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Kokkinos CM, Antoniadou N. Understanding Academic Dishonesty in University Settings: The Interplay of Dark Triad Traits and Moral Disengagement. J Genet Psychol 2024; 185:309-322. [PMID: 38146689 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2023.2297850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the correlates of academic dishonesty is crucial for designing effective preventive interventions, as is the investigation of moderating factors that could affect these interactions. Despite increased interest in the Dark Triad personality traits and their potential link with unethical behavior, there is limited evidence regarding the moderating role of moral disengagement in the relationship. This study aimed to investigate academic dishonesty among Greek university students, its relationship with the Dark Triad, and the moderating role of moral disengagement, using gender as a covariate. Overall, 587 students attending Greek public Universities voluntarily completed an anonymous self-report questionnaire assessing the constructs under investigation. Results showed that male students had higher scores in unauthorized collaboration, plagiarism, Dark Triad, and moral disengagement. Moderation analysis indicated that moral disengagement had an effect in the relationship of psychopathy with unauthorized collaboration, especially among men. Overall, the findings of this study highlight the importance of psychopathy and moral disengagement in the prediction of academic dishonesty and have the potential to make a significant contribution to its prevention, particularly in Greek universities where relative initiatives are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos M Kokkinos
- Department of Primary Education, School of Education Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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2
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Yeo-Teh NSL, Tang BL. On "intent" in research misconduct. Account Res 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38963096 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2024.2374577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Research misconduct, broadly defined as acts of fabrication, falsification and/or plagiarism, violate the value system of science, cost significant wastage of public resources, and in more extreme cases endanger research participants or members of the society at large. Determination of culpability in research misconduct requires establishment of intent on the part of the respondent or perpetrator. However, "intent" is a state of mind, and its perception is subjective, unequivocal evidence for which would not be as readily established compared to the objective evidence available for the acts themselves. Here, we explore the concept of "intent" in research misconduct, how it is framed in criminological/legal terms, and narrated from a psychological perspective. Based on these, we propose a framework whereby lines of questioning and investigation, as defined by legislative terms and informed by the models and tools of psychology, could help in establishing a preponderance of evidence for culpable intent. Such a framework could be useful in research misconduct adjudications and in delivering sanctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Shu Ling Yeo-Teh
- Academic and Research Compliance and Integrity Office, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Watts F, McAfee SC, Rodriguez JMG. Using Hypothetical Scenarios to Address Social Desirability Bias: Investigating Student Perceptions, Evaluations, and Motivations of Cheating and Academic Integrity in the General Chemistry Laboratory. JACS AU 2024; 4:2029-2040. [PMID: 38818062 PMCID: PMC11134351 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Supporting students with upholding the principles of academic integrity is an important aspect of teaching. Academic integrity is especially important in chemistry laboratory classrooms, where students gain hands-on experience related to research and scientific practices. Prior literature on academic integrity largely focuses on catching and preventing cheating, describing various factors commonly associated with cheating behaviors. This body of literature assumes that students neutralize their feelings about cheating to engage in unethical behavior. In contrast, for this study, we began with the assumption that students intend to act ethically; to this end, we sought to investigate students' perceptions, evaluations, and motivations related to cheating and academic integrity. We interviewed 24 students enrolled in general chemistry laboratories and asked questions related to cheating and academic integrity. Additionally, to address concerns about social desirability bias affecting students' responses, we asked students questions involving hypothetical scenarios related to academic integrity that were contextualized within the chemistry laboratory classroom. In our analysis, we found that students held common views about cheating and academic integrity in general but diverged in their responses to the hypothetical scenarios. Our findings suggest the importance of providing clearer, more direct instruction regarding what counts as cheating and how to engage in academically honest behavior within the chemistry laboratory classroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Field
M. Watts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Slade C. McAfee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Jon-Marc G. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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Weeks S, Desy J, McLaughlin K. Why we should view the decision of medical trainees to cheat as the product of a person-by-situation interaction. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 58:499-506. [PMID: 37743228 DOI: 10.1111/medu.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cheating during medical training is a delicate subject matter with varying opinions on the prevalence, causes and gravity of cheating during training. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK In this article, the authors suggest that the decision to cheat is best viewed as the product of a person-by-situation interaction rather than indicating inherent dishonesty and/or extrinsic motivation in those who participate in cheating. This framework can explain why individuals who would typically default to honesty may participate in cheating if there is perceived justification for cheating and where situational variables, such as ease of cheating, rewards for cheating and perceived risk associated with cheating, make the decision to cheat appear rational. DISCUSSION They discuss why the impression that there is a culture of cheating can provide perceived justification for medical trainees to cheat if they have the opportunity. They then describe how aspects of medical training and assessment may enable or hinder cheating by trainees. Consistent with the person-by-situation interaction framework, they contend that our response to cheating should include interventions directed at both the person who cheated and situational variables that enabled cheating. Recognising that some forms of cheating may be widespread, difficult to detect and contentious (such as the creation and use of exam reconstructs), their proposal for dealing with suspected and pervasive cheating is to identify and target enabling variables such that the decision to cheat becomes less rational. Their hope is that in so doing, we can gradually nudge trainees and the culture of medical training towards honesty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Weeks
- Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janeve Desy
- Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin McLaughlin
- Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Jabutay F, Novio EB, Verbal XF. Strategic deception in call centers: impacts on well-being, cognition, and work motivation. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024:1-27. [PMID: 38459854 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2024.2327323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The literature indicated that deceivers in face-to-face communication experience psychological strains derived from guilt or distress associated with violating conversational rules. We proposed that this also applies to telephone-mediated deception. Drawing insights from the theoretical and empirical literature, we surmised that strategic trickery utilized by outsourced call center agents would elicit adverse psychological reactions that have unfavorable impacts on their well-being, cognition, and work motivation. We used structural equation modeling to test our hypotheses using data from a sample of 554 outsourced Filipino call service agents who worked graveyard shifts to cater to mainly American customers. The results suggested that strategic deception increases the experience of cognitive dissonance while negatively impacting psychological well-being and intrinsic work motivation. The results also showed that dissonance negatively influences well-being and intrinsic motivation and partially mediates the deception-motivation relationship. Unlike previous findings, however, our multivariate analyses revealed that well-being and motivation were not correlated. Our original findings have theoretical and practical implications.
