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Rybina E, Colosio M, Shestakova A, Klucharev V. Neuromodulation of choice-induced preference changes: the tDCS study of cognitive dissonance. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1104410. [PMID: 38170108 PMCID: PMC10760977 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1104410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Difficult choices between two equally attractive options result in a cognitive discrepancy between dissonant cognitions such as preferences and actions often followed by a sense of psychological discomfort known as cognitive dissonance. It can lead to changes in the desirability of options: the chosen option becomes more desirable, whereas the rejected option is devalued. Despite the ample experimental evidence to show this effect, the neural mechanisms and timing of such choice-induced preference changes are not fully understood. Methods In this study, we used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to modulate the activity of the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC), which has been associated with conflict monitoring and choice-induced preference changes in neuroimaging studies. Prior to a revised version of Brehm's free-choice paradigm, participants in two experiments underwent cathodal (inhibitory) or anodal (excitatory) tDCS of the pMFC compared to sham (placebo) stimulation prior to the choice phase. Results Our results showed that cathodal tDCS significantly decreased the choice-induced preference change relative to a sham, but only in direct comparisons of rejected options. No significant effect of anodal tDCS in comparison with sham was observed. Discussion This study replicates the general behavioral effect of cognitive dissonance and provide partial support for the theory of the pMFC contribution to choice-related cognitive dissonance and subsequent preference changes, with possible limitations of an under-sampling for the obtained effect size and an asymmetry in the inhibitory-excitatory effects of non-invasive tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rybina
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
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Harmon-Jones E, Harmon-Jones C. Individual differences in dissonance arousal/reduction relate to physical exercise: Testing the action-based model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275990. [PMID: 36228024 PMCID: PMC9560602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present research was designed to test predictions derived from the action-based model of cognitive dissonance theory. These predictions were that dissonance arousal would be negatively related to effective behavior, and that dissonance reduction would be positively related to effective behavior. METHOD Dissonance arousal and reduction were measured using an individual differences questionnaire. Effective behavior was measured as amount of physical exercise obtained from an exercise app that measures exercise using GPS (cycling kilometers over one year; Study 1) and from self-reports (number of days during the previous week; Study 2-3). RESULTS Results suggested that individual differences in dissonance arousal relate to less exercise and that individual differences in dissonance reduction relate to more exercise. Statistically controlling for trait approach and avoidance motivation as well as satisfaction with life revealed that dissonance processes predicted exercise behavior over these traits. This pattern of results was generally consistent across the three studies. Moreover, results from Studies 2-3 suggested possible statistical mediators from the exercise commitment literature of the relationship between trait dissonance arousal/reduction and exercise behavior. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These results highlight the importance of considering dissonance processes as adaptive ones, and they suggest possible ways of increasing exercise behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Cindy Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Bran A, Vaidis DC. Nouveaux horizons sur la dissonance cognitive : développements récents, modèles intégratifs et pistes de recherche. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy1.221.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract. Volition is an essential component of sport and exercise. It comprises self-regulation processes complementing motivation to facilitate successful action. Therefore, sport psychological interventions or psychological skills training largely involve volition. Essentially, three theoretical approaches to volition have stimulated sport psychological research: the theory of action control, the Rubicon model of action phases, and the resource depletion model. These three models will be outlined and evaluated with regard to their contribution to sport psychological research. Despite their contributions, research on the exact mechanisms underlying volition is still in its infancy. Based on new developments involving affective neuroscience and self-control success, potential mechanisms are suggested. Subsequently, we discuss how these developments can advance the aforementioned well-established theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Beckmann
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia
- Dept. Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Madison Ehmann
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | | | - Benedikt Perl
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - and Wiebke Hähl
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Haehl W, Mirifar A, Quirin M, Beckmann J. Differentiating reactivity and regulation: Evidence for a role of prefrontal asymmetry in affect regulation. Biol Psychol 2021; 162:108107. [PMID: 33933555 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prefrontal asymmetry (PFA) has originally been referred to as "affective style" and is said to be associated with an individual's personality. Therefore, previous research has focused on finding a link between PFA and trait variables associated with affective processing, such as the behavioral activation and inhibition systems (BAS/BIS). However, recent evidence suggests that PFA might be involved in regulatory processes rather than initial affective reactions. Here, we investigated if failure-related action orientation (AOF), as a personality variable reflecting the ability to disengage from negative experiences, is related to PFA. Forty-seven participants completed two trait questionnaires to assess BAS/BIS and AOF, followed by 8 min of resting EEG measurement. Results showed that higher AOF scores predicted a higher relative left-hemispheric PFA when BAS/BIS was controlled for. The findings suggest that a suppression effect might account for the inconsistencies in the literature regarding the association between PFA and BAS/BIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Haehl
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Chair of Sport Psychology, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Arash Mirifar
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Chair of Sport Psychology, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Markus Quirin
- School of Management, Chair of Psychology, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Personality Psychology and Motivation, Private University of Applied Science, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Beckmann
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Chair of Sport Psychology, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia.
