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Ngo MHT, Jeng HY, Kuo YC, Nanda JD, Brahmadhi A, Ling TY, Chang TS, Huang YH. The Role of IGF/IGF-1R Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinomas: Stemness-Related Properties and Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041931. [PMID: 33669204 PMCID: PMC7919800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)/IGF-1 Receptor (IGF-1R) signaling is known to regulate stem cell pluripotency and differentiation to trigger cell proliferation, organ development, and tissue regeneration during embryonic development. Unbalanced IGF/IGF-1R signaling can promote cancer cell proliferation and activate cancer reprogramming in tumor tissues, especially in the liver. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death, with a high incidence and mortality rate in Asia. Most patients with advanced HCC develop tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-refractoriness after receiving TKI treatment. Dysregulation of IGF/IGF-1R signaling in HCC may activate expression of cancer stemness that leads to TKI refractoriness and tumor recurrence. In this review, we summarize the evidence for dysregulated IGF/IGF-1R signaling especially in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated HCC. The regulation of cancer stemness expression and drug resistance will be highlighted. Current clinical treatments and potential therapies targeting IGF/IGF-1R signaling for the treatment of HCC will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Huong Thi Ngo
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.N.); (J.D.N.); (A.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yin Jeng
- Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.J.); (Y.-C.K.)
| | - Yung-Che Kuo
- Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.J.); (Y.-C.K.)
| | - Josephine Diony Nanda
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.N.); (J.D.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Ageng Brahmadhi
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.N.); (J.D.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Thai-Yen Ling
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-Y.L.); (T.-S.C.); (Y.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 8-8322) (T.-Y.L.); +886-5-3621-000 (ext. 2242) (T.-S.C.); +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3150) (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Te-Sheng Chang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33382, Taiwan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-Y.L.); (T.-S.C.); (Y.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 8-8322) (T.-Y.L.); +886-5-3621-000 (ext. 2242) (T.-S.C.); +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3150) (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.N.); (J.D.N.); (A.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.J.); (Y.-C.K.)
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-Y.L.); (T.-S.C.); (Y.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 8-8322) (T.-Y.L.); +886-5-3621-000 (ext. 2242) (T.-S.C.); +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3150) (Y.-H.H.)
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Li S, Hou G, Wang Y, Su X, Xue L. Influence of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) on Proliferation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells with Positive and Negative Growth Hormone Receptorsin Vitro. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 96:282-8. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161009600216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is increasingly used in the clinic because it promotes the synthesis of proteins. However, rhGH is able to increase malignant transformation and tumor recurrence. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rhGH on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells with positive and negative growth hormone receptors (GHR) in order to guide its clinical application. Methods and study design Cells of the human HCC cell lines Bel-7402 (GHR+) and SMMC-7721 (GHR-) as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cell line ECV304 cells in the exponential growth phase were harvested and divided into experimental and control groups. After the human HCC cells were cultured alone or co-cultured with ECV304 cells under the different treatments, cell cycle phase, proliferation index, and expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA and proteins were determined. Results In the Bel-7402 GHR+ cells treated with rhGH, both the percentage of cell in G2-M phase and the proliferation index were higher than those of controls (P <0.05); this was not the case in the SMMC-7721 GHR- cells treated with rhGH (P >0.05). Although there was no difference in the cell doubling times between ECV304 cells co-incubated with Bel-7721 GHR- cells treated with rhGH and without rhGH, the doubling times of ECV304 cells co-incubated with Bel-7402 GHR+ cells, when treated with rhGH, were significantly shortened compared to those of controls (P <0.05). The cell doubling times of ECV304 cells co-incubated with Bel-7721 GHR- or Bel-7402 GHR+ cells which were treated with bevacizumab were longer than those of controls and of cells with rhGH (P <0.05). The VEGF mRNA and protein expression levels were higher in Bel-7402 GHR+ cells treated with different doses of rhGH than controls (P <0.05 or P <0.01); however, there was no statistically significant difference in the expression levels of VEGF mRNA and proteins between SMMC-7721 GHR- cells treated with rhGH and controls. Conclusions rhGH can induce VEGF secretion and stimulate proliferation of Bel-7402 GHR+ cells in vitro, but has little effect on the proliferation of SMMC-7721 GHR-cells, suggesting that rhGH may be applied safely to treatment for the catabolic state in patients with GHR-negative HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyi Li