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Schmalor A, Schroeder AK, Heine SJ. When are people more open to cheating? Economic inequality makes people expect more everyday unethical behavior. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294124. [PMID: 38381751 PMCID: PMC10880980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Economic inequality has been found to be associated with increased unethical behavior and an increased acceptance of unethical behavior. In this paper we explored whether higher amounts of perceived inequality lead to an increase in the expectation of unethical behavior. We tested whether people would say that they themselves would engage in more unethical behavior in a context of high compared to low inequality. We find evidence for this hypothesis in 3 of 4 studies (n = 3,038). An internal meta-analysis shows a small but significant effect. Such increased expectations that oneself will behave unethically likely has consequences for societal trust and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Schmalor
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Steven J. Heine
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Guo Y, Li R, Xia LX. Effects of relative deprivation on change in displaced aggression and the underlying motivation mechanism: A three-wave cross-lagged analysis. Br J Psychol 2024; 115:1-19. [PMID: 37351801 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Displaced aggression refers to pernicious acts against innocent people. To date, little is known about mechanisms underlying dynamic changes in displaced aggression. The present study constructed a cross-lagged model to examine the dynamic effects of relative deprivation on displaced aggression and the mediation mechanisms underlying these effects. A total of 1130 undergraduate students participated in this three-wave longitudinal study. The results showed that relative deprivation predicted changes in displaced aggression through concurrent changes in levels of hostile attribution bias and moral disengagement. Hostile attribution bias and moral disengagement could predict each other longitudinally. The relationships between relative deprivation and displaced aggression, and relative deprivation and hostile attribution bias were mutual. This multiple mediation model with two mutually predicting mediators was explained from the aggressive motivation perspective. The findings help inform aggression theories and have implications for the prevention of and interventions against displaced aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfen Guo
- Research Centre of Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education (SWU), Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Research Centre of Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education (SWU), Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Xiang Xia
- Research Centre of Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education (SWU), Chongqing, China
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Batool S, Izwar Ibrahim H, Adeel A, Jiang M, Samad S. When abusive supervision affects creative idea sharing: Understanding the role of employee cheating and organizational justice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e22781. [PMID: 38116191 PMCID: PMC10726216 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Getting employees to share their creative ideas has long been recognized as a vital source of organizational effectiveness. This research uses the conservation of resources theory to investigate how employee's creative idea sharing is affected by abusive supervision. Data for this research was collected from 209 employees and their immediate supervisors of generic nurses and medical dispensers of Southern Punjab public sector hospitals working under the Ministry of national health services regulation and Coordination. Data were then analyzed with the AMOS software package for simple regression and moderated mediation. This study found that with the increase in abusive supervision, employees develop cheating behavior, diminishing probability of sharing their creative ideas with coworkers. Along these lines, organizational justice moderates this relationship and attenuates the negative indirect effect of abusive supervision on creative idea sharing. The researchers recommended that organizations should develop training programs or coaching sessions for leaders to make them equip with essential interpersonal skills that can eradicate abusive supervision. Research implications, limitations, and future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Batool
- School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Minden, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hazril Izwar Ibrahim
- School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Minden, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Adeel
- Department of Business Education, The University of Chenab, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Meiqin Jiang
- School of Economics and Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sarminah Samad
- Business Administration Department, College of Business Administration, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Sengupta R, Rao PVR, Prusty A, Jackson BM, Raja Shekar PV. Is Deceitful Autobiographical Memory Really Forgotten? Psychol Rep 2023:332941231213021. [PMID: 37947384 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231213021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory for deceitful events is said to be forgotten over time to reduce guilt and stress. People who engage in deceitful behavior continue to do so because they are able to stretch their memories to match their moral outlook. In this study, the authors wanted to see if participants who engage in deceitful behavior will change their behavior if they are reminded of their previous misdeeds and compare it with reminding them of past moral behavior and any neutral event. We also studied how the experience, or phenomenology of remembering, differs between immoral and moral memories. In Experiment 1, we found evidence to suggest that reminding deceptive autobiographical memory does not reduce deceptive behavior. In Experiment 2, we found evidence to suggest phenomenological characteristics of Immoral and moral memories are not significantly different from each other but they are both significantly different from that of neutral memory. This contradicts established results in the field. It is interesting to note that only emotional valence is significantly different between immoral and moral memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sengupta
- Centre for Creative Cognition, School of Science, SR University, Warangal, India
| | | | - Anjana Prusty
- Department of Psychology, Baripada Government Women's College, Mayurvanj, India
| | | | - P V Raja Shekar
- Department of Physics, School of Science, SR University, Warangal, India
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Bonavia T, Brox-Ponce J, Rodrigo MF. Level of Effort and Economic Dishonesty: Are Expectations Relevant? EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 19:335-347. [PMID: 38487317 PMCID: PMC10936141 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.10429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Some research has shown that expectations modulate people's economic dishonesty. These studies have allowed their participants to precisely establish the dishonest extra financial gain, without threatening their image of honesty. In this article, we show that in situations where our economic dishonesty is driven by hard-to-quantify motivators such as level of effort, it is difficult to change the categorization of (dishonest) judgments. Faced with this ambiguity, people make decisions guided by moral intuitions that are not conditioned by changing expectations. We carried out three studies (one single-group study and two experimental between-subjects studies) in which we tested whether the level of deception varies when manipulating expectations of transparency/privacy and dishonesty/honesty. Our results show that the levels of dishonesty remain low, regardless of the participants' expectations. When our decisions are motivated by more ambiguous factors, in terms of being able to justify ourselves, our economic dishonesty becomes more rigidly directed toward the dictates of our moral intuitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Bonavia
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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11