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Sun CK, Harmon-Jones E. Supine body posture reduces cognitive conflict processing: Evidence from N450 Stroop interference. Psychophysiology 2020; 58:e13693. [PMID: 32996615 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has revealed that a supine body posture, as compared to a sitting upright posture, decreases approach motivation and cognitive dissonance reduction. The present research was designed to test whether a supine body posture would decrease cognitive conflict processing, the process that occurs prior to cognitive dissonance reduction. Previous research using the Stroop task has found event-related potentials (N450, error-related negativity [ERN]) that are associated with cognitive conflict processing. In the current experiment, participants (N = 35) completed a color-naming Stroop task while sitting upright or supine (within-subjects, counterbalanced). Results revealed that as compared to the upright posture, the supine posture reduced the N450 Stroop interference effect but not the ERN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Kuang Sun
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Soriano JR, Daniels N, Prinsen J, Alaerts K. Intranasal oxytocin enhances approach-related EEG frontal alpha asymmetry during engagement of direct eye contact. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa093. [PMID: 32954338 PMCID: PMC7475692 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin is suggested to play a major role in a variety of complex human behaviours, including interpersonal bonding, trust and attachment. Recent theories have suggested that the role oxytocin plays in these complex social behaviours involves a modulation of motivational tendencies of approach-/avoidance-related behaviours. However, to date, direct neurophysiological evidence supporting this notion is limited. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study with parallel design, we assessed the effects of administered intranasal oxytocin in 40 adult men on gaze behaviour and a neural marker of approach/avoidance motivational tendencies. Specifically, electroencephalography recordings were performed during the engagement of eye contact with a live model in a naturalistic two-person social context and electroencephalographic frontal alpha asymmetry, an established neurophysiological index of motivational tendencies for approach-/avoidance-related behaviours, was assessed. Compared to placebo, a single dose of oxytocin (24 international units) was shown to increase relative left-sided frontal asymmetry upon direct eye contact with a live model, which is indicative of an increase in approach-related motivational tendencies towards the presented eye contact stimulus. Notably, the treatment effect was most prominently observed in participants with lower self-reported social motivation (higher Motivation subscale scores on the Social Responsiveness Scale), indicating that participants with lower social motivation benefitted the most from the administered oxytocin. No treatment-specific changes were identified in terms of gaze behaviour towards the eye region of the live model. Together, these observations add neurophysiological evidence to the hypothesized role of oxytocin in modulating approach-/avoidance-related tendencies and suggest that inter-subject variability in person-dependent factors need to be considered to evaluate the potential benefit of intranasal oxytocin as a treatment. This notion is of particular relevance to the variety of neuropsychiatric populations such as autism spectrum disorder, social anxiety disorder and depression, for which intranasal oxytocin is increasingly considered a potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier R Soriano
- Research Group for Neurorehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicky Daniels
- Research Group for Neurorehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jellina Prinsen
- Research Group for Neurorehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kaat Alaerts
- Research Group for Neurorehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Hart M. Exploring Cognitive Dissonance on a Ski Mountaineering Traverse: A Personal Narrative of an Expedition to ISHINCA (5530 m) in PERU. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7120249. [PMID: 31835718 PMCID: PMC6956002 DOI: 10.3390/sports7120249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Through a personal narrative account, this paper explores the nature of the author’s cognitive dissonance experienced during a traverse of a high-altitude ski mountaineering objective (Nevado Ishinca 5530 m) in Peru’s Cordillera Blanca. The author experienced psychological discomfort in the ascent and a role of self in determining a continued commitment with the ski mountaineering challenge. Distraction, trivialization, act rationalization and finally attitude change were all used in attempt to reduce negative levels of cognitive dissonance. The lack of consonant cognitions to support abandoning the climb, the notion of free choice, the role of self-concept and self-esteem values motivated continued commitment until the negative levels of arousal subsided. Through a challenging mountaineering experience, I developed a greater self-awareness of the role of commitment to an objective which could be applied to other life events and experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hart
- Carnegie School of Education, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QS, UK
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Harmon-Jones C, Harmon-Jones E. A Broad Consideration of Motivation, with a Focus on Approach Motivation. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2019.1646043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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10
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Harmon-Jones C, Harmon-Jones E. Toward an Increased Understanding of Dissonance Processes: A Response to the Target Article by Kruglanski et al. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2018.1480691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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11
