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Heumos L, Ehmele P, Treis T, Upmeier Zu Belzen J, Roellin E, May L, Namsaraeva A, Horlava N, Shitov VA, Zhang X, Zappia L, Knoll R, Lang NJ, Hetzel L, Virshup I, Sikkema L, Curion F, Eils R, Schiller HB, Hilgendorff A, Theis FJ. An open-source framework for end-to-end analysis of electronic health record data. Nat Med 2024:10.1038/s41591-024-03214-0. [PMID: 39266748 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
With progressive digitalization of healthcare systems worldwide, large-scale collection of electronic health records (EHRs) has become commonplace. However, an extensible framework for comprehensive exploratory analysis that accounts for data heterogeneity is missing. Here we introduce ehrapy, a modular open-source Python framework designed for exploratory analysis of heterogeneous epidemiology and EHR data. ehrapy incorporates a series of analytical steps, from data extraction and quality control to the generation of low-dimensional representations. Complemented by rich statistical modules, ehrapy facilitates associating patients with disease states, differential comparison between patient clusters, survival analysis, trajectory inference, causal inference and more. Leveraging ontologies, ehrapy further enables data sharing and training EHR deep learning models, paving the way for foundational models in biomedical research. We demonstrate ehrapy's features in six distinct examples. We applied ehrapy to stratify patients affected by unspecified pneumonia into finer-grained phenotypes. Furthermore, we reveal biomarkers for significant differences in survival among these groups. Additionally, we quantify medication-class effects of pneumonia medications on length of stay. We further leveraged ehrapy to analyze cardiovascular risks across different data modalities. We reconstructed disease state trajectories in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) based on imaging data. Finally, we conducted a case study to demonstrate how ehrapy can detect and mitigate biases in EHR data. ehrapy, thus, provides a framework that we envision will standardize analysis pipelines on EHR data and serve as a cornerstone for the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Heumos
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive; Helmholtz Zentrum Munich; member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Ehmele
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Treis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Eljas Roellin
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lilly May
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Altana Namsaraeva
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- Konrad Zuse School of Excellence in Learning and Intelligent Systems (ELIZA), Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nastassya Horlava
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Shitov
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luke Zappia
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Knoll
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Niklas J Lang
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive; Helmholtz Zentrum Munich; member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Leon Hetzel
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Isaac Virshup
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Sikkema
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabiola Curion
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Health Data Science Unit, Heidelberg University and BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Herbert B Schiller
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive; Helmholtz Zentrum Munich; member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Research Unit, Precision Regenerative Medicine (PRM), Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Hilgendorff
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive; Helmholtz Zentrum Munich; member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Center for Comprehensive Developmental Care (CDeCLMU) at the Social Pediatric Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany.
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Mathematics, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Sim A, Tan HQ, Ali Y, Burns SF. Original investigation: manipulating energy availability in male endurance runners: a randomised controlled trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:1163-1174. [PMID: 38713922 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2024-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of 4 days low energy availability (LEA) on physiological markers and mood states in male endurance runners. Twelve participants (mean (standard deviation); age: 25.8 (3.8) years; fat-free mass (FFM): 52.8 (5.5) kg) completed three 4-day conditions: adequate energy availability (AEA): 45 kcal/kg FFM/day; LEA1: 30 kcal/kg FFM/day; and LEA2: 15 kcal/kg FFM/day, in a randomized order. Participants ran on a treadmill at 65% of V̇O2max until they expended 15 kcal/kg FFM/day of energy. Energy intake was adjusted to achieve the desired energy availability. Pre- and post-measurements of bone turnover, metabolism, testosterone and estradiol (plasma), resting metabolic rate (indirect calorimetry), and mood states (Brunel Mood Scale) were assessed. The results reported a significant decrease in testosterone (condition × time interaction, p = 0.03) occurred on LEA2 (Pre: 23.8 (7.0) nmol/L vs. Post: 20.3 (7.7) nmol/L) compared with AEA (Pre: 22.9 (5.5) nmol/L vs. Post: 23.3 (6.1) nmol/L) or LEA1 (Pre: 23.6 (8.6) nmol/L vs. Post: 20.9 (8.8) nmol/L). Fatigue level significantly increased (condition × time interaction, p = 0.02) in LEA2 (Pre: 3.5 (1.7) vs. Post: 6.5 (2.9)) but did not change in AEA (Pre: 2.8 (1.5) vs. Post: 2.5 (2.7)) or LEA1 (Pre: 2.8(2.4) vs. Post: 2.9 (2.0)). Other measures were unaffected by the interventions. In conclusion, this study suggests that testosterone and fatigue may serve as early indicators of LEA in male runners. However, other physiological markers and mood states appeared largely unaffected, aligning with existing literature indicating minimal disruption of physiological functions during acute LEA in male athletes. Study registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (Trial No.: 381278).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexiaa Sim
- Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 637616, Singapore
| | - Hui Qing Tan
- Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 637616, Singapore
| | - Yusuf Ali
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
| | - Stephen F Burns
- Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 637616, Singapore
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Parker CH, Sadhir S, Swanson Z, McGrosky A, Hinz E, Urlacher SS, Pontzer H. Effect of influenza vaccination on resting metabolic rate and c-reactive protein concentrations in healthy young adults. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295540. [PMID: 38100425 PMCID: PMC10723728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic immune activation and severe inflammatory states are positively associated with resting metabolic rate (RMR; kcal/day), but the impacts of mild immune stimuli on metabolism are poorly understood. This study investigates the within-individual association between the inflammatory response to influenza vaccination and RMR in young adults. METHODS We evaluated RMRs through indirect calorimetry and circulating c-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (mg/L)-a direct measure of inflammation-via high-sensitivity immunoassays of dried blood spots (n = 17) at baseline and two- and seven-days post-vaccine. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests were used to evaluate the magnitude of the CRP and RMR responses. Type II Wald chi-square tests of linear mixed-effect models assessed whether those responses were correlated. RESULTS Baseline CRP was 1.39 ± 1.26 mg/L. On day two post-vaccine, CRP increased by 1.47 ± 1.37 mg/L (p < 0.0001), representing a 106% increase above baseline values. CRP remained higher on day seven post-vaccine, 1.32 ± 2.47 mg/L (p = 0.05) above baseline values. There were no statistically significant changes in RMR from baseline to day two (p = 0.98) or day seven (p = 0.21). Change in CRP from baseline did not predict RMR variation across days (p = 0.46). CONCLUSIONS We find no evidence that adult influenza vaccination results in a corresponding increase in RMR. These results suggest that the energetic cost of an influenza vaccine's mild inflammatory stimulus is either too small to detect or is largely compensated by a temporary downregulation of energy allocated to other metabolic tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hagan Parker
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Srishti Sadhir
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zane Swanson
- Global Food Security Program, Center for Strategic and International Study, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Amanda McGrosky
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elena Hinz
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Samuel S. Urlacher
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
- Child and Brain Development Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Roberts J, Dugdale-Duwell D, Lillis J, Pinto JM, Willmott A, Yeshurun S, Mor M, Souren T. The efficacy of a home-use metabolic device (Lumen) in response to a short-term low and high carbohydrate diet in healthy volunteers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2185537. [PMID: 36862060 PMCID: PMC9987730 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2185537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on stoichiometric assumptions, and real-time assessment of expired carbon dioxide (%CO2) and flow rate, the Lumen device provides potential for consumers/athletes to monitor metabolic responses to dietary programs outside of laboratory conditions. However, there is a paucity of research exploring device efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate Lumen device response to: i) a high-carbohydrate meal under laboratory conditions, and ii) a short-term low- or high-carbohydrate diet in healthy volunteers. METHODS Following institutional ethical approval, 12 healthy volunteers (age: 36 ± 4 yrs; body mass: 72.1 ± 3.6 kg; height: 1.71 ± 0.02 m) performed Lumen breath and Douglas bag expired air measures under fasted laboratory conditions and at 30 and 60 min after a high-carbohydrate (2 g·kg-1) meal, along with capilliarized blood glucose assessment. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA, with ordinary least squares regression used to assess the model between Lumen expired carbon dioxide percentage (L%CO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). In a separate phase, 27 recreationally active adults (age: 42 ± 2 yrs; body mass: 71.9 ± 1.9 kg; height: 1.72 ± 0.02 m) completed a 7-day low- (~20% of energy intake [EI]; LOW) or high-carbohydrate diet (~60% of EI; HIGH) in a randomized, cross-over design under free-living conditions. L%CO2 and derived Lumen Index (LI) were recorded daily across morning (fasted and post-breakfast) and evening (pre/post meal, pre-bed) periods. Repeated measures ANOVA were employed for main analyses, with Bonferroni post-hoc assessment applied (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS Following the carbohydrate test-meal, L%CO2 increased from 4.49 ± 0.05% to 4.80 ± 0.06% by 30 min, remaining elevated at 4.76 ± 0.06% by 60 min post-feeding (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.74). Similarly, RER increased by 18.1% from 0.77 ± 0.03 to 0.91 ± 0.02 by 30 min post-meal (P = 0.002). When considering peak data, regression analysis demonstrated a significant model effect between RER and L%CO2 (F = 5.62, P = 0.03, R2 = 0.20). Following main dietary interventions, no significant interactions (diet × day) were found. However, main diet effects were evident across all time-points assessed, highlighting significant differences for both L%CO2 and LI between LOW and HIGH conditions (P < 0.003). For L%CO2, this was particularly noted under fasted (4.35 ± 0.07 vs. 4.46 ± 0.06%, P = 0.001), pre-evening meal (4.35 ± 0.07 vs. 4.50 ± 0.06%, P < 0.001), and pre-bed time-points (4.51 ± 0.08 vs. 4.61 ± 0.06%, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that a portable, home-use metabolic device (Lumen) detected significantly increased expired %CO2 in response to a high-carbohydrate meal, and may be useful in tracking mean weekly changes to acute dietary carbohydrate modifications. Additional research is warranted to further determine the practical and clinical efficacy of the Lumen device in applied compared to laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dirk Dugdale-Duwell
- Occupational and Environmental Physiology Group, Centre for Sport Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Joseph Lillis
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jorge Marques Pinto
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ash Willmott
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Tjeu Souren
- Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- School of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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5
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Alcantara JMA, Jurado-Fasoli L, Dote-Montero M, Merchan-Ramirez E, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Labayen I, Ruiz JR, Sanchez-Delgado G. Impact of methods for data selection on the day-to-day reproducibility of resting metabolic rate assessed with four different metabolic carts. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:2179-2188. [PMID: 37586924 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Accomplishing a high day-to-day reproducibility is important to detect changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) that may be produced after an intervention or for monitoring patients' metabolism over time. We aimed to analyze: (i) the influence of different methods for selecting indirect calorimetry data on RMR and RER assessments; and, (ii) whether these methods influence RMR and RER day-to-day reproducibility. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-eight young adults accomplished 4 consecutive RMR assessments (30-min each), using the Q-NRG (Cosmed, Rome, Italy), the Vyntus CPX (Jaeger-CareFusion, Höchberg, Germany), the Omnical (Maastricht Instruments, Maastricht, The Netherlands), and the Ultima CardiO2 (Medgraphics Corporation, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA) carts, on 2 consecutive mornings. Three types of methods were used: (i) short (periods of 5 consecutive minutes; 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-25, and 26-30 min) and long time intervals (TI) methods (6-25 and 6-30 min); (ii) steady state (SSt methods); and, (iii) methods filtering the data by thresholding from the mean RMR (filtering methods). RMR and RER were similar when using different methods (except RMR for the Vyntus and RER for the Q-NRG). Conversely, using different methods impacted RMR (all P ≤ 0.037) and/or RER (P ≤ 0.009) day-to-day reproducibility in all carts. The 6-25 min and the 6-30 min long TI methods yielded more reproducible measurements for all metabolic carts. CONCLUSION The 6-25 min and 6-30 min should be the preferred methods for selecting data, as they result in the highest day-to-day reproducibility of RMR and RER assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M A Alcantara
