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Genton L, Lazarevic V, Stojanovic O, Spiljar M, Djaafar S, Koessler T, Dutoit V, Gaïa N, Mareschal J, Macpherson AJ, Herrmann F, Trajkovski M, Schrenzel J. Metataxonomic and Metabolic Impact of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation From Patients With Pancreatic Cancer Into Germ-Free Mice: A Pilot Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:752889. [PMID: 34737977 PMCID: PMC8560705 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.752889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Body weight (BW) loss is prevalent in patients with pancreatic cancer (PC). Gut microbiota affects BW and is known to directly shape the host immune responses and antitumor immunity. This pilot study evaluated the link between gut microbiota, metabolic parameters and inflammatory/immune parameters, through the fecal material transplantation (FMT) of PC patients and healthy volunteers into germ-free (GF) mice. Methods We transplanted the feces from five PC patients and five age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers into two GF mice each. Mouse BW and energy intake were measured every 1-5 days, oral glucose on day 21, insulin tolerance on day 26, fecal bacterial taxonomic profile by 16S rRNA gene sequencing on day 5, 10, 15 and 30, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue T cells, plasma cytokines and weights of fat and muscle mass at sacrifice (day 34). Results are presented as mean ± SD. The continuous parameters of mice groups were compared by linear univariate regressions, and their bacterial communities by Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA), Bray-Curtis similarity and ANCOM test. Results Recipients of feces from PC patients and healthy volunteers had similar BW gain and food intake. Visceral fat was lower in recipients of feces from PC patients than from healthy individuals (0.72 ± 0.17 vs. 0.92 ± 0.14 g; coeff -0.19, 95% CI -0.38, -0.02, p=0.035). The other non-metataxonomic parameters did not differ between groups. In PCoA, microbiota from PC patients clustered apart from those of healthy volunteers and the same pattern was observed in transplanted mice. The proportions of Clostridium bolteae, Clostridium scindens, Clostridium_g24_unclassified and Phascolarctobacterium faecium were higher, while those of Alistipes obesi, Lachnospiraceae PAC000196_s and Coriobacteriaceae_unclassified species were lower in PC patients and in mice transplanted with the feces from these patients. Conclusion In this pilot study, FMT from PC patients was associated with a decrease in visceral fat as compared to FMT from healthy individuals. Some of the differences in fecal microbiota between PC and control samples are common to humans and mice. Further research is required to confirm that feces contain elements involved in metabolic and immune alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Genton
- Clinical Nutrition, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Ozren Stojanovic
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martina Spiljar
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Souad Djaafar
- Clinical Nutrition, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thibaud Koessler
- Oncology, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Dutoit
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Translational Research Center for Oncoheamatology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Gaïa
- Genomic Research Laboratory, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julie Mareschal
- Clinical Nutrition, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew James Macpherson
- Department of Biomedical Research, University Hospital of Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francois Herrmann
- Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Trajkovski
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Genomic Research Laboratory, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Fujimura Y, Haruma K, Owen RL. Bombesin Prevents the Atrophy of Peyer's Patches and the Dysfunction of M Cells in Rabbits Receiving Long-Term Parenteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 31:75-85. [PMID: 17308247 DOI: 10.1177/014860710703100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) induces atrophy of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). We examined whether bombesin could ameliorate this atrophy of Peyer's patches and the down-regulation of particle transport by M cells, which was also observed in rabbits undergoing PN. METHODS Adult female rabbits were randomized into 6 groups to receive chow ad libitum, chow + bombesin, PN, or PN + bombesin (20 microg/kg, subcutaneously every 8 hours) for 2 or 4 weeks. At the end of each nutrition period, a laparotomy was performed under anesthesia and a suspension of 1 x 10(10)/mL of 0.5-microm fluorescent microspheres was injected into the lumen of intestinal segments containing Peyer's patches and incubated for 2 hours. After the incubation, segments were harvested and prepared for light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, fluorescent microscopy, and electron microscopy. RESULTS Long-term PN reduced the size of ileal Peyer's patches, the number of microspheres that was taken up into the follicle-associated epithelium of lymphoid nodules, and the area of Peyer's patch surface occupied by M cells. The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes within the follicle-associated epithelium near the perifollicular crypts of Peyer's patches was also reduced by long-term PN. These consequences were dramatically ameliorated by treatment with bombesin. No ultrastructural alteration of the M cells of Peyer's patches was found in the chow, the PN, or the PN + bombesin groups. CONCLUSIONS Bombesin prevents PN-induced atrophy of GALT, reduction of M cell numbers, and decrease in particulate transport by M cells during long-term PN. Bombesin may modulate the genesis of and particulate transport by M cells through stimulation of lymphoid cells in Peyer's patch epithelium near perifollicular crypts, where M cells and other constituents of lymphoid follicle epithelium are generated, thereby preserving mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Fujimura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Kawasaki Hospital, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan.