- Institute of Tumor Molecular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
- Cancer Center, School of Clinical Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing
| | - Guiqing Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Cancer Center, School of Clinical Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing
| | - Xiangyu Su
- Cancer Center, School of Clinical Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing
| | - Lexun Xue
- Institute of Tumor Molecular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Gao LB, Tian H, Wang XG, Yu XF, Guan Y, Chen ML, Zhang J. Early enteral and parenteral nutritional support after hepatectomy in patients with hepatic carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:623-31. [PMID: 25792846 PMCID: PMC4360806 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s73275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study sought to conduct a systematic review providing a comparative analysis of enteral nutrition (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN) after hepatectomy. Methods PubMed, Embase, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched for publications describing randomized controlled trials that compared early EN and PN after hepatectomy. The time period for this search was from January 1990 to December 2013. In accordance with the inclusion criteria of this study, two researchers independently screened the retrieved literature, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality. A meta-analysis of the included publications was then performed using RevMan 5.2 software. Results The meta-analysis results indicated statistically significant differences between the group that received EN and the group that received PN during the early stages after hepatectomy with respect to average total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase levels after nutrition, pre-albumin levels, incidence of diarrhea and abdominal bloating, time to flatus, and average cost of nutrition. To varying degrees, better results were observed in the EN group than in the PN group for these metrics. Conclusion During the early stages after hepatectomy, EN has obvious advantages relative to PN; thus, EN merits more widespread promotion and application in this clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Ben Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haiyang People's Hospital, Haiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Province Tumor Hospital, Jinnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Guang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fei Yu
- Department of Emergency, Haiyang People's Hospital, Haiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Guan
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Province Tumor Hospital, Jinnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Lu Chen
- Department of Nuclear Radiology, Shandong Province Tumor Hospital, Jinnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Haiyang People's Hospital, Haiyang, People's Republic of China
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Pivonello C, De Martino MC, Negri M, Cuomo G, Cariati F, Izzo F, Colao A, Pivonello R. The GH-IGF-SST system in hepatocellular carcinoma: biological and molecular pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Infect Agent Cancer 2014; 9:27. [PMID: 25225571 PMCID: PMC4164328 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-9-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide. Different signalling pathways have been identified to be implicated in the pathogenesis of HCC; among these, GH, IGF and somatostatin (SST) pathways have emerged as some of the major pathways implicated in the development of HCC. Physiologically, GH-IGF-SST system plays a crucial role in liver growth and development since GH induces IGF1 and IGF2 secretion and the expression of their receptors, involved in hepatocytes cell proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. On the other hand, somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are exclusively present on the biliary tract. Importantly, the GH-IGF-SST system components have been indicated as regulators of hepatocarcinogenesis. Reduction of GH binding affinity to GH receptor, decreased serum IGF1 and increased serum IGF2 production, overexpression of IGF1 receptor, loss of function of IGF2 receptor and appearance of SSTRs are frequently observed in human HCC. In particular, recently, many studies have evaluated the correlation between increased levels of IGF1 receptors and liver diseases and the oncogenic role of IGF2 and its involvement in angiogenesis, migration and, consequently, in tumour progression. SST directly or indirectly influences tumour growth and development through the inhibition of cell proliferation and secretion and induction of apoptosis, even though SST role in hepatocarcinogenesis is still opened to argument. This review addresses the present evidences suggesting a role of the GH-IGF-SST system in the development and progression of HCC, and describes the therapeutic perspectives, based on the targeting of GH-IGF-SST system, which have been hypothesised and experimented in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina De Martino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Negri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | | | - Federica Cariati
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Francesco Izzo
