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Arslan N, Topan A, Kurtuncu M. Earthquake Experiences of Nursing Students Residing in Earthquake Zone, the Disaster of the Century: A Qualitative Study. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024:302228241231013. [PMID: 38500358 DOI: 10.1177/00302228241231013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
This study was carried out to examine the experiences of nursing department students regarding earthquakes with a phenomenological approach. The type of research is phenomenological research, one of the qualitative research methods. The research was carried out with 22 nursing students who experienced the earthquake in the Turkey earthquake on February 6, 2023. The data were collected using the "Semi-Structured Interview Form". In this study, "earthquake experience" was discussed as a phenomenon, and the data obtained from the phenomenon after content analysis were evaluated in five themes as follows: Experiences during the earthquake, experiences after the earthquake, search-rescue operations, social support and daily life after the earthquake. It was seen that they acted with the instinct of protection during the earthquake and then tried to shelter and communicate. The study reveal that the disaster preparedness and competencies of nursing students should be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurten Arslan
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Aysel Topan
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Meltem Kurtuncu
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Jin J, Yuan GF, An Y, Li X. Longitudinal Association Between Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Depression Symptoms Among Chinese Adolescents During COVID-19: Evidence from Network Perspective. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024:10.1007/s10578-023-01650-6. [PMID: 38219268 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-023-01650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Although there are an increasing number of studies that have explored the mental health consequences of COVID-19 focusing on revealing risk factors, the longitudinal research examining the potential mechanism of the co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depression symptoms among adolescents were scarce. The present study identified the important comorbidity symptoms and explored longitudinal relationship of PTSS and depression symptoms from the network perspective. A two-wave investigation (4 months interval; T1 and T2) was conducted with a sample of 1225 Chinese adolescents. Cross-sectional network and cross-lagged panel network (CLPN) analyses were adopted. Results showed that comorbidity symptoms consisted of both overlapping and non-overlapping symptoms, including "Future foreshortening" at T1 and T2 from PTSS, and "Hard to get started" at T1 and "Not sleep well" at T2 from depression symptoms. Strong longitudinal pathways appeared from all PTSS to depression symptoms, among which the pathway from "Difficulty concentrating" to "Hard to get started" was the strongest. These findings suggest that the possible comorbidity between PTSS and depression symptoms is caused by their independent and related structures, and their longitudinal association. Clinical intervention for these symptoms may alleviate adolescents' psychological problems in the aftermath of traumatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Jin
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, No. 122 Ninghai Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210097, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhe Frank Yuan
- School of Education Science, Leshan Normal University, No. 778 Binhe Road, Shizhong District, Leshan, 614000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan An
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, No. 122 Ninghai Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210097, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaohui Li
- School of Family and Consumer Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, USA
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Ying L, Jia X, Lin C. The longitudinal associations between PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and academic burnout in adolescence and early adulthood in the postdisaster context. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 239:104011. [PMID: 37595524 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study examined the longitudinal associations among posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depressive symptoms, and academic burnout in a sample of survivors aged 12 to 20 years following the Wenchuan earthquake. The present study had a longitudinal design. A total of 788 participants (Mage = 15.03 years, SD = 1.64; 54.8 % female) completed measures of PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and academic burnout at 12, 18, and 24 months after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. The results showed that the only cross-lagged effects from PTSD to depressive symptoms, from academic burnout to depressive symptoms or from PTSD symptoms to academic burnout at the first interval and the second interval were significant. Furthermore, the longitudinal associations among PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and academic burnout remained consistent between the different age groups but varied across genders. That is, in male adolescents, only the cross-lagged effects from PTSD symptoms to depressive symptoms and from PTSD symptoms to academic burnout at the first and second intervals were significant. In female adolescents, only the cross-lagged effects from academic burnout to depressive symptoms and from academic burnout to PTSD symptoms at the first and second intervals were significant. Finally, these findings highlight that academic burnout is a useful target for psychological service providers to alleviate PTSD and depressive symptoms in adolescents in a post-disaster context. In addition, PTSD symptoms may also negatively affect adolescents' performance at school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhua Ying
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, PR China; Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xuji Jia
- School of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Chongde Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China.
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Wang X, Yang X, Zhou X. Perceived parental depression, intrusive rumination, and internalizing problems: A three-wave longitudinal study in adolescents. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100366. [PMID: 36714277 PMCID: PMC9845799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Research suggests that perceiving parental depression elicits internalizing problems in adolescents, but certain studies have indicated that adolescents' internalizing problems also increase their perception of parental emotion. To further investigate the inconsistent findings about the nature of this relationship, the current study used longitudinal data to examine the causal association between adolescents' internalizing problems and the parental depression they perceived, as well as the role of intrusive rumination in the relationship. Method: In this longitudinal study, 392 adolescents who experienced the catastrophic Jiuzhaigou earthquake in 2017 were surveyed at three time points after the earthquake: 12 months (T1), 21 months (T2) and 27 months (T3). A cross-lagged panel model was used to carry out the data analysis. Results: Mutual cause-and-effect relationships were found between intrusive rumination and both perceived parental depression and internalizing problems, respectively; a unilateral causal relationship in which internalizing problems positively predicted perceived parental depression was also found. In addition, internalizing problems predicted perceived parental depression via the mediating role of intrusive rumination; similarly, intrusive rumination predicted perceived parental depression via internalizing problems. Conclusions: Internalizing problems were a risk factor for perceived parental depression, and intrusive rumination played an important role in the relationship between internalizing problems and perceived parental depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 148 Tianmushan Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310028, China
| | - Xima Yang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 148 Tianmushan Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310028, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 148 Tianmushan Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310028, China
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Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among adolescents following an earthquake: A longitudinal study based on network analysis. J Affect Disord 2023; 324:354-363. [PMID: 36586597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among adolescents often follows severe traumatic events. Models on the pathway to comorbidity dispute greatly and how PTSD and depression get comorbidity, remain unclear. METHODS A follow-up investigation was conducted of 424 adolescent survivors of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake at 12 months (T1) and 27 months (T2). RESULTS Contemporaneous network analysis and cross-lagged panel network analysis showed that PTSD and depression are two separate disorders with strong associations via links between dysphoric symptoms of PTSD and somatic or non-somatic symptoms of depression. However, the association weakened from T1 to T2, and internal connections between symptoms within each disorder became stronger. LIMITATION We only measured the comorbidity of PTSD and depression at two time points following the earthquake, which may limit the long-term applicability of our findings following trauma. CONCLUSIONS The findings also showed that the centrality in contemporaneous networks may indicate node connectivity rather than the influence or potential causality among nodes. These results help to elucidate the relationship between PTSD and depression and could contribute to the development of appropriate therapies.