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Ramos-Álvarez I, Moreno P, Mantey SA, Nakamura T, Nuche-Berenguer B, Moody TW, Coy DH, Jensen RT. Insights into bombesin receptors and ligands: Highlighting recent advances. Peptides 2015; 72:128-44. [PMID: 25976083 PMCID: PMC4641779 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This following article is written for Prof. Abba Kastin's Festschrift, to add to the tribute to his important role in the advancement of the role of peptides in physiological, as well as pathophysiological processes. There have been many advances during the 35 years of his prominent role in the Peptide field, not only as editor of the journal Peptides, but also as a scientific investigator and editor of two volumes of the Handbook of Biological Active Peptides [146,147]. Similar to the advances with many different peptides, during this 35 year period, there have been much progress made in the understanding of the pharmacology, cell biology and the role of (bombesin) Bn receptors and their ligands in various disease states, since the original isolation of bombesin from skin of the European frog Bombina bombina in 1970 [76]. This paper will briefly review some of these advances over the time period of Prof. Kastin 35 years in the peptide field concentrating on the advances since 2007 when many of the results from earlier studies were summarized [128,129]. It is appropriate to do this because there have been 280 articles published in Peptides during this time on bombesin-related peptides and it accounts for almost 5% of all publications. Furthermore, 22 Bn publications we have been involved in have been published in either Peptides [14,39,55,58,81,92,93,119,152,216,225,226,231,280,302,309,355,361,362] or in Prof. Kastin's Handbook of Biological Active Peptides [137,138,331].
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos-Álvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Paola Moreno
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Samuel A Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Taichi Nakamura
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Bernardo Nuche-Berenguer
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Terry W Moody
- Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - David H Coy
- Peptide Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, United States
| | - Robert T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States.
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Pierre JF, Neuman JC, Brill AL, Brar HK, Thompson MF, Cadena MT, Connors KM, Busch RA, Heneghan AF, Cham CM, Jones EK, Kibbe CR, Davis DB, Groblewski GE, Kudsk KA, Kimple ME. The gastrin-releasing peptide analog bombesin preserves exocrine and endocrine pancreas morphology and function during parenteral nutrition. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G431-42. [PMID: 26185331 PMCID: PMC4572409 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00072.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of digestive organs by enteric peptides is lost during total parental nutrition (PN). Here we examine the role of the enteric peptide bombesin (BBS) in stimulation of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas during PN. BBS protects against exocrine pancreas atrophy and dysfunction caused by PN. BBS also augments circulating insulin levels, suggesting an endocrine pancreas phenotype. While no significant changes in gross endocrine pancreas morphology were observed, pancreatic islets isolated from BBS-treated PN mice showed a significantly enhanced insulin secretion response to the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist exendin-4, correlating with enhanced GLP-1 receptor expression. BBS itself had no effect on islet function, as reflected in low expression of BBS receptors in islet samples. Intestinal BBS receptor expression was enhanced in PN with BBS, and circulating active GLP-1 levels were significantly enhanced in BBS-treated PN mice. We hypothesized that BBS preserved islet function indirectly, through the enteroendocrine cell-pancreas axis. We confirmed the ability of BBS to directly stimulate intestinal enteroid cells to express the GLP-1 precursor preproglucagon. In conclusion, BBS preserves the exocrine and endocrine pancreas functions during PN; however, the endocrine stimulation is likely indirect, through the enteroendocrine cell-pancreas axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F. Pierre
- 2Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; ,5Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua C. Neuman