- National Cancer Institute G Pascale Foundation, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
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Chen YH, Du BQ, Zheng ZJ, Xiang GM, Liu XB, Mai G. Effect of recombinant human growth hormone and interferon gamma on hepatic collagen synthesis and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells in cirrhotic rats. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2012; 11:294-301. [PMID: 22672824 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(12)60163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis plays a key role in the development of liver cirrhosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of growth hormone and interferon gamma on hepatic collagen synthesis and the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells in a cirrhotic rat model. METHODS Cirrhosis was induced in rats using carbon tetrachloride. Rats were simultaneously treated with daily subcutaneous injections of recombinant human growth hormone or interferon gamma combined with recombinant human growth hormone. The control group was given saline. The relative content of type I and type IV collagen was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence analysis. Activated hepatic stellate cells were prepared from cirrhotic rats. The 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was used to assess the effects of recombinant human growth hormone and interferon gamma on these cells in vitro. RESULTS Both qualitative and quantitative analysis showed that type I and type IV collagen secretion increased with time after recombinant human growth hormone administration and was significantly higher than control and recombinant human growth hormone combined with interferon gamma administration. In vitro, recombinant human growth hormone significantly stimulated hepatic stellate cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner (10(-3)-10(-1) mg/100 μL), and interferon gamma (10(-2)-10(-1) μg/100 μL) significantly inhibited their growth compared to the control group. Interferon gamma combined with recombinant human growth hormone eliminated this growth-promoting effect to a certain degree in a concentration-dependent manner (10(-1) μg/100 μL, P<0.05, 10(-2)-10(-3) μg/100 μL, P>0.05) and a time-dependent manner (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Recombinant human growth hormone increased collagen secretion in cirrhotic rats in vivo and promoted the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells from cirrhotic rats in vitro. It is possible that concurrent interferon gamma therapy can offset these side-effects of recombinant human growth hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hua Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss and muscle wasting are commonly found in patients with end-stage liver disease. Since there is an association between malnutrition and poor clinical outcome, such patients (or those at risk of becoming malnourished) are often given parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, or oral nutritional supplements. These interventions have costs and adverse effects, so it is important to prove that their use results in improved morbidity or mortality, or both. OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, and oral nutritional supplements on the mortality and morbidity of patients with underlying liver disease. SEARCH METHODS The following computerised databases were searched: the Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Science Citation Index Expanded (January 2012). In addition, reference lists of identified trials and review articles and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched. Trials identified in a previous systematic handsearch of Index Medicus were also considered. Handsearches of a number of medical journals, including abstracts from annual meetings, were done. Experts in the field and manufacturers of nutrient formulations were contacted for potential references. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised clinical trials (parallel or cross-over design) comparing groups of patients with any underlying liver disease who received, or did not receive, enteral or parenteral nutrition or oral nutritional supplements were identified without restriction on date, language, or publication status. Six categories of trials were separately considered: medical or surgical patients receiving parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, or supplements. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The following data were sought in each report: date of publication; geographical location; inclusion and exclusion criteria; the type of nutritional support and constitution of the nutrient formulation; duration of treatment; any nutrition provided to the controls; other interventions provided to the patients; number, sex, age of the study participants; hospital or outpatient status; underlying liver disease; risks of bias (sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome reporting, intention-to-treat analysis, selective outcome reporting, others (vested interests, baseline imbalance, early stopping)); mortality; hepatic morbidity (development or resolution of ascites or hepatic encephalopathy, occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding); quality of life scores; adverse events; infections; lengths of stay in the hospital or intensive care unit; costs; serum bilirubin; postoperative complications (surgical trials only); and nutritional outcomes (nitrogen balance, anthropometric measurements, body weight). The primary outcomes of this review were mortality, hepatic morbidity, quality of life, and