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Ye Y, Li Y, Ma R, Qi J, Zhou X. Perceived parental depression and PTSD in adolescents: mediating roles of attachment insecurity and coping style. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2251773. [PMID: 37646394 PMCID: PMC10469433 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2251773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Earthquakes can cause negative psychological states in adolescents and their parents, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Previous cross-sectional studies have shown that adolescents who perceive parental depression after an earthquake are more likely to experience PTSD. However, the mechanism underlying this process remains unclear and previous studies have not examined the association between these factors.Objective: The current study explored the mediating roles of attachment insecurity and coping style in the association between perceived parental depression and PTSD in adolescents after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake.Method: In total, 391 participants completed follow-up questionnaires at 12, 21, and 27 months (T1-T3, respectively) after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake.Results: T1 perceived parental depression was not a direct predictor of T3 PTSD in adolescents. In the full mediation model, T1 perceived parental depression predicted T3 PTSD in adolescents indirectly via T2 attachment insecurities through T2 emotion-focused coping.Conclusion: The findings highlight that attachment insecurity and emotion-focused coping mediated the relationship between perceived parental depression and PTSD in adolescents following an earthquake. To alleviate PTSD in adolescents, efforts should be directed toward reducing perceived parental depressive symptoms and emotion-focused coping, and promoting the formation of secure attachment styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ye
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junjun Qi
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Wen FH, Prigerson HG, Chou WC, Huang CC, Hu TH, Chiang MC, Chuang LP, Tang ST. How symptoms of prolonged grief disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression relate to each other for grieving ICU families during the first two years of bereavement. Crit Care 2022; 26:336. [PMID: 36320037 PMCID: PMC9628049 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bereaved ICU family surrogates are at risk of comorbid prolonged grief disorder (PGD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression. Knowledge about temporal relationships between PGD, PTSD, and depression is limited by a lack of relevant studies and diverse or inappropriate assessment time frames given the duration criterion for PGD. We aimed to determine the temporal reciprocal relationships between PGD, PTSD, and depressive symptoms among ICU decedents’ family surrogates during their first 2 bereavement years with an assessment time frame reflecting the PGD duration criterion. Methods This prospective, longitudinal, observational study examined PGD, PTSD, and depressive symptoms among 303 family surrogates of ICU decedents from two academic hospitals using 11 items of the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13, the Impact of Event Scale—Revised, and the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, respectively, at 6, 13, 18, and 24 months post-loss. Cross-lagged panel modeling was conducted: autoregressive coefficients indicate variable stability, and cross-lagged coefficients indicate the strength of reciprocal relationships among variables between time points. Results Symptoms (autoregressive coefficients) of PGD (0.570–0.673), PTSD (0.375–0.687), and depression (0.591–0.655) were stable over time. Cross-lagged standardized coefficients showed that depressive symptoms measured at 6 months post-loss predicted subsequent symptoms of PGD (0.146) and PTSD (0.208) at 13 months post-loss. PGD symptoms did not predict depressive symptoms. PTSD symptoms predicted subsequent depressive symptoms in the second bereavement year (0.175–0.278). PGD symptoms consistently predicted subsequent PTSD symptoms in the first 2 bereavement years (0.180–0.263), whereas PTSD symptoms predicted subsequent PGD symptoms in the second bereavement year only (0.190–0.214). PGD and PTSD symptoms are bidirectionally related in the second bereavement year. Conclusions PGD, PTSD, and depressive symptoms can persist for 2 bereavement years. Higher PGD symptoms at 6 months post-loss contributed to the exacerbation of PTSD symptoms over time, whereas long-lasting PTSD symptoms were associated with prolonged depression and PGD symptoms beyond the first bereavement year. Identification and alleviation of depression and PGD symptoms as early as 6 months post-loss enables bereaved surrogates to grieve effectively and avoid the evolution of those symptoms into long-lasting PGD, PTSD, and depression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13054-022-04216-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fur-Hsing Wen
- Department of International Business, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Holly G Prigerson
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Wen-Chi Chou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chung-Chi Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsung-Hui Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming Chu Chiang
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Li-Pang Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Siew Tzuh Tang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.. .,Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.. .,School of Nursing, Medical College, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1St Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan, R.O.C.. .,Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C..