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Mitkidis P, Elbaek CT. How the minimalist model of ownership psychology can aid in explaining moral behaviors under resource constraints. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e343. [PMID: 37813427 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x23001401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The model of ownership psychology as a cognitive adaptation proposes that people flexibly navigate cognitive systems of cooperation and competition, thus enabling them to justify unethical behavior. We discuss how this model captures previous accounts of unethical behavior and propose that a disengagement heuristic can help us understand recent findings in the interconnection between scarcity psychology and unethical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Mitkidis
- Department of Management, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs alle 4, Aarhus V, Denmark ; https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/persons/panagiotis-mitkidis(ca495362-7cd4-473c-99a9-aad26088e872).html ; https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/persons/christian-truelsen-elbaek(24b06155-fef3-417b-8dc2-f33b86d1e117).html
| | - Christian T Elbaek
- Department of Management, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs alle 4, Aarhus V, Denmark ; https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/persons/panagiotis-mitkidis(ca495362-7cd4-473c-99a9-aad26088e872).html ; https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/persons/christian-truelsen-elbaek(24b06155-fef3-417b-8dc2-f33b86d1e117).html
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12
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Zhang J, Zhao H, Zhang H, Guo M. Future orientation and moral judgment in chinese youths: the mediating role of moral disengagement and the moderating role of self-control. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37359579 PMCID: PMC10196313 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Based on the self-regulation theory, this study aims to examine the relationship between youths' future orientation and judgment of their own immoral behaviors. A moderated mediation model was constructed to investigate the mediating role of moral disengagement and moderating role of self-control. Six hundred and twenty-eight Chinese youths, with an age range from 16 to 34 years (M = 23.08, SD = 2.65), were recruited to take part in an anonymous survey about future orientation, moral disengagement, self-control, and moral judgment. Results revealed that youths with high future orientation judged their own moral transgressions more harshly and that moral disengagement partially mediated the relationship between the two. Moderated mediation analysis further demonstrated that self-control moderated the relationship between future orientation and moral disengagement and the indirect effect between future orientation and youths' judgment of their own immoral behaviors. To be specific, the indirect effect was much stronger for youths with high levels of self-control. These findings not only enrich the research about how future orientation affects youths' judgment of their own immoral behaviors, but also reveal the underlying mechanisms between future orientation and moral judgment, which can provide practical guidance for implementing measures that effectively enhance youths' moral character and cultivate their ability to think positively about the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heyun Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjia Guo
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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Wang C, Li X, Xia LX. Long-term effect of cybervictimization on displaced aggressive behavior across two years: Mutually predicting mediators of hostile emotion and moral disengagement. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Pittarello A, Schmidt T, Segel A, Mayo R. Prior behavior and wording of norm nudge requests shape compliance and reciprocity. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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15
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Adeel A, Kee DMH, Mubashir AS, Samad S, Daghriri YQ. Leaders' ambition and followers' cheating behavior: The role of performance pressure and leader identification. Front Psychol 2023; 14:982328. [PMID: 36777215 PMCID: PMC9909286 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.982328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We seek to understand why and how leaders' actions that are positive from organizational perspectives, drive to engage employees in cheating behaviors. Design/methodology/approach The proposed mediated moderation model was tested in two separate studies, study 1 and study 2, with data collected from police officers and employees of Islamic banking respectively, and then analyzed with Mplus for random coefficient models for direct effects, indirect effects, and for mediated moderation. Findings It was found that leaders' ambitions may enhance performance pressure on the subordinates, which in turn promotes their cheating behavior. Overall, we found that the traditional view of ambition theory only emphasizes good mechanisms such as motivation. However, to integrate with a social identity perspective, ambition would also cause pressure and pressure rather than motivation. Additionally, leaders' ambitions are more strongly and positively related to the performance pressure and cheating behaviors of employees when subordinates also have high leader identification. The findings of this research suggested that leaders' positive workplace behavior could also spawn subordinates' unethical behaviors. Practical implications Through this research, we can help policymakers understand that leaders' positive desire in general and ambition, in particular, may not be necessarily associated with subordinates' positive behaviors. Our results revealed that internalized with performance pressure, the leaders' ambition is associated with subordinates' cheating behavior. The findings of this research will help policymakers understand what might be promoting unethical behavior of employees. The cheating behavior of employees is not a singular level phenomenon of subordinates, it could also be triggered by contextual factors. Therefore, in developing policies for reducing the chance of cheating at work, the policymakers should also focus on the contextual factors that might be promoting cheating. Originality/value Ambitious leaders tend to demonstrate high performance, also, performance pressure literature focuses efforts of the employees toward high performance. The dark side of these lines of researches is still underexplored. We shifted the conventional focus of understanding to the positive side of ambition and performance pressure by explaining the potential cost in the form of employees' enhanced cheating behavior. The interplay between the relationship between leaders' ambition and subordinates' perception of leader identification also enhanced our understating about the boundary condition of the relationship between leaders' ambition, performance pressure, and cheating behavior of subordinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Adeel
- School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia,Department of Business Education, The University of Chenab, Gujrat, Pakistan,*Correspondence: Ahmad Adeel,
| | | | - Anila Sadaf Mubashir
- Department of Management Science, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sarminah Samad
- Department of Business Administration, College of Business and Administration, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Lim GJ, Pitesa M, Vadera AK. Cheating constraint decisions and discrimination against workers with lower financial standing. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2022.104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Regis-Moura A, Ferreira LB, Bonfá-Araujo B, Iglesias F. "If not Mine, She Won't Belong to Another": Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement in a Femicide Perpetrator from Brazil. Violence Against Women 2022; 28:3135-3153. [PMID: 34870496 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211038969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Case files can show how aggressors use different explanations to reduce the seriousness of their crime. We aimed to identify and categorize a 2016 Brazilian case file from a perpetrator of femicide, based on moral disengagement theory. Content analysis yielded 47 verbalized excerpts, with 70 disengagement occurrences. The most frequently used mechanisms throughout the aggressor's speeches consisted of moral justification and blaming the victim herself. Results indicated that he reduced the seriousness of the femicide and sought reduction of the consequences. We discuss how speeches in criminal cases can serve as a secondary source for producing data on violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Regis-Moura
- Undergraduate School of Psychology, 28127Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Leonardo B Ferreira
- Graduate School of Social, Work and Organizational Psychology, 28127Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bonfá-Araujo