adverse events. Data were extracted in duplicate; differences were resolved by consensus.Data for each outcome were combined in a meta-analysis (RevMan 5.1). Estimates were reported using risk ratios or mean differences, along with the 95% confidence intervals (CI). Both fixed-effect and random-effects models were employed; fixed-effect models were reported unless one model, but not the other, found a significant difference (in which case both were reported). Heterogeneity was assessed by the Chi(2) test and I(2) statistic. Subgroup analyses were planned to assess specific liver diseases (alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma), acute or chronic liver diseases, and trials employing standard or branched-chain amino acid formulations (for the hepatic encephalopathy outcomes). Sensitivity analyses were planned to compare trials at low and high risk of bias and trials reported as full papers. The following exploratory analyses were undertaken: 1) medical and surgical trials were combined for each nutritional intervention; 2) intention-to-treat analyses in which missing dichotomous data were imputed as best- and worst-case scenarios; 3) all trials were combined to assess mortality; 4) effects were estimated by absolute risk reductions. MAIN RESULTS Thirty-seven trials were identified; only one was at low risk of bias. Most of the analyses failed to find any significant differences. The significant findings that were found were the following: 1) icteric medical patients receiving parenteral nutrition had a reduced serum bilirubin (mean difference (MD) -2.86 mg%, 95% CI -3.82 mg% to -1.89 mg%, 3 trials) and better nitrogen balance (MD 3.60 g/day, 95% CI 0.86 g/day to 6.34 g/day, 1 trial); 2) surgical patients receiving parenteral nutrition had a reduced incidence of postoperative ascites only in the fixed-effect model (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.87, 2 trials, I(2) = 70%) and one trial demonstrated a reduction in postoperative complications, especially infections (pneumonia in particular); 3) enteral nutrition may have improved nitrogen balance in medical patients (although a combination of the three trials was not possible); 4) one surgical trial of enteral nutrition found a reduction in postoperative complications; and 5) oral nutritional supplements had several effects in medical patients (reduced occurrence of ascites (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.88, 3 trials), possibly (significant differences only seen in the fixed-effect model) reduced rates of infection (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.99, 3 trials, I(2) = 14%), and improved resolution of hepatic encephalopathy (RR 3.75, 95% CI 1.15 to 12.18, 2 trials, I(2) = 79%). While there was no overall effect of the supplements on mortality in medical patients, the one low risk of bias trial found an increased risk of death in the recipients of the supplements. Three trials of supplements in surgical patients failed to show any significant differences. No new information was derived from the various subgroup or sensitivity analyses. The exploratory analyses were also unrevealing except for a logical conundrum. There was no difference in mortality when all of the trials were combined, but the trials of parenteral nutrition found that those recipients had better survival (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.98, 10 trials). Either the former observation represents a type II error or the latter one a type I error. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The data do not compellingly justify the routine use of parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, or oral nutritional supplements in patients with liver disease. The fact that all but one of these trials were at high risks of bias even casts doubt on the few benefits that were demonstrated. Data from well-designed and executed randomised trials that include an untreated control group are needed before any such recommendation can be made. Future trials have to be powered adequately to see small, but clinically important, differences.
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Koretz RL, Avenell A, Lipman TO. Nutritional support for liver disease. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2012. [PMID: 22592729 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss and muscle wasting are commonly found in patients with end-stage liver disease. Since there is an association between malnutrition and poor clinical outcome, such patients (or those at risk of becoming malnourished) are often given parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, or oral nutritional supplements. These interventions have costs and adverse effects, so it is important to prove that their use results in improved morbidity or mortality, or both. OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, and oral nutritional supplements on the mortality and morbidity of patients with underlying liver disease. SEARCH METHODS The following computerised databases were searched: the Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Science Citation Index Expanded (January 2012). In addition, reference lists of identified trials and review articles and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched. Trials identified in a previous systematic handsearch of Index Medicus were also considered. Handsearches of a number of medical journals, including abstracts from annual meetings, were done. Experts in the field and manufacturers of nutrient formulations were contacted for potential references. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised clinical trials (parallel or cross-over design) comparing groups of patients with any underlying liver disease who received, or did not receive, enteral or parenteral nutrition or oral nutritional supplements were identified without restriction on date, language, or publication status. Six categories of trials were separately considered: medical or surgical patients receiving parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, or supplements. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The following data were sought in each report: date of publication; geographical location; inclusion and exclusion criteria; the type of nutritional support and constitution of the nutrient formulation; duration of treatment; any nutrition provided to the controls; other interventions provided to the patients; number, sex, age of the study participants; hospital or outpatient status; underlying liver disease; risks of bias (sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome reporting, intention-to-treat analysis, selective outcome reporting, others (vested interests, baseline imbalance, early stopping)); mortality; hepatic morbidity (development or resolution of ascites or hepatic encephalopathy, occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding); quality of life scores; adverse events; infections; lengths of stay in the hospital or intensive care unit; costs; serum bilirubin; postoperative complications (surgical trials only); and nutritional outcomes (nitrogen balance, anthropometric measurements, body weight). The primary outcomes of this review were mortality, hepatic morbidity, quality of life, and adverse events. Data were extracted in duplicate; differences were resolved by consensus.Data for each outcome were combined in a meta-analysis (RevMan 5.1). Estimates were reported using risk ratios or mean differences, along with the 95% confidence intervals (CI). Both fixed-effect and random-effects models were employed; fixed-effect models were reported unless one model, but not the other, found a significant difference (in which case both were reported). Heterogeneity was assessed by the Chi(2) test and I(2) statistic. Subgroup analyses were planned to assess specific liver diseases (alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma), acute or chronic liver diseases, and trials employing standard or branched-chain amino acid formulations (for the hepatic encephalopathy outcomes). Sensitivity analyses were planned to compare trials at low and high risk of bias and trials reported as full papers. The following exploratory analyses were undertaken: 1) medical and surgical trials were combined for each nutritional intervention; 2) intention-to-treat analyses in which missing dichotomous data were imputed as best- and worst-case scenarios; 3) all trials were combined to assess mortality; 4) effects were estimated by absolute risk reductions. MAIN RESULTS Thirty-seven trials were identified; only one was at low risk of bias. Most of the analyses failed to find any significant differences. The significant findings that were found were the following: 1) icteric medical patients receiving parenteral nutrition had a reduced serum bilirubin (mean difference (MD) -2.86 mg%, 95% CI -3.82 mg% to -1.89 mg%, 3 trials) and better nitrogen balance (MD 3.60 g/day, 95% CI 0.86 g/day to 6.34 g/day, 1 trial); 2) surgical patients receiving parenteral nutrition had a reduced incidence of postoperative ascites only in the fixed-effect model (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.87, 2 trials, I(2) = 70%) and one trial demonstrated a reduction in postoperative complications, especially infections (pneumonia in particular); 3) enteral nutrition may have improved nitrogen balance in medical patients (although a combination of the three trials was not possible); 4) one surgical trial of enteral nutrition found a reduction in postoperative complications; and 5) oral nutritional supplements had several effects in medical patients (reduced occurrence of ascites (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.88, 3 trials), possibly (significant differences only seen in the fixed-effect model) reduced rates of infection (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.99, 3 trials, I(2) = 14%), and improved resolution of hepatic encephalopathy (RR 3.75, 95% CI 1.15 to 12.18, 2 trials, I(2) = 79%). While there was no overall effect of the supplements on mortality in medical patients, the one low risk of bias trial found an increased risk of death in the recipients of the supplements. Three trials of supplements in surgical patients failed to show any significant differences. No new information was derived from the various subgroup or sensitivity analyses. The exploratory analyses were also unrevealing except for a logical conundrum. There was no difference in mortality when all of the trials were combined, but the trials of parenteral nutrition found that those recipients had better survival (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.98, 10 trials). Either the former observation represents a type II error or the latter one a type I error. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The data do not compellingly justify the routine use of parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, or oral nutritional supplements in patients with liver disease. The fact that all but one of these trials were at high risks of bias even casts doubt on the few benefits that were demonstrated. Data from well-designed and executed randomised trials that include an untreated control group are needed before any such recommendation can be made. Future trials have to be powered adequately to see small, but clinically important, differences.