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Zhou X, Zhen R. How do physical and emotional abuse affect depression and problematic behaviors in adolescents? The roles of emotional regulation and anger. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 129:105641. [PMID: 35487046 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of physical and emotional abuse are high among Chinese adolescents and elicit distinct psychopathologies. However, it remains unclear whether physical and emotional abuse relate to depression and behavior problems similarly or differently. In addition, few studies have examined if they share underlying mechanisms in adolescents. OBJECTIVE This study used longitudinal data to examine the mechanisms underlying the effect of physical and emotional abuse on depression and problematic behaviors through emotional regulation and anger in Chinese adolescents. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS Participants were 1689 adolescents (with age ranging from 12 to 17 years) from junior and senior high schools in Zhejiang Province, China. METHODS Participants completed a childhood trauma questionnaire and an emotion regulation strategies questionnaire at time 1 (T1), and they completed an anger scale, a depression scale, and a problematic behaviors questionnaire one year later (T2). Structural equation modeling was used to examine the research hypotheses. RESULTS Physical abuse had direct positive effects on problematic behaviors but not on depression. However, emotional abuse had direct effects on depression and problematic behaviors, and indirect effects on both psychopathologies through expressive suppression and anger. CONCLUSIONS Physical and emotional abuse had distinct effects and influencing mechanisms on adolescents' externalizing and internalizing problems. Compared with physical abuse, emotional abuse elicited more harms and subsequent psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Rui Zhen
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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Zhen R, Zhou X. Latent Patterns of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Depression, and Posttraumatic Growth Among Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:197-209. [PMID: 34339577 PMCID: PMC8426724 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Researchhas shown that posttraumatic reactions can co-occur in trauma-exposed individuals. Many studies have assessed the co-occurring patterns of two types of reactions, but few have assessed the patterns of multiple reactions. To build on existing knowledge, the present study examined co-occurring patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depressive symptoms, and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants (N = 683) were adolescents selected from an area in China severely affected by COVID-19 who completed the PTSD Checklist, a measure of depression, a PTG inventory, and a cognitive emotional regulation questionnaire. Latent profile analysis and multinomial logistic regression were used for the data analyses. The results showed three heterogeneous patterns characterized by growth (n = 248, 36.3%), distress (n = 101, 14.8%), and struggle (n = 334, 48.9%). Positive refocusing and reappraisal were associated with membership in the growth group compared with distress group, OR = 0.83, 95% CI [0.75, 0.93] and OR = 0.78, 95% CI [0.68, 0.90], whereas rumination, catastrophizing, and "putting into perspective" were associated with membership in the distress group compared with growth group, ORs = 1.15-1.44. These findings suggest that posttraumatic reactions show heterogeneous characteristics: struggle, rather than growth or distress, is common among adolescents during COVID-19; and distinct cognitive emotional regulation strategies have distinguishing roles in the three patterns of posttraumatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhen
- School of EducationHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Qi J, Sun R, Zhou X. Network analysis of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in adolescents across COVID-19 epidemic and Typhoon Lekima. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:594-603. [PMID: 34509075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Network analytic studies indicate that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be comorbid with depression at the symptom level, but it remains unclear whether these findings are replicable and generalizable across trauma types. OBJECTIVE This study aim was to examine and compare PTSD-depression comorbidity networks of two types of trauma related to Typhoon Lekima and COVID-19 epidemic. METHODS Participants were 1605 and 601 adolescents recruited following Typhoon Lekima and the COVID-19 outbreak, respectively. RESULTS COVID-19 and Lekima PTSD-depression networks had considerable similarities, including adequate stability and accuracy, connected symptoms of PTSD and depression, symptoms with high centralities, and bridge symptoms. PTSD-depression comorbid symptoms were more complicated in the COVID-19 network but may show more persistence in the Lekima network. Distinct bridge symptoms contributed to the heterogeneity of PTSD-depression comorbidity characteristics between the two networks. Specifically, restricted affect and felt down and unhappy were two important bridge symptoms with high centrality unique to the COVID-19 network. CONCLUSIONS PTSD-depression comorbidity network has considerable replicability across trauma types, but specific symptom-level associations and some bridge symptoms may vary across trauma types. These findings also highlight the importance of negative emotions to comorbid PTSD and depression in adolescents following the COVID-19 outbreak compared with Typhoon Lekima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Qi
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China.
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Ogińska-Bulik N, Michalska P. Type D personality in adolescents – the mediating role between depression and PTSD. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00935-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Chen W, Gao R, Yang T. Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties for the PTSD Checklist of Chinese Adolescents in the Closed Period after the COVID-19 Outbreak. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12245. [PMID: 34832000 PMCID: PMC8623554 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
After COVID-19 appeared in China in December 2019, the mental health of adolescents, as a vulnerable group in public health emergencies, was negatively affected by the epidemic and the unprecedented prevention and control measures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist (PCL) among Chinese adolescents. A total of 915 participants completed the PTSD. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) and multi-group CFAs were used to test the factor structure and psychometric properties of PTSD. The CFA results showed that five-factor PCL was the optimal fitting model with satisfactory reliability and validity; moreover, it was suggested that the properties of PCL were invariant across gender, PTSD and asymptomatic groups, early and late adolescents, as well as over time. In summary, PCL is applicable among Chinese adolescents and can be used for effective measurement of PTSD caused by epidemics and to conduct cross-group studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (R.G.); (T.Y.)