- Graduate School of Psychology, 154623Universidade São Francisco, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fabio Iglesias
- Graduate School of Social, Work and Organizational Psychology, 28127Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Riesthuis P, Otgaar H, Hope L, Mangiulli I. Registered Report: The Effects of Incentivized Lies on Memory. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Riesthuis
- Leuven Institute of Criminology, Catholic University of Leuven, Oude Markt 13 Leuven Belgium
- Forensic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4‐6 Maastricht Netherlands
| | - Henry Otgaar
- Leuven Institute of Criminology, Catholic University of Leuven, Oude Markt 13 Leuven Belgium
- Forensic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4‐6 Maastricht Netherlands
| | - Lorraine Hope
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth, King Henry 1 Street Portsmouth United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Mangiulli
- Leuven Institute of Criminology, Catholic University of Leuven, Oude Markt 13 Leuven Belgium
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication University of Bari, Via Crisanzio Bari Italy
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Dampening effect of unethical experience on memory. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hertwig R, Mazar N. Toward a Taxonomy and Review of Honesty Interventions. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 47:101410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Kamran K, Azam A, Atif MM. Supervisor Bottom-Line Mentality, Performance Pressure, and Workplace Cheating: Moderating Role of Negative Reciprocity. Front Psychol 2022; 13:801283. [PMID: 35707650 PMCID: PMC9191356 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.801283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Employee cheating at the workplace has reached epidemic proportions and is putting a significant dent on the revenues of corporations. This study evaluates workplace cheating behavior as a consequence of supervisor bottom-line mentality with performance pressure as the mediating mechanism. Most importantly, it scrutinizes the moderating function of negative reciprocity belief in the relation between bottom-line mentality, performance pressure, and cheating in a moderated-mediation model, through the lens of displaced aggression theory. We systematically conduct time-lagged studies in two different populations (Pakistan and United States). Data analysis reveals that (1) bottom-line mentality positively influences workplace cheating behavior through performance pressure and (2) negative reciprocity moderated this indirect relationship. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Kamran
- FAST School of Management, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Akbar Azam
- FAST School of Management, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mian Muhammad Atif
- FAST School of Management, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
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22
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Hillebrandt A, Barclay LJ. How COVID-19 can promote workplace cheating behavior via employee anxiety and self-interest - And how prosocial messages may overcome this effect. JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 43:858-877. [PMID: 35574191 PMCID: PMC9088701 DOI: 10.1002/job.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While scholars have debated whether environmental factors (e.g., air pollution) can prompt unethical behavior (e.g., crime), we argue that the COVID-19 pandemic provides a unique opportunity to inform this theoretical debate by elaborating on why these effects may occur, identifying how they can be overcome, and addressing methodological issues. Drawing on appraisal theories of emotion, we argue that appraising COVID-19 (i.e., an environmental factor) as a threat can elicit anxiety. This can focus employees on their own self-interest and prompt cheating behavior (i.e., unethical workplace behavior). However, we propose that these detrimental effects can be attenuated by prosocial messages (i.e., highlighting the meaningful and positive impact that employees' work can have on others). Our predictions were supported using a two-wave survey (N = 396) and an experiment (N = 163) with samples of full-time employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. Theoretically, our studies inform this ongoing debate by highlighting the importance of state anxiety and self-interest as key mechanisms and that drawing peoples' attention towards others can serve as a boundary condition. Practically, we provide insight into the ethical costs of COVID-19 in the workplace and identify a simple yet effective strategy that organizations can use to curtail workplace cheating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurie J. Barclay
- Lang School of Business & EconomicsUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
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23
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Mihelič KK, Lim VKG, Culiberg B. Cyberloafing among Gen Z students: the role of norms, moral disengagement, multitasking self-efficacy, and psychological outcomes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10212-022-00617-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Paciello M, Fida R, Skovgaard-Smith I, Barbaranelli C, Caprara GV. Withstanding Moral Disengagement: Moral Self-Efficacy as Moderator in Counterproductive Behavior Routinization. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10596011221078665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Moral disengagement plays an important role in the routinization of counterproductive work behavior (CWB) as a key mediator. What remains unclear are the factors that could attenuate the power of moral disengagement in this process. Building on social-cognitive theory, we hypothesize the moderating role of moral self-efficacy and suggest the importance of two different dimensions: self-reflective and behavioral moral self-efficacies. While the former should buffer the CWB-moral disengagement path over time, the latter should buffer the moral disengagement-CWB path. After presenting the psychometric properties of the moral self-efficacy scale in two independent samples (Study 1: United Kingdom, N = 359; Study 2: Italy, N = 1308), we test the posited multi-wave moderated-mediated model. Results from a structural equation model supported our hypotheses. Results demonstrate that the routinization of CWB through the mediation of moral disengagement over time is conditionally influenced by the two moral self-efficacy dimensions. Employees high in capability to look back and question the assumptions that affected their behavior (i.e., self-reflective moral self-efficacy) are less likely to morally disengage as a result of previous engagement in CWB. Employees high in capability to morally self-regulate (i.e., behavioral moral self-efficacy) are less likely to engage in CWB as a result of their moral disengagement. Results of the conditional indirect effect suggest that previous engagement in CWB is not translated in future engagement in CWB for those individuals high in both moral self-efficacy dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella Paciello
- Faculty of Psychology, Uninettuno Telematic International University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Fida
- Faculty of Psychology, Uninettuno Telematic International University, Rome, Italy
- Norwich Business School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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25
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Does moral commitment predict resistance to corruption? experimental evidence from a bribery game. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262201. [PMID: 35015764 PMCID: PMC8752004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Corruption is ubiquitous in practice and has severe negative consequences for organizations and societies at large. Drawing on a laboratory experiment, we propose that individuals high in moral commitment are less likely to engage in corrupt behaviors and prefer foregoing financial benefits. Specifically, we posit that individuals refrain from corruption (i) the more they endorse integrity (incorruptibility) as a protected value and (ii) the higher their level of Honesty-Humility. The results of a two-step experiment largely support our expectations: people who treat compromises to integrity as unacceptable were less willing to accept bribes, and Honesty-Humility decreased bribe-giving. The findings are robust to demographic variables (e.g., age, gender, cultural background) and additional personal characteristics (e.g., risk tolerance, dispositional greed) and have important implications for ongoing theory-building efforts and business practice.
