleuropneumoniae). After cefquinome administration, plasma was collected by retro-orbital puncture and thigh dialysate was collected by using a microdialysis probe with Ringer’s solution at a perfusion rate of 1.5 μL/min. Plasma and thigh dialysate samples were assessed by HPLC–MS/MS and analyzed by a non-compartment model. The mean in vivo recoveries in the thigh were 39.35, 38.59, and 37.29% for healthy, neutropenic, and infected mice, respectively. The mean plasma protein-binding level was 16.40% and was independent of drug concentrations. For all groups, the mean values of the free AUCinf in plasma were higher than those in murine thigh, while the elimination T1/2β for plasma were lower than those for murine thigh. Cefquinome penetration (AUCthigh/AUCplasma) from the plasma to thigh was 0.76, 0.88, 0.47, and 0.98 for H-40, N-40, I-40, and H-160 mg/kg, respectively. These results indicated that infection significantly affected cefquinome pharmacokinetics in murine thigh. In conclusion, we successfully applied a microdialysis method to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in murine thigh of healthy, neutropenic, and A. pleuropneumonia-infected mice and the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome was obviously affected by infection in thigh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Yao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Kang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilong Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangguang Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Yang H, Li T, Liu L, Li N, Guan M, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhao Z. Metal-organic frameworks as affinity agents to enhance the microdialysis sampling efficiency of fatty acids. Analyst 2019; 143:2157-2164. [PMID: 29667690 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00238j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microdialysis (MD) has been extensively used for in vivo sampling of hydrophilic analytes such as neurotransmitters and drug metabolites. In contrast, there have been few reports on sampling of lipophilic analytes by MD. Lipophilic analytes are easily adsorbed on the surfaces of the dialysis membrane and the inner wall of tubing, which leads to a very low relative recovery (RR). In this work, a strategy to develop an enhanced MD sampling of fatty acids (FAs) by using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as affinity agents in the perfusion fluid was investigated. Two MOFs, MIL-101 and ZIF-8, were synthesized and tested for the first time. A 2 times higher RR, about 70% RR, was obtained. The FT-IR experiment showed that the unsaturated metal sites in MOFs could coordinate with FAs, therefore the FAs were encapsulated into MOFs, avoiding FAs to be absorbed on the surfaces of the dialysis membrane and the inner wall of tubing. Moreover, incorporation of FAs into MOFs led to a decrease of free concentration of FAs inside the MD membrane and an increase of concentration gradient, allowing more FAs to diffuse across the membrane. Consequentially, an enhanced RR was obtained. The approach was successfully used to monitor the time profile of targeted FAs in cell culture media after lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Beijing, China.
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18
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Yu Y, Chandasana H, Sangari T, Seubert C, Derendorf H. Simultaneous Retrodialysis by Calibrator for Rapid In Vivo Recovery Determination in Target Site Microdialysis. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2259-2265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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19
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Cytokine and Chemokine Recovery Is Increased by Colloid Perfusates during Dermal Microdialysis. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11050682. [PMID: 29702553 PMCID: PMC5978059 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines play important roles in cell signalling, and microdialysis is a promising tool for monitoring these inflammation markers ex vivo. Therefore, the collecting of these mediators at the highest concentrations possible is crucial. Depending on the size of the mediator of interest, the collection of these high molecular mass molecules has thus far been difficult due to their low recovery, even when using high cut-off (100 kDa) microdialysis membranes. This study aimed to optimize the recovery of various cytokines and chemokines by validating the use of different perfusates in cutaneous microdialysis, and comparing intravenous (i.v.) colloids, crystalloids, and a lipid emulsion formulations that are approved for i.v. applications. Methods: In vitro and in vivo recovery experiments using six recombinant cytokines varying in molecular size (interleukin-2 (15 kDa), interleukin-6 (20.5 kDa), interleukin-8 (8 kDa), interleukin-12p70 (70 kDa), TNF-α (17.5 kDa), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (38 kDa)) were performed in the presence of different perfusates for i.v. applications: Ringer’s lactate, dextran 60 kDa, hydroxyethyl starch 70 kDa, and hydroxyethyl starch 200 kDa solutions as well as a lipid emulsion formulation. Recovery was determined through (i) microdialysis of cytokines and chemokines in Ringer’s lactate solution or human serum in vitro, and (ii) retrodialysis of excised porcine and human skin cadavers in vitro and porcine skin in vivo. Furthermore, we used skin trauma (catheter insertion) and Ultraviolet B irradiation of 3 × 3 cm2 skin areas to sample cytokines and chemokines in vivo and compared the amounts that were obtained using crystalloid and colloid perfusates. All the cytokines and chemokines within the dialysates were quantified through a flow cytometry-based bead array assay. Results: Overall, recovery was strongly increased by the colloids, particularly hydroxyethyl starch 70 kDa, in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. When compared with the recovery achieved using Ringer’s lactate, this increase was most effective for proteins ranging from 8 to 20.5 kDa. Hydroxyethyl starch 70 kDa significantly increased the recovery of interleukin (IL)-8 in human serum in vitro when compared with Ringer’s lactate. More cytokines and chemokines were recovered using colloids compared with crystalloids. However, the increase in recovery values was lower for IL-12p70 and VEGF. Conclusions: Regarding the dialysate volumes and final dialysate concentrations, colloid perfusates are overall superior to crystalloid perfusates, such as Ringer’s lactate, when sampling cytokines and chemokines, resulting in higher recoveries. However, the sampling of high-molecular-mass cytokines during microdialysis remains challenging, and experimental in vitro data are not completely comparable with data obtained ex vivo or in vivo.