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13
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Zhou X, Zhen R, Wu X. Insecure Attachment to Parents and PTSD among Adolescents: The Roles of Parent-Child Communication, Perceived Parental Depression, and Intrusive Rumination. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:1290-1299. [PMID: 32594930 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420000498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Based on attachment theory and a social-cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this study examined the roles of parent-child communication, perceived parental depression, and intrusive rumination in the association between insecure attachment to parents and PTSD among adolescents following the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. In this study, 620 adolescents were recruited to complete self-report questionnaires. The results showed that the direct association between anxious attachment and PTSD was significant, but that between avoidant attachment and PTSD was non-significant. In addition, both anxious and avoidant attachment had indirect associations with PTSD via the mediating effects of parent-child communication openness and problems, perceived parental depression, and intrusive rumination. However, the specific paths between anxious and avoidant attachment and PTSD were different. The findings indicated that insecure attachment among adolescents following the earthquake was predictive for their PTSD, and the mechanisms underlying the association between anxious attachment and PTSD and the association between avoidant attachment and PTSD were distinct. To alleviate PTSD, more attention should be paid to improving the quality of parent-child communication for adolescents with avoidant attachment to parents, and to reducing negative cognition in adolescents with anxious attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhen
- Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Wahab S, Yong LL, Chieng WK, Yamil M, Sawal NA, Abdullah NQ, Muhdisin Noor CR, Wd Wiredarma SM, Ismail R, Othman AH, Damanhuri HA. Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms in Adolescents Exposed to the Earthquake in Lombok, Indonesia: Prevalence and Association With Maladaptive Trauma-Related Cognition and Resilience. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:680393. [PMID: 34819880 PMCID: PMC8606579 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.680393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Natural disasters may physically and psychologically affect individuals and their surrounding community. This study determines the prevalence of post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms and its association with maladaptive trauma-related cognition and resilience among adolescents post-earthquake. Materials and Methods: Data were collected, in this cross-sectional study, during an intervention program post-earthquake held in a state high school located at Lombok, Indonesia. The study sample engaged students 14-19 years of age using the purposive sampling method. The questionnaires used to measure PTS symptoms, maladaptive trauma-related cognition, and resilience were Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale-13 (CRIES-13), Child Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (CPTCI), and Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised (CYRM-R), respectively. Results: The prevalence of PTS symptoms was 69.9%. Among the respondents, 61.37% were female and 56.48% had mothers with lower educational levels. Using multiple linear regression, the final predictors of PTS symptoms were excessive reactions (e.g., wailing loudly, miserable shrieking) of proxy during earthquake (β = 3.283, p = 0.005), maladaptive trauma-related cognition (β = 0.224, p = 0.002), and resilience (β = 0.192, p < 0.001) with female gender (β = 7.350, p < 0.001) as a control variable. Through simple linear regression, victims who witnessed injury or death during the earthquake (p = 0.003), had a proxy died during the earthquake (p = 0.01), and trapped victims or those who had difficulty escaping (p = 0.01) were identified to potentially predict the occurrence of PTS symptoms, warranting further study. Conclusion: The presence of excessive proxy reactions during the earthquake, maladaptive trauma-related cognition, and resilience in adolescents exposed to a natural disaster are worth targeting and prioritizing in future post-disaster interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzaily Wahab
- Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Li Ling Yong
- Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Keong Chieng
- Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Myristica Yamil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azah Sawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Qiyaam Abdullah
- Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram, Kota Mataram, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Rosnah Ismail
- Department of Community Health, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aisya Hanim Othman
- Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanafi Ahmad Damanhuri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Okruszek Ł, Aniszewska-Stańczuk A, Piejka A, Wiśniewska M, Żurek K. Safe but Lonely? Loneliness, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms and COVID-19. Front Psychol 2020; 11:579181. [PMID: 33343454 PMCID: PMC7747668 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has led governments worldwide to implement unprecedented response strategies. While crucial to limiting the spread of the virus, “social distancing” may lead to severe psychological consequences, especially in lonely individuals. Methods We used cross-sectional (n = 380) and longitudinal (n = 74) designs to investigate the links between loneliness, anxiety, and depression symptoms (ADS) and COVID-19 risk perception and affective response in young adults who implemented social distancing during the first 2 weeks of the state of epidemic threat in Poland. Results Loneliness was correlated with ADS and with affective response to COVID-19’s threat to health. However, increased worry about the social isolation and heightened risk perception for financial problems was observed in lonelier individuals. The cross-lagged influence of the initial affective response to COVID-19 on subsequent levels of loneliness was also found. Conclusion The reciprocal connections between loneliness and COVID-19 response may be of crucial importance for ADS during the COVID-19 crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Okruszek
- Social Neuroscience Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Aniszewska-Stańczuk
- Social Neuroscience Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Piejka
- Social Neuroscience Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcelina Wiśniewska
- Social Neuroscience Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Żurek
- Social Neuroscience Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Evaluating the Prevalence of PTSD among Children and Adolescents after Earthquakes and Floods: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychiatr Q 2020; 91:1265-1290. [PMID: 32901423 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-020-09840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Our study systematically reviews articles about the prevalence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among children and adolescents, aiming to evaluate its prevalence after earthquakes and floods.Three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched for articles published from 1981 to 2019 containing information on PTSD prevalence among survivors of earthquakes and floods. Articles with insufficient data on the prevalence of PTSD or without any available full-text were excluded. Major study variables consist of the prevalence of PTSD of the included studies, gender, and the elapsed time after the disaster. The overall PTSD prevalence was determined using a fixed-effect model for eligible studies. Of 4107 studies listed using our search strategy, 439 underwent full-text review, 59 records included in the systematic review, and 39 records met the criteria for meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of PTSD among children and adolescent survivors after earthquakes and floods was 19.2% (95%CI = 18.6-19.7%), 30.0% (95%CI = 29.5-30.6%), 24.4% (95%CI = 23.4-25.4%) and 20.4% (95%CI = 19.1-21.7%), in the first, second, third and fourth six-month intervals after the disaster, respectively. Our analysis also revealed that PTSD was more prevalent among girls (p < 0.001). The absence of psychological support for affected areas considerably increases the risk of PTSD among survivors. Our results indicated that children and adolescents, especially girls, are more vulnerable and should be in top priority. The governments should refine their policies on post-disaster services and run early screening, immediate intervention, and ongoing monitoring for PTSD, as well as mental and emotional supports.
