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Fauver M, Clark EM, Schwartz CE. A new framework for understanding stress and disease: the developmental model of stress as applied to multiple sclerosis. Front Integr Neurosci 2024; 18:1365672. [PMID: 38957213 PMCID: PMC11218666 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2024.1365672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes a new model of stress that integrates earlier models and adds insights from developmental psychology. Previous models describe the behavioral and physical effects of stress events, but have not explained the translation of experiences into stress itself. The Developmental Model of Stress shows how psychosocial developmental challenges in childhood create persistent negative beliefs and behaviors that increase threat perception and maladaptive stress responses. These developmental challenges produce early psychological and physiological predispositions for increased stress responses over time. Ongoing stress leads to dysregulation of physical stress-response systems (allostatic load), which is associated with multiple diseases. High allostatic load provides the necessary preconditions for the diathesis-stress model, which says the addition of an acute stressor to a weakened or predisposed system can lead to disease development. The paper also documents the evolving measurement of stress to better understand the stress-disease relationship, helping to resolve conflicting results between studies. The Developmental Model of Stress was combined with clinician insight and patient reports to build an integrative framework for understanding the role of stress in the development and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). It includes the first mapping of maladaptive beliefs and behaviors arising from developmental challenges that are common to people with MS. An initial comparison shows these may be distinct from those of people with other chronic diseases. These beliefs and behaviors form the predisposing factors and contribute to the triggering factors, which are the acute stressors triggering disease onset. These often took two forms, a prolonged incident experienced as feeling trapped or stuck, and threat of a breach in a relationship. The reinforcing factors add the stress of a chronic disease with a poor prognosis and seemingly random symptom fluctuation, still managed with the same beliefs and behaviors developed in childhood, increasing physiological dysregulation and symptom severity. A pilot study is described in which these three categories of stress factors in MS were explicitly addressed. This study noted clinically important improvements in physical and mental well-being, providing preliminary support for the Developmental Model. Future research might expand on the pilot using a more robust sample and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Fauver
- Integral Health Program, California Institute for Human Science, Encinitas, CA, United States
| | - Eva M. Clark
- MIND based Healing, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn E. Schwartz
- DeltaQuest Foundation, Inc., Concord, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine and Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tufts University Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Lim H, Son H, Han G, Kim T. Stigma and quality of life in lung cancer patients: The mediating effect of distress and the moderated mediating effect of social support. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs 2024; 11:100483. [PMID: 38800493 PMCID: PMC11112602 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjon.2024.100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of distress on the relationship between stigma and quality of life (QOL) in lung cancer patients, and to explore the moderated mediating effect of social support. Methods A total of 184 individuals diagnosed with primary lung cancer participated in the study. Data on general and disease-related characteristics, stigma, distress, QOL, and social support were collected using a comprehensive structured questionnaire. Medical records were also utilized for an in-depth analysis of disease-related attributes. The data were meticulously analyzed using the SPSS PROCESS macro ver. 3.4 for detailed insights. Results The findings elucidated a clear pathway whereby stigma negatively impacted patients' QOL through the mediating effect of distress. Interestingly, the extent of this impact was significantly influenced by the presence of friendship support, underscoring its unique moderated mediating role. Conversely, support from family and health care professionals did not demonstrate a significant influence in this context. Conclusions These findings underscore the importance of addressing stigma and distress to improve the QOL of lung cancer patients. The study highlights the pivotal role of friendship support in moderating this relationship, suggesting the need for tailored interventions to strengthen social networks. These insights provide valuable guidance for developing more nuanced and effective patient support strategies in oncology care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Lim
- Pusan National University Hospital, Seo-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmi Son
- College of Nursing, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangman-do, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Nursing Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangman-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyumin Han
- Research Institute of Nursing Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangman-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwa Kim
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangman-do, Republic of Korea
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3
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Upenieks L, Bounds EM, Melton KK, Glanzer P, Schnitker SA. Attachment to God, Contingent Self-Worth, and Mental Health Outcomes in U.S. Collegiate Athletes. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2024; 63:445-465. [PMID: 37658162 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-023-01907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Scholars and practitioners have recently devoted increased attention to the psychological well-being of student-athletes. However, sparse research has examined the role of religion/spirituality in well-being in athletic populations. In a sample of U.S. collegiate athletes (N = 415), the present study assessed how the divine relationship, measured by attachment style to God, associates with depressive and anxiety symptoms in a sample of collegiate student-athletes, as well as the mediating role of contingent self-worth based on the approval of others in this process. Results show that secure attachment to God is associated with fewer mental illness symptoms, whereas avoidant and anxious attachment to God are associated with greater mental illness symptoms. Contingent self-worth based on others' approval partially mediates each of these associations. Implications for the religion and health literature and sport practitioners are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Upenieks
- Department of Sociology, Baylor University, 97326 One Bear Place, Waco, TX, USA.