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20
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Population Pharmacokinetics of Meropenem in Plasma and Subcutis from Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018. [PMID: 29530848 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02390-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to describe meropenem pharmacokinetics (PK) in plasma and/or subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCT) in critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) treatment and to develop a population PK model to simulate alternative dosing regimens and modes of administration. We conducted a prospective observational study. Ten patients on ECMO treatment received meropenem (1 or 2 g) intravenously over 5 min every 8 h. Serial SCT concentrations were determined using microdialysis and compared with plasma concentrations. A population PK model of SCT and plasma data was developed using NONMEM. Time above clinical breakpoint MIC for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8 mg/liter) was predicted for each patient. The following targets were evaluated: time for which the free (unbound) concentration is maintained above the MIC of at least 40% (40% fT>MIC), 100% fT>MIC, and 100% fT>4×MIC. For all dosing regimens simulated in both plasma and SCT, 40% fT>MIC was attained. However, prolonged meropenem infusion would be needed for 100% fT>MIC and 100% fT>4×MIC to be obtained. Meropenem plasma and SCT concentrations were associated with estimated creatinine clearance (eCLCr). Simulations showed that in patients with increased eCLCr, dose increment or continuous infusion may be needed to obtain therapeutic meropenem concentrations. In conclusion, our results show that using traditional targets of 40% fT>MIC for standard meropenem dosing of 1 g intravenously every 8 h is likely to provide sufficient meropenem concentration to treat the problematic pathogen P. aeruginosa for patients receiving ECMO treatment. However, for patients with an increased eCLCr, or if more aggressive targets, like 100% fT>MIC or 100% fT>4×MIC, are adopted, incremental dosing or continuous infusion may be needed.
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21
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Bue M, Hanberg P, Koch J, Jensen LK, Lundorff M, Aalbaek B, Jensen HE, Søballe K, Tøttrup M. Single-dose bone pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in a porcine implant-associated osteomyelitis model. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1093-1098. [PMID: 29058823 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of orthopaedic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections represents a significant therapeutic challenge. Being effective against MRSA, the role of vancomycin may become more important in the orthopaedic setting in the years to come. Nonetheless, vancomycin bone and soft tissue penetration during infection remains unclear. In eight pigs, implant-associated osteomyelitis was induced on day 0, using a Staphylococcus aureus strain. Following administration of 1,000 mg of vancomycin on day 5, vancomycin concentrations were obtained with microdialysis for 8 h in the implant bone cavity, in cancellous bone adjacent to the implant cavity, in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCT) adjacent to the implant cavity, and in healthy cancellous bone and healthy SCT in the contralateral leg. Venous blood samples were also obtained. The extent of infection and inflammation was evaluated by post-mortem computed tomography scans, C-reactive protein serum levels and cultures of blood and swabs. In relation to all the implant cavities, bone destruction was found. Ranging from 0.20 to 0.74, tissue penetration, expressed as the ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to the last measured value, was incomplete for all compartments except for healthy SCT. The lowest penetration was found in the implant cavity. In conclusion, Staphylococcus aureus implant-associated osteomyelitis was found to reduce vancomycin bone penetration, especially in the implant cavity. These findings suggest that it may be unsafe to rely solely on vancomycin therapy when treating acute osteomyelitis. Particularly when metaphyseal cavities are present, surgical debridement seems necessary. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1093-1098, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Bue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Horsens Regional Hospital, Sundvej 30, Horsens, 8700, Denmark.,Orthopaedic Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pelle Hanberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Horsens Regional Hospital, Sundvej 30, Horsens, 8700, Denmark.,Orthopaedic Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Janne Koch
- Department of Experimental medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Lundorff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Horsens Regional Hospital, Sundvej 30, Horsens, 8700, Denmark
| | - Bent Aalbaek
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kjeld Søballe
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Tøttrup
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
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22
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Liu H, Dong K, Zhang W, Summerfield SG, Terstappen GC. Prediction of brain:blood unbound concentration ratios in CNS drug discovery employing in silico and in vitro model systems. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1357-1372. [PMID: 29548981 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a paradigm shift away from optimizing the brain:blood concentration ratio toward the more relevant brain:blood unbound concentration ratio (Kp,uu,br) in CNS drug discovery. Here, we review the recent developments in the in silico and in vitro model systems to predict the Kp,uu,br of discovery compounds with special emphasis on the in-vitro-in-vivo correlation. We also discuss clinical 'translation' of rodent Kp,uu,br and highlight the future directions for improvement in brain penetration prediction. Important in this regard are in silico Kp,uu,br models built on larger datasets of high quality, calibration and deeper understanding of experimental in vitro transporter systems, and better understanding of blood-brain barrier transporters and their in vivo relevance aside from P-gp and BCRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houfu Liu
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kelly Dong
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wandong Zhang
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Scott G Summerfield
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarker, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, UK
| | - Georg C Terstappen
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
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23