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Food Chain Development, Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, s/n, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - L Jurado-Fasoli
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - M Dote-Montero
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - E Merchan-Ramirez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - F J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - I Labayen
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Food Chain Development, Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, s/n, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - J R Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - G Sanchez-Delgado
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 12e Avenue N Porte 6, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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Speakman JR, de Jong JMA, Sinha S, Westerterp KR, Yamada Y, Sagayama H, Ainslie PN, Anderson LJ, Arab L, Bedu-Addo K, Blanc S, Bonomi AG, Bovet P, Brage S, Buchowski MS, Butte NF, Camps SGJA, Cooper JA, Cooper R, Das SK, Davies PSW, Dugas LR, Ekelund U, Entringer S, Forrester T, Fudge BW, Gillingham M, Ghosh S, Goris AH, Gurven M, Halsey LG, Hambly C, Haisma HH, Hoffman D, Hu S, Joosen AM, Kaplan JL, Katzmarzyk P, Kraus WE, Kushner RF, Leonard WR, Löf M, Martin CK, Matsiko E, Medin AC, Meijer EP, Neuhouser ML, Nicklas TA, Ojiambo RM, Pietiläinen KH, Plange-Rhule J, Plasqui G, Prentice RL, Racette SB, Raichlen DA, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Roberts SB, Rudolph MC, Sardinha LB, Schuit AJ, Silva AM, Stice E, Urlacher SS, Valenti G, Van Etten LM, Van Mil EA, Wood BM, Yanovski JA, Yoshida T, Zhang X, Murphy-Alford AJ, Loechl CU, Kurpad A, Luke AH, Pontzer H, Rodeheffer MS, Rood J, Schoeller DA, Wong WW. Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced activity expenditure. Nat Metab 2023; 5:579-588. [PMID: 37100994 PMCID: PMC10445668 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is caused by a prolonged positive energy balance1,2. Whether reduced energy expenditure stemming from reduced activity levels contributes is debated3,4. Here we show that in both sexes, total energy expenditure (TEE) adjusted for body composition and age declined since the late 1980s, while adjusted activity energy expenditure increased over time. We use the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labelled Water database on energy expenditure of adults in the United States and Europe (n = 4,799) to explore patterns in total (TEE: n = 4,799), basal (BEE: n = 1,432) and physical activity energy expenditure (n = 1,432) over time. In males, adjusted BEE decreased significantly, but in females this did not reach significance. A larger dataset of basal metabolic rate (equivalent to BEE) measurements of 9,912 adults across 163 studies spanning 100 years replicates the decline in BEE in both sexes. We conclude that increasing obesity in the United States/Europe has probably not been fuelled by reduced physical activity leading to lowered TEE. We identify here a decline in adjusted BEE as a previously unrecognized factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming, China.
| | - Jasper M A de Jong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Srishti Sinha
- St Johns Medical college, Bengaluru, India
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaas R Westerterp
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
- Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Liam J Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lenore Arab
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kweku Bedu-Addo
- Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Stephane Blanc
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Pascal Bovet
- University Center for Primary care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ministry of Health, Victoria, Seychelles
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maciej S Buchowski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutritiion, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nancy F Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stefan G J A Camps
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jamie A Cooper
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Richard Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Sai Krupa Das
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter S W Davies
- Child Health Research Centre, Centre for Children's Health Research, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lara R Dugas
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany
- University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Solutions for Developing Countries, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | | | - Melanie Gillingham
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Annelies H Goris
- IMEC within OnePlanet Research Center, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Lewis G Halsey
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Hinke H Haisma
- Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Hoffman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Program in International Nutrition, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sumei Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Annemiek M Joosen
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer L Kaplan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - William R Leonard
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Marie Löf
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Eric Matsiko
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Anine C Medin
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erwin P Meijer
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theresa A Nicklas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert M Ojiambo
- Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
- University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Jacob Plange-Rhule
- Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ross L Prentice
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan B Racette
- Program in Physical Therapy and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Raichlen
- Biological Sciences and Anthropology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Susan B Roberts
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Department of Physiology and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma University Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Luis B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Analiza M Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Samuel S Urlacher
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Child and Brain Development program, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulio Valenti
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ludo M Van Etten
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Edgar A Van Mil
- Maastricht University, Campus Venlo and Lifestyle Medicine Center for Children, Jeroen Bosch Hospital's-Hertogenbosch, Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Brian M Wood
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tsukasa Yoshida
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alexia J Murphy-Alford
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia U Loechl
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Amy H Luke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA.
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jennifer Rood
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Dale A Schoeller
- Biotech Center and Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - William W Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Van Hooren B, Cox M, Rietjens G, Plasqui G. Determination of energy expenditure in professional cyclists using power data: Validation against doubly labeled water. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:407-419. [PMID: 36404133 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate determination of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in athletes is important for optimal performance and injury prevention, but current approaches are insufficiently accurate. We therefore developed an approach to determine TDEE in professional cyclists based on power data, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and a non-exercise physical activity level (PAL) value, and compared energy expenditure (EE) between multi-day and single-day races. METHODS Twenty-one male professional cyclists participated. We measured: (1) BMR, (2) the relationship between power output and EE during an incremental cycling test, which was used to determine EE during exercise (EEE ), and (3) TDEE using doubly labeled water (DLW). A non-exercise PAL-value was obtained by subtracting EEE from TDEE and dividing this by BMR. RESULTS Measured BMR was 7.9 ± 0.8 MJ/day, which was significantly higher than predicted by the Oxford equations. A new BMR equation for elite endurance athletes was therefore developed. Mean TDEE was 31.7 ± 2.8 and 27.3 ± 2.8 MJ/day during the Vuelta a España and Ardennes classics, while EEE was 17.4 ± 1.8 and 10.1 ± 1.4 MJ/day, respectively. Non-exercise PAL-values were 1.8 and 2.0 for the Vuelta and Ardennes classics, respectively, which is substantially higher than currently used generic PAL-values. CONCLUSION We show that the proposed approach leads to a more accurate estimation of non-exercise EE than the use of a generic PAL-value in combination with BMR predictive equations developed for non-elite athletes, with the latter underestimating non-exercise EE by ~28%. The proposed approach may therefore improve nutritional strategies in professional cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Cox
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Rietjens
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Iraki J, Paulsen G, Garthe I, Slater G, Areta JL. Reliability of resting metabolic rate between and within day measurements using the Vyntus CPX system and comparison against predictive formulas. Nutr Health 2023; 29:107-114. [PMID: 34931931 PMCID: PMC10009490 DOI: 10.1177/02601060211057324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: To detect longitudinal changes of resting metabolic rate (RMR) resulting from the effects of energetic stress, reliable RMR measurements are crucial. The Vyntus CPX is a new automated indirect calorimetry system for which RMR reliability has not been determined. Additionally, its agreement with common predictive RMR formulas is unknown. Aim: To determine the within and between-day reliability of RMR measurements using the Vyntus CPX system and its agreement with predictive RMR formulas. Methods: Young (31 ± 7 years) healthy participants (n = 26, 12 females, 14 males) completed three measurements of RMR, two consecutive measures on the same day, one the day before/after, all under standardised conditions. Reliability was assessed with pairwise comparisons of between-day at the same time (BDST), within day consecutive measurements (WDCM) and between-day different time (BDDT), for parameters of reliability (mean change (MC), intraclass correlation (ICC) and typical error of measurement (TEM)). Measured RMR values (kcal/day) were compared against predictive values of 4 common formulas. Results: Parameters of reliability (mean, (95% confidence interval)) were: -BDST: MC, 0.2(-2.3-2.7)% (p = 0.67); ICC, 0.92(0.84-0.97); TEM, 4.5(3.5-6.2)%. -WDCM: MC, -2.5(-6.2-1.3)% (p = 0.21); ICC, 0.88(0.74-0.88); TEM, 7.0(5.4-9.8)%. -BDDT: MC, -1.5(-4.8-1.9)% (p = 0.57); ICC, 0.90(0.76-0.95); TEM, 6.1(4.8-8.5)%. RMRratios (measured/predicted) were: 1.04 ± 0.14 (Nelson, p = 0.13), 1.03 ± 0.10 (Mifflin, p = 0.21), 0.98 ± 0.09 (Harris-benedict, p = 0.30), 0.95 ± 0.11 (Cunningham1980, p = 0.01), 1.00 ± 0.12 (Cunningham1991, p = 0.90) and 0.96 ± 0.13 (DXA, p = 0.03). Conclusions: The Vyntus CPX is reliable and measured RMR values agreed with four predictive formulas but are lower than Cunningham1980 and DXA RMR estimates for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iraki
- Iraki Nutrition, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - G Paulsen
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - I Garthe
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Slater
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, 5333University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J L Areta
- Research institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, 4589Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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9
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Sun L, Lin X. Reply to KR Short. J Nutr 2022; 152:2005-2006. [PMID: 35849706 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- From the Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Lin
- From the Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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10