| | - Elizabeth M Bounds
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Karen K Melton
- Department of Human Sciences and Design, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Perry Glanzer
- Department of Educational Leadership, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Sarah A Schnitker
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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McCurdy AL, Renley BM, Lavner JA, Meslay G, Watson RJ, Russell ST. Sexual minority youth in romantic relationships: Associations with youth well-being. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2023; 33:1368-1376. [PMID: 37715595 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated differences in depressive symptoms, loneliness, and self-esteem for monosexual (lesbian, gay) and plurisexual (bisexual, pansexual, queer) sexual minority youth (SMY) by relationship status (single, partnered) and relationship configuration (same-gender partner, different-gender partner). Participants included 338 SMY (Mage = 19.10 years) who reported on their relationship status, partner's gender identity, well-being, and ability to confide in partner about LGBTQ issues. Results indicated that for plurisexual youth, single status was associated with greater loneliness; plurisexual youth with same-gender partners reported fewer depressive symptoms and marginally greater ability to confide in their partner about LGBTQ issues than those with different-gender partners. Findings reveal similarities across SMY while also highlighting some unique challenges among plurisexual youth with different-gender partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L McCurdy
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Benton M Renley
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Justin A Lavner
- Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Gaëlle Meslay
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Institut National d'Études Démographiques, Paris, France
| | - Ryan J Watson
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stephen T Russell
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Çelikbaş Z, Yalçınkaya-Alkar Ö. The Relationship Between Attachment Styles, Ruminative Response Styles, Dysfunctional Attitudes and Major Depression Diagnosis. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-022-00446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Morera MD, Quiles MN, Gonzalez-Mendez R. Integrating Dehumanization and Attachment in the Prediction of Teen Dating Violence Perpetration. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP1939-NP1962. [PMID: 32571154 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520933042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dehumanization has the potential to account for different abusive behaviors because it involves making negative judgments of others that make it easier to harm them. However, research has not resorted to this mechanism to analyze teen dating violence (TDV) perpetration, nor has it examined its association with the broader representations of others linked to attachment. The first objective of this study was to analyze whether dehumanization of one's partner (lesser perceived agency and experience) and attribution of evilness were associated with a higher level of TDV perpetration and specific attachment styles. The second objective was to develop a structural equation model (SEM) that allowed integration of the links between all these factors. Participants in this cross-sectional study were 1799 adolescents who completed a survey in high schools. The results showed that those who were classified as high in TDV perpetration did perceive lower agency, lower experience, and higher evilness in their partners. The dehumanized perception of one's partner was found to vary according to the attachment styles, with those highest in avoidance (dismissive and fearful) dehumanizing their partners the most. The SEM showed that dehumanization is related to avoidant and not to anxious attachment. It also pointed to the relevance of attribution of evilness in predicting TDV perpetration. The invariance of the model was tested across gender subsamples. These findings allow better understanding of how violence may arise in early relationships and where to focus intervention with adolescents.
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Bendezú JJ, Wodzinski A, Loughlin-Presnal JE, Mozeko J, Cobler S, Wadsworth ME. A multiple levels of analysis examination of the performance goal model of depression vulnerability in preadolescent children. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:241-261. [PMID: 32924893 PMCID: PMC7956127 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420000851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
If performance goals (i.e., motivation to prove ability) increase children's vulnerability to depression (Dykman, 1998), why are they overlooked in the psychopathology literature? Evidence has relied on self-report or observational methods and has yet to articulate how this vulnerability unfolds across levels of analysis implicated in stress-depression linkages; for example, hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis (HPA), sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Utilizing a multiple-levels-of-analysis approach (Cicchetti, 2010), this experimental study tested Dykman's goal orientation model of depression vulnerability in a community sample of preadolescents (N = 121, Mage = 10.60 years, Range = 9.08-12.00 years, 51.6% male). Self-reports of performance goals, attachment security, and subjective experience of internalizing difficulties were obtained in addition to objective behavioral (i.e., task persistence) and physiologic arousal (i.e., salivary cortisol, skin conductance level) responses to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and two randomly assigned coping conditions: avoidance, distraction. Children with performance goals reported greater internalizing difficulties and exhibited more dysregulated TSST physiologic responses (i.e., HPA hyperreactivity, SNS protracted recovery), yet unexpectedly displayed greater TSST task persistence and more efficient physiologic recovery during avoidance relative to distraction. These associations were stronger and nonsignificant in the context of insecure and secure attachment, respectively. Findings illustrate a complex matrix of in-the-moment, integrative psychobiological relationships linking performance goals to depression vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jesse Mozeko
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Sierra Cobler
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University
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Walker SA, Double KS, Kunst H, Zhang M, MacCann C. Emotional intelligence and attachment in adulthood: A meta-analysis. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Novakov I, Kuruzović N. The relationship between attachment styles, psychopathology and quality of social interaction: A study on a clinical sample. PSIHOLOSKA ISTRAZIVANJA 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/psistra25-36956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the differences between four attachment styles in relation to symptoms of psychopathology and the quality of social interaction, as well as to determine the role of attachment and psychopathology in predicting positive and negative social exchange. A total of 57 participants from the neuropsychiatric department of the Service for Specialist-Consultative Health Activities of the Health Centre in Novi Sad took part in the research. Respondents were mostly female (61%), aged 17 to 68 (M=40.13, SD=12.35). The Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) was used for attachment styles assessment. Psychopathological symptoms were measured using the Cornell Index (CI-N4), and the quality of social relationships was evaluated via the Network of Relationship Inventory (NRI). The highest rate of symptoms was detected in subjects with a preoccupied style, followed by those whose style was identified as fearful. The same two styles showed the least positive social exchange. Statistically significant differences on most scales from CI-N4 were found mainly between the secure and preoccupied subjects, while subjects with the avoidant pattern did not demonstrate significant differences in psychopathology and social functioning compared to secure participants. Secure affective attachment and low aggressive-antisocial indicators (impulsiveness, aggression, and paranoia) were the most important predictors of positive social exchange. Understanding psychopathological manifestations of different insecure attachment styles can contribute to the efficiency of psychodiagnostic and psychotherapeutic processes. Furthermore, the fact that insecure attachment and aggressive-antisocial factor predominantly compromise positive social interaction can facilitate goal setting during psychological treatment within the clinical spectrum.
