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Tang J, Li X, Li W, Cao C. The Protective Effect of Octanoic Acid on Sepsis: A Review. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae106. [PMID: 39101596 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a systemic inflammation that occurs in response to a bacterial infection, is a significant medical challenge. Research conducted over the past decade has indicated strong associations among a patient's nutritional status, the composition of their gut microbiome, and the risk, severity, and prognosis of sepsis. Octanoic acid (OA) plays a vital role in combating sepsis and has a protective effect on both animal models and human patients. In this discussion, the potential protective mechanisms of OA in sepsis, focusing on its regulation of the inflammatory response, immune system, oxidative stress, gastrointestinal microbiome and barrier function, metabolic disorders and malnutrition, as well as organ dysfunction are explored. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which OA act may pave the way for new preventive and therapeutic approaches to sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Suzhou Wuzhong People's Hospital, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Chun Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
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2
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Loft A, Schmidt SF, Caratti G, Stifel U, Havelund J, Sekar R, Kwon Y, Sulaj A, Chow KK, Alfaro AJ, Schwarzmayr T, Rittig N, Svart M, Tsokanos FF, Maida A, Blutke A, Feuchtinger A, Møller N, Blüher M, Nawroth P, Szendrödi J, Færgeman NJ, Zeigerer A, Tuckermann J, Herzig S. A macrophage-hepatocyte glucocorticoid receptor axis coordinates fasting ketogenesis. Cell Metab 2022; 34:473-486.e9. [PMID: 35120589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fasting metabolism and immunity are tightly linked; however, it is largely unknown how immune cells contribute to metabolic homeostasis during fasting in healthy subjects. Here, we combined cell-type-resolved genomics and computational approaches to map crosstalk between hepatocytes and liver macrophages during fasting. We identified the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) as a key driver of fasting-induced reprogramming of the macrophage secretome including fasting-suppressed cytokines and showed that lack of macrophage GR impaired induction of ketogenesis during fasting as well as endotoxemia. Mechanistically, macrophage GR suppressed the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and promoted nuclear translocation of hepatocyte GR to activate a fat oxidation/ketogenesis-related gene program, cooperatively induced by GR and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) in hepatocytes. Together, our results demonstrate how resident liver macrophages directly influence ketogenesis in hepatocytes, thereby also outlining a strategy by which the immune system can set the metabolic tone during inflammatory disease and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Loft
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense 5230, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity (ATLAS), SDU, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Søren Fisker Schmidt
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense 5230, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity (ATLAS), SDU, Odense 5230, Denmark.
| | - Giorgio Caratti
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Universität Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stifel
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Universität Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Jesper Havelund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Revathi Sekar
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Yun Kwon
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Alba Sulaj
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Kan Kau Chow
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Ana Jimena Alfaro
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarzmayr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Nikolaj Rittig
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology (Multilateral Environmental Agreement) and Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University, Hedeager 3, 2nd Floor, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mads Svart
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology (Multilateral Environmental Agreement) and Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University, Hedeager 3, 2nd Floor, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Foivos-Filippos Tsokanos
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Adriano Maida
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Niels Møller
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology (Multilateral Environmental Agreement) and Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Peter Nawroth
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Julia Szendrödi
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Nils J Færgeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Anja Zeigerer
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Universität Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