- 4Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Allison L. Brill
- 3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Harpreet K. Brar
- 3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Mary F. Thompson
- 3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Mark T. Cadena
- 3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Kelsey M. Connors
- 3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Rebecca A. Busch
- 2Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Aaron F. Heneghan
- 2Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Candace M. Cham
- 5Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elaina K. Jones
- 4Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Carly R. Kibbe
- 3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Dawn B. Davis
- 1William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin; ,3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; ,4Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Guy E. Groblewski
- 4Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Kenneth A. Kudsk
- 1William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin; ,2Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Michelle E. Kimple
- 1William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin; ,3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; ,4Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin; and
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Hirano K, Kubota A, Nakayama M, Kawahara H, Yoneda A, Tazuke Y, Tani G, Ishii T, Goda T, Umeda S, Hirno S, Shiraishi J, Kitajima H. Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in extremely low-birthweight infants with intestinal disease. Pediatr Int 2015; 57:677-81. [PMID: 25728615 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with the development of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) and to examine the clinicopathological relationship of PNALD in extremely low-birthweight infants (ELBWI). METHODS The subjects were 13 ELBWI who had received PN because of intestinal perforation or functional ileus between 2000 and 2013. We measured the serum levels of biochemical parameters, including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and direct bilirubin. Liver histopathology was examined in relation to outcome. The subjects were categorized into two groups on liver histopathology: F(+), development of hepatic fibrosis and necrosis with/without cholestasis; and F(-), no hepatic fibrosis. RESULTS Of 13 ELBWI, five died of hepatic failure, five died of sepsis, and the other three were alive at the time of the study. Of the five infants who died of hepatic failure, two developed fulminant hepatitis without cholestasis, and the other three developed chronic cholestasis and finally hepatic failure. Postmortem histopathology in F(+) indicated not only massive hepatic necrosis, but also massive hepatic fibrosis. These histopathological findings explained the clinical presentation of portal hypertension. There were significant differences in the fasting period after intestinal disease onset between the two groups. CONCLUSION The prolonged fasting with PN is responsible for severe hepatocellular necrosis with fibrosis and consequent lethal portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Hirano
- Pediatric Surgery, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akio Kubota
- Pediatric Surgery, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakayama
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Anatomic Pathology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Kawahara
- Pediatric Surgery, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoneda
- Pediatric Surgery, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Tazuke
- Pediatric Surgery, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gakuto Tani
- Pediatric Surgery, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishii
- Pediatric Surgery, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taro Goda
- Pediatric Surgery, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Umeda
- Pediatric Surgery, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Hirno
- Neonatal Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Shiraishi
- Neonatal Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirnoyuki Kitajima
- Neonatal Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