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Zhang W, Wan S, Chen L, Wang X, Wang Z, Huang Y. Determination of cycloserine in microdialysis samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with benzoyl chloride derivatization. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4187. [PMID: 29314157 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the analysis of cycloserine (4-amino-3-isoxazolidinone, CYC) in rat microdialysis samples has been developed. This method consists of derivatizing the CYC with benzoyl chloride, which transforms primary amines into highly stable derivatives. An attractive feature of this method was that the derivatization reaction is straightforward and can be completed within 10 min. The formed derivative, in contrast to the non-derivatized analyte, exhibited increased chromatographic retention and decreased matrix effects resulting from the co-elution of other components using reversed-phase liquid chromatography and on-line switching. Detection on a quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (AB3200 Q-Trap) was performed using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Various derivatization parameters were optimized in order to improve chromatographic separation and minimize ion suppression. In particular, the benzoylation reaction was improved to enhance the reproducibility and sensitivity of the chromatographic method. The transition m/z 207.1 → 105.1 was acquired to monitor the CYC derivatization products. The method was fully validated for its sensitivity, selectivity, matrix effect and stability. A good linearity over the selected range (r > 0.99, range = 22-2200 mg/L), as well as accuracy and precision within ±7% of the target values, was obtained. The assay described herein was successfully applied to quantitatively measure CYC in the lung and blood of anesthetized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihui Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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24
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Quist SR, Heimburg A, Bank U, Mahnkopf D, Koch G, Gollnick H, Täger M, Ansorge S. Preclinical pilot study monitoring topical drug penetration and dermal bioavailability of a peptidase inhibitor from different galenic formulations into pig dermis, using cutaneous microdialysis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2017; 42:607-613. [PMID: 28556026 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous microdialysis (CM) is an ex vivo technique that allows study of tissue chemistry, including bioavailability of actual tissue concentration of unbound drug in the interstitial fluid of the body. AIM To test the penetration and dermal bioavailability of galenic formulations of the small-molecule IP10.C8, a dual-protease inhibitor of the dipeptidyl peptidase and aminopeptidase families. METHODS Using CM, we tested the penetration and dermal bioavailability of IP10.C8 into the dermis and subcutis of pigs, and determined the tissue concentration of IP10.C8 enzymatically, using an enzyme activity assay (substrate Gly-Pro-pNA) and high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Dermal bioavailability was enhanced by using microemulsion or the addition of the penetration enhancer oleic acid to a hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) gel formulation. Dermal bioavailability was also enhanced when galenic formulations were prepared with higher pH (7.5 vs. 6.5) or higher drug concentration (5% vs. 1%) in HEC gel. CONCLUSION It seems possible, using CM for topical skin penetration testing in anaesthetized domestic pigs, to test the bioavailability of newly designed drugs. However, the experimental time is limited due to the anaesthesia, and is dependent on drug recovery. Validation of this technique for routine use is challenging, and more experiments are needed to validate this preclinical set-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Quist
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - A Heimburg
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - U Bank
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - D Mahnkopf
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - G Koch
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - H Gollnick
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Täger
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - S Ansorge
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
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Buitrago Blanco MM, Prashant GN, Vespa PM. Cerebral Metabolism and the Role of Glucose Control in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2017; 27:453-63. [PMID: 27637395 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews key concepts of cerebral glucose metabolism, neurologic outcomes in clinical trials, the biology of the neurovascular unit and its involvement in secondary brain injury after traumatic brain insults, and current scientific and clinical data that demonstrate a better understanding of the biology of metabolic dysfunction in the brain, a concept now known as cerebral metabolic energy crisis. The use of neuromonitoring techniques to better understand the pathophysiology of the metabolic crisis is reviewed and a model that summarizes the triphasic view of cerebral metabolic disturbance supported by existing scientific data is outlined. The evidence is summarized and a template for future research provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel M Buitrago Blanco
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Giyarpuram N Prashant
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paul M Vespa
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Microdialysis of Large Molecules. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3233-3242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Dolgikh E, Watson IA, Desai PV, Sawada GA, Morton S, Jones TM, Raub TJ. QSAR Model of Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Partition Coefficient, K p,uu,brain: Incorporating P-glycoprotein Efflux as a Variable. J Chem Inf Model 2016; 56:2225-2233. [PMID: 27684523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report development and prospective validation of a QSAR model of the unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient, Kp,uu,brain, based on the in-house data set of ∼1000 compounds. We discuss effects of experimental variability, explore the applicability of both regression and classification approaches, and evaluate a novel, model-within-a-model approach of including P-glycoprotein efflux prediction as an additional variable. When tested on an independent test set of 91 internal compounds, incorporation of P-glycoprotein efflux information significantly improves the model performance resulting in an R2 of 0.53, RMSE of 0.57, Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient of 0.73, and qualitative prediction accuracy of 0.8 (kappa = 0.6). In addition to improving the performance, one of the key advantages of this approach is the larger chemical space coverage provided indirectly through incorporation of the in vitro, higher throughput data set that is 4 times larger than the in vivo data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dolgikh
- Global Scientific Informatics, ‡Advanced Analytics, §Computational ADME, ∥IT Informatics and ⊥Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Ian A Watson
- Global Scientific Informatics, ‡Advanced Analytics, §Computational ADME, ∥IT Informatics and ⊥Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Prashant V Desai
- Global Scientific Informatics, ‡Advanced Analytics, §Computational ADME, ∥IT Informatics and ⊥Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Geri A Sawada
- Global Scientific Informatics, ‡Advanced Analytics, §Computational ADME, ∥IT Informatics and ⊥Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Stuart Morton
- Global Scientific Informatics, ‡Advanced Analytics, §Computational ADME, ∥IT Informatics and ⊥Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Timothy M Jones
- Global Scientific Informatics, ‡Advanced Analytics, §Computational ADME, ∥IT Informatics and ⊥Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Thomas J Raub