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Kim JT, Napier DL, Kim J, Li C, Lee EY, Weiss HL, Wang Q, Evers BM. Ketogenesis alleviates TNFα-induced apoptosis and inflammatory responses in intestinal cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:90-100. [PMID: 34087430 PMCID: PMC8355065 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The disturbance of strictly regulated self-regeneration in mammalian intestinal epithelium is associated with various intestinal disorders, particularly inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). TNFα, which plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of IBDs, has been reported to inhibit production of ketone bodies such as β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB). However, the role of ketogenesis in the TNFα-mediated pathological process is not entirely known. Here, we showed the regulation and role of HMGCS2, the rate-limiting enzyme of ketogenesis, in TNFα-induced apoptotic and inflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells. Treatment with TNFα dose-dependently decreased protein and mRNA expression of HMGCS2 and its product, βHB production in human colon cancer cell lines HT29 and Caco2 cells and mouse small intestinal organoids. Moreover, the repressed level of HMGCS2 protein was found in intestinal epithelium of IBD patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis as compared with normal tissues. Furthermore, knockdown of HMGCS2 enhanced and in contrast, HMGCS2 overexpression attenuated, the TNFα-induced apoptosis and expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines (CXCL1-3) in HT29, Caco2 cells and DLD1 cells, respectively. Treatment with βHB or rosiglitazone, an agonist of PPARγ, which increases ketogenesis, attenuated TNFα-induced apoptosis in the intestinal epithelial cells. Finally, HMGCS2 knockdown enhanced TNFα-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In addition, hydrogen peroxide, the major ROS contributing to intestine injury, decreased HMGCS2 expression and βHB production in the intestinal cells and mouse organoids. Our findings demonstrate that increased ketogenesis attenuates TNFα-induced apoptosis and inflammation in intestinal cells, suggesting a protective role for ketogenesis in TNFα-induced intestinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Tae Kim
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | | | - Jinhwan Kim
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Chang Li
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Eun Y Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Surgery, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | | | - Qingding Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - B Mark Evers
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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Myette-Côté É, St-Pierre V, Beaulieu S, Castellano CA, Fortier M, Plourde M, Bocti C, Fulop T, Cunnane SC. The effect of a 6-month ketogenic medium-chain triglyceride supplement on plasma cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers in mild cognitive impairment. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 169:102236. [PMID: 33906081 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is often accompanied by metabolic abnormalities and inflammation that might play a role in the development of cognitive impairment. The use of ketogenic medium-chain triglycerides (kMCT) to improve cognition in this population has shown promising results but remains controversial because of the potentially detrimental effect of elevated intake of saturated fatty acids on cardiovascular (CV) health and perhaps inflammatory processes. The primary aim of this secondary data analysis report is to describe changes in cardiometabolic markers and peripheral inflammation during a 6-month kMCT intervention in MCI. METHODS Thirty-nine participants with MCI completed the intervention of 30 g/day of either a kMCT drink or calorie-matched placebo (high-oleic acid) for 6 months. Plasma concentrations of cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers were collected before (fasting state) and after the intervention (2 h following the last drink). RESULTS A mixed model ANOVA analysis revealed a time by group interaction for ketones (P < 0.001), plasma 8:0 and 10:0 acids (both P < 0.001) and IL-8 (P = 0.002) with follow up comparison revealing a significant increase in the kMCT group (+48%, P = 0.005), (+3,800 and +4,900%, both P < 0.001) and (+147%, P < 0.001) respectively. A main effect of time was observed for insulin (P = 0.004), triglycerides (P = 0.011) and non-esterified fatty acids (P = 0.036). CONCLUSION Under these study conditions, 30 g/d of kMCT taken for six months and up to 2-hour before post-intervention testing had minimal effect on an extensive profile of circulating cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers as compared to a placebo calorie-matched drink. Our results support the safety kMCT supplementation in individuals with MCI. The clinical significance of the observed increase in circulating IL-8 levels is presently unknown and awaits future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Myette-Côté
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Valérie St-Pierre
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sandrine Beaulieu
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Mélanie Fortier
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Bocti
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen C Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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5
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Kent-Dennis C, Penner GB. Effects of a proinflammatory response on metabolic function of cultured, primary ruminal epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1002-1017. [PMID: 33131809 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation of ruminal epithelium may occur during ruminal acidosis as a result of translocation and interaction of ruminal epithelial cells (REC) with molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Such inflammation has been reported to alter cellular processes such as nutrient absorption, metabolic regulation, and energy substrate utilization in other cell types but has not been investigated for REC. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of LPS on metabolism of short-chain fatty acids by primary REC, as well as investigating the effects of media containing short-chain fatty acids on the proinflammatory response. Ruminal papillae from 9 yearling Speckle Park beef heifers were used to isolate and culture primary REC. Cells were grown in minimum essential medium (MEM) for 12 d before use and then reseeded in 24-well culture plates. The study was conducted as a 2 × 2 factorial, where cells were grown in unaltered MEM (REG) or medium containing 2 mM butyrate and 5 mM propionate (SCFA) with (50,000 EU/mL; +LPS) or without LPS (-LPS) for 24 h. Supernatant samples were collected for analysis of glucose and SCFA consumption. Cells were collected to determine the expression of mRNA for genes associated with inflammation (TNF, IL1B, CXCL2, CXCL8, PTGS2, and TLR4), purinergic signaling (P2RX7, ADORAB2, and CD73), nutrient transport [SLC16A1 (MCT1), SLC16A3 (MCT4), SLC5A8, and MCU], and cell metabolism [ACAT1, SLC2A1 (GLUT1), IGFBP3, and IGFBP5]. Protein expression of TLR4 and ketogenic enzymes (BDH1 and HMGCS1) were also analyzed using flow cytometry. Statistical analysis was conducted with the MIXED model of SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with medium, LPS exposure, and medium × LPS interaction as fixed effects and animal within plate as a random effect. Cells tended to consume more glucose when exposed to LPS as opposed to no LPS exposure (31.8 vs. 28.7 ± 2.7), but consumption of propionate and butyrate was not influenced by LPS. Expression of TNF and IL1B was upregulated when exposed to LPS, and expression of CXCL2 and CXCL8 increased following LPS exposure with SCFA (medium × LPS). For cells exposed to LPS, we found a downregulation of ACAT1 and IGFBP5 and an upregulation of SLC2A1, SLC16A3, MCU, and IGFBP3. Medium with SCFA led to greater expression of MCU. SLC16A1 was upregulated in cells incubated with SCFA and without LPS compared with the other groups. Protein expression of ketogenic enzymes was not affected; however, BDH1 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) expression tended to be less in cells exposed to LPS. These data are interpreted to indicate that when REC are exposed to LPS, they may increase glucose metabolism. Moreover, transport of solutes was affected by SCFA in the medium and by exposure to LPS. Overall, the results suggest that metabolic function of REC in vitro is altered by a proinflammatory response, which may lead to a greater glucose requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kent-Dennis
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8
| | - G B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8.
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Keshavarz M, Solaymani-Mohammadi F, Namdari H, Arjeini Y, Mousavi MJ, Rezaei F. Metabolic host response and therapeutic approaches to influenza infection. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:15. [PMID: 32161622 PMCID: PMC7059726 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on available metabolomic studies, influenza infection affects a variety of cellular metabolic pathways to ensure an optimal environment for its replication and production of viral particles. Following infection, glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis increase in infected cells continually, which results in higher glucose consumption. The pentose phosphate shunt, as another glucose-consuming pathway, is enhanced by influenza infection to help produce more nucleotides, especially ATP. Regarding lipid species, following infection, levels of triglycerides, phospholipids, and several lipid derivatives undergo perturbations, some of which are associated with inflammatory responses. Also, mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation decreases significantly simultaneously with an increase in biosynthesis of fatty acids and membrane lipids. Moreover, essential amino acids are demonstrated to decline in infected tissues due to the production of large amounts of viral and cellular proteins. Immune responses against influenza infection, on the other hand, could significantly affect metabolic pathways. Mainly, interferon (IFN) production following viral infection affects cell function via alteration in amino acid synthesis, membrane composition, and lipid metabolism. Understanding metabolic alterations required for influenza virus replication has revealed novel therapeutic methods based on targeted inhibition of these cellular metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Keshavarz
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | | - Haideh Namdari
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Arjeini
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- National Influenza Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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The ketogenic diet is not feasible as a therapy in a CD-1 nu/nu mouse model of renal cell carcinoma with features of Stauffer's syndrome. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57201-57215. [PMID: 28915665 PMCID: PMC5593636 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat low-carbohydrate diet, has shown some efficacy in the treatment of certain types of tumors such as brain tumors and neuroblastoma. These tumors are characterized by the Warburg effect. Because renal cell carcinoma (RCC) presents similar energetic features as neuroblastoma, KD might also be effective in the treatment of RCC. To test this, we established xenografts with RCC 786-O cells in CD-1 nu/nu mice and then randomized them to a control diet or to KDs with different triglyceride contents. Although the KDs tended to reduce tumor growth, mouse survival was dramatically reduced due to massive weight loss. A possible explanation comes from observations of human RCC patients, who often experience secondary non-metastatic hepatic dysfunction due to secretion of high levels of inflammatory cytokines by the RCCs. Measurement of the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 revealed high expression in the RCC xenografts compared to the original 786-O cells. The expression of TNFα, interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein were all increased in the livers of tumor-bearing mice, and KD significantly boosted their expression. KDs did not cause weight loss or liver inflammation in healthy mice, suggesting that KDs are per se safe, but might be contraindicated in the treatment of RCC patients presenting with Stauffer's syndrome, because they potentially worsen the associated hepatic dysfunction.