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O'Neill JERG, Walsh CS, McNulty SJ, Gantly HC, Corish ME, Crognale D, Horner K. Resting Metabolic Rate in Female Rugby Players: Differences in Measured Versus Predicted Values. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:845-850. [PMID: 32358308 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT O'Neill, JERG, Walsh, CS, McNulty, SJ, Gantly, HC, Corish, ME, Crognale, D, and Horner, K. Resting metabolic rate in female rugby players: differences in measured versus predicted values. J Strength Cond Res 36(3): 845-850, 2022-This study investigated (a) the accuracy of resting metabolic rate (RMR) prediction equations in female rugby players and (b) factors that might explain poor prediction accuracy in some individuals. Resting metabolic rate was assessed in 36 female elite and subelite rugby players (age: 18-35 years, fat-free mass (FFM): 43-63 kg, fat mass %: 15-41%). After pretest standardization (24-hour exercise avoidance and 12-hour overnight fast), RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry and compared with predicted values determined by Harris-Benedict, Cunningham, Ten Haaf, Jagim and Watson equations. Body composition was assessed by air displacement plethysmography, muscle damage indicated by creatine kinase, and risk of low energy availability (LEA) by LEA in Females Questionnaire. Measured RMR was 1,651 ± 167 kcal·d-1. The Cunningham, Ten Haaf, and Watson (body mass) predicted values did not differ from measured (p > 0.05), while all other predicted values differed significantly (p < 0.001). Individually, prediction accuracy to within 10% varied widely depending on the equation used (range 44% [n = 16] to 86% [n = 31]). Three of the 5 individuals whose values were outside 10% of the measured value using the best performing Ten Haaf FFM equation could be explained by muscle damage or LEA. These measures may be useful to assist in understanding why measured RMR may be lower or higher than predicted in some athletes. Overall, the Ten Haaf equations showed the best accuracy, suggesting these equations may be most suitable for this population. The findings demonstrate the importance of considering the population studied when determining the most appropriate prediction equation to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Eoin Rua G O'Neill
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Validity of four commercially available metabolic carts for assessing resting metabolic rate and respiratory exchange ratio in non-ventilated humans. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:746-754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Robles-González L, Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Aguilar-Navarro M, Ruiz-Moreno C, Muñoz A, Del-Coso J, R. Ruiz J, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Inter-Day Reliability of Resting Metabolic Rate and Maximal Fat Oxidation during Exercise in Healthy Men Using the Ergostik Gas Analyzer. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124308. [PMID: 34959860 PMCID: PMC8708346 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The attainment of high inter-day reliability is crucial to determine changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax) after an intervention. This study aimed to analyze the inter-day reliability of RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax in healthy adults using the Ergostik gas analyzer. Fourteen healthy men (age: 24.4 ± 5.0 years, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max): 47.5 ± 11.9 mL/kg/min) participated in a repeated-measures study. The study consisted of two identical experimental trials (Day 1 and Day 2) in which the participants underwent an indirect calorimetry assessment at resting and during an incremental exercise test. Stoichiometric equations were used to calculate energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates. There were no significant differences when comparing RMR (1999.3 ± 273.9 vs. 1955.7 ± 362.6 kcal/day, p = 0.389), RER (0.87 ± 0.05 vs. 0.89 ± 0.05, p = 0.143), MFO (0.32 ± 0.20 vs. 0.31 ± 0.20 g/min, p = 0.776) and Fatmax (45.0 ± 8.6 vs. 46.4 ± 8.4% VO2max, p = 0.435) values in Day 1 vs. Day 2. The inter-day coefficient of variation for RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax were 4.85 ± 5.48%, 3.22 ± 3.14%, 7.78 ± 5.51%, and 6.51 ± 8.04%, respectively. In summary, the current results show a good inter-day reliability when RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax are determined in healthy men using the Ergostik gas analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Robles-González
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (J.G.-H.); (M.A.-N.); (A.M.)
| | - Millán Aguilar-Navarro
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (J.G.-H.); (M.A.-N.); (A.M.)
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Moreno
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Muñoz
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (J.G.-H.); (M.A.-N.); (A.M.)
| | - Juan Del-Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain;
| | - Jonatan R. Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
| | - Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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13
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Schaal K, VanLoan MD, Hausswirth C, Casazza GA. Decreased energy availability during training overload is associated with non-functional overreaching and suppressed ovarian function in female runners. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1179-1188. [PMID: 33651630 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Low energy availability (EA) suppresses many physiological processes, including ovarian function in female athletes. Low EA could also predispose athletes to develop a state of overreaching. This study compared the changes in ad libitum energy intake (EI), exercise energy expenditure (ExEE), and EA among runners completing a training overload (TO) phase. We tested the hypothesis that runners becoming overreached would show decreased EA, suppressed ovarian function and plasma leptin, compared with well-adapted (WA) runners. After 1 menstrual cycle (baseline), 16 eumenorrheic runners performed 4 weeks of TO followed by a 2-week recovery (131 ± 3% and 63 ± 6% of baseline running volume, respectively). Seven-day ExEE, EI, running performance (RUNperf) and plasma leptin concentration were assessed for each phase. Salivary estradiol concentration was measured daily. Urinary luteinizing hormone concentration tests confirmed ovulation. Nine runners adapted positively to TO (WA, ΔRUNperf: +4 ± 2%); 7 were non-functionally overreached (NFOR; ΔRUNperf: -9 ± 2%) as RUNperf remained suppressed after the recovery period. WA increased EI during TO, maintaining their baseline EA despite a large increase in ExEE (ΔEA = +1.9 ± 1.3 kcal·kg fat free mass (FFM)-1·d-1, P = 0.17). By contrast, NFOR showed no change in EI, leading to decreased EA (ΔEA = -5.6 ± 2.1 kcal·kg FFM-1·d-1, P = 0.04). Plasma leptin concentration mid-cycle and luteal salivary estradiol concentration decreased in NFOR only. Contrasting with WA, NFOR failed to maintain baseline EA during TO, resulting in poor performance outcomes and suppressed ovarian function. ClinicalTrials.gov no. NCT02224976. Novelty: Runners adapting positively to training overload (TO) increased ad libitum energy intake, maintaining baseline EA and ovarian function through TO. By contrast, NFOR runners failed to increase energy intake, showing suppressed EA and ovarian function during TO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Schaal
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Sports Medicine Program, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Marta D VanLoan
- Nutrition Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Gretchen A Casazza
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Sports Medicine Program, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Sacramento, CA, USA
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14
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Indices of Resting Metabolic Rate Accurately Reflect Energy Deficiency in Exercising Women. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:14-24. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Energy deficiency in exercising women can lead to physiological consequences. No gold standard exists to accurately estimate energy deficiency, but measured-to-predicted resting metabolic rate (RMR) ratio has been used to categorize women as energy deficient. The purpose of the study was to (a) evaluate the accuracy of RMR prediction methods, (b) determine the relationships with physiological consequences of energy deficiency, and (c) evaluate ratio thresholds in a cross-sectional comparison of ovulatory, amenorrheic, or subclinical menstrual disturbances in exercising women (n = 217). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and indirect calorimetry provided data on anthropometrics and energy expenditure. Harris–Benedict, DXA, and Cunningham (1980 and 1991) equations were used to estimate RMR and RMR ratio. Group differences were assessed (analysis of variance and Kruskal–Wallis tests); logistic regression and Spearman correlations related ratios with consequences of energy deficiency (i.e., low total triiodothyronine; TT3). Sensitivity and specificity calculations evaluated ratio thresholds. Amenorrheic women had lower RMR (p < .05), DXA ratio (p < .01), Cunningham1980 (p < .05) and Cunningham1991 (p < .05) ratio, and TT3 (p < .01) compared with the ovulatory group. Each prediction equation overestimated measured RMR (p < .001), but predicted (p < .001) and positively correlated with TT3 (r = .329–.453). A 0.90 ratio threshold yielded highest sensitivity for Cunningham1980 (0.90) and Harris–Benedict (0.87) methods, but a higher ratio threshold was best for DXA (0.94) and Cunningham1991 (0.92) methods to yield a sensitivity of 0.80. In conclusion, each ratio predicted and correlated with TT3, supporting the use of RMR ratio as an alternative assessment of energetic status in exercising women. However, a 0.90 ratio cutoff is not universal across RMR estimation methods.
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HUDSON JAMESF, COLE MATTHEW, MORTON JAMESP, STEWART CLAIREE, CLOSE GRAEMEL. Daily Changes of Resting Metabolic Rate in Elite Rugby Union Players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:637-644. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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MacKenzie-Shalders KL, Byrne NM, King NA, Slater GJ. Are increases in skeletal muscle mass accompanied by changes to resting metabolic rate in rugby athletes over a pre-season training period? Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:885-892. [PMID: 30614386 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1561951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Optimising dietary energy intake is essential for effective sports nutrition practice in rugby athletes. Effective dietary energy prescription requires careful consideration of athletes' daily energy expenditure with the accurate prediction of resting metabolic rate (RMR) important due to its influence on total energy expenditure and in turn, energy balance. This study aimed to (a) measure rugby athletes RMR and (b) report the change in RMR in developing elite rugby players over a rugby preseason subsequent to changes in body composition and (c) explore the accurate prediction of RMR in rugby athletes. Eighteen developing elite rugby union athletes (age 20.2 ± 1.7 years, body mass 101.2 ± 14.5 kg, stature 184.0 ± 8.4 cm) had RMR (indirect calorimetry) and body composition (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) measured at the start and end of a rugby preseason ∼14 weeks later. There was no statistically significant difference in RMR over the preseason period (baseline 2389 ± 263 kcal·day-1 post 2373 ± 270 kcal·day-1) despite a significant increase in lean mass of +2.0 ± 1.6 kg (P < 0.01) and non-significant loss of fat mass. The change in RMR was non-significant and non-meaningful; thus, this study contradicts the commonly held anecdotal perception that an increase in skeletal muscle mass will result in a significant increase in metabolic rate and daily energy needs. Conventional prediction equations generally under-estimated rugby athletes' measured RMR, and may be problematic for identifying low energy availability, and thus updated population-specific prediction equations may be warranted to inform practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L MacKenzie-Shalders
- a Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport , Bond University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- b School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
| | - Neil A King
- c School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| | - G J Slater
- d School of Health and Sport Sciences , University of the Sunshine Coast , Sippy Downs , Australia
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Sanchez-Delgado G, Alcantara JM, Ortiz-Alvarez L, Xu H, Martinez-Tellez B, Labayen I, Ruiz JR. Reliability of resting metabolic rate measurements in young adults: Impact of methods for data analysis. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:1618-1624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Alcantara JMA, Sanchez-Delgado G, Martinez-Tellez B, Merchan-Ramirez E, Labayen I, Ruiz JR. Congruent validity and inter-day reliability of two breath by breath metabolic carts to measure resting metabolic rate in young adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 28:929-936. [PMID: 29739678 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Achieving high inter-day reliability is a key factor to analyze the magnitude of change in RMR, for instance after an intervention. The aims of this study were: i) to determine the congruent validity of RMR and respiratory quotient (RQ) with two breath by breath commercially available metabolic carts [CCM Express (CCM) and Ultima CardiO2 (MGU)]; and ii) to analyze the inter-day reliability of RMR and RQ measurements. METHODS & RESULTS Seventeen young adults participated in the study. RMR measurements were performed during two consecutive 30-min periods, on two consecutive days with both metabolic carts. The 5-min period that met the steady state criteria [Coefficient of variance (CV) < 10% for VO2, VCO2, and VE, and CV<5% for RQ] and with the lowest CV average was included in further analysis. RMR values were higher with the MGU than with the CCM on both days (two-way ANOVA, P = 0.021), however, no differences were found on RQ values obtained by both metabolic carts (P = 0.642). Absolute inter-day RMR differences obtained with the MGU were higher than those obtained with the CCM (219 ± 185 vs. 158 ± 154 kcal/day, respectively, P = 0.002; 18.3 ± 17.2% vs. 13.5 ± 15.3%, respectively, P = 0.046). We observed a significant positive association of absolute inter-day differences in RMR obtained with both metabolic carts (β = 0.717; R2 = 0.743; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The CCM metabolic cart provides lower RMR values and seems more reliable than the MGU in our sample of young adults. Our findings also suggest that a great part of inter-day variability is explained by the individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M A Alcantara
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Ctra. de Alfacar s/n C.P, 18071, Spain.