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Cheng J, Liang Y, Fu L, Liu Z. The relationship between PTSD and depressive symptoms among children after a natural disaster: A 2-year longitudinal study. Psychiatry Res 2020; 292:113296. [PMID: 32688133 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms among children who survived the Lushan earthquake. Three hundred thirty-three children (154 males, 179 females) were assessed for acute stress disorder (ASD) and depressive symptoms at 2 weeks (T1), and their PTSD and depressive symptoms were recorded at 1.5 (T2), 6 (T3), 12 (T4) and 24 (T5) months after the earthquake. The results showed that ASD predicted PTSD and depressive symptoms from T1 to T2, and PTSD symptoms predicted depressive symptoms from T2 to T5, but not vice versa. Depressive symptoms predicted avoidance from T1 to T5; in turn, avoidance predicted depressive symptoms from T3 to T5. Hyperarousal and intrusive symptoms had an effect on depressive symptoms between T1 and T2, and depressive symptoms predicted hyperarousal and intrusion from T2 to T3; after 12 months they did not significantly predict each other. The results suggest that PTSD symptoms generally precede depressive symptoms, and that hyperarousal and intrusive symptoms are major symptoms of PTSD soon after trauma events, while avoidance symptoms are major symptoms of PTSD late after trauma events. The relationship between PTSD and depressive symptoms mostly fits the interactive model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cheng
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yiming Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhengkui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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18
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Pathways of Internalizing and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Across Childhood and Adolescence. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2020; 49:103-116. [PMID: 32979128 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Research in adult populations has suggested a number of possible explanations for the high co-morbidity between posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and internalizing symptoms, including shared risk factors and reciprocal causation. Little research has examined these hypotheses in children or has considered the separation of between- and within-person effects. The objective of this study was to examine pathways between PTSS and internalizing symptoms using two samples drawn from the Longitudinal Studies on Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN, n = 1221) and the first National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW-I, n = 309). Each sample included three waves of data (LONGSCAN: ages 8, 12, and 16; NSCAW: ages 8, 11, 15). It was hypothesized: (1) PTSS would predict future internalizing symptoms; (2) the strength of the relationship between internalizing symptoms and PTSS would increase over time; and (3) childhood trauma would be associated with higher levels of internalizing symptoms and PTSS. The hypotheses were examined using traditional cross-lagged panel models (CLPMs) as well as a CLPM with random intercepts (RI-CLPM), which has the advantage of separating within-person effects from between-person stability in symptoms. Results from both CLPMs and RI-CLPM support rising symptom comorbidity from late childhood to mid-adolescence. Results between the models, however, suggest that the reciprocal influence between symptom complexes over time may not hold after separating between- and within-persons effects, lending stronger support to the shared risk factors hypothesis and highlighting the need for future research to explore other possible explanatory mechanisms for the rising comorbidity of these symptom complexes over development.
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Lan X, Wang W. To be Shy or avoidant? Exploring the longitudinal association between attachment and depressive symptoms among left-behind adolescents in rural China. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Contractor AA, Weiss NH, Schick MR, Natesan P, Forkus S, Sharma R. Comparison of latent typologies of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms across military personnel from India and the US. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 70:102195. [PMID: 32035292 PMCID: PMC7074844 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Research has identified heterogeneous subgroups of individuals based on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms. Using data collected from military personnel in India (N = 146) and U.S. (N = 194), we examined (1) the best-fitting latent class solution; (2) multi-group invariance of the class solution; and (3) construct validity of optimal class solution. Results indicated that the optimal 4-class solution differed in severity and severity/type in the India and U.S. samples respectively. With similarity in the optimal number of classes across cultural samples, the meaning/nature of classes differed. In the India sample, anxiety severity predicted the Low Severity Class vs. all other classes, and the Moderately High Severity/High Severity Classes vs. the Moderately Low Severity Class; number of traumas predicted the High Severity Class vs. other classes; and resilience predicted the Moderately Low Severity Class vs. the Moderately High Severity Class. In the U.S. sample, alcohol use predicted the High Severity Class vs. all other classes, and the High Depression-Low PTSD Class vs. the Low Severity Class; rumination significantly predicted the High Severity and High Depression-Low PTSD Classes vs. each of the High PTSD-Low Depression and Low Severity Classes. Thus, meaning and nature of PTSD-depression subgroups may vary culturally; hence, culturally-sensitive interventions need to account for this heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rachita Sharma
- Department of Rehabilitation and Health Services, University of North Texas
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21
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Qi J, Yang X, Tan R, Wu X, Zhou X. Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among adolescents over 1 year after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. J Affect Disord 2020; 261:1-8. [PMID: 31590064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On August 8, 2017, a 7-magtitude earthquake struck Jiuzhaigou County in Sichuan, China. This was the third devastating earthquake in that province. The prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and comorbid PTSD/depression among adolescents were unclear after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. METHODS Participants were 1241 adolescent survivors in Jiuzhaigou. Data were collected using the PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, and the Chinese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children. RESULTS In total, 46.3% of participants reported PTSD, 64.5% reported depression, and 39.2% reported comorbid PTSD/depression symptoms. Risk factors for symptoms of these disorders were being female, having been injured or trapped, and intrusive rumination. High school students were less likely to report PTSD and comorbid PTSD/depression than middle school students. Participants with family members/friends that were injured or trapped reported more PTSD and comorbid symptoms than those without this experience. Loss of property also predicted PTSD. However, deliberate rumination was a protective factor for depression. LIMITATIONS This study did not cover all adolescents in Jiuzhaigou and all potential predictors. As we used a cross-sectional design, this study could not assess the trajectory of PTSD, depression, and comorbid symptoms after the earthquake. CONCLUSION The findings are meaningful for mental health care among adolescents after natural disasters such as an earthquake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Qi
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Xima Yang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Ruyue Tan
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China.