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Busch RA, Heneghan AF, Pierre JF, Neuman JC, Reimer CA, Wang X, Kimple ME, Kudsk KA. Bombesin Preserves Goblet Cell Resistin-Like Molecule β During Parenteral Nutrition but Not Other Goblet Cell Products. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2015; 40:1042-9. [PMID: 25934045 DOI: 10.1177/0148607115585353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parenteral nutrition (PN) increases the risk of infection in critically ill patients and is associated with defects in gastrointestinal innate immunity. Goblet cells produce mucosal defense compounds, including mucin (principally MUC2), trefoil factor 3 (TFF3), and resistin-like molecule β (RELMβ). Bombesin (BBS), a gastrin-releasing peptide analogue, experimentally reverses PN-induced defects in Paneth cell innate immunity. We hypothesized that PN reduces goblet cell product expression and PN+BBS would reverse these PN-induced defects. METHODS Two days after intravenous cannulation, male Institute of Cancer Research mice were randomized to chow (n = 15), PN (n = 13), or PN+BBS (15 µg tid) (n = 12) diets for 5 days. Defined segments of ileum and luminal fluid were analyzed for MUC2, TFF3, and RELMβ by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Compared with chow, PN significantly reduced MUC2 in ileum (P < .01) and luminal fluid (P = .01). BBS supplementation did not improve ileal or luminal MUC2 compared with PN (P > .3). Compared with chow, PN significantly reduced TFF3 in ileum (P < .02) and luminal fluid (P < .01). BBS addition did not improve ileal or luminal TFF3 compared with PN (P > .3). Compared with chow, PN significantly reduced ileal RELMβ (P < .01). BBS supplementation significantly increased ileal RELMβ to levels similar to chow (P < .03 vs PN; P > .6 vs chow). Th2 cytokines were decreased with PN and returned to chow levels with BBS. CONCLUSION PN significantly impairs the goblet cell component of innate mucosal immunity. BBS only preserves goblet cell RELMβ during PN but not other goblet cell products measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Busch
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Aaron F Heneghan
- Veteran Administration Surgical Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joseph F Pierre
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joshua C Neuman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Claire A Reimer
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xinying Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Michelle E Kimple
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kenneth A Kudsk
- Veteran Administration Surgical Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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The enteric nervous system neuropeptide, bombesin, reverses innate immune impairments during parenteral nutrition. Ann Surg 2015; 260:432-43; discussion 443-4. [PMID: 25115419 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of enteral stimulation during parenteral nutrition (PN) impairs mucosal immunity. Bombesin (BBS), a gastrin-releasing peptide analogue, reverses PN-induced defects in acquired immunity. Paneth cells produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of innate immunity for release after cholinergic stimulation. OBJECTIVE Determine if BBS restores AMPs and bactericidal function during PN. METHODS Intravenously cannulated male ICR mice were randomized to Chow, PN, or PN+BBS (15 μg 3 times daily, n = 7 per group) for 5 days. Ileum was analyzed for AMPs (Protein: sPLA2 by fluorescence, lysozyme and RegIII-γ by western andcryptdin-4 by ELISA; mRNA: all by RT-PCR). Cholinergic stimulated (100 μM bethanechol) ileal specimens assessed Pseudomonas bactericidal activity. Ileum (Chow: n = 7; PN: n = 9; PN+BBS: n = 8) was assessed for Escherichia coli invasion in ex-vivo culture. RESULTS PN significantly decreased most AMPs versus Chow while BBS maintained Chow levels (sPLA2: Chow: 107 + 14*, PN: 44.6 + 7.2, PN+BBS: 78.7 + 13.4* Fl/min/μL/total protein; Lysozyme: Chow: 63.9 + 11.9*, PN: 26.8 + 6.2; PN+BBS: 64.9 + 13.8* lysozyme/total protein; RegIII-γ: Chow: 51.5 + 10.0*, PN: 20.4 + 4.3, PN+BBS: 31.0 + 8.4 RegIII-γ/total protein; Cryptdin-4: Chow: 18.4 + 1.5*, PN: 12.7 + 1.6, PN+BBS: 26.1 + 2.4*† pg/mg [all *P < 0.05 vs PN and †P < 0.05 vs Chow]). Functionally, BBS prevented PN loss of bactericidal activity after cholinergic stimulation (Chow: 25.3 + 3.6*, PN: 13.0 + 3.2; PN+BBS: 27.0 + 4.7* percent bacterial killing, *P < 0.05 vs PN). BBS reduced bacterial invasion in unstimulated tissue barely missing significance (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls AMP levels in Paneth cells during PN but mucosal protection by innate immunity requires both ENS and parasympathetic stimulation.
