1
|
Li Q, Xiong C, Yao J. A study of the evolutionary game of carbon offset involving tourism stakeholders under incentive and constraint mechanisms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14935. [PMID: 38942938 PMCID: PMC11213961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Tourism carbon offsetting is a crucial pathway to achieving peak carbon and carbon neutrality in the tourism industry. Accurately grasping the collaborative evolutionary mechanisms among local governments, tourism enterprises, and tourists is key to promoting the implementation of tourism carbon offsetting. By constructing an evolutionary game model involving local governments, tourism enterprises, and tourists in carbon offsetting, this study uses MATLAB to simulate the evolutionary stable strategies under various conditions. Additionally, it dynamically simulates the collaborative strategies of the three parties under the influence of local government incentive and constraint mechanisms. The results indicate that under strong governmental constraint mechanisms, there is a promotion of active participation in carbon offsetting by local governments, tourism enterprises, and tourists. Incentive policies at certain levels also play a positive guiding role. As incentives increase, local subsidies and intervention costs also rise, leading to an evolution towards less enthusiastic participation among the three parties. Appropriately balanced government incentives and penalties are beneficial in achieving an equilibrium of benefits among multiple stakeholders involved in carbon offsetting, thus helping to attain carbon neutrality goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianna Li
- College of Economics and Management, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, 641000, China
- College of Economics and Management, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Changjiang Xiong
- Institute of Finance and Economics, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Juan Yao
- College of Economics and Management, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cease CK, Hart W, Lambert JT, Witt DE. Is "sadistic pleasure" a contrived process of signaling one's antagonism? J Pers 2024; 92:837-853. [PMID: 36825359 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sadistic pleasure presumably incorporates processes that support an authentic enjoyment of others' pain. However, antagonism confirmation theory, grounded in social-psychological theorizing on identity maintenance and the notion of ego-syntonicity, suggests that individuals higher in sadism report greater pleasure in response to others' pain because such reports are immoral responses that confirm their self-views. This alternative conception has yet to be tested. METHOD In two preregistered experiments (total N = 968), participants completed measures of sadism, read about situations involving others' pain, and rated their pleasure. We manipulated the extent to which pleasure from others' pain could be used to signal morality or antagonism. RESULTS We found that relatively sadistic people indicated greater pleasure across the studies but, like relatively non-sadistic people, they altered their pleasure ratings to signal greater morality or less antagonism. CONCLUSIONS The findings fail to support antagonism confirmation theory, but they support recent perspectives on sadism that suggest that sadistic people may occasionally care about seeming moral (or not seeming antagonistic) and that sadism may be somewhat ego-dystonic in this respect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte K Cease
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - William Hart
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Joshua T Lambert
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Danielle E Witt
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Philippsen A, Mieth L, Buchner A, Bell R. People punish defection, not failures to conform to the majority. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1211. [PMID: 38216621 PMCID: PMC10786916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Do people punish others for defecting or for failing to conform to the majority? In two experiments, we manipulated whether the participants' partners cooperated or defected in the majority of the trials of a Prisoner's Dilemma game. The effects of this base-rate manipulation on cooperation and punishment were assessed using a multinomial processing tree model. High compared to low cooperation rates of the partners increased participants' cooperation. When participants' cooperation was not enforced through partner punishment, the participants' cooperation was closely aligned to the cooperation rates of the partners. Moral punishment of defection increased when cooperation rates were high compared to when defection rates were high. However, antisocial punishment of cooperation when defection rates were high was much less likely than moral punishment of defection when cooperation rates were high. In addition, antisocial punishment was increased when cooperation rates were high compared to when defection rates were high. The latter two results contradict the assumption that people punish conformity-violating behavior regardless of whether the behavior supports or disrupts cooperation. Punishment is thus sensitive to the rates of cooperation and defection but, overall, the results are inconsistent with the idea that punishment primarily, let alone exclusively, serves to enforce conformity with the majority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Philippsen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Laura Mieth
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Axel Buchner
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raoul Bell
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lobbestael J, Slaoui G, Gollwitzer M. Sadism and Personality Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2023; 25:569-576. [PMID: 37856033 PMCID: PMC10654167 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-023-01466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sadistic pleasure-the enjoyment of harm-infliction to others-can have devastating interpersonal and societal consequences. The goal of the current review is to illuminate the nomological net of traits related to sadism. We aim to achieve an understanding of the current empirical status on the link between sadism and personality disorders, psychopathy, the Dark Triad, and basic personality traits in clinical and community-based samples. RECENT FINDINGS The field is dominated by self-report studies on the Dark Triad with convenience samples. The link with DSM personality disorders has hardly been empirically studied. Existing evidence shows that sadism is most strongly related to increased psychopathic personality traits. Sadism can originate both from the interpersonal, affective, and behavioural basis of dark personality traits. There are diverging ideas on the differential status between sadism, psychopathy, and other dark traits. Research is needed on the causal impact of the broader range of personality disorders on sadism, in more diverse samples, including behavioural assessments of sadistic pleasure, as well as on the interplay of such personality traits with situational and affective aspects, and victim attitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill Lobbestael
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, the Netherlands.