| | - G Sanchez-Delgado
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Ctra. de Alfacar s/n C.P, 18071, Spain
| | - B Martinez-Tellez
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Ctra. de Alfacar s/n C.P, 18071, Spain; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E Merchan-Ramirez
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Ctra. de Alfacar s/n C.P, 18071, Spain
| | - I Labayen
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Avda. Barañain s/n, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - J R Ruiz
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Ctra. de Alfacar s/n C.P, 18071, Spain
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20
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Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL. Physiological responses to leptin levels in lipodystrophy: a model for other hypoleptinemias? J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3237-3239. [PMID: 30010621 DOI: 10.1172/jci122042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown et al. report that two weeks of exogenous leptin administration to leptin-naive individuals with lipodystrophy resulted in increased energy expenditure and lipolysis, decreased ectopic liver fat, improved hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity, and attenuated dyslipidemia. Leptin withdrawal in individuals with lipodystrophy did not produce reciprocal effects on these phenotypes and resulted in significant improvements only in hepatic insulin sensitivity. This asymmetry in responses to leptin initiation and cessation is consistent with the other aspects of leptin biology that are dependent on the metabolic context in which this adipocyte-derived hormone functions.
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21
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Woods AL, Rice AJ, Garvican-Lewis LA, Wallett AM, Lundy B, Rogers MA, Welvaert M, Halson S, McKune A, Thompson KG. The effects of intensified training on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and performance in trained cyclists. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191644. [PMID: 29444097 PMCID: PMC5812577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent research has demonstrated decreases in resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and performance following a period of intensified training in elite athletes, however the underlying mechanisms of change remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate how an intensified training period, designed to elicit overreaching, affects RMR, body composition, and performance in trained endurance athletes, and to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Method Thirteen (n = 13) trained male cyclists completed a six-week training program consisting of a “Baseline” week (100% of regular training load), a “Build” week (~120% of Baseline load), two “Loading” weeks (~140, 150% of Baseline load, respectively) and two “Recovery” weeks (~80% of Baseline load). Training comprised of a combination of laboratory based interval sessions and on-road cycling. RMR, body composition, energy intake, appetite, heart rate variability (HRV), cycling performance, biochemical markers and mood responses were assessed at multiple time points throughout the six-week period. Data were analysed using a linear mixed modeling approach. Results The intensified training period elicited significant decreases in RMR (F(5,123.36) = 12.0947, p = <0.001), body mass (F(2,19.242) = 4.3362, p = 0.03), fat mass (F(2,20.35) = 56.2494, p = <0.001) and HRV (F(2,22.608) = 6.5212, p = 0.005); all of which improved following a period of recovery. A state of overreaching was induced, as identified by a reduction in anaerobic performance (F(5,121.87) = 8.2622, p = <0.001), aerobic performance (F(5,118.26) = 2.766, p = 0.02) and increase in total mood disturbance (F(5, 110.61) = 8.1159, p = <0.001). Conclusion Intensified training periods elicit greater energy demands in trained cyclists, which, if not sufficiently compensated with increased dietary intake, appears to provoke a cascade of metabolic, hormonal and neural responses in an attempt to restore homeostasis and conserve energy. The proactive monitoring of energy intake, power output, mood state, body mass and HRV during intensified training periods may alleviate fatigue and attenuate the observed decrease in RMR, providing more optimal conditions for a positive training adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Woods
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Anthony J Rice
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Laura A Garvican-Lewis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice M Wallett
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Bronwen Lundy
- Department of Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Margot A Rogers
- Department of Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Marijke Welvaert
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Shona Halson
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew McKune
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kevin G Thompson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia
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22
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Mathisen TF, Engen KM, Sundgot-Borgen J, Stensrud T. Evaluation of a short protocol for indirect calorimetry in females with eating disorders and healthy controls. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 22:28-35. [PMID: 29415831 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To enable clinicians to identify the clinical picture and treatment progress and to adjust eating plans according to personal energy needs, it is important to know the patient's correct resting metabolic rate (RMR). Indirect calorimetry (IC) is the preferred method for assessment of RMR, but long duration of measurement increases the load on the patients, and reduces the effectiveness in clinical and scientific settings. Further; not all patients reach a valid RMR according to the suggested best practice protocol, with 5 min of steady state (SS) where respiratory gas volume exchange varies less than 10%. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility for an abbreviated RMR protocol and SS criterion. METHODS Forty two women diagnosed with bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder (eating disorder group, ED), originally recruited for an outpatient treatment study, and 26 age and gender matched healthy controls (HC) were studied during a single, prolonged IC measurement. Participants rested for 10 min in supine position wearing a two-way breathing facemask, before a continuous measurement period of 20 min. Results from a standard 5 min SS criterion was compared to an abbreviated 3 min SS criterion. Both SS-criteria were evaluated through three different SS protocols (<10% variation in respiratory gas exchange), being: 1) measurement during the first 3 or 5 min, 2) measurement after discarding the first 5 min, and 3) the lowest identified RMR during the 20 min of measurement. RESULTS About 50% of the participants reached an early SS in both the defined SS minute criteria. Participants reaching a valid SS throughout the 20 min of measurement increased from ∼90% to 100% with an abbreviated 3 min SS. With a 5 min SS criterion, the median (range) RMR for the 3 protocols were 1639.9 (1239.2), 1508.8 (1457.6) and 1500.6 (1328.8) respectively for the ED group, and 1702.2 (1239.4), 1608.4 (1076.4) and 1594.8 (1029.2) respectively for the HC group, (p > 0.05 for all between-group analysis). With a 3 min SS criterion, the median (range) RMR were 1533.6 (1298.2), 1461.2 (1406.1), and 1395.8 (1447.3) respectively for the ED group and 1681.7 (1332.4), 1613.7 (1266.0) and 1523.1 (1050.3), respectively for the HC group, (p > 0.05 for all between-group analysis). Lowest measured RMR was different compared to the other two SS protocols in both the ED- and the HC group, and for both the 5 min- and the 3 min SS criteria, respectively (p < 0.04). Furthermore, a SS of 3 min resulted in lower RMR compared to 5 min SS (p < 0.00) and an increased number of participants classified as hypo-metabolic (RMRmeasured/RMRcalculated < 0.9). CONCLUSIONS An abbreviated measurement protocol to identify the lowest RMR using IC was not successful. Abbreviating the SS criteria from 5 to 3 min, resulted in a lower RMR, hence encouraging further examination of the validity of shorter SS criterion than practiced today. Registered in Clinical Trials by id-number NCT02079935, and approved by the Norwegian Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics with id-number 2013/1871. The trial in which control persons were recruited, is approved by the Norwegian Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics with the id-number 2016/1718, and prospectively registered in Clinical Trials with the id-number NCT03007459.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kethe Marie Engen
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Medicine, Sognsveien 220, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Medicine, Sognsveien 220, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Stensrud
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Medicine, Sognsveien 220, 0806 Oslo, Norway
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Brief report: Ramadan as a model of intermittent fasting: Effects on body composition, metabolic parameters, gut hormones and appetite in adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Jannas-Vela S, Roke K, Boville S, Mutch DM, Spriet LL. Lack of effects of fish oil supplementation for 12 weeks on resting metabolic rate and substrate oxidation in healthy young men: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172576. [PMID: 28212390 PMCID: PMC5315390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish oil (FO) has been shown to have beneficial effects in the body via incorporation into the membranes of many tissues. It has been proposed that omega-3 fatty acids in FO may increase whole body resting metabolic rate (RMR) and fatty acid (FA) oxidation in human subjects, but the results to date are equivocal. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 12 week FO supplementation period on RMR and substrate oxidation, in comparison to an olive oil (OO) control group, in young healthy males (n = 26; 22.8 ± 2.6 yr). Subjects were matched for age, RMR, physical activity, VO2max and body mass, and were randomly separated into a group supplemented with either OO (3 g/d) or FO containing 2 g/d eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1 g/d docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Participants visited the lab for RMR and substrate oxidation measurements after an overnight fast (10–12 hr) at weeks 0, 6 and 12. Fasted blood samples were taken at baseline and after 12 weeks of supplementation. There were significant increases in the EPA (413%) and DHA (59%) levels in red blood cells after FO supplementation, with no change of these fatty acids in the OO group. RMR and substrate oxidation did not change after supplementation with OO or FO after 6 and 12 weeks. Since there was no effect of supplementation on metabolic measures, we pooled the two treatment groups to determine whether there was a seasonal effect on RMR and substrate oxidation. During the winter season, there was an increase in FA oxidation (36%) with a concomitant decrease (34%) in carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation (p < 0.01), with no change in RMR. These measures were unaffected during the summer season. In conclusion, FO supplementation had no effect on RMR and substrate oxidation in healthy young males. Resting FA oxidation was increased and CHO oxidation reduced over a 12 week period in the winter, with no change in RMR. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02092649
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jannas-Vela
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Kaitlin Roke
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Boville
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M. Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence L. Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Rocks T, Pelly F, Slater G, Martin LA. The relationship between dietary intake and energy availability, eating attitudes and cognitive restraint in students enrolled in undergraduate nutrition degrees. Appetite 2016; 107:406-414. [PMID: 27567549 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to explore the relationship of total energy and macronutrient intake, energy balance and energy availability to eating attitudes and cognitive restraint in students enrolled in undergraduate nutrition degrees. Energy and micronutrient intake was assessed in 63 students (n = 50 nutrition, and n = 13 occupation therapy degrees; n = 51 females, n = 12 males) using three 24-h dietary recalls. Energy requirements were calculated based on measured resting metabolic rate, estimated exercise energy expenditure, and dietary induced thermogenesis. Body composition was assessed using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Eating attitudes and cognitive restraint were measured using previously validated tools. Eighteen percent of nutrition students were classified as having low energy availability (<30 kcal kgFFM-1d-1) and 38% were in negative energy balance. Eating attitudes and cognitive restraint were not associated with total energy or macronutrient intake. However, female nutrition students with high cognitive restraint had greater exercise energy expenditure and thus lower energy availability than those with low cognitive restraint (371 (302) kcal d-1 compared to 145 (206) kcal d-1, P < 0.01, and 35 (7) kcal d-1 compared to 41 (10) kcal d-1 of fat free mass, P = 0.005). Additionally, in females, disordered eating attitudes and cognitive restraint negatively correlated with energy availability (rs = -0.37, P = 0.02 and rs = -0.51, P < 0.01 respectively). There were no differences in outcomes between nutrition and non-nutrition students. The current study suggests that those students with disordered eating attitudes and cognitive restraint may be controlling their energy balance through exercise, as opposed to restricting food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Rocks
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558 Australia.
| | - Fiona Pelly
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558 Australia.
| | - Gary Slater
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558 Australia.
| | - Lisa Anne Martin
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558 Australia.