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22
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Okruszek Ł, Aniszewska-Stańczuk A, Piejka A, Wiśniewska M, Żurek K. Safe but Lonely? Loneliness, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms and COVID-19. Front Psychol 2020. [PMID: 33343454 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/9njps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has led governments worldwide to implement unprecedented response strategies. While crucial to limiting the spread of the virus, "social distancing" may lead to severe psychological consequences, especially in lonely individuals. METHODS We used cross-sectional (n = 380) and longitudinal (n = 74) designs to investigate the links between loneliness, anxiety, and depression symptoms (ADS) and COVID-19 risk perception and affective response in young adults who implemented social distancing during the first 2 weeks of the state of epidemic threat in Poland. RESULTS Loneliness was correlated with ADS and with affective response to COVID-19's threat to health. However, increased worry about the social isolation and heightened risk perception for financial problems was observed in lonelier individuals. The cross-lagged influence of the initial affective response to COVID-19 on subsequent levels of loneliness was also found. CONCLUSION The reciprocal connections between loneliness and COVID-19 response may be of crucial importance for ADS during the COVID-19 crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Okruszek
- Social Neuroscience Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Aniszewska-Stańczuk
- Social Neuroscience Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Piejka
- Social Neuroscience Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcelina Wiśniewska
- Social Neuroscience Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Żurek
- Social Neuroscience Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Nöthling J, Suliman S, Martin L, Simmons C, Seedat S. Differences in Abuse, Neglect, and Exposure to Community Violence in Adolescents With and Without PTSD and Depression. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2019; 34:4357-4383. [PMID: 27777370 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516674944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
South African adolescents are exposed to high levels of violence and trauma, including community violence, abuse, and neglect. Violence and trauma are associated with negative mental health outcomes, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Demographic characteristics, additional exposure to trauma, community violence, and types of childhood abuse and neglect may place adolescents at greater risk of developing PTSD. This study aimed to first assess the weighted contribution of demographic factors, trauma load, community violence, and types of abuse and neglect in predicting PTSD symptom severity. Second, we aimed to determine group differences in demographic factors, trauma load, community violence, and types of abuse and neglect among participants with no disorder, PTSD only, PTSD and depression, and depression only. Participants were 215 adolescents identified with emotional and/or behavioral problems and referred to an adolescent trauma clinic from schools in the Western Cape region of South Africa. Clinical assessments were undertaken to assess community violence exposure; physical, sexual, and emotional abuse; physical and emotional neglect; and a clinical diagnosis of PTSD and comorbidity. Trauma-exposed adolescents with PTSD and depression reported significantly higher levels of emotional abuse and community violence exposure in comparison with trauma-exposed adolescents without a disorder. Emotional abuse, community violence exposure, and female gender were significant predictors of PTSD in regression analysis. These findings underscore the contribution of different types of trauma in the development of PTSD. Interventions focused on preventing trauma, PTSD, and depression should be multifaceted and be targeted at various levels, for example, individual/interpersonal level (reduce abuse in the household and immediate environment) and community/societal level (reduce crime rates in communities and strengthen conviction policies). Traumatized youth should routinely be screened for a history of abuse and particularly exposure to community violence, given their strong association with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lindi Martin
- Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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24
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Examining reciprocal influence between posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms among natural disaster survivors. J Affect Disord 2019; 257:345-351. [PMID: 31302524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study examined reciprocal effects of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) among individuals affected by Hurricane Ike, which made landfall on September 13, 2008 METHODS: Participants were 658 survivors, who participated in the Galveston Bay Recovery Study (GBRS; National Center for Disaster Mental Health Research, Galea, and Norris, 2016). Assessment was conducted at 3, 6, and 15 months after the disaster. Bivariate latent change score modeling was conducted to examine the nature of the time-sequential associations between symptoms of PTSD and MDD RESULTS: Results revealed a unidirectional coupling effect from depression to change in PTSD, but unidirectional coupling effect from PTSD to change in depression was not supported. LIMITATIONS Only linear relations of within-individual change and time-sequential associations between PTSD and depression were examined, and therefore, it precludes potential nonlinear relations between these constructs. Also, the results of the current study are limited to the studied timespan (i.e., 3 to 15 months). Lastly, other factors that could be confounding the change in PTSD symptoms were not examined, leaving a possibility of other constructs that may influence the change in future PTSD symptoms CONCLUSIONS: The current study suggests that disaster survivors with higher symptoms of depression may be at higher risk of experiencing increased PTSD symptoms even after one year, raising an importance of tailoring a treatment to alleviate depressive symptoms and to mitigate the risk of future symptoms of PTSD.
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de Haan A, Keller F, Ganser HG, Münzer A, Witt A, Goldbeck L. Longitudinal Associations Between Dysfunctional Maltreatment-Related Cognitions and Psychopathology in Children and Adolescents. J Trauma Stress 2019; 32:496-505. [PMID: 31291484 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional posttraumatic cognitions seem to play an important role in adjustment after traumatic experiences. However, little research has been done on maltreated children and adolescents. Furthermore, possible causal associations between cognitions, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and internalizing and externalizing problems have rarely been investigated. In the current study, 263 maltreated children and adolescents (8-17 years of age) were assessed at baseline and again at time points 6 and either 12 or 18 months later. Cross-lagged panel analyses were used to gain a better understanding of the course of and associations among dysfunctional maltreatment-related cognitions, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and internalizing and externalizing problems. Ratings of all variables significantly decreased over time. Moderate to strong autoregressive paths emerged for all variables, denoting stability. Furthermore, the variables showed moderate to high correlations at every assessment. Posttraumatic stress symptoms moderately predicted dysfunctional maltreatment-related cognitions as well as internalizing and externalizing problems 6 months after baseline. Cross-lagged paths from the cognitions as well as from internalizing and externalizing problems to all other variables were not significant. Age, gender, and maltreatment characteristics did not play a relevant role in these cross-lagged associations when they were included as covariates. Our results underline the cognitive scar model, in which preceding posttraumatic stress symptoms adversely impact cognitions. Posttraumatic stress symptoms appear to be an important target for treatment as their reduction may help decrease internalizing and externalizing problems as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke de Haan
- Department of Psychology, Division of Child and Adolescent Health Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Keller
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Helene G Ganser
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annika Münzer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Witt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lutz Goldbeck