| | - Ghizlane Slaoui
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mario Gollwitzer
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Philippsen A, Mieth L, Buchner A, Bell R. Communicating emotions, but not expressing them privately, reduces moral punishment in a Prisoner's Dilemma game. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14693. [PMID: 37673945 PMCID: PMC10482980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of moral punishment, that is, the fact that cooperative people sacrifice resources to punish defecting partners requires an explanation. Potential explanations are that people punish defecting partners to privately express or to communicate their negative emotions in response to the experienced unfairness. If so, then providing participants with alternative ways to privately express or to communicate their emotions should reduce moral punishment. In two experiments, participants interacted with cooperating and defecting partners in a Prisoner's Dilemma game. After each round, participants communicated their emotions to their partners (Experiments 1 and 2) or only expressed them privately (Experiment 2). Each trial concluded with a costly punishment option. Compared to a no-expression control group, moral punishment was reduced when emotions were communicated to the defecting partner but not when emotions were privately expressed. Moral punishment may thus serve to communicate emotions to defecting partners. However, moral punishment was only reduced but far from being eliminated, suggesting that the communication of emotions does not come close to replacing moral punishment. Furthermore, prompting participants to focus on their emotions had undesirable side-effects: Privately expressing emotions diminished cooperation, enhanced hypocritical punishment (i.e., punishment of defecting partners by defecting participants), and induced an unspecific bias to punish the partners irrespective of their actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Philippsen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Laura Mieth
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Axel Buchner
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raoul Bell
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kruglanski AW, Ellenberg M, Szumowska E, Molinario E, Speckhard A, Leander NP, Pierro A, Di Cicco G, Bushman BJ. Frustration-aggression hypothesis reconsidered: The role of significance quest. Aggress Behav 2023; 49:445-468. [PMID: 37282763 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the oldest scientific theories of human aggression is the frustration-aggression hypothesis, advanced in 1939. Although this theory has received considerable empirical support and is alive and well today, its underlying mechanisms have not been adequately explored. In this article, we examine major findings and concepts from extant psychological research on hostile aggression and offer an integrative conception: aggression is a primordial means for establishing one's sense of significance and mattering, thus addressing a fundamental social-psychological need. Our functional portrayal of aggression as a means to significance yields four testable hypotheses: (1) frustration will elicit hostile aggression proportionately to the extent that the frustrated goal serves the individual's need for significance, (2) the impulse to aggress in response to significance loss will be enhanced in conditions that limit the individual's ability to reflect and engage in extensive information processing (that may bring up alternative, socially condoned means to significance), (3) significance-reducing frustration will elicit hostile aggression unless the impulse to aggress is substituted by a nonaggressive means of significance restoration, (4) apart from significance loss, an opportunity for significance gain can increase the impulse to aggress. These hypotheses are supported by extant data as well as novel research findings in real-world contexts. They have important implications for understanding human aggression and the conditions under which it is likely to be manifested and reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arie W Kruglanski
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Molly Ellenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ewa Szumowska
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Erica Molinario
- Department of Psychology - The Water School, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida, USA
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anne Speckhard
- Founding Director - International Center for the Study of Violent Extremism (ICSVE), Adjunct Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - N Pontus Leander
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Center for Peace and Conflict Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Antonio Pierro
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Rome, "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Cicco
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Rome, "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Brad J Bushman
- School of Communication, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pfattheicher S, Lazarević LB, Nielsen YA, Westgate EC, Krstić K, Schindler S. I enjoy hurting my classmates: On the relation of boredom and sadism in schools. J Sch Psychol 2023; 96:41-56. [PMID: 36641224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Schools can be a place of both love and of cruelty. We examined one type of cruelty that occurs in the school context: sadism, that is, harming others for pleasure. Primarily, we proposed and tested whether boredom plays a crucial role in the emergence of sadistic actions at school. In two well-powered studies (N = 1038; student age range = 10-18 years) using both self- and peer-reports of students' boredom levels and their sadistic tendencies, we first document that sadistic behavior occurs at school, although at a low level. We further show that those students who are more often bored at school are more likely to engage in sadistic actions (overall r = .36, 95% CI [0.24, 0.49]). In sum, the present work contributes to a better understanding of sadism in schools and points to boredom as one potential motivator. We discuss how reducing boredom might help to prevent sadistic tendencies at schools.