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Harmon-Jones E, Harmon-Jones C, Summerell E. On the Importance of Both Dimensional and Discrete Models of Emotion. Behav Sci (Basel) 2017; 7:E66. [PMID: 28961185 PMCID: PMC5746675 DOI: 10.3390/bs7040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We review research on the structure and functions of emotions that has benefitted from a serious consideration of both discrete and dimensional perspectives on emotion. To illustrate this point, we review research that demonstrates: (1) how affective valence within discrete emotions differs as a function of individuals and situations, and how these differences relate to various functions; (2) that anger (and other emotional states) should be considered as a discrete emotion but there are dimensions around and within anger; (3) that similarities exist between approach-related positive and negative discrete emotions and they have unique motivational functions; (4) that discrete emotions and broad dimensions of emotions both have unique functions; and (5) evidence that a "new" discrete emotion with discrete functions exists within a broader emotion family. We hope that this consideration of both discrete and dimensional perspectives on emotion will assist in understanding the functions of emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - Cindy Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Summerell
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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12
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Moridis CN, Terzis V, Economides AA, Karlovasitou A, Karabatakis VE. Using EEG Frontal Asymmetry to Predict IT User's Perceptions Regarding Usefulness, Ease of Use and Playfulness. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2017; 43:1-11. [PMID: 28871504 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-017-9379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Information systems (IS) community is increasingly interested in employing neuroscience tools and methods in order to develop new theories concerning Human-computer interaction (HCI) and further understand IS acceptance models. The new field of NeuroIS has been introduced to address these issues. NeuroIS researchers have proposed encephalography (EEG), among other neuroscience instruments, as a valuable usability metric, when used effectively in appropriately designed experiments. Moreover, numerous researchers have suggested that EEG frontal asymmetry may serve as an important metric of user experience. Based on the aforementioned evidence, this study aims to integrate frontal asymmetry with Technology acceptance model (TAM). Particularly, we assumed that frontal asymmetry might predict users' perceptions regarding Usefulness and Ease of Use. Furthermore, we hypothesized that frontal asymmetry might also affect (influence) users' Perceived Playfulness. Specifically, 82 (43 females and 39 males) undergraduate students were chosen to use a Computer-Based Assessment (while being connected to the EEG) in the context of an introductory informatics course. Results confirmed our hypothesis as well as points of theory about Information technology (IT) acceptance variables. This is one of the first studies to suggest that frontal asymmetry could serve as a valuable tool for examining IT acceptance constructs and better understanding HCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos N Moridis
- School of Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 14th km Thessaloniki - Moudania, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Vasileios Terzis
- Hellenic Electricity Distribution, Network Operator S.A., 20, Perraivou & 5, Kallirois str., Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios A Economides
- Interdepartmental Programme of Postgraduate Studies in Information Systems, University of Macedonia, Egnatia Street 156, 540 06, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Karlovasitou
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileios E Karabatakis
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Harmon‐Jones E, Gable PA. On the role of asymmetric frontal cortical activity in approach and withdrawal motivation: An updated review of the evidence. Psychophysiology 2017; 55. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Harmon‐Jones
- School of PsychologyThe University of New South WalesSydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Philip A. Gable
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosa Alabama
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Harmon‐Jones E, Gable PA. On the role of asymmetric frontal cortical activity in approach and withdrawal motivation: An updated review of the evidence. Psychophysiology 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12879 doi:10.1111/psyp.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Harmon‐Jones
- School of PsychologyThe University of New South WalesSydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Philip A. Gable
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosa Alabama
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Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive Dissonance (Revised): An EEG Study. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5074-5083. [PMID: 28438968 PMCID: PMC5444193 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3209-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that our preferences are modulated by the mere act of choosing. A choice between two similarly valued alternatives creates psychological tension (cognitive dissonance) that is reduced by a postdecisional reevaluation of the alternatives. We measured EEG of human subjects during rest and free-choice paradigm. Our study demonstrates that choices associated with stronger cognitive dissonance trigger a larger negative frontocentral evoked response similar to error-related negativity, which has in turn been implicated in general performance monitoring. Furthermore, the amplitude of the evoked response is correlated with the reevaluation of the alternatives. We also found a link between individual neural dynamics (long-range temporal correlations) of the frontocentral cortices during rest and follow-up neural and behavioral effects of cognitive dissonance. Individuals with stronger resting-state long-range temporal correlations demonstrated a greater postdecisional reevaluation of the alternatives and larger evoked brain responses associated with stronger cognitive dissonance. Thus, our results suggest that cognitive dissonance is reflected in both resting-state and choice-related activity of the prefrontal cortex as part of the general performance-monitoring circuitry. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Contrary to traditional decision theory, behavioral studies repeatedly demonstrate that our preferences are modulated by the mere act of choosing. Difficult choices generate psychological (cognitive) dissonance, which is reduced by the postdecisional devaluation of unchosen options. We found that decisions associated with a higher level of cognitive dissonance elicited a stronger negative frontocentral deflection that peaked ∼60 ms after the response. This activity shares similar spatial and temporal features as error-related negativity, the electrophysiological correlate of performance monitoring. Furthermore, the frontocentral resting-state activity predicted the individual magnitude of preference change and the strength of cognitive dissonance-related neural activity.