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26
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De Brigard F, Stanley ML. Moral Memories and Identity Protection. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2021.2004817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe De Brigard
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew L. Stanley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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27
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Sedikides C. The Homeostatic Model of Identity Protection: Lingering Issues. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2021.2007703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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28
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Wang X, Wang T, Jiang T, Chen Z, Hong Y. Double standards in the COVID‐19 pandemic: The moderation of perceived threat. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 52:515-527. [PMID: 35463056 PMCID: PMC9015595 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This research explored whether people hold double standards in a public crisis. We proposed that during the COVID‐19 pandemic, people required others to strictly follow self‐quarantine rules and other preventive behaviours, whereas they themselves would not, demonstrating double standards. Moreover, this effect would be moderated by the perceived threat from the pandemic. Using data collected in the United States and China, three studies (N = 2180) tested the hypotheses by measuring (Study 1) and manipulating the perceived threat (Studies 2 and 3). We found that people generally applied higher standards to others than to themselves when it came to following the self‐quarantine rules. This effect was strong when a relatively low threat was perceived, but the self–other difference disappeared when the perceived threat was relatively high, as the demands they placed on themselves would increase as the perceived threat intensified, but their requirements of others would be constantly strict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Business School Beijing Normal University Beijing Beijing China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Peking University Beijing Beijing China
| | - Tonglin Jiang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Peking University Beijing Beijing China
| | - Zhansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology The University of Hong Kong New Territories Hong Kong
| | - Ying‐yi Hong
- Management Department The Chinese University of Hong Kong New Territories Hong Kong
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29
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EEG evidence that morally relevant autobiographical memories can be suppressed. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:1290-1310. [PMID: 35986196 PMCID: PMC9622558 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Remembering unpleasant events can trigger negative feelings. Fortunately, research indicates that unwanted retrieval can be suppressed to prevent memories from intruding into awareness, improving our mental state. The current scientific understanding of retrieval suppression, however, is based mostly on simpler memories, such as associations between words or pictures, which may not reflect how people control unpleasant memory intrusions in everyday life. Here, we investigated the neural and behavioural dynamics of suppressing personal and emotional autobiographical memories using a modified version of the Think/No-Think task. We asked participants to suppress memories of their own past immoral actions, which were hypothesised to be both highly intrusive and motivating to suppress. We report novel evidence from behavioural, ERP, and EEG oscillation measures that autobiographical memory retrieval can be suppressed and suggest that autobiographical suppression recruits similar neurocognitive mechanisms as suppression of simple laboratory associations. Suppression did fail sometimes, and EEG oscillations indicated that such memory intrusions occurred from lapses in sustained control. Importantly, however, participants improved at limiting intrusions with repeated practice. Furthermore, both behavioural and EEG evidence indicated that intentional suppression may be more difficult for memories of our morally wrong actions than memories of our morally right actions. The findings elucidate the neurocognitive correlates of autobiographical retrieval suppression and have implications for theories of morally motivated memory control.
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30
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Rengifo M, Laham SM. Big Five personality predictors of moral disengagement: A comprehensive aspect-level approach. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Gabbiadini A, Riva P, Andrighetto L, Volpato C, Bushman BJ. Preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of a brief self‐control intervention on reducing the short‐term harmful consequences of violent video games on adolescents. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gabbiadini
- Department of Psychology, Mind and Behavior Technological Center University of Milano‐Bicocca Milano Italy
| | - Paolo Riva
- Department of Psychology, Mind and Behavior Technological Center University of Milano‐Bicocca Milano Italy
| | - Luca Andrighetto
- Department of Educational Sciences ‐ DISFOR University of Genova Genova Italy
| | - Chiara Volpato
- Department of Psychology, Mind and Behavior Technological Center University of Milano‐Bicocca Milano Italy
| | - Brad J. Bushman
- School of Communication and Department of Psychology The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
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32
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In-Organization Ethics Power-Allocation Mechanisms and Members' Decision-Making Behavior. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 12:bs12010006. [PMID: 35049617 PMCID: PMC8772742 DOI: 10.3390/bs12010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines experimental evidence showing how ethics power allocation mechanisms affect an individual's in-organization resource division and ethical behavior. We used two two-stage lab experiments to explore power seeking and usage; the experiments contained two stages of power contending and power usage. Stage one used two different power-seeking mechanisms in the honesty game. Stage two was based on the dictator game and the ultimatum game to measure an individual's power usage. The results show that the decisions taken by power-holders could influence the optimization of collective resources, and power-holders who gain power with unethical methods could result in collective resource allocation inequities. With more balanced in-organization power, members tend to be more honest. Subjects also adjust their unethical behavior to adapt to the environment, which could cause the diffusion of unethical behavior. This paper re-designed the dictator game and the ultimatum game by adding an ethically vulnerable power acquisition mechanism. For organizations to prevent the disproportionate dispersion of resources and achieve more public benefits, it is meaningful for managers to create a proper in-organization ethical power allocation mechanism.