Collapse
|
8
|
Considering sadism in the shadow of the Dark Triad traits: A meta-analytic review of the Dark Tetrad. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
9
|
The effects of dark tetrad and hexaco traits on laboratory-induced malice behaviors. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03720-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
Costa R, Fávero M, Moreira D, Del Campo A, Sousa-Gomes V. Dark Tetrad, Acceptance of Sexual Violence, and Sexism. EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The Dark Tetrad is a cluster of four “dark” personality traits which are socially aversive, with distinct conceptual roots, but which are intercorrelated: narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and sadism. Narcissism is associated with inflated self-esteem and feelings of grandiosity; psychopathy involves reduced empathy and a lack of remorse or guilt; Machiavellianism is characterized by a tendency for manipulation for own personal benefit; sadism involves feelings of pleasure with the pain or suffering of others. Sexism is the group of beliefs linked with the perceived superiority of men over women. Previous studies have found relationships between the Dark Tetrad and the tolerance of the use of sexual violence and between the former and sexism. Furthermore, sexism has been linked with the acceptance of sexual violence. This study aims to revise the literature exploring the link between each of the components of the Dark Tetrad and the legitimation of the use of sexual violence; it also aims to present the associations that have been found between the aforementioned variables and sexism and related concepts, in multiple studies. Based on the previous literature, suggestions for aims of future research in this field (i.e., Dark Tetrad, sexual violence, sexism) are made, more specifically exploring the relative effect of each of the components of the Dark Tetrad in the explanation of the legitimation of sexual violence, as well as exploring a possible, at least partial, mediation of sexism in the link between each of the “dark” traits and the acceptance of sexual violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Costa
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Maia, Portugal
| | - Marisalva Fávero
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Maia, Portugal
- Research Centre for Justice and Governance of the of the Law School, University of Minho (JusGov/UM), Portugal
| | - Diana Moreira
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Faculty, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Psychology and Neuropsychology of Porto – IPNP Health, Portugal
- Centro de Solidariedade de Braga/Projecto Homem, Portugal
| | - Amaia Del Campo
- Department of Evolutionary and Educational Psychology, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Valéria Sousa-Gomes
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Maia, Portugal
- Research Centre for Justice and Governance of the of the Law School, University of Minho (JusGov/UM), Portugal
- Institute of Psychology and Neuropsychology of Porto – IPNP Health, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Blain B, Marks J, Czech P, Sharot T. Observing others give & take: A computational account of bystanders' feelings and actions. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010010. [PMID: 35500029 PMCID: PMC9098039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Social interactions influence people's feelings and behavior. Here, we propose that a person's well-being is influenced not only by interactions they experience themselves, but also by those they observe. In particular, we test and quantify the influence of observed selfishness and observed inequality on a bystanders' feelings and non-costly punishment decisions. We developed computational models that relate others' (un)selfish acts to observers' emotional reactions and punishment decisions. These characterize the rules by which others' interactions are transformed into bystanders' reactions, and successfully predict those reactions in out-of-sample participants. The models highlight the impact of two social values-'selfishness aversion' and 'inequality aversion'. As for the latter we find that even small violations from perfect equality have a disproportionately large impact on feelings and punishment. In this age of internet and social media we constantly observe others' online interactions, in addition to in-person interactions. Quantifying the consequences of such observations is important for predicting their impact on society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Blain
- Affective Brain Lab, Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Marks
- Affective Brain Lab, Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Czech
- Affective Brain Lab, Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tali Sharot
- Affective Brain Lab, Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, United State of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Paulhus DL, Gupta R, Jones DN. Dark or disturbed?: Predicting aggression from the Dark Tetrad and schizotypy. Aggress Behav 2021; 47:635-645. [PMID: 34402070 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on the personality foundations of aggression typically implicates either (a) aspects of the so-called "Dark Tetrad" or (b) severe mental disturbance (psychosis). The appearance of psychotic symptoms in general populations is termed schizotypy. We conducted two studies to compare the effects of dark personalities and schizotypy on aggression. Study 1 used standard inventories to investigate the overlap of Dark Tetrad traits with schizotypy in a sample of 977 undergraduates. All tetrad traits except narcissism were positively associated with schizotypy, but only at moderate levels. Study 2 administered the same personality battery to 303 members of an online community sample: Aggression outcomes were measured with both self-reports and a behavioral measure-the Voodoo Doll Task. Regression analyses determined the unique contributions of the five personality variables. Two dark traits-psychopathy and sadism-were strong predictors of self-report aggression. Schizotypy added incrementally to the Dark Tetrad in predicting both self-report and behaviorally measured aggression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delroy L. Paulhus
- Department of Psychology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Rohin Gupta
- Department of Psychology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Daniel N. Jones