- Global Scientific Informatics, ‡Advanced Analytics, §Computational ADME, ∥IT Informatics and ⊥Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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Matzneller P, Österreicher Z, Reiter B, Lackner E, Stimpfl T, Zeitlinger M. Tissue pharmacokinetics of telavancin in healthy volunteers: a microdialysis study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:3179-3184. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Erdő F, Hashimoto N, Karvaly G, Nakamichi N, Kato Y. Critical evaluation and methodological positioning of the transdermal microdialysis technique. A review. J Control Release 2016; 233:147-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Matzneller P, Lackner E, Lagler H, Wulkersdorfer B, Österreicher Z, Zeitlinger M. Single- and Repeated-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Ceftaroline in Plasma and Soft Tissues of Healthy Volunteers for Two Different Dosing Regimens of Ceftaroline Fosamil. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3617-25. [PMID: 27044549 PMCID: PMC4879389 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00097-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceftaroline fosamil (CPT-F) is currently approved for use for the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections and community-acquired pneumonia at 600 mg twice daily (q12h), but other dosing regimens are under evaluation. To date, very limited data on the soft tissue pharmacokinetics (PK) of the active compound, ceftaroline (CPT), are available. CPT concentrations in the plasma, muscle, and subcutis of 12 male healthy volunteers were measured by microdialysis after single and repeated intravenous administration of 600 mg CPT-F q12h or three times daily (q8h) in two groups of 6 subjects each. Relevant PK and PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters were calculated and compared between groups. In plasma, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) from 0 to 24 h for total CPT and the cumulative percentage of the dosing interval during which the free drug concentrations exceeded the MIC (fTMIC) for unbound CPT for the currently established threshold of 1 mg/liter were significantly higher in the group receiving CPT-F q8h. Exposure to free drug in soft tissues was higher in the group receiving CPT-F q8h, but high interindividual variability in relevant PK parameters was observed. The mean ratios of the AUC from time zero to the end of the dosing interval (AUC0-τ) for free CPT in soft tissues and the AUC0-τ for the calculated free fraction in plasma at steady state ranged from 0.66 to 0.75. Administration of CPT-F q8h led to higher levels of drug exposure in all investigated compartments. When MIC values above 1 mg/liter were assumed, the calculated fTMIC after dosing q12h was markedly lower than that after dosing q8h. The clinical implications of these differences are discussed in light of recently completed clinical phase III and PK/PD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Matzneller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edith Lackner
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heimo Lagler
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Clinical Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Zoe Österreicher
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hsu KC, Hsu PF, Chen YC, Lin HC, Hung CC, Chen PC, Huang YL. Oxidative stress during bacterial growth characterized through microdialysis sampling coupled with HPLC/fluorescence detection of malondialdehyde. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1019:112-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hanberg P, Bue M, Birke Sørensen H, Søballe K, Tøttrup M. Pharmacokinetics of single-dose cefuroxime in porcine intervertebral disc and vertebral cancellous bone determined by microdialysis. Spine J 2016; 16:432-8. [PMID: 26620946 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyogenic spondylodiscitis is associated with prolonged antimicrobial therapy and high relapse rates. Nevertheless, tissue pharmacokinetic studies of relevant antimicrobials in both prophylactic and therapeutic situations are still sparse. Previous approaches based on bone biopsy and discectomy exhibit important methodological limitations. PURPOSE The objective of this study was to assess the C3-C4 intervertebral disc (IVD), C3 vertebral body cancellous bone, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCT) pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime by use of microdialysis in a large animal model. STUDY DESIGN This was a single-dose, dense sampling large animal study of cefuroxime spine penetration. METHODS Ten female pigs were assigned to receive 1,500 mg of cefuroxime intravenously over 15 minutes. Measurements of cefuroxime were obtained from plasma, SCT, vertebral cancellous bone, and IVD for 8 hours thereafter. Microdialysis was applied for sampling in solid tissues. RESULTS For both IVD and vertebral cancellous bone, the area under the concentration curve from zero to the last measured value (AUC(0-last)) was significantly lower than that of free plasma. As estimated by the ratio of tissue AUC(0-last) to plasma AUC(0-last), tissue penetration (95% confidence interval) of cefuroxime was significantly incomplete for the IVD 0.78 (0.57; 0.99), whereas for vertebral cancellous bone 0.78 (0.51; 1.04) and SCT 0.94 (0.73; 1.15) it was not. The penetration of cefuroxime from plasma to the IVD was delayed, and the maximal concentration and the elimination of cefuroxime were also reduced compared with both SCT and vertebral cancellous bone. Because of this delay in elimination of cefuroxime, the time with concentrations above the minimal inhibitory concentration (T(>MIC)) was significantly longer in the IVD compared with the remaining compartments up to MICs of 6 µg/mL. CONCLUSIONS Microdialysis was successfully applied for serial assessment of the concentration of cefuroxime in the IVD and the vertebral cancellous bone. Penetration of cefuroxime from plasma to IVD was found to be incomplete and delayed, but because of a prolonged elimination, superior T(>MIC) was found in the IVD up to MICs of 6 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelle Hanberg
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, Bygning 9A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Mats Bue
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, Bygning 9A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Horsens Regional Hospital, Sundvej 30, 8700 Horsens, Denmark
| | - Hanne Birke Sørensen
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, Bygning 9A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Søballe
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, Bygning 9A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Tøttrup
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, Bygning 9A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Randers Regional Hospital, Skovlyvej 1, 8930 Randers NØ, Denmark
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Ray A, Malin D, Nicolau DP, Wiskirchen DE. Antibiotic Tissue Penetration in Diabetic Foot Infections A Review of the Microdialysis Literature and Needs for Future Research. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2015; 105:520-31. [PMID: 26667505 DOI: 10.7547/14-036.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although many antimicrobial agents display good in vitro activity against the pathogens frequently implicated in diabetic foot infections, effective treatment can be complicated by reduced tissue penetration in this population secondary to peripheral arterial disease and emerging antimicrobial resistance, which can result in clinical failure. Improved characterization of antibiotic tissue pharmacokinetics and penetration ratios in diabetic foot infections is needed. Microdialysis offers advantages over the skin blister and tissue homogenate studies historically used to define antibiotic penetration in skin and soft-tissue infections by defining antibiotic penetration into the interstitial fluid over the entire concentration versus time profile. However, only a select number of agents currently recommended for treating diabetic foot infections have been evaluated using these methods, which are described herein. Better characterization of the tissue penetration of antibiotic agents is needed for the development of methods for maximizing the pharmacodynamic profile of these agents to ultimately improve treatment outcomes for patients with diabetic foot infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Ray