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Ormsbee MJ, Kinsey AW, Eddy WR, Madzima TA, Arciero PJ, Figueroa A, Panton LB. The influence of nighttime feeding of carbohydrate or protein combined with exercise training on appetite and cardiometabolic risk in young obese women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 40:37-45. [PMID: 25409324 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Single macronutrient intake prior to sleep reduces appetite but may negatively impact insulin sensitivity in sedentary obese women. The present study examined the additive impact of nighttime feeding of whey (WH), casein (CAS), or carbohydrate (CHO) combined with exercise training on appetite, cardiometabolic health, and strength in obese women. Thirty-seven sedentary obese women (WH, n = 13, body mass index (BMI) 34.4 ± 1.3 kg/m(2); CAS, n = 14, BMI 36.5 ± 1.8 kg/m(2); CHO, n = 10, BMI 33.1 ± 1.7 kg/m(2)) consumed WH, CAS, or CHO (140-150 kcal/serving), every night of the week, within 30 min of sleep, for 4 weeks. Supervised exercise training (2 days of resistance training and 1 day of high-intensity interval training) was completed 3 days per week. Pre- and post-testing measurements included appetite ratings, mood state, resting metabolic rate, fasting lipids, glucose, and hormonal responses (insulin, leptin, adiponectin, hs-CRP, IGF-1, and cortisol), body composition, and strength. Nighttime intake of CAS significantly (p < 0.05) increased morning satiety (pretraining, 25 ± 5; post-training 41 ± 6) more than WH (pretraining, 34 ± 5; post-training, 35 ± 6) or CHO (pre 40 ± 8, post 43 ± 7). Exercise training increased lean mass and strength, decreased body fat, and improved mood state in all groups. No other differences were noted. Nighttime feeding of CAS combined with exercise training increased morning satiety more than WH or CHO. Nighttime feeding for 4 weeks did not impact insulin sensitivity (assessed via homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) when combined with exercise training in obese women. ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT01830946.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsbee
- a Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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27
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Investigation of measured and predicted resting energy needs in adults after spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord 2015; 54:248-53. [PMID: 26690858 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2015.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate estimation of energy needs is vital for effective nutritional management of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Inappropriate energy prescription after SCI can compound the rates of malnutrition or obesity, increase the risk of complications and negatively influence outcomes. Energy requirements following SCI are not well understood, and there is currently no universally accepted method of estimating energy needs in clinical practice. STUDY DESIGN This is a systematic literature review. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to investigate and compare the measured resting energy needs of adults with SCI across different phases of rehabilitation, and to identify appropriate energy prediction equations for use in SCI. SETTING This study was conducted in Australia. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases were searched for studies published between 1975 and April 2015, identifying 298 articles. Full articles in English language of adults with SCI who were fasted for a minimum of 8 hours before undergoing indirect calorimetry to measure resting energy expenditure (REE) for at least 20 min were selected. On the basis of the inclusion criteria, 18 articles remained for data extraction. One author extracted information from all articles, and inter-rater reliability was tested in five articles. RESULTS REE across three phases of injury was assessed: acute, sub-acute and chronic. Few studies (n=2) have investigated REE in the acute and sub-acute injury stages of SCI recovery. The factors influencing chronic energy needs in SCI patient populations are many and varied, and a valid predictive equation for use in SCI remains elusive. CONCLUSION Indirect calorimetry remains the only accurate assessment of REE for health practitioners working with patients after SCI.
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Rising R, Whyte K, Albu J, Pi-Sunyer X. Evaluation of a new whole room indirect calorimeter specific for measurement of resting metabolic rate. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2015; 12:46. [PMID: 26594229 PMCID: PMC4653920 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-015-0043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common methods for obtaining human resting metabolic rate (RMR) use either a ventilated hood connected to a metabolic cart (VH_MC) or calculation by many prediction equations utilizing the person's height and weight. These methods may be inherently inaccurate. The objective of this study is to compare the accuracy for the measurement of RMR by three methods: a new whole room indirect calorimeter specific for this purpose (RMR_WRIC), VH_MC and calculation by the Mifflin equation (ME). First, the VH_MC (Vmax Encore 2900, Carefusion Inc, San Diego, CA) and RMR_WRIC (Promethion GA-6/FG-1, Sable Systems Intl, Las Vegas, NV) were subjected to 10, one-hour ethanol (99.8 % purity) and propane (99.5 % purity) combustion tests, respectively, for simulated metabolic measurements. Thereafter, 40 healthy adults (22 M/18 F, 78.0 ± 24.5 kg, BMI = 25.6 ± 4.8, age 36.6 ± 13.4 years) had one-hour RMR (kcal), ventilation (liters) rates of oxygen (VO2), carbon dioxide (VCO2) and RQ (VCO2/VO2) measured after a 12-h fast with both the VH_ MC and the RMR_WRIC in a randomized fashion. The resting state was documented by heart rate. The RMR was also calculated using the ME, which was compared to both the RMR_WRIC and the VH_MC. All simulated and human metabolic data were extrapolated to 24-h and analyzed (SPSS, Ver. 22). RESULTS Comparing stoichiometry to actual combustion, the VH_MC underestimated simulated RMR (p < 0.05), VO2 (p < 0.05), VCO2 (p < 0.05) and the RQ. Similarly the RMR_WRIC underestimated simulated RMR (p < 0.05) and VO2 while overestimating VCO2 and the RQ. There was much greater variability in the simulated metabolic data between combustion and the VH_MC as compared to that of the RMR_WRIC. With regards to the volunteers, the RMR, RQ, VO2 and VCO2 determined by the VH_MC tended to be lower in comparison to these measurements determined by the RMR_WRIC. Finally, RMR calculated utilizing the ME was significantly (p < 0.05) less than the RMR_WRIC but similar to that obtained by the VH_MC. CONCLUSION The RMR_WRIC was more accurate and precise than either the VH_MC or ME, which has implications for determining energy requirements for individuals participating in weight loss or nutrition rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Rising
- />New York Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 1150 St. Nicholas Ave, 1st Floor, Suite 121, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Kathryn Whyte
- />46 Meadowbrook Drive, Apt 121, Slingerlands, NY 12159 USA
| | - Jeanine Albu
- />Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1111 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10025 USA
| | - Xavier Pi-Sunyer
- />New York Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 1150 St. Nicholas Ave, 1st Floor, Suite 121, New York, NY 10032 USA
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Influence of habitual physical activity on gastric emptying in healthy males and relationships with body composition and energy expenditure. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:489-96. [PMID: 26168984 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515002044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although a number of studies have examined the role of gastric emptying (GE) in obesity, the influences of habitual physical activity level, body composition and energy expenditure (EE) on GE have received very little consideration. In the present study, we compared GE in active and inactive males, and characterised relationships with body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass) and EE. A total of forty-four males (active n 22, inactive n 22; BMI 21-36 kg/m2; percentage of fat mass 9-42%) were studied, with GE of a standardised (1676 kJ) pancake meal being assessed by the [13C]octanoic acid breath test, body composition by air displacement plethysmography, RMR by indirect calorimetry, and activity EE (AEE) by accelerometry. The results showed that GE was faster in active compared with inactive males (mean half-time (t 1/2): active 157 (sd 18) and inactive 179 (sd 21) min, P< 0.001). When data from both groups were pooled, GE t 1/2 was associated with percentage of fat mass (r 0.39, P< 0.01) and AEE (r - 0.46, P< 0.01). After controlling for habitual physical activity status, the association between AEE and GE remained, but not that for percentage of fat mass and GE. BMI and RMR were not associated with GE. In summary, faster GE is considered to be a marker of a habitually active lifestyle in males, and is associated with a higher AEE level and a lower percentage of fat mass. The possibility that GE contributes to a gross physiological regulation (or dysregulation) of food intake with physical activity level deserves further investigation.