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33
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Devereux PG, Miller MK, Kirshenbaum JM. Moral disengagement, locus of control, and belief in a just world: Individual differences relate to adherence to COVID-19 guidelines. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 182:111069. [PMID: 34538994 PMCID: PMC8439711 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined relationships between moral disengagement, locus of control, and just world beliefs and adherence to COVID-19 containment measures. We predicted that these individual differences would be more influential for adherence than beliefs about the pandemic (e.g., its origins and one's perceived susceptibility to infection). COVID-19-related measures of these three individual differences were each significantly associated with adherence even after controlling for demographics and pandemic beliefs although beliefs about the severity of the virus and the benefits of containment measures also significantly related to adherence. Beliefs were associated with the individual difference measures and political orientation. Moral disengagement, the strongest individual difference predictor, was associated with lower support for each pandemic containment precaution (e.g., mask wearing). These results can be used to frame messages to increase adherence to public health measures.
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34
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O’Connor AM, Judges RA, Lee K, Evans AD. Examining honesty–humility and cheating behaviors across younger and older adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/01650254211039022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-report research indicates that dishonesty decreases across adulthood; however, behavioral measures of dishonesty have yet to be examined across younger and older adults. The present study examined younger and older adults’ cheating behaviors in relation to their self-reported honesty–humility. Younger ( N = 112) and older adults ( N = 85) completed a matrix task where they had the opportunity to falsely inflate their performance. Participants also completed the self-report measure of honesty–humility from the HEXACO-PI-R. Older adults were significantly less likely to cheat and had higher ratings of honesty–humility compared to younger adults. Greater honesty–humility predicted lower cheating behavior. These results demonstrate that older adults show greater rates of honesty and humility compared to younger adults using both behavioral and self-report methods.
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35
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Kim D, Jesiek BK, Howland SJ. Longitudinal investigation of moral disengagement among undergraduate engineering students: findings from a mixed-methods study. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2021.1958330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayoung Kim
- School of Engineering Education, Purdue University
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36
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Morgan B, Fowers B. Empathy and authenticity online: The roles of moral identity, moral disengagement, and parenting style. J Pers 2021; 90:183-202. [PMID: 34265082 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research suggests that the Internet could be considered an arena for both virtuous and vicious behaviors, with observations of enhanced perspective-taking and honest self-reflections occurring alongside evidence of cyberbullying and deceptive communications. In the current study, we explore the role of three widely recognized sources of moral behavior-moral identity, moral disengagement, and authoritative parenting-in predicting adolescents' online empathy and online authenticity. METHOD In total, 788 UK adolescents aged 11-18 years (66% male) completed measures of these key constructs. RESULTS Structural equation modeling results suggest that parental responsiveness and autonomy granting are positively related to adolescents' moral identity. In turn, moral identity was positively related to both online empathy and online authenticity. Having a stronger moral identity also meant that adolescents were less likely to morally disengage, and moral disengagement was negatively related to online authenticity in adolescent females. Partial invariance across gender and age was observed. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that moral identity encourages moral thoughts, feelings, and actions in the online environment, including being authentic and empathic. As the formation and accessibility of one's moral identity can be promoted, we discuss the implications of these findings for cultivating prosocial behavior in the online environment as well as future research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaire Morgan
- School of Psychology, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Blaine Fowers
- School of Education, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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37
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Dunaiev Y, Khadjavi M. Collective Honesty? Experimental Evidence on the Effectiveness of Honesty Nudging for Teams. Front Psychol 2021; 12:684755. [PMID: 34305740 PMCID: PMC8295523 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.684755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing literature in economics studies ethical behavior and honesty, as it is imperative for functioning societies in a world of incomplete information and contracts. A majority of studies found more pronounced dishonesty among teams compared to individuals. Scholars identified certain nudges as effective and cost-neutral measures to curb individuals' dishonesty, yet little is known about the effectiveness of such nudges for teams. We replicate a seminal nudge treatment effect, signing on the top of a reporting form vs. no signature, with individuals and confirm the original nudge treatment effect. We further ran the same experiment with teams of two that have to make a joint reporting decision. Our results show the effectiveness of the nudge for teams, which provides further confidence in the applicability of the nudge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Menusch Khadjavi
- Department of Spatial Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiel, Germany
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38
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Stanley ML, Cabeza R, Smallman R, De Brigard F. Memory and Counterfactual Simulations for Past Wrongdoings Foster Moral Learning and Improvement. Cogn Sci 2021; 45:e13007. [PMID: 34170021 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In four studies, we investigated the role of remembering, reflecting on, and mutating personal past moral transgressions to learn from those moral mistakes and to form intentions for moral improvement. Participants reported having ruminated on their past wrongdoings, particularly their more severe transgressions, and they reported having frequently thought about morally better ways in which they could have acted instead (i.e., morally upward counterfactuals; Studies 1-3). The more that participants reported having mentally simulated morally better ways in which they could have acted, the stronger their intentions were to improve in the future (Studies 2 and 3). Implementing an experimental manipulation, we then found that making accessible a morally upward counterfactual after committing a moral transgression strengthened reported intentions for moral improvement-relative to resimulating the remembered event and considering morally worse ways in which they could have acted instead (Study 4). We discuss the implications of these results for competing theoretical views on the relationship between memory and morality and for functional theories of counterfactual thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Stanley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - Roberto Cabeza
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - Rachel Smallman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University
| | - Felipe De Brigard
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Philosophy, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University
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39