- Section of Podiatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT
| | - Danielle Malin
- Section of Podiatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT
| | - David P. Nicolau
- Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
| | - Dora E. Wiskirchen
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, CT
- Department of Pharmacy, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT
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Bue M, Birke-Sørensen H, Thillemann TM, Hardlei TF, Søballe K, Tøttrup M. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in porcine cancellous and cortical bone determined by microdialysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015; 46:434-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bienert-Zeit A, Gietz C, Staszyk C, Kietzmann M, Stahl J, Ohnesorge B. Application of in vivo microdialysis for investigation of unbound drug concentrations of intravenously administered sulfadimidine in the paranasal sinus mucosa of horses. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:318-27. [PMID: 25815573 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.4.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To monitor concentrations of sulfadimidine in the paranasal sinus mucosa (PSM) of unsedated horses following IV administration of trimethoprim-sulfadimidine via in vivo microdialysis. ANIMALS 10 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES Concentric microdialysis probes were implanted into the subepithelial layers of the frontal sinus mucosa of standing sedated horses. Four hours after implantation, trimethoprim-sulfadimidine (30 mg/kg) was administered IV every 24 hours for 2 days; dialysate and plasma samples were collected at intervals during that 48-hour period and analyzed for concentrations of sulfadimidine. The dialysate concentration and relative loss of sulfadimidine from the perfusate were used to calculate the PSM concentration. RESULTS Microdialysis probe implantation and subsequent in vivo microdialysis were successfully performed for all 10 horses. Following the first and second administration of trimethoprim-sulfadimidine, mean ± SD peak concentrations of sulfadimidine were 55.3 ± 10.3 μg/mL and 51.5 ± 8.7 μg/mL, respectively, in plasma and 9.6 ± 4.5 μg/mL and 7.0 ± 3.3 μg/mL, respectively, in the PSM. Peak sulfadimidine concentrations in the PSM were detected at 5.9 ± 2.7 hours and 5.4 ± 2.3 hours following the first and second drug administrations, respectively. For 12 hours, mean PSM sulfadimidine concentration remained greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration indicative of sulfonamide susceptibility of equine bacterial isolates (4.75 μg/mL). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In vivo microdialysis for continuous monitoring of PSM sulfadimidine concentrations in unsedated horses was feasible. Intravenous administration of trimethoprim (5 mg/kg) and sulfadimidine (25 mg/kg) proved likely to be efficient for treating sinusitis caused by highly susceptible pathogens, providing that the dosing interval is 12 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Bienert-Zeit
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Rottbøll LAH, Skovgaard K, Barington K, Jensen HE, Friis C. Intrabronchial Microdialysis: Effects of Probe Localization on Tissue Trauma and Drug Penetration into the Pulmonary Epithelial Lining Fluid. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 117:242-50. [PMID: 25827198 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent intrabronchial microdialysis data indicate that the respiratory epithelium is highly permeable to drugs. Of concern is whether intrabronchial microdialysis disrupts the integrity of the respiratory epithelium and thereby alters drug penetration into the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of intrabronchial microdialysis on the integrity of the bronchial epithelium. Microdialysis sampling in PELF in proximal (n = 4) and distal bronchi (n = 4) was performed after intravenous inulin and florfenicol administration in anaesthetized pigs. Inulin was used as a marker molecule of permeability of the epithelium, and florfenicol was used as test drug. Bronchial tissue was examined by histopathology (distal and proximal bronchi) and gene expression analysis (RT-qPCR, proximal bronchi) at the termination of the experiment (6.5 hr). The microdialysis probe caused overt tissue trauma in distal bronchi, whereas no histopathological lesions were observed in proximal bronchi. A moderate up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1B, IL6 and acute-phase reactant serum amyloid A was seen in proximal bronchi surrounding the microdialysis probes suggesting initiation of an inflammatory response. The observed up-regulation is considered to have limited impact on drug penetration during short-term studies. Inulin penetrated the respiratory epithelium in both proximal and distal bronchi without any correlation to histopathological lesions. Likewise, florfenicol penetration into PELF was unaffected by bronchial histopathology. However, this independency of pathology on drug penetration may not be valid for other antibiotics. We conclude that short-term microdialysis drug quantification can be performed in proximal bronchi without disruption of tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristiane Barington
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Friis
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Cavitary penetration of levofloxacin among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3149-55. [PMID: 25779583 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00379-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of second-line drug (SLD) pharmacokinetics, including cavitary penetration, may help optimize SLD dosing. Patients with pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) undergoing adjunctive surgery were enrolled in Tbilisi, Georgia. Serum was obtained at 0, 1, 4, and 8 h and at the time of cavitary removal to measure levofloxacin concentrations. After surgery, microdialysis was performed using the ex vivo cavity, and levofloxacin concentrations in the collected dialysate fluid were measured. Noncompartmental analysis was performed, and a cavitary-to-serum levofloxacin concentration ratio was calculated. Twelve patients received levofloxacin for a median of 373 days before surgery (median dose, 11.8 mg/kg). The median levofloxacin concentration in serum (Cmax) was 6.5 μg/ml, and it was <2 μg/ml in 3 (25%) patients. Among 11 patients with complete data, the median cavitary concentration of levofloxacin was 4.36 μg/ml (range, 0.46 to 8.82). The median cavitary/serum levofloxacin ratio was 1.33 (range, 0.63 to 2.36), and 7 patients (64%) had a ratio of >1. There was a significant correlation between serum and cavitary concentrations (r = 0.71; P = 0.01). Levofloxacin had excellent penetration into chronic cavitary TB lesions, and there was a good correlation between serum and cavitary concentrations. Optimizing serum concentrations will help ensure optimal cavitary concentrations of levofloxacin, which may enhance treatment outcomes.