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Szpitalak M, Polczyk R. Mediators and Moderators of Reinforced Self-Affirmation as a Method for Reducing the Memory Misinformation Effect. Front Psychol 2021; 12:666707. [PMID: 34887794 PMCID: PMC8649659 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.666707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The misinformation effect occurs when an eyewitness includes information in his or her account that is incongruent with the event he or she witnessed, and stems from being exposed to incorrect external sources. This is a serious threat to the quality of witness testimony and to the correctness of decisions reached by courts. However, few methods have been developed to reduce the vulnerability of witnesses to misinformation. This article presents such a method, namely, reinforced self-affirmation (RSA), which, by increasing memory confidence of witnesses, makes them less inclined to rely on external sources of information and more on their own memory. The effectiveness of this method was confirmed in three experiments. It was also found that memory confidence, but not general self-confidence, is a mediator of the impact of RSA on misinformation effect (ME), and that contingent self-esteem and feedback acceptance, but not sense of self-efficacy or general self-esteem, are moderators of this impact. It is concluded that RSA may be a promising basis for constructing methods, which can be used by forensic psychologists in real forensic settings.
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Blankenship BT, Stewart AJ. The best little
kid
in the world: Internalized sexual stigma and extrinsic contingencies of self‐worth, work values, and life aspirations among men
and
women. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abigail J. Stewart
- Departments of Psychology and Women's Studies The University of Michigan
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D'Rozario AB, Pilkington PD. Parental Separation and Divorce and Adulthood Attachment: The Mediating Role of the Abandonment Schema. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 29:664-675. [PMID: 34396641 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether the Abandonment schema mediates the relationship between a history of parental separation or divorce and attachment styles in adulthood. Participants (N = 426; Mage = 30.78 years) completed online measures, using Qualtrics. Results demonstrated that a history of parental separation or divorce was positively associated with anxious and avoidant attachment styles in adulthood. Mediation analyses revealed that the Abandonment schema mediated these relationships (p <.001). This suggests that adults with a history of parental divorce or separation are more likely to report anxious and avoidant attachment styles, and this is partially accounted for by an expectation that they will be abandoned by others. These findings have implications for case formulation and can be used to inform treatment. Schema therapy focused on healing the Abandonment schema could promote attachment security in individuals with a history of parental separation or divorce. For example, limited reparenting (i.e., the therapist seeking to meet the client's unmet emotional needs, within the professional boundaries of the relationship), could be tailored to address the individual's underlying unmet need for security and stability. Further research is needed to advance our understanding of the implications of these findings for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelyse B D'Rozario
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pamela D Pilkington
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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Set Z. Mediating Role of Narcissism, Vulnerable Narcissism, and Self-Compassion in the Relationship Between Attachment Dimensions and Psychopathology. ALPHA PSYCHIATRY 2021; 22:147-152. [PMID: 36425445 PMCID: PMC9590667 DOI: 10.5455/apd.99551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to test the mediation effect of narcissism, vulnerable narcissism, and self-compassion in the relationship between attachment dimensions and psychopathology. METHODS The sample included 203 students, of whom 134 (66%) were women and 69 (34%) men with ages between 18 and 36 years [(mean: 20.73 (SD = 2.86)]. In this study, inventory of experiences in close relationships, Beck depression scale, Beck anxiety scale, narcissistic personality inventory, vulnerable narcissism scale, and self-compassion scale were used. RESULTS Anxious attachment was positively correlated with vulnerable narcissism and narcissistic personality traits, negatively with self-compassion, and positively with depression and anxiety. However, avoidant attachment was negatively correlated with vulnerable narcissism and narcissistic personality traits. Self-compassion was negatively associated with vulnerable narcissism, depression, and anxiety. When mediating effects were tested, it was found that narcissistic personality traits and vulnerable narcissism had mediating effects both in the relationship between anxious attachment and anxiety and in the relationship between anxious attachment and depression. CONCLUSION As it is known that insecure attachment is associated with the development of many psychopathologies in terms of preventive mental health, it is thought that it will be important to consider the dimensions of self-compassion and narcissism in the prevention programs to be carried out. Considering the mediating effect of self-compassion, targeting the development of an individual's non-judgmental attitude toward himself or herself can prevent possible psychological problems and create a buffering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Set
- Department of Psychology, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
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Szcześniak M, Timoszyk-Tomczak C. Religious Struggle and Life Satisfaction Among Adult Christians: Self-esteem as a Mediator. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2020; 59:2833-2856. [PMID: 32910280 PMCID: PMC7677265 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-020-01082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The religious dimension of life represents an important source of human strength, meaning, and coping for many people. However, the religious life is not always "smooth and easy" and can be associated with weak personal adjustment, poorer psychological well-being, and lower satisfaction. Yet, besides the direct relationship between these variables, some researchers postulate the existence of an indirect association that has not been fully explained by various psychosocial mediators. The aim of the present study was to verify whether self-esteem could be a potential mediator between religious strain and life satisfaction. The sample consisted of 607 adult Christians (49.6% women) aged between 18 and 79. We used the Religious Comfort and Strain Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Consistent with our hypotheses, life satisfaction positively correlated with religious comfort and was negatively associated with fear/guilt, negative emotions toward God, and negative social interactions surrounding religion. The same pattern of results was shown in the case of self-esteem. Moreover, the outcomes obtained from bootstrap sampling (5000) with a 95% confidence interval indicated a significant role of self-esteem as a mediator in all of the relationships between: (1) religious comfort and life satisfaction; (2) fear/guilt and life satisfaction; (3) negative emotions toward God and life satisfaction; and (4) negative social interactions surrounding religion and life satisfaction.
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Love B, Vetere A, Davis P. Understanding addiction, relapse and recovery amongst substance using offenders – a qualitative study informed by developmental psychological theories. DRUGS AND ALCOHOL TODAY 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/dat-04-2020-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Psychological developmental informed theories imply that addiction is not exclusively due to the addictive properties of the substance but that early psycho-social experiences are influential on later life. The purpose of this paper is to understand substance dependency, relapse and recovery amongst community-based substance using offenders in relation to their childhoods, relationships and significant life events, from their perspective. A key aim was to help better inform policy and practice.
Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative study (interpretative phenomenological analysis) was used to understand the impact of childhood, relationships and significant life events amongst (N = 17) adult ex/offenders with substance use dependency problems, (who were part of the UK Government rehabilitation programme), to understand their substance use and recovery from their own perspectives.
Findings
Four main superordinate themes were developed illustrating participants extremely adverse childhoods. Substance use was a means to cope with current and past trauma and crises and to help manage the emotions and mental health which could accompany these difficulties. Managing recovery was about learning to manage life itself, including emotions, mental health problems, trauma/responses, relationships and everyday life.
Originality/value
This group is under researched where qualitative methods have been used. The study focussed on early-psycho-social experiences and relationships and the influence of these throughout the life cycle, in relation to their substance use. The study was informed by theories often used in therapeutic settings but rarely in research, (Orford, 2008; Khantzian, 2012; Flores, 2012, Van Der Kolk, 2014).
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White P, Forrester-Jones R. Valuing e-inclusion: Social media and the social networks of adolescents with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2020; 24:381-397. [PMID: 30616492 DOI: 10.1177/1744629518821240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media is a growing phenomenon, yet people with intellectual disability (ID) may not experience comparable access to this communication technology. Adolescents with ID may benefit from e-inclusion, especially as individuals with ID are at risk of having smaller social networks. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Social Network Guide was adapted to measure social media usage and used to examine the interpersonal relationships of adolescents with and without ID. RESULTS Adolescents with ID held smaller social networks with less developed informal relationships. However, friendship quality was comparable or superior to typically developing peers. Adolescents with ID interacted with a smaller percentage of contacts using social media. Social media use was predictive of the number of reported friendships and did not significantly predict critical comments. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that adolescents with ID have comparable access to social media but use these sites to interact with a smaller number of social contacts.
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Linking Mother and Offspring Depressive Symptoms: The mediating role of child appearance contingent self-worth. J Affect Disord 2020; 273:113-121. [PMID: 32421591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents exposed to maternal depression are more vulnerable to depressive symptoms. Less is known on the mediating role of children's self-worth construction processes, particularly those related to physical appearance. This study proposes and tests appearance contingent self-worth (ACSW) as a mediator linking depressive symptoms across generations. METHODS Our sample included 1,420 participants of the Great Smoky Mountain Study. Offspring depressive symptoms were prospectively assessed with DSM-IV for both the adolescent period (13-16) and adulthood period (19-26). Maternal depression was screened with the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire when the child was 13-16 years old. We used gender-stratified structural equation model in which offspring ACSW in adolescence and adulthood were specified as mediators linking maternal depression and offspring depressive symptoms in adolescence and adulthood, respectively. Mediation was tested using bias-corrected bootstrapped standard errors. RESULTS ACSW is associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms in both adolescent and adult females and males, but the link between maternal depressive symptoms and ACSW is only significant among females. ACSW partially mediates the effects of maternal depressive symptoms on adolescent and adult depressive symptoms in girls. LIMITATIONS Measurement of maternal depression was not based on diagnosis. Generalizability is limited due to the regional sample. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence that daughters of depressed mothers may stake their self-worth on body image, which may partially explain some of their higher susceptibility to depression.
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Dansby Olufowote RA, Fife ST, Schleiden C, Whiting JB. How Can I Become More Secure?: A Grounded Theory of Earning Secure Attachment. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2020; 46:489-506. [PMID: 31573684 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a grounded theory of earning secure attachment. This study included 15 women and 5 men who met the criteria of having a self-reported history of attachment insecurity and demonstrated evidence of earned security. The grand tour research question, How do adults with a history of insecure attachment earn security?, was explored using constructivist grounded theory and semi-structured interviews emphasizing processes of positive attachment change. The results describe a process model of change hinging on three interrelated categories: meta-conditions of positive attachment change, making intrapsychic changes, and making interpersonal changes. Clinical implications include the importance of clients committing to the process, clients working with a clinician trained in trauma-focused therapy, and clinicians being surrogate attachment figures for clients.