- Department of Management University of Nevada Reno Nevada USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dinić BM, Milosavljević M, Mandarić J. Effects of Dark Tetrad traits on utilitarian moral judgement: The role of personal involvement and familiarity with the victim. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bojana M. Dinić
- Department of Psychology Faculty of Philosophy University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
| | | | - Jovana Mandarić
- Department of Psychology Faculty of Philosophy University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Međedović J, Kovačević U. Sadism as a Key Dark Trait in the Link Between Football Fandom and Criminal Attitudes. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Football (soccer) fans, particularly those with active involvement in supporting clubs, are especially prone to violence and criminal behavior. However, there is a gap in literature regarding individual characteristics which lead to criminal behavior in this group. In the present research, we examined the Dark Tetrad traits (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism) and criminal attitudes (Violence, Entitlement, Antisocial intent, and Associates) in a group of active football fans ( N = 128) and a control group ( N = 118). We were led by a hypothesis that psychopathy and sadism as the dark traits with highest associations with violence are more pronounced in football supporters and key traits to predict criminal attitudes. The results showed that football fans had higher scores in all criminal attitude scales as well as in trait sadism. Furthermore, membership in a football supporters’ group was the most important predictor of all four measures of criminal attitudes. However, Dark Tetrad traits contributed to the prediction as well: sadism was the most important predictor of criminal attitudes, followed by psychopathy, and Machiavellianism, while narcissism had the fewest associations with the criteria measures. Finally, sadism was the only dark trait which significantly mediated the link between club supporting and criminal attitudes. Study findings help in understanding personality profiles of football supporters and provide new knowledge of the role that the Dark Tetrad traits (especially sadism) play in violence and criminal involvement in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janko Međedović
- Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Nockur L, Pfattheicher S. Intuitive decision-making promotes rewarding prosocial others independent of the personality trait Honesty-Humility. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18579. [PMID: 33122708 PMCID: PMC7596041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although past research has convincingly shown that rewarding prosocial individuals helps to establish high levels of cooperation, research investigating factors that promote rewarding others has been surprisingly rare. The present research addresses this gap and examines two factors that were shown in past research to play a role in prosocial behaviour. In a well-powered study (total N = 1003), we tested the impact of (a) a basic prosocial personality trait (the Honesty-Humility dimension from the HEXACO personality model) and (b) intuitive decision-making, as well as (c) their interaction, in rewarding prosocial individuals. We found that (1) intuition promotes rewarding prosocial others; (2) Honesty-Humility was not significantly related to rewarding prosocial others; and (3) that Honesty-Humility did not significantly moderate the effect of intuition on reward. Implications for the understanding of reciprocating others' prosocial behaviour are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laila Nockur
- Department of Social Psychology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89077, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Stefan Pfattheicher
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 11, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Abstract
Humans are outstanding in their ability to cooperate with unrelated individuals, and punishment - paying a cost to harm others - is thought to be a key supporting mechanism. According to this view, cooperators punish defectors, who respond by behaving more cooperatively in future interactions. However, a synthesis of the evidence from laboratory and real-world settings casts serious doubts on the assumption that the sole function of punishment is to convert cheating individuals into cooperators. Instead, punishment often prompts retaliation and punishment decisions frequently stem from competitive, rather than deterrent motives. Punishment decisions often reflect the desire to equalise or elevate payoffs relative to targets, rather than the desire to enact revenge for harm received or to deter cheats from reoffending in future. We therefore suggest that punishment also serves a competitive function, where what looks like spiteful behaviour actually allows punishers to equalise or elevate their own payoffs and/or status relative to targets independently of any change in the target's behaviour. Institutions that reduce or remove the possibility that punishers are motivated by relative payoff or status concerns might offer a way to harness these competitive motives and render punishment more effective at restoring cooperation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nichola J. Raihani
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Redouan Bshary
- Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Rue Emilie-Argand 11, Neuchâtel, CH-2000, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pfattheicher S, Keller J, Knezevic G. Destroying things for pleasure: On the relation of sadism and vandalism. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
20
|
Mischkowski D, Glöckner A, Lewisch P. From spontaneous cooperation to spontaneous punishment – Distinguishing the underlying motives driving spontaneous behavior in first and second order public good games. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
21
|
Buckels EE, Trapnell PD, Andjelovic T, Paulhus DL. Internet trolling and everyday sadism: Parallel effects on pain perception and moral judgment. J Pers 2018; 87:328-340. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
22
|
Pfattheicher S, Böhm R, Kesberg R. The Advantage of Democratic Peer Punishment in Sustaining Cooperation within Groups. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Böhm
- School of Business and Economics; RWTH Aachen University; Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pfattheicher S, Keller J. A motivational perspective on punishment in social dilemmas. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2017.1375662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|