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Goetzman ES, Zhang BB, Zhang Y, Bharathi SS, Bons J, Rose J, Shah S, Solo KJ, Schmidt AV, Richert AC, Mullett SJ, Gelhaus SL, Rao KS, Shiva SS, Pfister KE, Silva Barbosa A, Sims-Lucas S, Dobrowolski SF, Schilling B. Dietary dicarboxylic acids provide a non-storable alternative fat source that protects mice against obesity. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e174186. [PMID: 38687608 PMCID: PMC11178532 DOI: 10.1172/jci174186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Dicarboxylic fatty acids are generated in the liver and kidney in a minor pathway called fatty acid ω-oxidation. The effects of consuming dicarboxylic fatty acids as an alternative source of dietary fat have not been explored. Here, we fed dodecanedioic acid, a 12-carbon dicarboxylic (DC12), to mice at 20% of daily caloric intake for nine weeks. DC12 increased metabolic rate, reduced body fat, reduced liver fat, and improved glucose tolerance. We observed DC12-specific breakdown products in liver, kidney, muscle, heart, and brain, indicating that oral DC12 escaped first-pass liver metabolism and was utilized by many tissues. In tissues expressing the "a" isoform of acyl-CoA oxidase-1 (ACOX1), a key peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation enzyme, DC12 was chain shortened to the TCA cycle intermediate succinyl-CoA. In tissues with low peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation capacity, DC12 was oxidized by mitochondria. In vitro, DC12 was catabolized even by adipose tissue and was not stored intracellularly. We conclude that DC12 and other dicarboxylic acids may be useful for combatting obesity and for treating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Goetzman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bob B. Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuxun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sivakama S. Bharathi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joanna Bons
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | - Jacob Rose
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | - Samah Shah
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | - Keaton J. Solo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexandra V. Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam C. Richert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven J. Mullett
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stacy L. Gelhaus
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Krithika S. Rao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Vascular Medicine Institute and
| | - Sruti S. Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Vascular Medicine Institute and
| | - Katherine E. Pfister
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne Silva Barbosa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sunder Sims-Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven F. Dobrowolski
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Birgit Schilling
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
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Metabolic Outcomes of Anaplerotic Dodecanedioic Acid Supplementation in Very Long Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (VLCAD) Deficient Fibroblasts. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080538. [PMID: 34436479 PMCID: PMC8412092 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD, OMIM 609575) is associated with energy deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction and may lead to rhabdomyolysis and cardiomyopathy. Under physiological conditions, there is a fine balance between the utilization of different carbon nutrients to maintain the Krebs cycle. The maintenance of steady pools of Krebs cycle intermediates is critical formitochondrial energy homeostasis especially in high-energy demanding organs such as muscle and heart. Even-chain dicarboxylic acids are established as alternative energy carbon sources that replenish the Krebs cycle by bypassing a defective β-oxidation pathway. Despite this, even-chain dicarboxylic acids are eliminated in the urine of VLCAD-affected individuals. In this study, we explore dodecanedioic acid (C12; DODA) supplementation and investigate its metabolic effect on Krebs cycle intermediates, glucose uptake, and acylcarnitine profiles in VLCAD-deficient fibroblasts. Our findings indicate that DODA supplementation replenishes the Krebs cycle by increasing the succinate pool, attenuates glycolytic flux, and reduces levels of toxic very long-chain acylcarnitines.