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Mathes BM, Timpano KR, Raines AM, Schmidt NB. Attachment theory and hoarding disorder: A review and theoretical integration. Behav Res Ther 2020; 125:103549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.103549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Turan B, Crockett KB, Buyukcan-Tetik A, Kempf MC, Konkle-Parker D, Wilson TE, Tien PC, Wingood G, Neilands TB, Johnson MO, Weiser SD, Turan JM. Buffering Internalization of HIV Stigma: Implications for Treatment Adherence and Depression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 80:284-291. [PMID: 30531493 PMCID: PMC6375772 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One mechanism through which social stigma of HIV affects health outcomes for people living with HIV (PLWH) is through internalization of stigma. However, this transformation of social stigma in the community into internalized stigma may not be of the same magnitude for all PLWH. We examined the moderating effects of 3 personality traits-fear of negative social evaluation, attachment-related anxiety, and dispositional resilience-in transforming perceived stigma in the community into internalized stigma. Furthermore, we investigated downstream effects of these moderated associations on depressive symptoms and antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence. SETTING/METHODS In study 1, data from 203 PLWH in the Southeast United States were analyzed controlling for age, sex, education, race, and time on ART. In study 2, data from 453 women in a multisite study were analyzed controlling for age, education, race, time on ART, and substance use. RESULTS In both studies, fear of negative evaluation and attachment-related anxiety moderated the effect of perceived HIV stigma in the community on internalized HIV stigma: People higher on those moderating variables had stronger associations between perceived stigma in the community and internalized stigma. In study 2, resilience was assessed and also moderated the effect of perceived HIV stigma in the community on internalized stigma. In moderated mediation models, fear of negative evaluation, attachment-related anxiety, and resilience moderated the indirect effect of perceived HIV stigma in the community on ART adherence and depression through internalized stigma. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to assuage internalization of HIV stigma should focus on bolstering attachment-related security, social competence, and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Turan
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Kaylee B Crockett
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Mirjam-Colette Kempf
- Schools of Nursing, Public Health, and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Deborah Konkle-Parker
- Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Tracey E Wilson
- Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Phyllis C Tien
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Medical Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Gina Wingood
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Torsten B Neilands
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mallory O Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sheri D Weiser
- Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Janet M Turan
- Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Marrero-Quevedo RJ, Blanco-Hernández PJ, Hernández-Cabrera JA. Adult Attachment and Psychological Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Personality. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-018-9297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Zhang X, Ran G, Xu W, Ma Y, Chen X. Adult Attachment Affects Neural Response to Preference-Inferring in Ambiguous Scenarios: Evidence From an fMRI Study. Front Psychol 2018; 9:139. [PMID: 29559932 PMCID: PMC5845741 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are highly social animals, and the ability to cater to the preferences of other individuals is encouraged by society. Preference-inferring is an important aspect of the theory of mind (TOM). Many previous studies have shown that attachment style is closely related to TOM ability. However, little is known about the effects of adult attachment style on preferences inferring under different levels of certainty. Here, we investigated how adult attachment style affects neural activity underlying preferences inferred under different levels of certainty by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The fMRI results demonstrated that adult attachment influenced the activation of anterior insula (AI) and inferior parietal lobule (IPL) in response to ambiguous preference-inferring. More specifically, in the ambiguous preference condition, the avoidant attached groups exhibited a significantly enhanced activation than secure and anxious attached groups in left IPL; the anxious attached groups exhibited a significantly reduced activation secure attached group in left IPL. In addition, the anxious attached groups exhibited a significantly reduced activation than secure and avoidant attached groups in left AI. These results were also further confirmed by the subsequent PPI analysis. The results from current study suggest that, under ambiguous situations, the avoidant attached individuals show lower sensitivity to the preference of other individuals and need to invest more cognitive resources for preference-reasoning; while compared with avoidant attached group, the anxious attached individuals express high tolerance for uncertainty and a higher ToM proficiency. Results from the current study imply that differences in preference-inferring under ambiguous conditions associated with different levels of individual attachment may explain the differences in interpersonal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangming Ran
- Institute of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Wenjian Xu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanxiao Ma
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xu Chen,
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Amarnani RK, Bordia P, Restubog SLD. Beyond Tit-for-Tat: Theorizing Divergent Employee Reactions to Customer Mistreatment. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1059601118755239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Customer mistreatment is a ubiquitous and pernicious form of interpersonal mistreatment leveled by customers against employees. Service workers’ reactions to customer mistreatment have been traditionally viewed as tit-for-tat reactions in which service workers respond to customers’ aggression with retaliation in kind. However, this tit-for-tat account does not capture the broad range of possible service worker responses to customer misbehavior. We build the case for self-esteem threat as an overarching framework for divergent employee reactions to customer mistreatment, and explain how service workers’ behavioral reactions and emotional labor may systematically vary according to where service workers stake their self-esteem—in performance, in others’ approval, or in status—using contingencies of self-worth theory. Other features of the self-concept are identified as boundary conditions of the process.
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24
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Letourneau NL, Hart JM, MacMaster FP. Association Between Nonparenting Adult’s Attachment Patterns and Brain Structure and Function. SAGE Open Nurs 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2377960816685572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lyn Letourneau
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine (Pediatrics & Psychiatry), University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J. Martha Hart
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine (Pediatrics & Psychiatry), University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Frank P. MacMaster
- Cumming School of Medicine (Pediatrics & Psychiatry), University of Calgary, AB, Canada
- Strategic Clinical Network for Addictions and Mental Health, Alberta Heath Services, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