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Tyagi A, Cohen M, Reece J, Telles S. An explorative study of metabolic responses to mental stress and yoga practices in yoga practitioners, non-yoga practitioners and individuals with metabolic syndrome. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:445. [PMID: 25398263 PMCID: PMC4247158 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress places a metabolic burden on homeostasis and is linked to heightened sympathetic activity, increased energy expenditure and pathology. The yogic state is a hypometabolic state that corresponds with mind-body coherence and reduced stress. This study aimed to investigate metabolic responses to stress and different yoga practices in regular yoga practitioners (YP), non-yoga practitioners (NY) and metabolic syndrome patients (MS). METHODS YP (n = 16), NY (n = 15) and MS (n = 15) subjects underwent an experimental protocol that comprised of different 5-minute interventions including mental arithmetic stress test (MAST), alternate nostril breathing (ANB), Kapabhati breathing (KB) and meditation (Med) interspersed with 5 minutes of quiet resting (neutral condition (NC)). During the intervention periods continuous body weight adjusted oxygen consumption (VO2ml/min/kg) was measured using open circuit indirect calorimetry with a canopy hood. RESULTS This is the first study to report oxygen consumption (OC) in yoga practitioners during and after MAST and the first to report both within and between different populations. The results were analysed with SPSS 16 using 3X9 mixed factorial ANOVAs. The single between-subject factor was group (YP, NY and MS), the single within-subject factor was made up of the nine intervention phases (NC1, MAST, NC2, ANB, NC3, KB, NC4, Med, NC5). The results demonstrated that the regular YP group had significantly less OC and greater variability in their OC across all phases compared to the MS group (p = .003) and NY group (p = .01). All groups significantly raised their OC during the mental arithmetic stress, however the MS group had a significantly blunted post-stress recovery whereas the YP group rapidly recovered back to baseline levels with post stress recovery being greater than either the NY group or MS group. CONCLUSIONS Yoga practitioners have greater metabolic variability compared to non-yoga practitioners and metabolic syndrome patients with reduced oxygen requirements during resting conditions and more rapid post-stress recovery. OC in metabolic syndrome patients displays significantly blunted post-stress recovery demonstrating reduced metabolic resilience. Our results support the findings of previous randomised trials that suggest regular yoga practice may mitigate against the effects of metabolic syndrome. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER ACTRN12614001075673; Date of Registration: 07/10/2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Tyagi
- />RMIT, West Campus, Building 201, Level 4, Bundoora, Vic 3083 Australia
| | - Marc Cohen
- />RMIT, West Campus, Building 201, Level 4, Bundoora, Vic 3083 Australia
- />PO Box 71, Bundoora, Vic 3083 Australia
| | - John Reece
- />PO Box 71, Bundoora, Vic 3083 Australia
| | - Shirley Telles
- />Patanjali Research Foundation, Bahdrabad, Haridwar, Uttrakhand 249402 India
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Comparison of the GEM and the ECAL indirect calorimeters against the Deltatrac for measures of RMR and diet-induced thermogenesis. J Nutr Sci 2014; 3:e52. [PMID: 26101620 PMCID: PMC4473179 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Deltatrac™ II Metabolic Monitor (Datex-Ohmeda Inc.) is considered the standard reference machine in indirect calorimetry; however, it is no longer commercially available thus there is a need for new machines. The gas exchange measurement (GEM; GEM Nutrition Ltd) and the ECAL (Health Professional Solutions) are alternative measuring systems. The aim of this study was to compare the ECAL and GEM with Deltatrac for measures of RMR and the GEM to the Deltatrac for measures of diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). Twenty healthy participants were tested on test day 1 (T1) and test day 2 (T2). RMR was measured in a randomised order for 30 min on the Deltatrac, the GEM and the ECAL. Following this, a 1553 kJ meal was consumed and DIT was measured on the Deltatrac and the GEM in alternating 15 min intervals for 4 h. The GEM reported consistently higher values than the Deltatrac for VO2, VCO2, RMR and fat oxidation (P < 0·005). The ECAL was significantly higher than the Deltatrac for measures of VO2, RMR, carbohydrate oxidation (T2) and respiratory quotient and fat oxidation (T1, T2) (P < 0·05). There were no significant differences within repeated RMR measures on the ECAL, the GEM or the Deltatrac. DIT measures were consistently higher on the GEM (T1) (P < 0·005); however, there were no significant differences between repeated measures. The findings suggest that while the GEM and the ECAL were not accurate alternatives to the Deltatrac, they may be reliable for repeated measures.
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Croci I, Borrani F, Byrne N, Wood R, Hickman I, Chenevière X, Malatesta D. Reproducibility of Fatmax and fat oxidation rates during exercise in recreationally trained males. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97930. [PMID: 24886715 PMCID: PMC4041727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise training performed at the intensity eliciting maximal fat oxidation (Fat(max)) has been shown to improve the metabolic profile of obese patients. However, limited information is available on the reproducibility of Fat(max) and related physiological measures. The aim of this study was to assess the intra-individual variability of: a) Fat(max) measurements determined using three different data analysis approaches and b) fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates at rest and at each stage of an individualized graded test. Fifteen healthy males [body mass index 23.1 ± 0.6 kg/m(2), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) 52.0 ± 2.0 ml/kg/min] completed a maximal test and two identical submaximal incremental tests on ergocycle (30-min rest followed by 5-min stages with increments of 7.5% of the maximal power output). Fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates were determined using indirect calorimetry. Fat(max) was determined with three approaches: the sine model (SIN), measured values (MV) and 3rd polynomial curve (P3). Intra-individual coefficients of variation (CVs) and limits of agreement were calculated. CV for Fat(max) determined with SIN was 16.4% and tended to be lower than with P3 and MV (18.6% and 20.8%, respectively). Limits of agreement for Fat(max) were -2 ± 27% of VO2max with SIN, -4 ± 32 with P3 and -4 ± 28 with MV. CVs of oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production and respiratory exchange rate were <10% at rest and <5% during exercise. Conversely, CVs of fat oxidation rates (20% at rest and 24-49% during exercise) and carbohydrate oxidation rates (33.5% at rest, 8.5-12.9% during exercise) were higher. The intra-individual variability of Fat(max) and fat oxidation rates was high (CV>15%), regardless of the data analysis approach employed. Further research on the determinants of the variability of Fat(max) and fat oxidation rates is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Croci
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nuala Byrne
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Robina, Australia
| | - Rachel Wood
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ingrid Hickman
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Mater Mother’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xavier Chenevière
- Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Influence of night-time protein and carbohydrate intake on appetite and cardiometabolic risk in sedentary overweight and obese women. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:320-7. [PMID: 24833598 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether whey (WH) protein, casein (CAS) protein or a carbohydrate placebo (PLA) consumed 30 min before sleep could acutely alter appetite or cardiometabolic risk the following morning. A total of forty-four sedentary overweight and obese women (BMI: 25·7-54·6 kg/m2) completed this stratified, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (WH: n 16, age 27·4 (sd 5·0) years; CAS: n 15, age 30·3 (sd 8·1) years; PLA: n 13, age 28·5 (sd 7·2) years). The participants came to the laboratory at baseline (visit 1) and again in the morning after night-time ingestion of either protein or PLA (visit 2). Visit 2 was conducted at least 48 h after visit 1. During visits 1 and 2, the following parameters were measured: appetite (hunger, satiety and desire to eat); resting metabolism; blood lipid and glucose levels; the levels of insulin, leptin, C-reactive protein, insulin-like growth factor-1, cortisol and adiponectin. Data were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA. No group × time interactions were observed for the measured variables; however, a main effect of time was observed for increased satiety (P= 0·03), reduced desire to eat (P= 0·006), and increased insulin levels (P= 0·004) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance values (P= 0·01) after the consumption of either protein or PLA. The results of the present study reveal that night-time consumption of protein or carbohydrate by sedentary overweight and obese women improves their appetite measures but negatively affects insulin levels. Long-term studies are needed to evaluate the effects of chronic consumption of low-energy snacks at night on body composition and cardiometabolic risk.
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Kelly B, King JA, Goerlach J, Nimmo MA. The impact of high-intensity intermittent exercise on resting metabolic rate in healthy males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:3039-47. [PMID: 24097174 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-intensity intermittent exercise training (HIT) may favourably alter body composition despite low training volumes and predicted energy expenditure (EE). PURPOSE To characterise the acute impact of two common HIT protocols on EE and post-exercise oxygen consumption (11 h EPOC). METHODS Oxygen consumption (l min(-1)), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and EE were measured in nine healthy, lean males over 12 h under three conditions: control (CON), HIT1 (10 × 1 min high-intensity cycling bouts followed by 1 min rest) and HIT2 (10 × 4 min high-intensity cycling bouts followed by 2 min rest). RESULTS Total exercise period EE during HIT1 (1,151 ± 205 kJ) (mean ± SD) was significantly lower than HIT2 (2,788 ± 322 kJ; p < 0.001). EE within the 60 min after exercise was significantly albeit marginally higher after HIT1 (388 ± 44 kJ; p = 0.02) and HIT2 (389 ± 39 kJ; p = 0.01) compared with CON (329 ± 39 kJ), with no difference between exercise conditions (p = 0.778). RER during this period was significantly lower in HIT1 (0.78 ± 0.06; p = 0.011) and HIT2 (0.76 ± 0.04; p = 0.004) compared with CON (0.87 ± 0.06). During the 'slow phase' of EPOC (1.25-9.75 h), there were no significant differences in EE (p = 0.07) or RER (p = 0.173) between trials. CONCLUSIONS Single HIT sessions notably increases EE during exertion; however, the influence on metabolic rate post-exercise is transient and relatively minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kelly
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
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Liberato SC, Maple-Brown L, Bressan J, Hills AP. The relationships between body composition and cardiovascular risk factors in young Australian men. Nutr J 2013; 12:108. [PMID: 23902697 PMCID: PMC3750304 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular (CV) disease is a leading cause of global mortality. Despite clear evidence of the coexistence of several risk factors in young people as children and an understanding of the importance of the health behaviors in controlling CV disease, there are limited data on the relationships between risk factors and CV disease in young people. Therefore further study is required. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate associations among body composition, health behaviors and CV risk factors in young Australian men. METHODS Thirty five healthy men aged 18-25 years had their blood pressure (BP), blood lipids, body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), physical activity, dietary intake and cardiorespiratory fitness assessed. RESULTS Participants were categorised according to the percentage of body fat into two groups: lean and overweight men. There were no between-group differences in the biochemical indicators except that overweight men had lower HDL-C compared to lean men. Both groups had similar mean energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and alcohol intake, RMR, physical activity level (PAL) and energy expenditure (EE). Most of the participants (65.7%) had LDL≥2.5 mmol/L. Other common individual risk factors were body fat≥20% (42.9%), waist circumference≥88 cm (28.6%), PAL<1.8 (22.9%) and systolic BP≥130 mmHg (20%). The mean number of CV risk factors was lower among men having a high intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA, >12% of the energy intake) regardless of whether they were overweight or lean and did not seem to differ according to the source of MUFA consumed. CONCLUSIONS It is a serious concern to observe such a high percentage of CV risk factors in a group of apparently healthy young men. The likelihood of multiple CV risk factors is greater among those with high body fatness and low MUFA intake. Intake of MUFA favorably affects CV risk factors regardless of the source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma C Liberato
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Louise Maple-Brown
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Josefina Bressan
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Andrew P Hills
- Mater Mother’s Hospital/Mater Medical Research Institute, Griffith Health Institute/Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Sarafian D, Miles-Chan JL, Yepuri G, Montani JP, Schutz Y, Dulloo AG. A standardized approach to study human variability in isometric thermogenesis during low-intensity physical activity. Front Physiol 2013; 4:155. [PMID: 23847539 PMCID: PMC3696839 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Limitations of current methods: The assessment of human variability in various compartments of daily energy expenditure (EE) under standardized conditions is well defined at rest [as basal metabolic rate (BMR) and thermic effect of feeding (TEF)], and currently under validation for assessing the energy cost of low-intensity dynamic work. However, because physical activities of daily life consist of a combination of both dynamic and isometric work, there is also a need to develop standardized tests for assessing human variability in the energy cost of low-intensity isometric work. EXPERIMENTAL OBJECTIVES Development of an approach to study human variability in isometric thermogenesis by incorporating a protocol of intermittent leg press exercise of varying low-intensity isometric loads with measurements of EE by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS EE was measured in the seated position with the subject at rest or while intermittently pressing both legs against a press-platform at 5 low-intensity isometric loads (+5, +10, +15, +20, and +25 kg force), each consisting of a succession of 8 cycles of press (30 s) and rest (30 s). EE, integrated over each 8-min period of the intermittent leg press exercise, was found to increase linearly across the 5 isometric loads with a correlation coefficient (r) > 0.9 for each individual. The slope of this EE-Load relationship, which provides the energy cost of this standardized isometric exercise expressed per kg force applied intermittently (30 s in every min), was found to show good repeatability when assessed in subjects who repeated the same experimental protocol on 3 separate days: its low intra-individual coefficient of variation (CV) of ~ 10% contrasted with its much higher inter-individual CV of 35%; the latter being mass-independent but partly explained by height. CONCLUSION This standardized approach to study isometric thermogenesis opens up a new avenue for research in EE phenotyping and metabolic predisposition to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Sarafian