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Wei L, Zhang H, Liu Z, Ge X. Goal completion moderates the association between immoral behavior and self-perceived authenticity. SELF AND IDENTITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2021.1942973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziqiang Liu
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinxin Ge
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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40
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Guo Z, Li W, Yang Y, Kou Y. Honesty-Humility and unethical behavior in adolescents: The mediating role of moral disengagement and the moderating role of system justification. J Adolesc 2021; 90:11-22. [PMID: 34087510 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Honesty-Humility represents the tendency to be fair, genuine, and cooperative in social interactions. Although previous evidence has demonstrated that Honesty-Humility is related to decreased unethical behavior, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relationship, especially among adolescents. Based on social cognitive theory and system justification theory, the present study aims to examine the mediating role of moral disengagement and the moderating role of system justification in the relationship between Honesty-Humility and unethical behavior among Chinese adolescents. METHODS A large sample of Chinese adolescents (N = 2,576, 47% boys; Mage = 17.00 years, SD = 1.07) was recruited from four senior high schools. The participants completed questionnaires regarding Honesty-Humility, moral disengagement, system justification, and unethical behavior. RESULTS The findings suggested that Honesty-Humility was negatively associated with adolescents' unethical behavior, and moral disengagement partially mediated this negative association. Furthermore, system justification moderated the mediation model. Specifically, the negative relationships between Honesty-Humility and moral disengagement/unethical behavior were stronger among adolescents who perceive the society as fair. CONCLUSION These findings advance the understanding of when and how Honesty-Humility prevents adolescents from unethical behavior. The theoretical and practical implications of the current study as well as future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wenqi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yu Kou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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41
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Riesthuis P, Otgaar H, Hope L, Mangiulli I. Registered report: The effects of incentivized lies on memory. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Riesthuis
- Leuven Institute of Criminology Catholic University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Forensic Psychology Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht Netherlands
| | - Henry Otgaar
- Leuven Institute of Criminology Catholic University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Forensic Psychology Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht Netherlands
| | - Lorraine Hope
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Ivan Mangiulli
- Leuven Institute of Criminology Catholic University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Forensic Psychology Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht Netherlands
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42
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Selection effects on dishonest behavior. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500008561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn many situations people behave ethically, while elsewhere dishonesty reigns. Studies of the determinants of unethical behavior often use random assignment of participants in various conditions to identify contextual or psychological factors influencing dishonesty. However, in many real-world contexts, people deliberately choose or avoid specific environments. In three experiments (total N = 2,124) enabling self-selection of participants in two similar tasks, one of which allowed for cheating, we found that participants who chose the task where they could lie for financial gain reported a higher number of correct predictions than those who were assigned it at random. Introduction of financial costs for entering the cheating-allowing task led to a decrease in interest in the task; however, it also led to more intense cheating. An intervention aimed to discourage participants from choosing the cheating-enabling environment based on social norm information did not have the expected effect; on the contrary, it backfired. In summary, the results suggest that people low in moral character are likely to eventually dominate cheating-enabling environments, where they then cheat extensively. Interventions trying to limit the preference of this environment may not have the expected effect as they could lead to the selection of the worst fraudsters.
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Rice DB, Letwin C, Taylor R, Wo X. Extending the trickle-down model of abusive supervision. The role of moral disengagement. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 161:40-46. [PMID: 32281496 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2020.1752133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A scarce amount of dark-side leadership research is replicated. As such, the goal of our research is to replicate and extend the trickle-down model of abusive supervision. To accomplish this goal, we draw upon social cognitive theory and utilize the foundational work of Mawritz, Mayer, Hoobler, Wayne, and Marinova (2012) in an effort to affirm their novel findings. Similarly, the data from our multi-source field study offers additional support regarding the trickle-down model of abusive behavior across 3 hierarchical levels (i.e., managers, supervisors, subordinates). Additionally, while remaining consistent within our social cognitive framework, we examine and explain the mediating effect of supervisory moral disengagement with respect to the trickle-down effect of abusive behavior. The integration of supervisory moral disengagement as an underlying role-modeling mechanism further enhances our understanding of this particular trickle-down effect, as we directly measured a role-modeling mechanism that was alluded to in the original study.
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Argyriou E, Lee TTC. The role of distress and fear transdiagnostic dimensions in emotion regulation choice. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:433-440. [PMID: 32871674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most research in the area of psychopathology and emotion regulation has focused on specific disorder categories and maladaptive strategy implementation. This study aimed to extend previous research by examining emotion regulation choice in higher-order dimensions (i.e., the distress and fear transdiagnostic dimensions) predisposing individuals toward commonly co-occurring internalizing syndromes. METHODS The sample consisted of 127 college students with varying levels of distress and fear proneness. They were randomly assigned to a short- or long-term goal condition and were asked to select between two strategies, distraction and reappraisal, in response to pictures of differing emotional intensity. The moderating effects of distress and fear dimensions were explored to assess whether they interact with emotional intensity and goal proximity to influence strategy selection. RESULTS Fear proneness was positively, and distress proneness was negatively, associated with the odds of choosing distraction. Fear proneness was a significant moderator in our analysis, suggesting that increased fear magnifies the effect of emotional intensity on choosing distraction as a regulatory strategy. LIMITATIONS Although an effort was made to select individuals from the full range of the internalizing spectrum, this was a college student sample and thus results should be replicated in clinical samples. Additionally, the response rate in this study was low. CONCLUSION These findings expand our understanding of emotion regulation choice in internalizing psychopathology by identifying common tendencies of individuals who share dispositions toward fear and distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Argyriou
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford St. LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, 2000W University Ave, Muncie, IN 47306, United States.