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Valikhani A, Goodarzi MA. Contingencies of Self-Worth and Psychological Distress in Iranian Patients Seeking Cosmetic Surgery: Integrative Self-Knowledge as Mediator. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2017; 41:955-963. [PMID: 28374299 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-017-0853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous studies have shown that people applying for cosmetic surgery experience high-intensity psychological distress, important variables that function as protective factors have rarely been the subject of study in this population. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of low and high self-knowledge in experiencing psychological distress and contingencies of self-worth to appearance and approval from others and to identify the mediatory role of the integrative self-knowledge in patients seeking cosmetic surgery. METHODS Eighty-eight patients seeking cosmetic surgery were selected and completed the contingencies of self-worth and integrative self-knowledge scales, as well as the depression, anxiety and stress scale. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and path analysis using 5000 bootstrap resampling. RESULTS The results of MANOVA showed that patients seeking cosmetic surgery with high self-knowledge had lower levels of depression, anxiety and stress compared to patients with low self-knowledge. They also gained lower scores in contingencies of self-worth to appearance and approval from others. The results of path analysis indicated that self-knowledge is a complete mediator in the relationship between contingencies of self-worth to appearance and approval from others and psychological distress. CONCLUSION Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that self-knowledge as a protective factor plays a major role in relation to the psychological distress experienced by the patients seeking cosmetic surgery. In fact, by increasing self-knowledge among this group of patients, their psychological distress can be decreased. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Valikhani
- Department of Clinical Psychology, College of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Goodarzi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, College of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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Pellerone M, Iacolino C, Mannino G, Formica I, Zabbara SM. The influence of parenting on maladaptive cognitive schema: a cross-sectional research on a group of adults. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2017; 10:47-58. [PMID: 28203113 PMCID: PMC5295806 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s117371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature emphasizes the role of early interpersonal experiences in the development of cognitive vulnerability; in particular, interruptions in early family relationships, parental unavailability and dysfunctional parenting are potential evolutionary precursors to negative cognitive style and emotional disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study measured the relationship of retrospective ratings on parental bonding with cognitive patterns in a group of Italian adults. The objectives of this study were as follows: to analyze the influence of age and education level on cognitive domains; to verify whether being parents and living at home with parents affect both parenting style and cognitive domains; to investigate how the type of the maternal and paternal parenting independently affects cognitive styles; to measure the predictive variables for the use of cognitive dysfunctional patterns and to investigate age as a moderating variable of the relation between parenting styles and cognitive domains in a group of adult men and women. The research involved 209 adults (118 males and 91 females) living in Sicily (Italy) aged between 20 and 60 years (M = 37.52; SD = 11.42). The research lasted for 1 year. The instruments used were the Parental Bonding Instrument to measure the perception of parenting during childhood and the Young Schema Questionnaire-3 to investigate cognitive patterns. RESULTS Data show that being a younger adult male with mother's parenting style characterized by a lower level of nurturance is predictive of the disconnection and rejection domain, whereas, being a younger adult woman, with a higher level of maternal control is predictive of the impaired limits domain. CONCLUSION This study underlines that because mothers and fathers establish different bonds with their children, care and control by both parents might impact different domains of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Pellerone
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, "Kore" University of Enna, Enna, Sicily, Italy
| | - Calogero Iacolino
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, "Kore" University of Enna, Enna, Sicily, Italy
| | | | - Ivan Formica
- Department of Cognitive, Psychological, Pedagogical Sciences and Cultural Studies, University of Study of Messina, Messina, Sicily, Italy
| | - Simona Maria Zabbara
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, "Kore" University of Enna, Enna, Sicily, Italy
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27
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Lockhart G, Phillips S, Bolland A, Delgado M, Tietjen J, Bolland J. Prospective Relations among Low-Income African American Adolescents' Maternal Attachment Security, Self-Worth, and Risk Behaviors. Front Psychol 2017; 8:33. [PMID: 28174548 PMCID: PMC5258752 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined prospective mediating relations among mother-adolescent attachment security, self-worth, and risk behaviors, including substance use and violence, across ages 13-17 in a sample of 901 low-income African American adolescents. Path analyses revealed that self-worth was a significant mediator between attachment security and risk behaviors, such that earlier attachment security predicted self-worth 1 year later, which in turn, predicted substance use, weapon carrying, and fighting in the 3rd year. Implications for the role of the secure base concept within the context of urban poverty are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginger Lockhart
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, LoganUT, USA
| | | | - Anneliese Bolland
- Institute for Social Science Research, University of Alabama, TuscaloosaAL, USA
| | - Melissa Delgado
- School of Family and Consumer Sciences, Texas State University, San MarcosTX, USA
| | - Juliet Tietjen
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, LoganUT, USA
| | - John Bolland
- Institute for Social Science Research, University of Alabama, TuscaloosaAL, USA
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28
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Zeigler-Hill V. Contingent Self-Esteem and Race: Implications for the Black Self-Esteem Advantage. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798406295096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has found that despite being aware of negative stereotypes about their group and experiencing prejudice and discrimination, Blacks tend to report higher levels of self-esteem than Whites. Despite the robust nature of the Black self-esteem advantage, an adequate explanation for the higher self-esteem of Blacks relative to Whites has yet to be offered. The present studies examine whether Blacks and Whites differ in the domains on which their self-esteem is based and whether these differences mediate the relationship between race and self-esteem. The present studies found that Blacks and Whites tend to base their self-esteem on different domains and that the tendency of Whites to base their self-esteem on the approval of others provides a partial explanation for the Black self-esteem advantage. These findings are discussed in terms of their relevance to racial differences in self-esteem.
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29
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Zhang X, Chen X, Ran G, Ma Y. Adult children's support and self-esteem as mediators in the relationship between attachment and subjective well-being in older adults. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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30
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Schöne C, Tandler SS, Stiensmeier-Pelster J. Contingent self-esteem and vulnerability to depression: academic contingent self-esteem predicts depressive symptoms in students. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1573. [PMID: 26539135 PMCID: PMC4611308 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low self-esteem has been established as a vulnerability factor for depression. In line with recent research, we suggest that a full understanding of the role of self-esteem in depression requires consideration of contingent self-esteem as well. For most people, competence is an important source of self-esteem. Students in particular link their self-esteem to academic competence. To test the hypothesis that academic contingent self-esteem (aCSE) predicts depressive symptoms (DS), two studies were conducted. Preceding the investigation of our hypothesis, the first purpose of Study 1 was to describe the development of aCSE, self-esteem (SE) level, and DS in adolescence in a sample of German students aged 10-16 (N = 1888) in order to provide a foundation for further analyses. Then, to address the main question, age and gender differences in aCSE, SE level, and DS as well as their relations were investigated. The results show that (1) gender differences emerged after the age of 10/11. Girls scored higher on aCSE and DS and lower on SE level than did boys, and aCSE and DS decreased and SE level increased over time in boys, while the rather disadvantageous pattern in girls remained stable. (2) After controlling for SE level and aCSE, the effects of gender and age × gender interaction on DS disappeared, suggesting an influence of aCSE on DS. (3) aCSE predicted DS over and above SE level. Since the results of Study 1 did not allow for causal conclusions, a longitudinal study (N = 160) was conducted to further investigate the causal role of aCSE. According to the diathesis-stress model, aCSE was expected to serve as a diathesis for developing DS in the face of academic stress (daily hassles) during an academic semester at university. The results of Study 2 revealed that aCSE interacted with corresponding hassles to predict increases in DS. High levels of academic stress led to increases in DS only among students who strongly based their SE on academic competence. Implications for prevention and intervention of depression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schöne