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Blockade of glutamate release by botulinum neurotoxin type A in humans: a dermal microdialysis study. Pain Res Manag 2015; 19:126-32. [PMID: 24851237 DOI: 10.1155/2014/410415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analgesic action of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA) has been linked to the blockade of peripheral release of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in animal models; however, there is no direct evidence of this in humans. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of BoNTA on glutamate release in humans, using an experimental model of pain and sensitization provoked by capsaicin plus mild heat. METHODS Twelve healthy volunteers (six men, six women) were pretreated with BoNTA (10 U) on the volar forearm and with a saline control on the contralateral side. Dermal microdialysis was applied one week later to collect interstitial samples before and after the application of a capsaicin patch (8%) plus mild heat (40°C⁄60 min) to provoke glutamate release, pain and vasodilation. Samples were collected every hour for 3 h using linear microdialysis probes (10 mm, 100 kD). Dialysate was analyzed for glutamate concentration. Pain intensity and skin vasomotor reactions (temperature and blood flow changes) were also recorded. RESULTS BoNTA significantly reduced glutamate release compared with saline (P<0.05). The provoked pain intensity was lower in the BoNTA-pretreated arm (P<0.01). The reduction in pain scores was not correlated with glutamate level. Cutaneous blood flow (P<0.05), but not cutaneous temperature (P≥0.05), was significantly reduced by BoNTA. There was a correlation between glutamate level and skin blood flow (r=0.58⁄P<0.05) but not skin temperature (P≥0.05). No differences according to sex were observed in any response. CONCLUSIONS The present study provided the first direct evidence supporting the inhibitory effect of BoNTA on glutamate release in human skin, which is potentially responsible for some of the analgesic action of BoNTA.
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Roberts JA, Udy AA, Jarrett P, Wallis SC, Hope WW, Sharma R, Kirkpatrick CMJ, Kruger PS, Roberts MS, Lipman J. Plasma and target-site subcutaneous tissue population pharmacokinetics and dosing simulations of cefazolin in post-trauma critically ill patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1495-502. [PMID: 25608584 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to describe the population pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in plasma and the interstitial fluid of subcutaneous tissue of post-trauma critically ill patients and provide clinically relevant dosing recommendations that result in optimal concentrations at the target site. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a pharmacokinetic study in a tertiary referral ICU. We recruited 30 post-trauma critically ill adult patients and collected serial total and unbound plasma cefazolin concentrations. Interstitial fluid concentrations were determined using in vivo microdialysis. Population pharmacokinetic analysis and Monte Carlo simulations were undertaken with Pmetrics(®). Fractional target attainment against an MIC distribution for Staphylococcus aureus isolates was calculated. RESULTS The mean (SD) age, weight, APACHE II score and CLCR were 37.0 (14.1) years, 86.8 (22.7) kg, 16.9 (5.3) and 163 (44) mL/min, respectively. A three-compartment linear population pharmacokinetic model was most appropriate. Covariates included in the model were CLCR on drug clearance and serum albumin concentration and body weight on the volume of the central compartment. The fractional target attainment for a 1 g intravenous 8-hourly dose for a CLCR of 50 mL/min was 88%, whereas for a patient with a CLCR of 215 mL/min, a dose of 2 g 6-hourly achieved 84% fractional target attainment. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should be mindful of the effects of elevated CLCR and serum albumin concentrations on dosing requirements for post-trauma critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Roberts
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Womens' Hospital, Brisbane, Australia Pharmacy Department, Royal Brisbane and Womens' Hospital, Brisbane, Australia Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew A Udy
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Jarrett
- Pharmacy Department, Royal Brisbane and Womens' Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Steven C Wallis
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - William W Hope
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Raman Sharma
- Liverpool School for Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Peter S Kruger
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Lipman
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Womens' Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Matzneller P, Gobin P, Lackner E, Zeitlinger M. Feasibility of microdialysis for determination of protein binding and target site pharmacokinetics of colistin in vivo. J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 55:431-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Matzneller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Patrice Gobin
- Inserm ERI-23; Université de Poitiers; Poitiers France
| | - Edith Lackner
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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41
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Azeredo FJ, Dalla Costa T, Derendorf H. Role of microdialysis in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: current status and future directions. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 53:205-212. [PMID: 24452811 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in medical practice are still generally based on blood concentrations of drugs and/or biomolecules despite the knowledge that biochemical events and pharmacological effects usually take place in tissue rather than in the bloodstream. Microdialysis is a semi-invasive technique that is able to measure concentrations of the free, active drug or endogenous compounds in almost all human tissues and organs. It is currently being used to monitor brain metabolic processes and quantify tissue biomarkers, and determine transdermal drug distribution and tissue pharmacokinetics, confirming its importance as a widely used sampling technique in clinical drug monitoring and drug development as well as therapy and disease follow-up, contributing to rationalizing drug dosing regimens and influencing the clinical decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Dalla Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Hartmut Derendorf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Population Pharmacokinetics of Cefazolin in Serum and Tissue for Patients with Complicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections (cSSTI). Infect Dis Ther 2014; 3:269-79. [PMID: 25410773 PMCID: PMC4269627 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-014-0049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cefazolin is commonly used to treat complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTI) caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Enterobacteriaceae. We aimed to determine the variability of cefazolin exposure in interstitial fluid (ISF) of tissue and evaluate its dosing recommendations. Methods Population pharmacokinetics were performed to co-model serum and ISF concentration data from six patients enrolled in a previous in vivo microdialysis study. A 5,000 patient Monte Carlo simulation was then conducted for 1 and 2 g every 8 h (q8h) regimens to calculate the penetration ratio and probability of target attainment (PTA) at 30% and 50% of the dosing interval that free drug concentrations remain above the minimum inhibitory concentration (fT > MIC) in ISF of tissue. Results A three-compartment model, with one of the compartments representing ISF concentrations, fits the data best. The final model resulted in the mean ± SD parameter values: Clearance = 3.8 ± 2.1 L/h, volume of distribution in central compartment = 8.6 ± 6.4 L and volume of distribution in ISF = 36.6 ± 17.9 L. The mean ± SD and median penetration ratios were 1.36 ± 4.57 and 0.80, respectively. At the MIC90 for MSSA of 1 mg/L, PTAs for the 1 g q8h dose in ISF were 96% and 91% for 30% and 50% fT > MIC targets, respectively, which decreased to 87% and 71% at 2 mg/L. For the same respective targets, a 2 g q8h dosing regimen increased PTA to 96% and 91% at 2 mg/L. Conclusion Cefazolin penetration into the ISF of a lower limb infection varied across this simulated patient population. Based on these data, a 1 g q8h regimen should be sufficient to obtain 30% fT > MIC exposure against most MSSA causing cSSTI. However, a 2 g q8h dose is required to obtain 50% fT > MIC pharmacodynamic targets at the current breakpoint for Enterobacteriaceae (2 mg/L). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40121-014-0049-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Role of microdialysis in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: current status and future directions. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014. [PMID: 24452811 DOI: 10.1007/s40262–014-0131–8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in medical practice are still generally based on blood concentrations of drugs and/or biomolecules despite the knowledge that biochemical events and pharmacological effects usually take place in tissue rather than in the bloodstream. Microdialysis is a semi-invasive technique that is able to measure concentrations of the free, active drug or endogenous compounds in almost all human tissues and organs. It is currently being used to monitor brain metabolic processes and quantify tissue biomarkers, and determine transdermal drug distribution and tissue pharmacokinetics, confirming its importance as a widely used sampling technique in clinical drug monitoring and drug development as well as therapy and disease follow-up, contributing to rationalizing drug dosing regimens and influencing the clinical decision-making process.
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44
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Trivedi A, Lee RE, Meibohm B. Applications of pharmacometrics in the clinical development and pharmacotherapy of anti-infectives. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2013; 6:159-70. [PMID: 23473593 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.13.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the increased emergence of anti-infective resistance in recent years, much focus has recently been drawn to the development of new anti-infectives and the optimization of treatment regimens and combination therapies for established antimicrobials. In this context, the field of pharmacometrics using quantitative numerical modeling and simulation techniques has in recent years emerged as an invaluable tool in the pharmaceutical industry, academia and regulatory agencies to facilitate the integration of preclinical and clinical development data and to provide a scientifically based framework for rational dosage regimen design and treatment optimization. This review highlights the usefulness of pharmacometric analyses in anti-infective drug development and applied pharmacotherapy with select examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashit Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Chan GNY, Saldivia V, Yang Y, Pang H, de Lannoy I, Bendayan R. In vivo induction of P-glycoprotein expression at the mouse blood-brain barrier: an intracerebral microdialysis study. J Neurochem 2013; 127:342-52. [PMID: 23777437 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral microdialysis was utilized to investigate the effect of P-glycoprotein (a drug efflux transporter) induction at the mouse blood-brain barrier (BBB) on brain extracellular fluid concentrations of quinidine, an established substrate of P-glycoprotein. Induction was achieved by treating male CD-1 mice for 3 days with 5 mg/kg/day dexamethasone (DEX), a ligand of the nuclear receptor, pregnane X receptor, and a P-glycoprotein inducer. Tandem liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method was used to quantify analytes in dialysate, blood and plasma. P-glycoprotein, pregnane X receptor and Cyp3a11 (metabolizing enzyme for quinidine) protein expression in capillaries and brain homogenates was measured by immunoblot analysis. Following quinidine i.v. administration, the average ratio of unbound quinidine concentrations in brain extracellular fluid (determined from dialysate samples) to plasma at steady state (375-495 min) or Kp, uu, ECF /Plasma in the DEX-treated animals was 2.5-fold lower compared with vehicle-treated animals. In DEX-treated animals, P-glycoprotein expression in brain capillaries was 1.5-fold higher compared with vehicle-treated animals while Cyp3a11 expression in brain capillaries was not significantly different between the two groups. These data demonstrate that P-gp induction mediated by DEX at the BBB can significantly reduce quinidine brain extracellular fluid concentrations by decreasing its brain permeability and further suggest that drug-drug interactions as a result of P-gp induction at the BBB are possible. Applying microdialysis, distribution of quinidine, a P-gp substrate, in mouse brain extracellular fluid (ECF) was investigated following ligand-mediated P-glycoprotein (P-gp) induction at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We demonstrated that a PXR agonist (dexamethasone) significantly up-regulated P-gp in brain capillaries and reduced quinidine brain ECF concentrations. Our data suggest that drug-drug interactions as a result of P-gp induction at the BBB are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary N Y Chan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Huang SH, Zhang J, Li Y, Rong J, Wu ZK. Time Delay of Microdialysis in vitro. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 5:149-52. [PMID: 23641379 PMCID: PMC3624718 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.107540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Microdialysis is a specific and local sampling method to collect free molecules from the extracellular fluid, however, there are no reports on time delay issues of microdialysis applications. Aims: This study was to check the time gap between the start of target molecule changes in detected fluid and corresponding stable concentration formation in the sampled dialysate. Materials and Methods: A designated microdialysis system for free calcium ion was set up in vitro and perfused with saline. The dialysate was diluted synchronously, and collected in a vial every 10 min. The free calcium concentration [Ca++] of the sample was measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A signal-switching method was introduced to mimic the target molecule [Ca++] changes in the detected fluid, standard calcium solution and saline. Results: There was a notable lag in dialysates [Ca++] for both uprising and down going course in spite of instant switching between the detected fluids. The recovery time (RT) of the microdialysis system was extrapolated to be 20 min for [Ca++] detection. Conclusions: With 10 min sampling interval, [Ca++] time delay of the microdialysis system existed, and could not be estimated precisely beforehand. The signal-switching method was applicable for RT calibration in vitro with a dedicated microdialysis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hong Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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Enhanced human tissue microdialysis using hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin as molecular carrier. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60628. [PMID: 23577137 PMCID: PMC3618094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microdialysis sampling of lipophilic molecules in human tissues is challenging because protein binding and adhesion to the membrane limit recovery. Hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HP-ß-CD) forms complexes with hydrophobic molecules thereby improving microdialysis recovery of lipophilic molecules in vitro and in rodents. We tested the approach in human subjects. First, we determined HP-ß-CD influences on metabolite stability, delivery, and recovery in vitro. Then, we evaluated HP-ß-CD as microdialysis perfusion fluid supplement in 20 healthy volunteers. We placed 20 kDa microdialysis catheters in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and in the vastus lateralis muscle. We perfused catheters with lactate free Ringer solution with or without 10% HP-ß-CD at flow rates of 0.3–2.0 µl/min. We assessed tissue metabolites, ultrafiltration effects, and blood flow. In both tissues, metabolite concentrations with Ringer+HP-ß-CD perfusate were equal or higher compared to Ringer alone. Addition of HP-ß-CD increased dialysate volume by 10%. Adverse local or systemic reactions to HP-ß-CD did not occur and analytical methods were not disturbed. HP-ß-CD addition allowed to measure interstitial anandamide concentrations, a highly lipophilic endogenous molecule. Our findings suggest that HP-ß-CD is a suitable supplement in clinical microdialysis to enhance recovery of lipophilic molecules from human interstitial fluid.
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Schmidt S, Banks R, Kumar V, Rand KH, Derendorf H. Clinical Microdialysis in Skin and Soft Tissues: An Update. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 48:351-64. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270007312152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Blood, tissue, and intracellular concentrations of azithromycin during and after end of therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:1736-42. [PMID: 23357769 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02011-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although azithromycin is extensively used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections as well as skin and skin-related infections, pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in extracellular space fluid of soft tissues, i.e., one of its therapeutic target sites, are not yet fully elucidated. In this study, azithromycin concentration-time profiles in extracellular space of muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue, but also in plasma and white blood cells, were determined at days 1 and 3 of treatment as well as 2 and 7 days after the end of treatment. Of all compartments, azithromycin concentrations were highest in white blood cells, attesting for intracellular accumulation. However, azithromycin concentrations in both soft tissues were markedly lower than in plasma both during and after treatment. Calculation of the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC(0-24))/MIC(90) ratios for selected pathogens suggests that azithromycin concentrations measured in the present study are subinhibitory at all time points in both soft tissues and at the large majority of observed time points in plasma. Hence, it might be speculated that azithromycin's clinical efficacy relies not only on elevated intracellular concentrations but possibly also on its known pleotropic effects, including immunomodulation and influence on bacterial virulence factors. However, prolonged subinhibitory azithromycin concentrations at the target site, as observed in the present study, might favor the emergence of bacterial resistance and should therefore be considered with concern. In conclusion, this study has added important information to the pharmacokinetic profile of the widely used antibiotic drug azithromycin and evidentiates the need for further research on its potential for induction of bacterial resistance.
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