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Bharathi SS, Zhang Y, Gong Z, Muzumdar R, Goetzman ES. Role of mitochondrial acyl-CoA dehydrogenases in the metabolism of dicarboxylic fatty acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:162-166. [PMID: 32446361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dicarboxylic fatty acids, taken as a nutritional supplement or produced endogenously via omega oxidation of monocarboxylic fatty acids, may have therapeutic potential for rare inborn errors of metabolism as well as common metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Breakdown of dicarboxylic acids yields acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA as products, the latter of which is anaplerotic for the TCA cycle. However, little is known about the metabolic pathways responsible for degradation of dicarboxylic acids. Here, we demonstrated with whole-cell fatty acid oxidation assays that both mitochondria and peroxisomes contribute to dicarboxylic acid degradation. Several mitochondrial acyl-CoA dehydrogenases were tested for activity against dicarboxylyl-CoAs. Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) exhibited activity with both six and 12 carbon dicarboxylyl-CoAs, and the capacity for dehydrogenation of these substrates was significantly reduced in MCAD knockout mouse liver. However, when dicarboxylic acids were fed to normal mice, the expression of MCAD did not change, while expression of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation enzymes was greatly upregulated. In conclusion, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, and in particular MCAD, contributes to dicarboxylic acid degradation, but feeding dicarboxylic acids induces only the peroxisomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakama S Bharathi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Yuxun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Zhenwei Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Radhika Muzumdar
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Eric S Goetzman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
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Jia P, Wang S, Xiao C, Yang L, Chen Y, Jiang W, Zheng X, Zhao G, Zang W, Zheng X. The anti-atherosclerotic effect of tanshinol borneol ester using fecal metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2015; 141:1112-20. [PMID: 26689835 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01970b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinol borneol ester (DBZ) is a novel experimental compound that consists of two chemical structural units from danshensu and borneol. It exhibits efficacious anti-ischemic and anti-atherosclerosis activities in rats. A fecal metabolomics based on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry combined with clinical histopathology and blood lipid estimation was employed to assess the efficacy and the metabolic changes caused by administration of DBZ in atherosclerotic rats. There were the typical pathological features of atherosclerosis and significantly increased levels of TC, TG and LDL-C in the atherosclerotic rat group. Nevertheless, atherosclerotic rats administered both DBZ (at a dose of 40 mg kg(-1)) and simvastatin (at a dose of 20 mg kg(-1)) showed good therapeutic effects. The results of the metabolomics studies showed that 55 differential metabolites such as sebacic acid, enterodiol, nonanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, cholic acid, 13(S)-HPODE, deoxycholic acid, some phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acids were found, indicating that abnormal metabolism occurred in the pathways of fatty acid oxidation, linoleic acid metabolism, bile acid biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism in atherosclerotic rats. Compared to those in the model group, the contents of 41 differential metabolites showed a tendency to recover to a healthy level after DBZ administration. Metabolomics studies suggested that DBZ exhibited good treatment efficacy against atherosclerosis by adjusting disturbed metabolic pathways related to atherosclerosis. This study could provide an experimental basis for DBZ's application to act as a candidate drug with anti-atherosclerosis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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Jin Z, Bian F, Tomcik K, Kelleher JK, Zhang GF, Brunengraber H. Compartmentation of Metabolism of the C12-, C9-, and C5-n-dicarboxylates in Rat Liver, Investigated by Mass Isotopomer Analysis: ANAPLEROSIS FROM DODECANEDIOATE. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18671-7. [PMID: 26070565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.651737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the compartmentation of the catabolism of dodecanedioate (DODA), azelate, and glutarate in perfused rat livers, using a combination of metabolomics and mass isotopomer analyses. Livers were perfused with recirculating or nonrecirculating buffer containing one fully (13)C-labeled dicarboxylate. Information on the peroxisomal versus mitochondrial catabolism was gathered from the labeling patterns of acetyl-CoA proxies, i.e. total acetyl-CoA, the acetyl moiety of citrate, C-1 + 2 of β-hydroxybutyrate, malonyl-CoA, and acetylcarnitine. Additional information was obtained from the labeling patterns of citric acid cycle intermediates and related compounds. The data characterize the partial oxidation of DODA and azelate in peroxisomes, with terminal oxidation in mitochondria. We did not find evidence of peroxisomal oxidation of glutarate. Unexpectedly, DODA contributes a substantial fraction to anaplerosis of the citric acid cycle. This opens the possibility to use water-soluble DODA in nutritional or pharmacological anaplerotic therapy when other anaplerotic substrates are impractical or contraindicated, e.g. in propionic acidemia and methylmalonic acidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- From the Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and