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Price TF, Harmon‐Jones E. Embodied emotion: the influence of manipulated facial and bodily states on emotive responses. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2015; 6:461-73. [DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom F. Price
- Army Research LaboratoryAberdeen Proving GroundAberdeenMDUSA
| | - Eddie Harmon‐Jones
- Department of PsychologyThe University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
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McGregor I, Hayes J, Prentice M. Motivation for aggressive religious radicalization: goal regulation theory and a personality × threat × affordance hypothesis. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1325. [PMID: 26441709 PMCID: PMC4569808 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A new set of hypotheses is presented regarding the cause of aggressive religious radicalization (ARR). It is grounded in classic and contemporary theory of human motivation and goal regulation, together with recent empirical advances in personality, social, and neurophysiological psychology. We specify personality traits, threats, and group affordances that combine to divert normal motivational processes toward ARR. Conducive personality traits are oppositional, anxiety-prone, and identity-weak (i.e., morally bewildered). Conducive threats are those that arise from seemingly insurmountable external forces and frustrate effective goal regulation. Conducive affordances include opportunity for immediate and concrete engagement in active groups that are powered by conspiracy narratives, infused with cosmic significance, encouraging of moral violence, and sealed with religious unfalsifiability. We propose that ARR is rewarding because it can spur approach motivated states that mask vulnerability for people whose dispositions and circumstances would otherwise leave them mired in anxious distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian McGregor
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONCanada
| | - Joseph Hayes
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONCanada
| | - Mike Prentice
- Department of Psychology, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
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Abstract
After a person chooses between two items, preference for the chosen item will increase and preference for the unchosen item will decrease because of the choice made. In other words, we tend to justify or rationalize our past behavior by changing our attitude. This phenomenon of choice-induced preference change has been traditionally explained by cognitive dissonance theory. Choosing something that is disliked or not choosing something that is liked are both cognitively inconsistent and, to reduce this inconsistency, people tend to change their subsequently stated preference in accordance with their past choices. Previously, human neuroimaging studies identified posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) as a key brain region involved in cognitive dissonance. However, it remains unknown whether the pMFC plays a causal role in inducing preference change after cognitive dissonance. Here, we demonstrate that 25 min, 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied over the pMFC significantly reduces choice-induced preference change compared with sham stimulation or control stimulation over a different brain region, demonstrating a causal role for the pMFC.
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Harmon-Jones E, Harmon-Jones C, Levy N. An Action-Based Model of Cognitive-Dissonance Processes. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721414566449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The action-based model extends the original theory of cognitive dissonance by proposing why cognitive inconsistency causes both dissonance and dissonance reduction. The model begins by assuming that many perceptions and cognitions automatically impel us to act in specific ways. It then posits that the negative affective state of dissonance is aroused not by all cognitive conflict but, specifically, when cognitions with action implications are in conflict with each other, making it difficult to act. The dissonance signals to the organism that there is a problem and that the cognitive inconsistency needs to be resolved so that behavior can occur. After presenting the action-based model, we review results from behavioral and neuroscience experiments that have tested predictions derived from it.