- Educational Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah S Tandler
- Educational Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany
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Paech J, Schindler I, Fagundes CP. Mastery matters most: How mastery and positive relations link attachment avoidance and anxiety to negative emotions. Cogn Emot 2015; 30:1027-36. [PMID: 26079543 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1039933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Attachment avoidance and anxiety are associated with negative emotions. However, the mechanisms underlying these associations are not fully understood. We investigated environmental mastery and positive relations with others as two mechanisms behind the attachment-emotion link in a sample of 343 adults. As predicted, attachment avoidance and anxiety were related to greater fear, hostility, envy and depression through lower mastery. Contrary to our hypothesis, positive relations mediated only the attachment-depression link. In addition, by adopting a moderated mediation approach, we were able to show that mastery mattered most for individuals high on avoidance: The indirect effect of avoidance through lack of mastery on fear, hostility and depression (but not on envy) increased with higher avoidance scores. Contrary to our predictions, poor relationships did not matter more as sources of negative emotions as anxiety increased. These findings underscore that the emotional life of avoidantly attached individuals is especially jeopardised by poor mastery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Paech
- a Cluster of Excellence , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Ines Schindler
- a Cluster of Excellence , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Christopher P Fagundes
- b Department of Health Disparities Research , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
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Hart J, Nailling E, Bizer GY, Collins CK. Attachment theory as a framework for explaining engagement with Facebook. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Leitner JB, Hehman E, Deegan MP, Jones JM. Adaptive Disengagement Buffers Self-Esteem From Negative Social Feedback. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2014; 40:1435-50. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167214549319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The degree to which self-esteem hinges on feedback in a domain is known as a contingency of self-worth, or engagement. Although previous research has conceptualized engagement as stable, it would be advantageous for individuals to dynamically regulate engagement. The current research examined whether the tendency to disengage from negative feedback accounts for variability in self-esteem. We created the Adaptive Disengagement Scale (ADS) to capture individual differences in the tendency to disengage self-esteem from negative outcomes. Results demonstrated that the ADS is reliable and valid (Studies 1 and 2). Furthermore, in response to negative social feedback, higher scores on the ADS predicted greater state self-esteem (Study 3), and this relationship was mediated by disengagement (Study 4). These findings demonstrate that adaptive disengagement protects self-esteem from negative outcomes and that the ADS is a valid measure of individual differences in the implementation of this process.
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Besharat MA, Issazadegan A, Etemadinia M, Golssanamlou S, Abdolmanafi A. Risk factors associated with depressive symptoms among undergraduate students. Asian J Psychiatr 2014; 10:21-6. [PMID: 25042947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship of several cognitive and emotional variables including perfectionism, rumination, and attachment quality with depressive symptoms in a sample of Iranian undergraduate students. Two hundred and ninety nine undergraduate students (144 males, 156 females) from Urmia University of Technology, Urmia University, and Urmia University of Medical Sciences participated in this study. Participants were asked to complete Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (TMPS), Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The results demonstrated that insecurity of attachment, socially prescribed perfectionism, and rumination could significantly predict the depressive symptoms in undergraduate students. Confirming predictive risk factors of depressive symptoms, results of the present study can produce an empirical basis for designing educational and health programs for people at risk. Accordingly, proper assessment of the risk factors of depressive symptoms in health care settings may provide invaluable information for prevention and management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Atefe Abdolmanafi
- Department of Psychology, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran
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Konrath SH, Chopik WJ, Hsing CK, O’Brien E. Changes in Adult Attachment Styles in American College Students Over Time. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2014; 18:326-48. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868314530516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The current article examines changes over time in a commonly used measure of adult attachment style. A cross-temporal meta-analysis was conducted on 94 samples of American college students (total N = 25,243, between 1988 and 2011) who chose the most representative description of four possible attachment styles (Secure, Dismissing, Preoccupied, and Fearful) on the Relationship Questionnaire. The percentage of students with Secure attachment styles has decreased in recent years (1988: 48.98%; 2011: 41.62%), whereas the percentage of students with Insecure attachment styles (sum of Dismissing, Preoccupied, Fearful) has increased in recent years (1988: 51.02%; 2011: 58.38%). The percentage of students with Dismissing attachment styles has increased over time (1988: 11.93%; 2011: 18.62%), even after controlling for age, gender, race, and publication status. Positive views of others have declined across the same time period. We discuss possible implications and explanations for these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H. Konrath
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
- University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
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36
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Boone L. Are attachment styles differentially related to interpersonal perfectionism and binge eating symptoms? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Otway LJ, Carnelley KB. Exploring the Associations between Adult Attachment Security and Self-actualization and Self-transcendence. SELF AND IDENTITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2012.667570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Contemporary researchers suggest that working is a relational act. Accordingly, literature reflects increasing interest in the relevance of attachment theory to vocational and organizational phenomena. In the current study, we focused on associations of avoidant attachment orientation (characterized by obsessive self-reliance), anxious attachment orientation (characterized by overdependence), and a central job characteristic (job autonomy) with work-related attitudes and emotions (work engagement, career commitment, work burnout, and emotional distress). Results from 150 Israeli employees revealed significant associations between avoidant attachment and all work-related outcomes, while anxiety was associated only with work burnout and emotional distress. Job autonomy was associated with all work-related outcomes, and although attachment anxiety and avoidance were not associated with job autonomy, the interactions between avoidance and job autonomy (but not the interactions between anxiety and job autonomy) significantly contributed to explained variance of all work outcomes. Simple slope analyses showed significant associations between avoidance and work-related outcomes in high job autonomy conditions and nonsignificant associations in low job autonomy conditions, surprisingly suggesting that high job autonomy specifically disadvantages highly avoidant employees. Theoretical and practical implications for organizations and for attachment theory at work are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lior Oren