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Zhou X, Zhen R, Wu X. Trajectories of sleep problems among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake: the role of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Psychol Health 2019; 34:811-827. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1574348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhen
- Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Psychiatric Comorbidity among Adolescent Earthquake Survivors: a Longitudinal Cohort Study. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 47:671-681. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gordon-Hollingsworth AT, Yao N, Chen H, Qian M, Chen S. Understanding the Impact of Natural Disasters on Psychological Outcomes in Youth from Mainland China: a Meta-Analysis of Risk and Protective Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2018; 11:205-226. [PMID: 32318151 PMCID: PMC7163904 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-015-0051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness that causes significant distress and impairment. Studies generally indicate lower rates of PTSD post-disaster in Chinese child populations. Irrespective of population examined, findings suggest that trauma alone cannot account for the development of PTSD (Ma et al. 2011). It is important to understand what other variables may contribute to the onset of PTSD. This was the first meta-analysis conducted to investigate risk and protective factors for PTSD (as well as mediating/moderating variables) in children directly impacted by natural disasters in China. Understanding these factors can help guide disaster readiness efforts, as well as post-disaster interventions (Yule et al. 2000). Also, this study is extremely relevant given recent earthquakes in China that have devastated many.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene T. Gordon-Hollingsworth
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing People’s Republic of China 100871
| | - Nisha Yao
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing People’s Republic of China 100871
| | - Huijing Chen
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing People’s Republic of China 100871
| | - Mingyi Qian
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing People’s Republic of China 100871
| | - Sen Chen
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing People’s Republic of China 100871
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Cheng J, Liang Y, Fu L, Liu Z. Posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in children after the Wenchuan earthquake. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2018; 9:1472992. [PMID: 29805782 PMCID: PMC5965039 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2018.1472992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many studies have reported the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in children. However, the underlying relationship between PTSD and depression remains unclear. Objective: This study examines the relationship between PTSD and depressive symptoms in children who survived the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Methods: In total, 301 children were assessed at four months and then followed up at 29, 40 and 52 months after the disaster. The ages of the children ranged from 9.6-14.6 years old, and the sample included 157 males and 144 females. The children were assessed by using the University of California at Los Angeles PTSD reaction index for DSM-IV for PTSD symptoms and the Children's Depression Inventory for depressive symptoms. Results: Comorbid PTSD and depressive symptoms were prevalent in 4.0, 3.3, 3.7 and 5.1% of the participants at times 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The cross-lagged analysis indicated that PTSD symptoms at time 1 predicted depressive symptoms at time 2; depressive symptoms at time 1 predicted PTSD symptoms at time 2; depressive symptoms at time 2 predicted PTSD symptoms at time 3; and depressive symptoms at time 3 predicted PTSD symptoms at time 4. The findings also showed that being female, poor parental relationships and trauma exposure were risk factors for PTSD or depressive symptoms. Conclusions: The results suggest that the causal relationship between PTSD and depressive symptoms changes over time; the effects of PTSD symptoms tend to decrease, while those of depressive symptoms tend to increase. Two stages of the relationship between PTSD and depressive symptoms were observed, namely, that PTSD and depressive symptoms first influenced each other and then that depressive symptoms predicted PTSD. The results of our study also suggest that females with poor parental relationships and a high degree of trauma exposure are more likely to require intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - YiMing Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - ZhengKui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
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Zhou X, Wu X, Zhen R. Self-esteem and hope mediate the relations between social support and post-traumatic stress disorder and growth in adolescents following the Ya’an earthquake. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2017; 31:32-45. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2017.1374376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Xinchun Wu
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhen
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Zhou X, Wu X, An Y. Understanding the Relationship between Trauma Exposure and Depression among Adolescents after Earthquake: The Roles of Fear and Resilience. Front Psychol 2016; 7:2044. [PMID: 28082947 PMCID: PMC5183574 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle school students (N = 1435) were assessed 18 months after the Wenchuan earthquake using measures of trauma exposure, fear, resilience, and depression, to examine the effects of fear and resilience on the relationship between trauma exposure and depression. Fear mediated the relationship between trauma exposure and depression, whereas resilience moderated the relationship between fear and depression. These findings suggest that trauma exposure has a direct positive impact on depression, but also indirectly affects depression through fear. Moreover, fear positively predicted depression under conditions of low resilience, whereas this effect was not significant when resilience was high. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for adolescents after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan An
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing, China
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Ying L, Wang Y, Lin C, Chen C. Trait resilience moderates the longitudinal linkage between adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and posttraumatic growth. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0143034316632868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the longitudinal association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and posttraumatic growth (PTG) as well as the moderating role of trait resilience in that association. Participants completed measures of PTSD symptoms, PTG, and trait resilience at 12, 18, and 24 months after the Wenchuan earthquake. Results showed that after adjusting PTG at wave 1, PTSD symptoms at wave 1 were positively and significantly related to PTG at wave 2 for low-resilience individuals, but not for individuals with the other two levels (middle and high) of trait resilience. After adjusting PTSD symptoms at wave 1, PTG at wave 1 was positively and significantly related to PTSD symptoms at wave 2 for middle-resilience individuals, but not for individuals with the other two levels (low and high) of trait resilience. No other cross-lagged correlations were significant. Implications of the results for psychological service providers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhua Ying
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, PRC
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, PRC
| | | | - Chongde Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, PRC
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The symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among adult earthquake survivors in China. J Nerv Ment Dis 2015; 203:469-72. [PMID: 26034871 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to examine the relationships between mental health conditions (posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] only, depression only, and PTSD and depression) and related factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1362 adults from two severely affected townships at 6 months after the earthquake. The results of the analyses showed that the prevalence of depression and PTSD were 31.4% and 22.1%, respectively, 6 months after the earthquake. When PTSD and depression were treated as two separate dependent variables, PTSD and depression share almost similar sets of predictive factors. After its four categories (none, PTSD only, depression only, and PTSD and depression) were used as categorical dependent variables, there are different predictive factors. The findings suggest that there are two different groups of individuals, those who develop depression only in response to earthquake exposure and those who develop both depression and PTSD.
