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Russell PS, Hong J, Windsor JA, Itkin M, Phillips ARJ. Renal Lymphatics: Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Implications. Front Physiol 2019; 10:251. [PMID: 30923503 PMCID: PMC6426795 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal lymphatics are abundant in the cortex of the normal kidney but have been largely neglected in discussions around renal diseases. They originate in the substance of the renal lobule as blind-ended initial capillaries, and can either follow the main arteries and veins toward the hilum, or penetrate the capsule to join capsular lymphatics. There are no valves present in interlobular lymphatics, which allows lymph formed in the cortex to exit the kidney in either direction. There are very few lymphatics present in the medulla. Lymph is formed from interstitial fluid in the cortex, and is largely composed of capillary filtrate, but also contains fluid reabsorbed from the tubules. The two main factors that contribute to renal lymph formation are interstitial fluid volume and intra-renal venous pressure. Renal lymphatic dysfunction, defined as a failure of renal lymphatics to adequately drain interstitial fluid, can occur by several mechanisms. Renal lymphatic inflow may be overwhelmed in the setting of raised venous pressure (e.g., cardiac failure) or increased capillary permeability (e.g., systemic inflammatory response syndrome). Similarly, renal lymphatic outflow, at the level of the terminal thoracic duct, may be impaired by raised central venous pressures. Renal lymphatic dysfunction, from any cause, results in renal interstitial edema. Beyond a certain point of edema, intra-renal collecting lymphatics may collapse, further impairing lymphatic drainage. Additionally, in an edematous, tense kidney, lymphatic vessels exiting the kidney via the capsule may become blocked at the exit point. The reciprocal negative influences between renal lymphatic dysfunction and renal interstitial edema are expected to decrease renal function due to pressure changes within the encapsulated kidney, and this mechanism may be important in several common renal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Spencer Russell
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiwon Hong
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Albert Windsor
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Center for Lymphatic Disorders, Penn Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anthony Ronald John Phillips
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Mešťanová V, Varga I. Morphological view on the evolution of the immunity and lymphoid organs of vertebrates, focused on thymus. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tacchi L, Larragoite ET, Muñoz P, Amemiya CT, Salinas I. African Lungfish Reveal the Evolutionary Origins of Organized Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue in Vertebrates. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2417-24. [PMID: 26344090 PMCID: PMC4869758 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the most remarkable innovations of the vertebrate adaptive immune system is the progressive organization of the lymphoid tissues that leads to increased efficiency of immune surveillance and cell interactions. The mucosal immune system of endotherms has evolved organized secondary mucosal lymphoid tissues (O-MALT) such as Peyer's patches, tonsils, and adenoids. Primitive semi-organized lymphoid nodules or aggregates (LAs) were found in the mucosa of anuran amphibians, suggesting that O-MALT evolved from amphibian LAs ∼250 million years ago. This study shows for the first time the presence of O-MALT in the mucosa of the African lungfish, an extant representative of the closest ancestral lineage to all tetrapods. Lungfish LAs are lymphocyte-rich structures associated with a modified covering epithelium and express all IGH genes except for IGHW2L. In response to infection, nasal LAs doubled their size and increased the expression of CD3 and IGH transcripts. Additionally, de novo organogenesis of inducible LAs resembling mammalian tertiary lymphoid structures was observed. Using deep-sequencing transcriptomes, we identified several members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, and subsequent phylogenetic analyses revealed its extraordinary diversification within sarcopterygian fish. Attempts to find AICDA in lungfish transcriptomes or by RT-PCR failed, indicating the possible absence of somatic hypermutation in lungfish LAs. These findings collectively suggest that the origin of O-MALT predates the emergence of tetrapods and that TNF family members play a conserved role in the organization of vertebrate mucosal lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Tacchi
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Erin T Larragoite
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Pilar Muñoz
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Chris T Amemiya
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| | - Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Butler MW, Stahlschmidt ZR, Ardia DR, Davies S, Davis J, Guillette LJ, Johnson N, McCormick SD, McGraw KJ, DeNardo DF. Thermal Sensitivity of Immune Function: Evidence against a Generalist-Specialist Trade-Off among Endothermic and Ectothermic Vertebrates. Am Nat 2013; 181:761-74. [DOI: 10.1086/670191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ghosh AR. Appraisal of microbial evolution to commensalism and pathogenicity in humans. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013; 6:1-12. [PMID: 24833938 PMCID: PMC4020404 DOI: 10.4137/cgast.s11858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human body is host to a number of microbes occurring in various forms of host-microbe associations, such as commensals, mutualists, pathogens and opportunistic symbionts. While this association with microbes in certain cases is beneficial to the host, in many other cases it seems to offer no evident benefit or motive. The emergence and re-emergence of newer varieties of infectious diseases with causative agents being strains that were once living in the human system makes it necessary to study the environment and the dynamics under which this host microbe relationship thrives. The present discussion examines this interaction while tracing the origins of this association, and attempts to hypothesize a possible framework of selective pressures that could have lead microbes to inhabit mammalian host systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Ranjan Ghosh
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Control, Division of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, India
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Abstract
SynopsisThe Reptilia and Amphibia are two distinct groups of vertebrates. However, they show a number of similarities, such as ectothermy and ecdysis, and are therefore compared and contrasted in this paper.The physical features of the skin of reptiles and amphibians vary considerably; in the case of the amphibians the skin is usually relatively thin and may play a part in respiration while that of the reptile is often thick and impervious due to heavy keratinisation. Little is known of the ‘climate’ of the integument and there are relatively few data on its chemistry. Various pathogens may gain entry to the skin but usually this necessitates breaching the epithelium or taking advantage of existing damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467,
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Abstract
The jugular bodies in adult Rana pipiens, are surrounded by a capsule of mesothelium and connective tissue, and their parenchyma consists of cell cords arranged in a sinusoidal network. The cell cords are formed by irregular reticular cells, showing numerous filaments and joined together by zonulae adherents. The intercellular spaces are filled by reticular fibres and free cells. These latter are small and medium lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, and developing and mature plasma cells. Additionally, free macrophages, neutrophils and acidophils also occur. Sinusoidal blood vessels show thin walls with numerous filaments and pinocytotic vesicles. They exhibit a discontinuous basement membrane, and tight junctions frequently occur between endothelial cells. Occasionally, lymphatic vessels are found and the innervation is principally vasomotor, although nerve endings appear remarkably near reticular cells and lymphocytes. The jugular bodies of adult R. pipiens are plasma cell and antibody-forming organs, whose functional significance is discussed in relation to their ultrastructural organization.
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