| | - Tayla T C Lee
- Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, 2000W University Ave, Muncie, IN 47306, United States
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Abstract
Using large-scale incentivized online experiments, we tested two possible origins of individuals’ forgetting about their past cheating behavior in a mind game. We found that purely hedonic considerations, such as the maintenance of a positive self-image, are not sufficient to motivate unethical amnesia, but the addition of an instrumental value to forgetting triggers such amnesia. Individuals forget their past lies more when amnesia can serve as an excuse not to engage in future morally responsible behavior. These findings shed light on the interplay between dishonesty and memory and suggest further investigations of the cost function of unethical amnesia. A policy implication is that improving ethics requires making unethical amnesia more difficult for individuals. Humans care about morality. Yet, they often engage in actions that contradict their moral self. Unethical amnesia is observed when people do not remember or remember less vividly these actions. This paper explores two reasons why individuals may experience unethical amnesia. Forgetting past unethical behavior may be motivated by purely hedonic or affective reasons, such as the willingness to maintain one’s moral self-image, but also by instrumental or strategic motives, in anticipation of future misbehavior. In a large-scale incentivized online experiment (n = 1,322) using a variant of a mind game, we find that hedonic considerations are not sufficient to motivate the forgetting of past cheating behavior. This is confirmed in a follow-up experiment (n = 1,005) in which recalls are elicited the same day instead of 3 wk apart. However, when unethical amnesia can serve as a justification for a future action, such as deciding on whether to keep undeserved money, motivated forgetting is more likely. Thereby, we show that motivated forgetting occurs as a self-excuse to justify future immoral decisions.
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Abstract
Cheating has become commonplace in academia and beyond. Yet, almost everyone views themselves favorably, believing that they are honest, trustworthy, and of high integrity. We investigate one possible explanation for this apparent discrepancy between people's actions and their favorable self-concepts: People who cheat on tests believe that they knew the answers all along. We found consistent correlational evidence across three studies that, for those particular cases in which participants likely cheated, they were more likely to report that they knew the answers all along. Experimentally, we then found that participants were more likely to later claim that they knew the answers all along after having the opportunity to cheat to find the correct answers - relative to exposure to the correct answers without the opportunity to cheat. These findings provide new insights into relationships between memory, metacognition, and the self-concept.
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Veetikazhi R, Kamalanabhan TJ, Malhotra P, Arora R, Mueller A. Unethical employee behaviour: a review and typology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2020.1810738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. J. Kamalanabhan
- Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Pearl Malhotra
- Visiting Faculty, Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India
| | - Ridhi Arora
- Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Nongthymmai, Shillong, India
| | - Andreas Mueller
- Department of Work and Organisational Psychology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Alessandri G, Filosa L, Tisak MS, Crocetti E, Crea G, Avanzi L. Moral Disengagement and Generalized Social Trust as Mediators and Moderators of Rule-Respecting Behaviors During the COVID-19 Outbreak. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2102. [PMID: 32973632 PMCID: PMC7481453 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we tested a theoretical model with moral disengagement, a mediator, and generalized social trust (GST), a mediator and a moderator of the relationship between personality traits and rule-respecting behaviors (i.e., social distancing and stay-at-home), during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Italy. The data were collected on 1520 participants (61% males). General results are threefold: (1) moral disengagement mediated the relationship between emotional stability, narcissism, psychopathy, and social distancing; (2) among components of GST, trust in Government mediated the relationship between psychopathy and social distancing; trust in known others mediated the relationship between emotional stability, agreeableness, and Machiavellianism with total number of exits; trust in unknown others mediated the relationship of emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and psychopathy with average daily number of exits; (3) GST moderated the indirect effect of personality traits on rule-respecting behaviors through moral disengagement. The theoretical and practical importance of these results is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Alessandri
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Filosa
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie S Tisak
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling, OH, United States
| | - Elisabetta Crocetti
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Crea
- Department of Psychology, Salesian Pontifical University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Avanzi
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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Religious and secular roads to justify wrongdoing: How values interact with culture in explaining moral disengagement attitudes. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Examining mindfulness and its relationship to unethical behaviors. MANAGEMENT RESEARCH REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/mrr-01-2020-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to explore the mediating effect of moral disengagement in the relationship between mindfulness and unethical behaviors. The authors also explored the moderating effect of perceptions of politics on the mediational chain.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors administrated time-lagged surveys at two time periods separated by six weeks. Respondents were 206 full-time employees working in the USA. Hierarchical, moderated multiple regression analyzes were used to test the mediation and moderation effects.
Findings
Results showed that mindfulness reduced destructive deviant behavior and unethical pro-organizational behavior through moral disengagement and the mediation effects were weaker when employees’ perceptions of politics were stronger.
Research limitations/implications
The results indicate that mindfulness and perceptions of organizational politics combine to have profound impacts on employee unethical behaviors. Organizations seeking to minimize the occurrence of deviance and unethical behaviors may do well to support employee mindfulness and as well as minimizing organizational politics. The findings suggest that the political context has a negative impact on even the behavior of mindful employees. Therefore, building mindfulness while simultaneously reducing politics are equally important goals.
Originality/value
Our study extends the theoretical development of mindfulness research by examining the interactive effects of perceptions of organizational politics and mindfulness and broadens the theoretical rationale for explaining the linkages between mindfulness and unethical behaviors.
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