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8
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Early interleukin-6 enhances hepatic ketogenesis in APP SWE/PSEN1dE9 mice via 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-CoA synthase 2 signaling activation by p38/nuclear factor κB p65. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 56:115-126. [PMID: 28528772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered a multifactorial disease that affects the central nervous system and periphery. A decline in brain glucose metabolism is an early feature of AD and is accompanied by a phenotypic shift from aerobic glycolysis to ketogenesis. The liver is responsible for the generation of the ketone body. However, the mechanism that underlies hepatic ketogenesis in AD remains unclear. Here, we investigated hepatic ketogenesis during the early stage of AD pathogenesis in amyloid precursor protein (APPSWE) and presenilin (PSEN1dE9) (APP/PS1) mice. We observed that β-hydroxybutyric acid was increased in the brain of the postmortem mild cognitive impairment and AD subjects and in 3-month-old APP/PS1 AD mice. A rise in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), a key enzyme for catalyzing β-hydroxybutyric acid production, was observed in early AD mice. We further showed that proinflammatory cytokines were activated in the liver prior to their activation in the brain of 3-month-old APP/PS1 mice. Among the cytokines, interleukin-6 significantly activated HMGCS2 through the binding of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 to the HMGCS2 promoter. Additionally, interleukin-6 stimulated phosphorylation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinases, an upstream molecule for NF-κB p65 signaling. We have demonstrated that a hepatic inflammatory factor enhances ketogenesis through HMGCS2 signaling activation by p38/NF-κB p65. These results provide a novel peripheral metabolic mechanism for enhanced ketone production and suggest a plausible early AD phenotype to diagnose AD.
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9
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Tarasenko TN, Singh LN, Chatterji-Len M, Zerfas PM, Cusmano-Ozog K, McGuire PJ. Kupffer cells modulate hepatic fatty acid oxidation during infection with PR8 influenza. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2391-401. [PMID: 26319418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In response to infection, patients with inborn errors of metabolism may develop a functional deterioration termed metabolic decompensation. The biochemical hallmarks of this disruption of metabolic homeostasis are disease specific and may include acidosis, hyperammonemia or hypoglycemia. In a model system previously published by our group, we noted that during influenza infection, mice displayed a depression in hepatic mitochondrial enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that this normal adaptation may extend to other metabolic pathways, and as such, may impact various inborn errors of metabolism. Since the liver is a critical organ in inborn errors of metabolism, we carried out untargeted metabolomic profiling of livers using mass spectrometry in C57Bl/6 mice infected with influenza to characterize metabolic adaptation. Pathway analysis of metabolomic data revealed reductions in CoA synthesis, and long chain fatty acyl CoA and carnitine species. These metabolic adaptations coincided with a depression in hepatic long chain β-oxidation mRNA and protein. To our surprise, the metabolic changes observed occurred in conjunction with a hepatic innate immune response, as demonstrated by transcriptional profiling and flow cytometry. By employing an immunomodulation strategy to deplete Kupffer cells, we were able to improve the expression of multiple genes involved in β-oxidation. Based on these findings, we are the first to suggest that the role of the liver as an immunologic organ is central in the pathophysiology of hepatic metabolic decompensation in inborn errors of metabolism due to respiratory viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana N Tarasenko
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Unit, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Larry N Singh
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Milani Chatterji-Len
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Unit, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia M Zerfas
- Office of Research Services, Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristina Cusmano-Ozog
- Biochemical Genetics and Metabolism Laboratory, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter J McGuire
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Unit, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Neuman MG, Nanau RM, Shekh-Ahmad T, Yagen B, Bialer M. Valproic acid derivatives signal for apoptosis and repair in vitro. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1532-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Watkins LR, Wieseler-Frank J, Milligan ED, Johnston I, Maier SF. Chapter 22 Contribution of glia to pain processing in health and disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2006; 81:309-23. [PMID: 18808844 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(06)80026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Glosli H, Gudbrandsen OA, Mullen AJ, Halvorsen B, Røst TH, Wergedahl H, Prydz H, Aukrust P, Berge RK. Down-regulated expression of PPARalpha target genes, reduced fatty acid oxidation and altered fatty acid composition in the liver of mice transgenic for hTNFalpha. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1734:235-46. [PMID: 15893958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the hepatic regulation of fatty acid metabolism in hTNFalpha transgenic mice. Reduced hepatic mRNA levels and activities of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-II (CPT-II) and mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase were observed, accompanied by decreased fatty acid oxidation, fatty acyl-CoA oxidase and fatty acid synthase (FAS) activities and down-regulated gene expression of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2). The mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and PPARdelta were reduced. The hepatic fatty acid composition was altered, with increased amounts of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The relative amounts of Delta(9) desaturated fatty acids were decreased, as was Delta(9)desaturase mRNA. The CPT-I mRNA level remained unchanged. The PPARalpha targeted genes CPT-II and HMG-CoA synthase are potential regulators of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in hTNFalpha transgenic mice, and the increased propionyl-CoA level found is a possible inhibitor of these processes. Reduced mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation may explain the increased hepatic triglyceride level induced by TNFalpha. This is not due to de novo fatty acid synthesis as both FAS activity and gene expression of ACC2 were reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Glosli
- Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Pailla K, El-Mir MY, Cynober L, Blonde-Cynober F. Cytokine-mediated inhibition of ketogenesis is unrelated to nitric oxide or protein synthesis. Clin Nutr 2001; 20:313-7. [PMID: 11478828 DOI: 10.1054/clnu.2001.0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play an important role in the lipid disturbances commonly associated with sepsis. Ketogenesis is inhibited during sepsis, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been suggested to mediate this impairment, irrespective of the ketogenic substrate (fatty acid or branched chain ketoacid). However, the underlying mechanism of cytokine action is still unknown. First we investigated the possible role of the induction of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, using rat hepatocyte monolayers. Hepatocytes were incubated for 6 h, with either alpha -ketoisocaproate (KIC) (1 mM) or oleic acid (0.5 mM) in the presence or absence of TNF alpha (25 microg/L) and IL-6 (15 microg/L). In some experiments, cells were incubated with NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors. The ketone body (beta -hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) production and nitrite production were measured in the incubation medium. Our results indicated no involvement of nitric oxide in the inhibitory action of cytokines on ketogenesis. Secondly, we showed that cycloheximide (10(-4)M) did not counteract the cytokine-mediated ketogenesis decrease; hence, the effects of cytokines on ketogenesis are not protein synthesis-dependent. The cytokine-mediated inhibition of ketogenesis is therefore unrelated to either NO production or protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pailla
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Hôpital Emile-Roux, AP-HP, Limeil-Brévannes, France
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Neuman MG, Shear NH, Jacobson-Brown PM, Katz GG, Neilson HK, Malkiewicz IM, Cameron RG, Abbott F. CYP2E1-mediated modulation of valproic acid-induced hepatocytotoxicity. Clin Biochem 2001; 34:211-8. [PMID: 11408019 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(01)00217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the cytotoxicity of valproic acid (VPA) and its metabolite, 4-ene-valproic acid (4-ene-VPA) in human hepatoblastoma cells (Hep G2), and to study the modulatory effect of cytochrome P450 2E1 induction in this model. METHODS Cells were exposed to VPA or 4-ene-VPA in the presence of either ethanol (EtOH), or EtOH combined with disulphiram (DS). Some cells were exposed to alpha-fluoro-VPA or to alpha-fluoro-4-ene-VPA in the absence of CYP2E1 inducers. Apoptosis and necrosis were measured by analyzing 6000 cells per sample using transmission electron microscopy, while cytokine release and apoptosis were quantitated by ELISA. RESULTS VPA + EtOH increased VPA cytotoxicity. 4-ene-VPA + EtOH significantly increased toxicity, while DS + EtOH significantly reduced this toxicity. Alpha-fluorinated analogues reduced cytotoxicity compared to the corresponding VPA compounds. Neither VPA nor alpha-fluorinated VPA increased the release of IL-6 or TNF-alpha in media. A significant increase in the release of TNF-alpha was observed in cells exposed to 4-ene-VPA that further increased with EtOH exposure. CONCLUSIONS Cells exposed to 4-ene-VPA experience greater cytotoxicity than those treated with VPA. Cytochrome P450 2E1 inducers enhance toxicity in VPA-exposed cells, while alpha-fluorination of VPA diminishes cytotoxicity by directly interfering with the beta-oxidation of the 4-ene-VPA metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Neuman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Sunnybrook & Women's College Health Sciences Centre and Department of Pathology, Toronto Health Network, Canada.
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