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Gable PA, Mechin NC, Hicks JA, Adams DL. Supervisory control system and frontal asymmetry: neurophysiological traits of emotion-based impulsivity. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:1310-5. [PMID: 25678550 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Approach, avoidance and the supervisory control system are fundamental to human behavior. Much past research has examined the neurophysiological models relating trait approach and avoidance. Using measures of electroencephalographic (EEG) frontal asymmetry, trait approach has been associated with greater left-frontal activity and trait avoidance has been associated with greater right-frontal activity. However, traits related to the supervisory control system have not been previously associated with frontal asymmetry. The current study sought to test whether trait positive urgency, measuring the tendency towards rash action in response to extreme positive emotional states, would relate to frontal alpha asymmetry. One hundred twenty-six individuals completed a measure of positive urgency and resting EEG recordings. Greater positive urgency was associated with greater relative left-frontal EEG activity. Source localization revealed that this relationship appeared to originate from reduced right-frontal activity in the inferior frontal gyrus. These results clarify that the link between frontal asymmetry and positive urgency is related to reduced right-frontal activity. Reduced right-frontal activity may be a potential neurobiological trait related to the supervisory control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Gable
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA,
| | - Nicole C Mechin
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Joshua A Hicks
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, and
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Harmon-Jones E, Price TF, Harmon-Jones C. Supine body posture decreases rationalizations: Testing the action-based model of dissonance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gable PA, Poole BD. Influence of trait behavioral inhibition and behavioral approach motivation systems on the LPP and frontal asymmetry to anger pictures. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:182-90. [PMID: 23175676 PMCID: PMC3907932 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral approach and avoidance are fundamental to the experience of emotion and motivation, but the motivational system associated with anger is not well established. Some theories posit that approach motivational processes underlie anger, whereas others posit that avoidance motivational processes underlie anger. The current experiment sought to address whether traits related to behavioral approach or avoidance influence responses to anger stimuli using multiple measures: ERP, electroencephalographic (EEG) α-asymmetry and self-report. After completing the behavioral inhibition system/behavioral approach system (BIS/BAS) scales, participants viewed anger pictures and neutral pictures. BAS predicted larger late positive potentials (LPPs) to anger pictures, but not to neutral pictures. In addition, BAS predicted greater left-frontal asymmetry to anger pictures. Moreover, larger LPPs to anger pictures related to greater left-frontal EEG asymmetry during anger pictures. These results suggest that trait approach motivation relates to neurophysiological responses of anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Gable
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alaba505 Hackberry Lane, P.O. Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0348.
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Hecht D. The neural basis of optimism and pessimism. Exp Neurobiol 2013; 22:173-99. [PMID: 24167413 PMCID: PMC3807005 DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.3.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our survival and wellness require a balance between optimism and pessimism. Undue pessimism makes life miserable; however, excessive optimism can lead to dangerously risky behaviors. A review and synthesis of the literature on the neurophysiology subserving these two worldviews suggests that optimism and pessimism are differentially associated with the two cerebral hemispheres. High self-esteem, a cheerful attitude that tends to look at the positive aspects of a given situation, as well as an optimistic belief in a bright future are associated with physiological activity in the left-hemisphere (LH). In contrast, a gloomy viewpoint, an inclination to focus on the negative part and exaggerate its significance, low self-esteem as well as a pessimistic view on what the future holds are interlinked with neurophysiological processes in the right-hemisphere (RH). This hemispheric asymmetry in mediating optimistic and pessimistic outlooks is rooted in several biological and functional differences between the two hemispheres. The RH mediation of a watchful and inhibitive mode weaves a sense of insecurity that generates and supports pessimistic thought patterns. Conversely, the LH mediation of an active mode and the positive feedback it receives through its motor dexterity breed a sense of confidence in one's ability to manage life's challenges, and optimism about the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hecht
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
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Martinie MA, Milland L, Olive T. Some Theoretical Considerations on Attitude, Arousal and Affect during Cognitive Dissonance. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schutter DJLG, Harmon-Jones E. The corpus callosum: a commissural road to anger and aggression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2481-8. [PMID: 23911937 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
According to the frontal cortical asymmetry model of motivational direction, anger and aggression are associated with approach motivation and a dominant left frontal hemisphere. Functional interhemispheric connectivity has been proposed as a possible mechanism that could explain the frontal cortical asymmetry of anger and aggression. Reciprocal interactions between the cerebral hemispheres are primarily established by the corpus callosum which is the largest white matter bundle of the human brain. Experimental brain research has now provided evidence for callosal involvement in approach-motivation. In line with the frontal cortical asymmetry model of motivational direction, differences in the direction of interhemispheric signal transfer are proposed to contribute to anger and aggression. It is concluded that the human corpus callosum provides a possible neuroanatomical correlate for frontal cortical asymmetries and that interhemispheric signal transfer plays a role in the emergence of approach-related motivation and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J L G Schutter
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Wichman AL, Brunner RP, Weary G. Uncertainty Threat and Inhibition of Compensatory Behaviors: A Goal Conflict Management Perspective. SELF AND IDENTITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2013.775718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Tritt SM, Inzlicht M, Harmon-Jones E. Toward a Biological Understanding of Mortality Salience (And Other Threat Compensation Processes). SOCIAL COGNITION 2012. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2012.30.6.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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