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
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Miles-Chan JL, Sarafian D, Montani JP, Schutz Y, Dulloo A. Heterogeneity in the energy cost of posture maintenance during standing relative to sitting: phenotyping according to magnitude and time-course. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65827. [PMID: 23741514 PMCID: PMC3669211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reducing sitting-time may decrease risk of disease and increase life-span. In the search for approaches to reduce sitting-time, research often compares sitting to standing and ambulation, but the energetic cost of standing alone versus sitting is equivocal, with large variation in reported mean values (0% to >20% increase in energy expenditure (EE) during standing). Objective To determine the magnitude and time-course of changes in EE and respiratory quotient (RQ) during steady-state standing versus sitting. Design Min-by-min monitoring using a posture-adapted ventilated-hood indirect calorimetry system was conducted in 22 young adults with normal BMI during 10 min of steady-state standing versus sitting comfortably. Results This study reveals three distinct phenotypes based on the magnitude and time-course of the EE response to steady-state standing. One-third of participants (8/22) showed little or no change in EE during standing relative to sitting (ΔEE <5%; below first quartile). Of the 14 responders (ΔEE 7–21%), 4 showed sustained, elevated EE during standing, while 10 decreased their EE to baseline sitting values during the second half of the standing period. These EE phenotypes were systematically mirrored by alterations in RQ (a proxy of substrate oxidation), with ΔEE inversely correlated with ΔRQ (r = 0.6–0.8, p<0.01). Conclusion This study reveals different phenotypes pertaining to both energy cost and fuel utilization during standing, raising questions regarding standing as a strategy to increase EE and thermogenesis for weight control, and opening new avenues of research towards understanding the metabolic and psychomotor basis of variability in the energetics of standing and posture maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Delphine Sarafian
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Montani
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yves Schutz
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Abdul Dulloo
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Madden AM, Parker LJF, Amirabdollahian F. Accuracy and preference of measuring resting energy expenditure using a handheld calorimeter in healthy adults. J Hum Nutr Diet 2013; 26:587-95. [PMID: 23650967 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate estimates of energy expenditure are required in clinical nutrition in order to determine the requirements of individuals and to inform feeding regimes. Calorimetry can provide accurate measurements but is often impractical in clinical or community settings; prediction equations are widely used to estimate resting energy expenditure (REE) but have limited accuracy. A portable, self-calibrating, handheld calorimeter (HHC) may offer an alternative way of determining REE. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether estimates of REE derived using an HHC are closer to accurate measurements than values calculated using selected prediction equations. METHODS REE was measured in 36 healthy adults aged 21-58 years using a flow-through indirect calorimeter (FIC) and HHC. Estimated REE was calculated using three predictive equations (Harris & Benedict; Schofield; Henry). Differences in REE between the 'gold standard' values derived using the FIC and those derived using the HHC and equations were examined using paired t-tests and Bland Altman plots. RESULTS Mean REEHHC was significantly lower than mean REEFIC [4556 ± 1042 kJ (1089 ± 249 kcal) versus 6230 ± 895 kJ (1489 ± 214 kcal), P = 0.000] and also significantly lower than mean values calculated using all three equations. The mean difference between REEHHC and REEFIC [1674 ± 908 kJ (400 ± 217 kcal)] was significantly greater (P = 0.000) than the mean differences between the values calculated using the three prediction equations [272 ± 490 kJ (65 ± 117 kcal) (Harris-Benedict), 264 ± 510 kJ (63 ± 122 kcal) (Schofield), 84 ± 502 kJ (20 ± 120 kcal) (Henry)]. CONCLUSIONS The HHC provides estimates of REE in healthy people that are less accurate than those calculated using the prediction equations and so does not provide a useful alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Madden
- Department of Human & Environmental Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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Schadewaldt P, Nowotny B, Strassburger K, Kotzka J, Roden M. Indirect calorimetry in humans: a postcalorimetric evaluation procedure for correction of metabolic monitor variability. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:763-73. [PMID: 23446893 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.035014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indirect calorimetry (IC) with metabolic monitors is widely used for noninvasive assessment of energy expenditure and macronutrient oxidation in health and disease. OBJECTIVE To overcome deficiencies in validity and reliability of metabolic monitors, we established a procedure that allowed correction for monitor-specific deviations. DESIGN Randomized comparative IC (canopy mode) with the Deltatrac MBM-100 (Datex) and Vmax Encore 29n (SensorMedix) was performed in postabsorptive (overnight fast >8 h) healthy subjects (n = 40). In vitro validation was performed by simulation of oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide output (VCO2) rates by using mass-flow regulators and pure gases. A simulation-based postcalorimetric calibration of cart readouts [individual calibration control evaluation (ICcE)] was established in adults (n = 24). RESULTS The comparison of carefully calibrated monitors showed marked differences in VCO2 and VO2 (P < 0.01) and derived metabolic variables [resting energy expenditure (REE), respiratory quotient (RQ), glucose/carbohydrate oxidation (Gox), and fat oxidation (Fox); P < 0.001]. Correlations appeared to be acceptable for breath gas rates and REE (R(2) ~ 0.9) but were unacceptable for RQ (R(2) = 0.3), Gox, and Fox (R(2) = 0.2). In vitro simulation experiments showed monitor-dependent interferences for VCO2 and VO2 as follows: 1) within series, nonlinear and variable deviations of monitor readouts at different exchange rates; 2) between series, differences and unsteady variability; and 3) differences in individual monitor characteristics (eg, rate dependence, stability, imprecision). The introduction of the postcalorimetric recalibration by ICcE resulted in an adjustment of gas exchange rates and the derived metabolic variables with reasonable correlations (R(2) > 0.9). CONCLUSIONS Differential, metabolic, monitor-specific deviations are the primary determinants for lack of accuracy, comparability, and transferability of results. This problem can be overcome by the present postcalorimetric ICcE procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schadewaldt
- Institutes of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Adamo KB, Ferraro ZM, Goldfield G, Keely E, Stacey D, Hadjiyannakis S, Jean-Philippe S, Walker M, Barrowman NJ. The Maternal Obesity Management (MOM) Trial Protocol: a lifestyle intervention during pregnancy to minimize downstream obesity. Contemp Clin Trials 2013; 35:87-96. [PMID: 23459089 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal obesity and/or high gestational weight gain (GWG) are associated with downstream child obesity. Pregnancy represents a critical period for prevention as women are highly motivated and more receptive to behavior change. OBJECTIVE This pilot study was developed to test the feasibility of intervening with the mother, specifically keeping her GWG within the Institute of Medicine (IOM) limits, with the intended target of preventing obesity in her child downstream. We are testing the practicality of delivering a structured physical activity and nutrition intervention to pregnant women during gestation and then following mom and baby to 24 months of age. STUDY DESIGN This study is a two-arm, parallel group, randomized controlled trial being conducted in Ottawa. Pregnant women, with pregravid BMI >18.5, between 12 and 20 weeks gestation are randomized to one of two groups: intervention (n=30) who receive the MOM trial Handbook (guide to healthy gestation) plus a structured physical activity and nutrition program, or a standard clinical care control group (n=30). The intervention lasts 25-28 weeks (6 months) depending on anticipated delivery date, with follow-up assessment on mother and child at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months post-delivery. SIGNIFICANCE Pregnancy, a critical time of growth, development and physiological change, provides an opportunity for early lifestyle intervention. The goal of identifying an effective lifestyle program for the gestational period that leads to healthy fetal development and subsequently normal weight offspring, less likely to develop obesity and its co-morbidities, is unique and could possibly attenuate the inter-generational cycle of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi B Adamo
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Frankenfield DC, Coleman A. An evaluation of a handheld indirect calorimeter against a standard calorimeter in obese and nonobese adults. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 37:652-8. [PMID: 23334358 DOI: 10.1177/0148607112473340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Handheld indirect calorimetry has the potential to allow simple and inexpensive measurement of resting metabolic rate in spontaneously breathing people. However, validation work on these devices is contradictory. The purpose of the current study was to determine the bias and level of agreement of oxygen consumption and resting metabolic rate as measured by a handheld indirect calorimeter against a standard open-circuit indirect calorimetry cart. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred community-living, spontaneously breathing, ambulatory nonobese and obese adults were studied in single sessions by a single investigator. Sequential measurements were undertaken using the handheld indirect calorimeter and the standard metabolic cart. Measurement sequence was varied randomly. RESULTS The mean value for oxygen consumption and metabolic rate of the 2 devices was not significantly different. However, agreement between the 2 devices was only 43% in nonobese and obese participants, and there was proportional and fixed bias, with the handheld calorimeter tending to produce a higher value for oxygen consumption and resting metabolic rate. Limits of agreement for resting metabolic rate between the 2 calorimeters were -240 to +300 kcal/d. CONCLUSIONS Measurements of resting metabolic rate by the handheld indirect calorimeter tested in this study are not equivalent to measurements by standard indirect calorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Frankenfield
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Department of Nursing, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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Hackney KJ, Kelleher AR, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Amino Acid-carbohydrate intake combined with multiple bouts of resistance exercise increases resting energy expenditure. ISRN NUTRITION 2013; 2013:948695. [PMID: 24967263 PMCID: PMC4045274 DOI: 10.5402/2013/948695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the rate of muscle protein synthesis is an energy consuming process that explains the acute elevations in resting energy expenditure (REE) observed 12 to 72 hours after a resistance exercise session. We hypothesized that multiple sessions of resistance exercise combined with the intake of amino acids would increase REE and alter the nonprotein respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Ten male participants completed two separate seven-day trials where REE and RER were measured on each morning via indirect calorimetry. On four consecutive days within each seven-day trial, acute resistance exercise was performed, and nutritional intake was manipulated by providing (1) amino acids and carbohydrate (AA-RT) or (2) nonnitrogenous, isoenergetic carbohydrate (CHO-RT) before and during each resistance exercise session. Average REE within the training period was 3.61% greater in AA-RT (7897 ± 252 kJ) compared to CHO-RT (7622 ± 289 kJ; P = 0.02). RER declined (P < 0.0001) from baseline after each resistance exercise was initiated in both AA-RT (0.82 ± 0.01 to 0.77 ± 0.01) and CHO-RT (0.82 ± 0.02 to 0.77 ± 0.02). We conclude the provision of amino acids with multiple bouts of resistance exercise enhances energy expenditure at rest without altering the utilization of lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Hackney
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, 820 Comstock Avenue, Women's Building 201, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Andrew R Kelleher
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, 820 Comstock Avenue, Women's Building 201, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Lori L Ploutz-Snyder
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, 820 Comstock Avenue, Women's Building 201, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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Pham DD, Lee J, Ku BC, Kim YY, Kim JY. Relation between body mass index and resting metabolic rate, cardiorespiratory fitness and insulin sensitivity in Sasang typology for young male persons: An observational study. Eur J Integr Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Impact of a Health-At-Every-Size intervention on changes in dietary intakes and eating patterns in premenopausal overweight women: results of a randomized trial. Clin Nutr 2012; 31:481-8. [PMID: 22296874 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Previous studies have shown improvements in eating behaviors following a Health-At-Every-Size approach (HAES). However, to our knowledge, no study has yet investigated how a HAES intervention could influence dietary intakes and eating patterns in overweight women. Therefore, objectives of this study were to determine changes in dietary intakes and eating patterns in premenopausal overweight women in response to a HAES intervention compared to a social support intervention and a control group, and then to determine whether changes in eating behaviors were associated with changes in dietary intakes and eating patterns in response to the HAES intervention. METHODS Women completed a 3-day food record and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire was used to assess eating behaviors. RESULTS Energy intake (main effect of time; p = 0.045) and snack frequency (main effect of time; p = 0.0004) decreased similarly over time in the three groups whereas proportion of energy intake from breakfast (main effect of time; p = 0.03) increased over time. Within HAES group, decreases in hunger and external hunger were associated with a decrease in total daily energy intake (r = 0.50, p = 0.0009 and r = 0.50, p = 0.0007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS HAES intervention has no specific impact on eating patterns. However, a decrease in hunger, which characterizes women who respond well to HAES, is associated with a decrease in overall energy intake. Clinical trial registration number (www.clinicaltrials.gov): NCT01240499.