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Shiri Lavy
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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39
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Individual differences in attachment and dispositional mindfulness: The mediating role of emotion regulation. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Donges US, Kugel H, Stuhrmann A, Grotegerd D, Redlich R, Lichev V, Rosenberg N, Ihme K, Suslow T, Dannlowski U. Adult attachment anxiety is associated with enhanced automatic neural response to positive facial expression. Neuroscience 2012; 220:149-57. [PMID: 22732507 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
According to social psychology models of adult attachment, a fundamental dimension of attachment is anxiety. Individuals who are high in attachment anxiety are motivated to achieve intimacy in relationships, but are mistrustful of others and their availability. Behavioral research has shown that anxiously attached persons are vigilant for emotional facial expression, but the neural substrates underlying this perceptual sensitivity remain largely unknown. In the present study functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine automatic brain reactivity to approach-related facial emotions as a function of attachment anxiety in a sample of 109 healthy adults. Pictures of sad and happy faces were presented masked by neutral faces. The Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) was used to assess attachment style. Attachment anxiety was correlated with depressivity, trait anxiety, and attachment avoidance. Controlling for these variables, attachment-related anxiety was positively related to responses in left inferior, middle, and medial prefrontal areas, globus pallidus, claustrum, and right cerebellum to masked happy facial expression. Attachment anxiety was not found to be associated with brain activation due to masked sad faces. Our findings suggest that anxiously attached adults are automatically more responsive to positive approach-related facial expression in brain areas that are involved in the perception of facial emotion, facial mimicry, or the assessment of affective value and social distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta-Susan Donges
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Karakurt G. The Interplay Between Self Esteem, Feeling of Inadequacy, Dependency, and Romantic Jealousy as a Function of Attachment Processes Among Turkish College Students. CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-012-9185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Abstract
In recent years, attachment theory, which was originally formulated to describe and explain infant-parent emotional bonding, has been applied to the study of adolescent and adult romantic relationships and then to the study of psychological processes, such as interpersonal functioning, emotion regulation, coping with stress, and mental health. In this paper, we offer a brief overview of the attachment perspective on psychopathology. Following a brief account of attachment theory, we go on to explain how the study of individual differences in adult attachment intersects with the study of psychopathology. Specifically, we review research findings showing that attachment insecurity is a major contributor to mental disorders, and that the enhancement of attachment security can facilitate amelioration of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mikulincer
- 1School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, P.O. Box 167, Herzliya 46150, Israel
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PARK LORAE, SANCHEZ DIANAT, BRYNILDSEN KIMBERLY. Maladaptive Responses to Relationship Dissolution: The Role of Relationship Contingent Self-Worth. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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McEwan K, Gilbert P, Duarte J. An exploration of competitiveness and caring in relation to psychopathology. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 51:19-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Park LE. Responses to Self-Threat: Linking Self and Relational Constructs with Approach and Avoidance Motivation. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rusk N, Rothbaum F. From Stress to Learning: Attachment Theory Meets Goal Orientation Theory. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1037/a0018123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Few investigators have explored connections between attachment theory and goal orientation theory. Although the theories differ in important ways, we suggest there is a striking similarity in their depiction of an adaptive pathway leading from stress to learning goals and constructive strategies, and a contrasting pathway leading from stress to self-validation goals and defensive strategies. We review evidence from two leading investigators—Mario Mikulincer in adult attachment theory and Carol Dweck in goal orientation theory—to show that, following failure and other setbacks, learning as compared to self-validation goals are more likely to lead to cognitive openness, problem-solving, support-seeking, and adaptive emotion regulation. The theories differ in their understanding of the views underlying learning and self-validation goals, and those differences have led to qualitatively different interventions. We suggest how attachment and goal orientation theory interventions can be integrated to maximize optimal functioning in stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Rusk
- Eliot-Pearson Department of Child Development, Tufts University
| | - Fred Rothbaum
- Eliot-Pearson Department of Child Development, Tufts University
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Global, contingent and implicit self-esteem and psychopathological symptoms in adolescents. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Krause N. Church-Based Social Relationships and Change in Self-Esteem Over Time. JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF RELIGION 2009; 48:756-773. [PMID: 20300481 PMCID: PMC2839244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study had two goals. The first goal was to see if church-based social relationships are associated with change in self-esteem. Emotional support from fellow church members and having a close personal relationship with God served as measures of church-based social ties. The second goal was to see whether emotional support from fellow church members is more strongly associated with self-esteem than emotional support from secular social network members. The data came from an ongoing nationwide survey of older adults. The findings revealed that having a close personal relationship with God is associated with a stronger sense of self-esteem at the baseline and follow-up interviews. In contrast, emotional support from fellow church members was not associated with self-esteem at either point in time. However, emotional support from secular social network members was related to self-esteem at the baseline but not the follow-up interview.
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Motschnig-Pitrik R, Barrett-Lennard G. Co-Actualization: A New Construct in Understanding Well-Functioning Relationships. JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/0022167809348017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The person-centered approach, positive psychology, and also neuroscience contribute evidence of a tendency toward actualization inherent in living organisms. In this article, the authors build on the observation that actualization in humans tends particularly to be promoted by being in well-functioning relationships with others. Each such fruitful relationship has a self-developing quality as well as being enhancing to the relationship partners.The resulting process is referred to as co-actualization. The postulated tendency toward engagement in that process is called the co-actualizing tendency. The article characterizes co-actualization especially from a relationally oriented person-centered perspective on psychology, education, systems thinking, psychotherapy, conceptual modeling, and neuroscience. The authors cite evidence from various sources, identify questions for further research, include phenomenological considerations, and discuss potentials of the co-actualizing process in close and larger scale relationships.
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Wu CH. The relationship between attachment style and self-concept clarity: The mediation effect of self-esteem. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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