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Genton L, Cani PD, Schrenzel J. Alterations of gut barrier and gut microbiota in food restriction, food deprivation and protein-energy wasting. Clin Nutr 2014; 34:341-9. [PMID: 25459400 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiota composition is related to changes of gut barrier function including gut permeability and immune function. Gut microbiota is different in obese compared to lean subjects, suggesting that gut microbes are also involved in energy metabolism and subsequent nutritional state. While research on gut microbiota and gut barrier has presently mostly focused on intestinal inflammatory bowel diseases and more recently on obesity and type 2 diabetes, this review aims at summarizing the present knowledge regarding the impact, in vivo, of depleted nutritional states on structure and function of the gut epithelium, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), the gut microbiota and the enteric nervous system. It highlights the complex interactions between the components of gut barrier in depleted states due to food deprivation, food restriction and protein energy wasting and shows that these interactions are multidirectional, implying the existence of feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Genton
- Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - P D Cani
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Schrenzel
- Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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Kubota A, Mochizuki N, Shiraishi J, Nakayama M, Kawahara H, Yoneda A, Tazuke Y, Goda T, Nakahata K, Sano H, Hirano S, Kitajima H. Parenteral-nutrition-associated liver disease after intestinal perforation in extremely low-birthweight infants: consequent lethal portal hypertension. Pediatr Int 2013; 55:39-43. [PMID: 23240986 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenteral nutrition (PN)-associated liver dysfunction (PNALD) in term infants usually manifests as intrahepatic cholestasis, which recovers with enteral nutrition (EN) in most cases; however, as the number of extremely low-birthweight infants (ELBWI) has been increasing, and consequently intestinal diseases associated with ELBWI have been increasing, more intractable PNALD has been encountered after surgical treatment in ELBWI, which does not resolve or rather worsens with EN. METHODS Three cases of ELBWI with intestinal perforation, which developed PNALD and eventually died of hepatic failure with intractable portal hypertension, were reviewed. Their gestational age and birthweight ranged from 23 to 26 weeks, and from 434 to 968 g, respectively. The intestinal diseases included necrotizing enteritis in two and meconium-related ileus with focal intestinal perforation in one. RESULTS The duration of total PN without EN in the three cases was 17, 24 and 24 days, respectively. The interval between the introduction of PN and the onset of PNALD was 14, 4 and 18 days, respectively. A marked elevation of serum endotoxin level was detected in both cases of necrotizing enteritis. Histopathological study of the liver revealed marked cholestasis, significant hepatic necrosis with fibrosis, and proliferation of ductules in all these cases, which was responsible for portal hypertension. CONCLUSIONS PN after gastrointestinal disorders in ELBWI may cause refractory PNALD, which does not resolve, or rather worsens with the resumption of EN. Portal hypertension secondary to hepatic necrosis may be responsible for the exacerbation with the resumption of EN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Kubota
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka, Japan.
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Fassbinder-Orth CA, Karasov WH. Effects of Feed Restriction and Realimentation on Digestive and Immune Function in the Leghorn Chick. Poult Sci 2006; 85:1449-56. [PMID: 16903477 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.8.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How regulatory changes of digestive and immune functions of the gut influence each other has not been sufficiently studied. We tested for simultaneous changes in the digestive physiology and mucosal immune function of the guts of White Leghorn cockerel chicks undergoing food restriction and realimentation. Chicks were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: control = fed ad libitum 7 to 17 d of age; restricted = feed restricted d 12 to 17 (at 2 restriction levels: 54 and 34% ad libitum); refed = feed restricted d 7 to 13 and then fed ad libitum d 14 to 17. Refed chicks exhibited 1 d of hyperphagy and an increase in apparent digestive efficiency following restriction (ANOVA, P < 0.001). Total small intestine mass and duodenal maltase activity differed among the groups in the order refed > control > restricted, as expected (ANOVA, P < 0.05 for both measures). In contrast, there were no significant treatment effects on our measures of gut immune structure and function, including bursa mass, spleen mass, and total IgA content of intestinal flush samples measured with standard ELISA techniques. The results of this study indicated that, during feed restriction and realimentation, some features of gut immune function are maintained unchanged in the face of regulatory changes that influence digestive functions.
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