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Byrne NM, Groves AM, McIntyre HD, Callaway LK. Changes in resting and walking energy expenditure and walking speed during pregnancy in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:819-30. [PMID: 21795438 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.009399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy-conserving processes reported in undernourished women during pregnancy are a recognized strategy for providing the energy required to support fetal development. Women who are obese before conceiving arguably have sufficient fat stores to support the energy demands of pregnancy without the need to provoke energy-conserving mechanisms. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that obese women would show behavioral adaptation [ie, a decrease in self-selected walking (SSW) speed] but not metabolic compensation [ie, a decrease in resting metabolic rate (RMR) or the metabolic cost of walking] during gestation. DESIGN RMR, SSW speed, metabolic cost of walking, and anthropometric variables were measured in 23 women aged 31 ± 4 y with a BMI (in kg/m(2)) of 33.6 ± 2.5 (mean ± SD) at ≈15 and 30 wk of gestation. RMR was also measured in 2 cohorts of nonpregnant control subjects matched for the age, weight, and height of the pregnant cohort at 15 (n = 23) and 30 (n = 23) wk. RESULTS Gestational weight gain varied widely (11.3 ± 5.4 kg), and 52% of the women gained more weight than is recommended. RMR increased significantly by an average of 177 ± 176 kcal/d (11 ± 12%; P < 0.0001); however, the within-group variability was large. Both the metabolic cost of walking and SSW speed decreased significantly (P < 0.01). Whereas RMR increased in >80% of the cohort, the net oxygen cost of walking decreased in the same proportion of women. CONCLUSION Although the increase in RMR was greater than that explained by weight gain, evidence of both behavioral and biological compensation in the metabolic cost of walking was observed in obese women during gestation. The trial is registered with the Australian Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN012606000271505.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuala M Byrne
- School of Human Movement Studies, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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Calorimetry in obese women: comparison of two different operating indirect calorimeters together with the predictive equation of Harris and Benedict. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12349-010-0036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Colley RC, Hills AP, King NA, Byrne NM. Exercise-induced energy expenditure: implications for exercise prescription and obesity. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2010; 79:327-332. [PMID: 20392589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Walking is commonly recommended to help with weight management. We measured total energy expenditure (TEE) and its components to quantify the impact of increasing exercise-induced energy expenditure (ExEE) on other components of TEE. METHODS Thirteen obese women underwent an 8-week walking group intervention. TEE was quantified using doubly labeled water, ExEE was quantified using heart rate monitors, daily movement was assessed by accelerometry and resting metabolic rate was measured using indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Four of the 13 participants achieved the target of 1500kcalwk(-1) of ExEE and all achieved 1000kcalwk(-1). The average ExEE achieved by the group across the 8 weeks was 1434+/-237kcalwk(-1). Vigorous physical activity, as assessed by accelerometry, increased during the intervention by an average of 30min per day. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) decreased, on average, by 175kcald(-1) (-22%) from baseline to the intervention and baseline fitness was correlated with change in NEAT. CONCLUSIONS Potential alterations in non-exercise activity should be considered when exercise is prescribed. The provision of appropriate education on how to self-monitor daily activity levels may improve intervention outcomes in groups who are new to exercise. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Strategies to sustain incidental and light physical activity should be offered to help empower individuals as they develop and maintain healthy and long-lasting lifestyle habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Colley
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
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Mellecker RR, McManus AM. Measurement of Resting Energy Expenditure in Healthy Children. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009; 33:640-5. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607109336603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin R. Mellecker
- From the Institute of Human Performance, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alison M. McManus
- From the Institute of Human Performance, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Bloomer RJ, Fisher-Wellman KH, Hammond KG, Schilling BK, Weber AA, Cole BJ. Dietary supplement increases plasma norepinephrine, lipolysis, and metabolic rate in resistance trained men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2009; 6:4. [PMID: 19175919 PMCID: PMC2645359 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplements targeting fat loss and increased thermogenesis are prevalent within the sport nutrition/weight loss market. While some isolated ingredients have been reported to be efficacious when used at high dosages, in particular in animal models and/or via intravenous delivery, little objective evidence is available pertaining to the efficacy of a finished product taken by human subjects in oral form. Moreover, many ingredients function as stimulants, leading to increased hemodynamic responses. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of a finished dietary supplement on plasma catecholamine concentration, markers of lipolysis, metabolic rate, and hemodynamics. METHODS Ten resistance trained men (age = 27 +/- 4 yrs; BMI = 25 +/- 3 kg. m-2; body fat = 9 +/- 3%; mean +/- SD) ingested a dietary supplement (Meltdown(R), Vital Pharmaceuticals) or a placebo, in a random order, double blind cross-over design, with one week separating conditions. Fasting blood samples were collected before, and at 30, 60, and 90 minutes post ingestion and were assayed for epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE), glycerol, and free fatty acids (FFA). Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for all variables. Gas samples were collected from 30-60 minutes post ingestion for measurement of metabolic rate. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded at all blood collection times. RESULTS AUC was greater for the dietary supplement compared to the placebo for NE (1332 +/- 128 pg.mL-1.90 min-1 vs. 1003 +/- 133 pg.mL-1.90 min-1; p = 0.03), glycerol (44 +/- 3 mug.mL-1.90 min-1 vs. 26 +/- 2 mug.mL-1.90 min-1; p < 0.0001), and FFA (1.24 +/- 0.17 mmol.L-1.90 min-1 vs. 0.88 +/- 0.12 mmol.L-1.90 min-1; p = 0.0003). No difference between conditions was noted for EPI AUC (p > 0.05). For all variables, values were highest at 90 minutes post ingestion. Total kilocalorie expenditure during the 30 minute collection period was 29.6% greater (p = 0.02) for the dietary supplement (35 +/- 3 kcal) compared to placebo (27 +/- 2 kcal). A condition main effect was noted for systolic blood pressure (p = 0.04), with values increasing from 117 +/- 2 mmHg to 123 +/- 2 mmHg with the dietary supplement, while remaining unchanged for placebo. No other hemodynamic changes were noted (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The dietary supplement results in an acute increase in plasma NE and markers of lipolysis, as well as metabolic rate. This occurs without altering hemodynamic variables in a clinically significant manner. Intervention studies to determine the impact of this dietary supplement on weight/fat loss are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bloomer
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Kelley G Hammond
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brian K Schilling
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Adrianna A Weber
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bradford J Cole
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
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Scott CB, Fernandes J, Lehman M. Onset of the Thermic Effect of Feeding (TEF): a randomized cross-over trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2007; 4:24. [PMID: 18053263 PMCID: PMC2221871 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-4-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this investigation was to identify the onset of the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) after ingestion of a high carbohydrate (CHO) and a high protein (PRO) 1255 kJ (300 kcal) drink. METHODS Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and TEF were measured over 30-minute periods via indirect calorimetry using a ventilated hood technique. Eighteen subjects (7 men and 11 women) completed two randomized, double-blind trials. Data were collected in 1-minute measurement intervals. RMR was subtracted from TEF and the time of onset was obtained when two consecutive data points exceeded 5% and 10% of resting metabolic rate. RESULTS At 5% above RMR the onset of TEF for CHO was 8.4 +/- 6.2 minutes and was not different as compared to PRO, 8.6 +/- 5.2 minutes (p = 0.77). Likewise, no differences were found with a 10% increase above RMR: CHO, 14.1 +/- 7.5 min; PRO, 16.7 +/- 6.7 min (p = 0.36). Several subjects did not show a 10% increase within 30-min. CONCLUSION We conclude that the onset of TEF is variable among subjects but is initiated within about 5 to 20-min for most subjects after ingestion of a 1255 kJ liquid meal. No differences were found between CHO or PRO liquid meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Scott
- University of Southern Maine; Exercise, Health and Sports Sciences, Gorham, ME, USA.
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