| | - Fang Bian
- From the Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and
| | - Kristyen Tomcik
- From the Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and
| | - Joanne K Kelleher
- the Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- From the Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and
| | - Henri Brunengraber
- From the Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and
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Mingrone G, Castagneto-Gissey L, Macé K. Use of dicarboxylic acids in type 2 diabetes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:671-6. [PMID: 22242741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Even-number, medium-chain dicarboxylic acids (DAs), naturally occurring in higher plants, are a promising alternative energy substrate. Unlike the homologous fatty acids, DAs are soluble in water as salts. They are β-oxidized, providing acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA, the latter being an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Sebacic acid and dodecanedioic acid, DAs with 10 and 12 carbon atoms respectively, provide 6.6 and 7.2 kcal g⁻¹ each; therefore, their energy density is intermediate between glucose and fatty acids. Dicarboxylic acids have been proved to be safe in both experimental animals and humans, and their use has recently been proposed in diabetes. Studies in animals and humans with type 2 diabetes showed that oral administration of sebacic acid improved glycaemic control, probably by enhancing insulin sensitivity, and reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis and glucose output. Moreover, dodecanedioic acid intake reduced muscle fatigue during exercise in subjects with type 2 diabetes, suggesting an improvement of energy utilization and 'metabolic flexibility'. In this article, we review the natural sources of DAs, their fate in animals and humans and their effect in improving glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geltrude Mingrone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Membrez M, Chou CJ, Raymond F, Mansourian R, Moser M, Monnard I, Ammon-Zufferey C, Mace K, Mingrone G, Binnert C. Six weeks' sebacic acid supplementation improves fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c and glucose tolerance in db/db mice. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12:1120-6. [PMID: 20977585 PMCID: PMC2997326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the impact of chronic ingestion of sebacic acid (SA), a 10-carbon medium-chain dicarboxylic acid, on glycaemic control in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS Three groups of 15 db/db mice were fed for 6 weeks either a chow diet (Ctrl) or a chow diet supplemented with 1.5 or 15% (SA(1.5%) and SA(15%) , respectively) energy from SA. Fasting glycaemia was measured once a week and HbA1c before and after supplementation. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed at the end of the supplementation. Gene expression was determined by transcriptomic analysis on the liver of the Ctrl and SA(15%) groups. RESULTS After 42 days of supplementation, fasting glycaemia and HbA1c were ∼70 and 25% lower in the SA(15%) group compared with the other groups showing a beneficial effect of SA on hyperglycaemia. During OGTT, plasma glucose area under the curve was reduced after SA(15%) compared with the other groups. This effect was associated with a tendency for an improved insulin response. In the liver, Pck1 and FBP mRNA were statistically decreased in the SA(15%) compared with Ctrl suggesting a reduced hepatic glucose output induced by SA. CONCLUSION Dietary supplementation of SA largely improves glycaemic control in a mouse model of T2D. This beneficial effect may be due to (i) an improved glucose-induced insulin secretion and (ii) a reduced hepatic glucose output.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Membrez
- Nestlé Research Center, Route du Jorat, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Migneco F, Huang YC, Birla RK, Hollister SJ. Poly(glycerol-dodecanoate), a biodegradable polyester for medical devices and tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomaterials 2009; 30:6479-84. [PMID: 19712970 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we describe the mechanical and biological features of a thermosetting polyester synthesized from glycerol and dodecanedioic acid named Poly-Glycerol-Dodecanoate (PGD). This polymer shows a glass transition temperature (T(g)) around 32 degrees C, and this accounts for its mechanical properties. At room temperature (21 degrees ) PGD behaves like a stiff elastic-plastic material, while at body temperature (37 degrees C), it shows a compliant non-linear elastic behavior. Together with biodegradability and biocompatibility PGD has distinct shape memory features. After the polymer is cured, no matter what the final configuration is, we can recover the original shape by heating PGD to temperatures of 32 degrees C and higher. The mechanical properties together with biocompatibility/biodegradability and shape memory features make PGD an attractive polymer for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Migneco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2248 LBME, 1101 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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