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Lin Y, Li S, Cao P, Cheng L, Quan M, Jiang S. The effects of recombinant human GH on promoting tumor growth depend on the expression of GH receptor in vivo. J Endocrinol 2011; 211:249-56. [PMID: 21920991 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-related malnutrition is a mortal threat to gastric carcinoma patients. However, conventional nutrition treatment is not effective for recovery. Recombinant human GH (rhGH) is widely accepted clinically to treat severe malnutrition caused by non-malignant diseases, but not approved to treat malignant diseases due to the safety concern. To explore the safety of rhGH on gastric cancer, we assessed the effect of rhGH on two tumor-bearing mice models in vivo established by human gastric adenoma cell lines of SGC-7901 and MKN-45. VEGF expression in tumor tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry. The expression of GH receptor (Ghr), Jak-2, Stat3, Vegf, Hif-1α, Fgf, and Mmp-2 was measured by RT-PCR and protein expression of STAT3, phosphorylated STAT3, VEGF, HIF-1α, and MMP-2 was measured by western blotting. The immunocytochemistry results showed that the GHR expression of SGC-7901 was strongly positive (GHR(+++)), while GHR expression of MKN-45 was regarded as negative (GHR(-)). After 14 days of rhGH treatment in SGC-7901 (GHR(+++)) tumor-bearing mice, we found that the tumor growth was significantly increased, and the expressions of downstream factors and VEGF were increased. However, in MKN-45 (GHR(-)) tumor-bearing mice, tumor growth was not significantly increased by rhGH, but tumor-free body weight was increased especially in high-dose rhGH-treated group (P<0.05). These findings suggest that the level of GHR expression is a key target that influences the effectiveness of rhGH on promoting the growth of gastric cancer and angiogenesis. rhGH may promote the activation of tumor angiogenesis factors through the Jak-2-STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
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Abstract
IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) plays a unique role in the cell protection of multiple systems, where its fine-tuned signal transduction helps to preserve tissues from hypoxia, ischaemia and oxidative stress, thus mediating functional homoeostatic adjustments. In contrast, its deprivation results in apoptosis and dysfunction. Many prospective epidemiological surveys have associated low IGF-1 levels with late mortality, MI (myocardial infarction), HF (heart failure) and diabetes. Interventional studies suggest that IGF-1 has anti-atherogenic actions, owing to its multifaceted impact on cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. The metabolic ability of IGF-1 in coupling vasodilation with improved function plays a key role in these actions. The endothelial-protective, anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic activities of IGF-1 exert critical effects in preventing both vascular damage and mechanisms that lead to unstable coronary plaques and syndromes. The pro-survival and anti-inflammatory short-term properties of IGF-1 appear to reduce infarct size and improve LV (left ventricular) remodelling after MI. An immune-modulatory ability, which is able to suppress 'friendly fire' and autoreactivity, is a proposed important additional mechanism explaining the anti-thrombotic and anti-remodelling activities of IGF-1. The concern of cancer risk raised by long-term therapy with IGF-1, however, deserves further study. In the present review, we discuss the large body of published evidence and review data on rhIGF-1 (recombinant human IGF-1) administration in cardiovascular disease and diabetes, with a focus on dosage and safety issues. Perhaps the time has come for the regenerative properties of IGF-1 to be assessed as a new pharmacological tool in cardiovascular medicine.
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Cheng L, Su XY, Lin Y, Li SY. Recombinant human growth hormone promotes tumor growth and VEGF expression in subcutaneous xenografts derived from human gastric carcinoma SGC-7901 cells in nude mice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:536-541. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i6.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on tumor growth and VEGF expression in subcutaneous xenografts derived from human gastric carcinoma SGC-7901 cells in nude mice.
METHODS: The expression of growth hormone receptor (GHR) in human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901 was detected by immunocytochemistry. Thirty nude mice bearing subcutaneous xenografts derived from carcinoma SGC-7901 cells were randomly divided into three groups: control group, low-dose rhGH group and high-dose rhGH group. The low- and high-dose rhGH groups were injected with rhGH at doses of 0.5 and 2.5 U/(kg•d) once a day for two weeks, respectively, while the control group was injected with equal volumes of normal saline for the same duration. The changes in body weight and tumor volume were recorded. The content of serum VEGF in peripheral blood was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of VEGF mRNA and protein in tumor tissue was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively.
RESULTS: GHR is highly expressed in SGC-7901 cells. After treatment with rhGH for three days, the tumor volume was significantly larger in the two rhGH groups than in the control group (both P < 0.05). High-dose rhGH revealed stronger tumor growth-promoting effect than low-dose one (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the body weight of nude mice among the three groups (all P > 0.05). The content of serum VEGF was elevated more obviously in the high-dose rhGH group than in the low-dose rhGH group and the control group. (252.94 ng/L ± 15.32 ng/L vs 167.60 ng/L ± 9.54 ng/L and 49.94 ng/L ± 5.73 ng/L, respectively; both P < 0.05). The expression level of VEGF protein in tumor tissue was significantly higher in the two rhGH groups than in the control group. The relative expression level of VEGF mRNA was much higher in the high-dose rhGH group than in the low-dose rhGH group and the control group (0.647 ± 0.0447 vs 0.412 ± 0.0351 and 0.323 ± 0.0258, respectively; both P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: RhGH can promote tumor growth and VEGF expression in subcutaneous xenografts derived from human gastric carcinoma SGC-7901 cells in nude mice.
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