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Ying L, Chen C, Lin C, Greenberger E, Wu X, Jiang L. The relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms and suicide ideation among child survivors following the Wenchuan earthquake. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2015; 45:230-42. [PMID: 25196443 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and suicide ideation was examined in a sample of 2,298 child survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Results indicated that intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal symptom clusters, and PTSD total score were significantly associated with suicide ideation. Except for intrusion, other measures of PTSD remained as statistically significant correlates of suicide ideation even after controlling for age, gender, direct exposure, indirect exposure, and depression. Furthermore, results showed that PTSD symptoms had an indirect influence on suicide ideation that was mediated by depression. The findings suggest that avoidance and hyperarousal symptom clusters of PTSD may be two important indicators of suicide ideation among child survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Implications of the results for intervention and prevention of suicide behavior are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhua Ying
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Horesh D, Lowe SR, Galea S, Uddin M, Koenen KC. Gender differences in the long-term associations between posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms: findings from the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study. Depress Anxiety 2015; 32:38-48. [PMID: 25044027 PMCID: PMC4289474 DOI: 10.1002/da.22267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are known to be highly comorbid. However, previous findings regarding the nature of this comorbidity have been inconclusive. This study prospectively examined whether PTSD and depression are distinct constructs in an epidemiologic sample, as well as assessed the directionality of the PTSD-depression association across time. METHODS Nine hundred and forty-two Detroit residents (males: n = 387; females: n = 555) were interviewed by phone at three time points, 1 year apart. At each time point, they were assessed for PTSD (using the PCL-C), depression (PHQ-9), trauma exposure, and stressful life events. RESULTS First, a confirmatory factor analysis showed PTSD and depression to be two distinct factors at all three waves of assessments (W1, W2, and W3). Second, chi-square analysis detected significant differences between observed and expected rates of comorbidity at each time point, with significantly more no-disorder and comorbid cases, and significantly fewer PTSD only and depression only cases, than would be expected by chance alone. Finally, a cross-lagged analysis revealed a bidirectional association between PTSD and depression symptoms across time for the entire sample, as well as for women separately, wherein PTSD symptoms at an early wave predicted later depression symptoms, and vice versa. For men, however, only the paths from PTSD symptoms to subsequent depression symptoms were significant. CONCLUSIONS Across time, PTSD and depression are distinct, but correlated, constructs among a highly-exposed epidemiologic sample. Women and men differ in both the risk of these conditions, and the nature of the long-term associations between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Horesh
- Department of Psychology, BarIlan University, Israel,Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Sarah R. Lowe
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Sandro Galea
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Monica Uddin
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
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Guo J, Wu P, Tian D, Wang X, Zhang W, Zhang X, Qu Z. Post-traumatic stress disorder among adult survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake in China: a repeated cross-sectional study. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:75-82. [PMID: 24389578 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to examine trends in the prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Wenchuan, China, over the four-year period following its 2008 earthquake, and to explore the risk factors related to current PTSD. Chi-square analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to assess PTSD morbidity and identify associated risk factors. The results indicated that the prevalence of PTSD was 58.2% at two months, 22.10% at 8 months, 19.8% at 14 months, 19.0% at 26 months, and 8.0% at about 44 months after the earthquake. Female gender, being married, low education, non-drinking, and poor self-perceived health status were significantly associated with PTSD during the early period following the earthquake. Depression was significantly associated with survivors' PTSD throughout the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, China Institute of Health, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 43, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Donghua Tian
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, China Institute of Health, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, China Institute of Health, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, China Institute of Health, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Xiulan Zhang
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, China Institute of Health, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Qu
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
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Kadak MT, Nasıroğlu S, Boysan M, Aydın A. Risk factors predicting posttraumatic stress reactions in adolescents after 2011 Van earthquake. Compr Psychiatry 2013; 54:982-90. [PMID: 23683538 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aims were to investigate the prevalence of PTSD, depression, anxiety-related disorders, and dissociative symptomotology, and to assess the risk factors for development of psychopathology among children and adolescents after the 2011 Van earthquake in Turkey. METHODS The screening was conducted among 738 participants at 6months post-earthquake using the CPTSD-Reaction Index, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, Child Depression Inventory, Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index, Metacognitions Questionnaire for Children, and Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale. RESULTS Less than half (40.69% of) of the participants reported severe levels of PTSD symptoms, 53.04% were at greater risk for developing an anxiety-related disorder, 37.70% met the criteria for clinical depression, and 36.73% revealed pathological levels of dissociative symptomotology. State-trait anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity were significant antecedents of psychopathology. CONCLUSION We concluded that anxiety sensitivity is a significant risk factor in various types of psychopathology, but metacognitions seem to have a limited utility in accounting for poor psychological outcomes in young survivors of earthquake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Tayyib Kadak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey.
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Seyle DC, Widyatmoko C, Silver RC. Coping with natural disasters in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A study of elementary school teachers. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0143034312446889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The nation of Indonesia is in an area of geological instability, resulting in repeated and severe natural disasters including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. Teachers, as adult authority figures and people with whom students spend a majority of their day, can play a major role in the lives of children in a disaster-prone community. Four years after a 6.3 magnitude earthquake that devastated a primarily rural community in Central Java, we studied 43 elementary school teachers from six primary schools who are responsible for educating hundreds of students annually. First, we examined the relationship between post-earthquake distress and teacher beliefs about efficacy and teacher-reported classroom behavior. Second, we designed a brief psychosocial skills-based intervention to reduce teacher distress and support their capacity to reduce student distress and improve student achievement. Finally, we assessed the impact of this intervention on reducing teacher distress and on improving student behavior and school performance over time. Analyses revealed a significant relationship between teachers’ depression and self-reported negative classroom behavior, a significant relationship between teachers’ posttraumatic distress and general beliefs about teacher efficacy, and a significant drop in depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms from before to after the intervention. This research extends a growing body of research on the potential role of teachers in assisting students in coping with chronic stress in their community. Lessons learned from this program of research can inform schools, school personnel, and long-term community intervention efforts following disasters across the world.
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Deb S, Walsh K. Impact of physical, psychological, and sexual violence on social adjustment of school children in India. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0143034311425225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to understand the pervasiveness and impact of physical, psychological, and sexual violence on the social adjustment of Grade 8 and 9 school children in the state of Tripura, India. The study participants, 160 boys and 160 girls, were randomly selected from classes in eight English and Bengali medium schools in Agartala city, Tripura. Data were collected using a self-administered Semi-structured Questionnaire for Children/Students and a Social Adjustment Inventory which were custom-made for the study based on measures in the extant research adapted for the Indian context. Findings revealed that students experienced physical (21.9%), psychological (20.9%), and sexual (18.1%) violence at home, and 29.7% of the children had witnessed family violence. Boys were more often victims of physical and psychological violence while girls were more often victims of sexual violence. The social adjustment scores of school children who experienced violence, regardless of the nature of the violence, was significantly lower when compared with scores of those who had not experienced violence ( p < 0.001). Social adjustment was poorer for girls than boys ( p < 0.001). The study speaks in favour of early detection and intervention for all child maltreatment subtypes and for children exposed to interparental violence, and highlights the crucial role of schools and school psychology in addressing the problem.
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