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Ertekin Z, Berument SK. Self-concept development of children in institutional care, alternative care types and biological family homes: Testing differential susceptibility. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2019.1617146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pellizzoni S, Apuzzo GM, De Vita C, Agostini T, Passolunghi MC. Evaluation and training of Executive Functions in genocide survivors. The case of Yazidi children. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12798. [PMID: 30620434 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Executive Functions (EFs) development is critically affected by stress and trauma, as well as the socioeconomic context in which children grow up (Welsh, Nix, Blair, Bierman, & Nelson, 2010, Journal of Educational Psychology, 102, 43-53). Research in this field is surprisingly lacking in relation to war contexts. This study represents a first attempt at addressing this topic by evaluating EFs in Yazidi children. The Yazidi community is an ethnic and religious minority living in Iraq. From August 2014 onwards, the Yazidi community has been the target of several atrocities perpetrated by ISIS and described as genocide by the international community at large. The University of Trieste, thanks to a program financed by the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, developed a study aimed at (a) evaluating hot and cool EFs in children living in a war context and (b) developing a specific training method to enhance hot and cool EFs in Yazidi children of preschool age (N = 53). Data related to this group of children were compared with a sample of typically developing Italian children randomly assigned to either an EFs training group (N = 55) or a passive control group (N = 51). Results indicate different baselines in EFs in Yazidi and Italian samples and a significant effect of the program on both trained groups, especially in tasks measuring hot EFs. Data are discussed in terms of hot and cool EFs in children growing in adverse environments, as well as the evaluation of educational and developmental opportunities to prevent children who survived genocide from becoming a 'lost generation'. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/7t_08TbxR_8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chiara De Vita
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tiziano Agostini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Zuo P, Wang Y, Liu J, Hu S, Zhao G, Huang L, Lin D. Effects of early adversity on the brain: Larger-volume anterior cingulate cortex in AIDS orphans. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210489. [PMID: 30640928 PMCID: PMC6331092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have revealed that adolescent AIDS orphans have more psychosocial problems than healthy adolescents. However, little is known about whether and how the brain structures of adolescent AIDS orphans differ from those of healthy adolescents. Here, we used magnetic resonance imaging to compare adolescent AIDS orphans reared in institutions (N = 20) with a sex- and age-matched group of healthy adolescents reared in families (N = 20) in China using a voxel-based morphometry analysis. First, we found that both total gray- and white-matter volumes did not differ between groups. Second, after correcting for age, sex, and total gray-matter volume, the AIDS orphan group demonstrated smaller hippocampal volumes, larger anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) volumes, and no differences in the amygdala. Third, a whole-brain analysis identified higher gray-matter volume of the ACC in the AIDS orphan group than in the control group. The preliminary findings of this study highlight the need for future research to confirm the sensitivity of the hippocampus and ACC to early adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Zuo
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyuan Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoxiang Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lijie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Danhua Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Peng Y, Zhang G, Tang H, Dong L, Gao C, Yang X, Peng Y, Xu Y. Influence of SIRT1 polymorphisms for diabetic foot susceptibility and severity. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11455. [PMID: 29995800 PMCID: PMC6076161 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the influence of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) polymorphisms (rs12778366 and rs3758391) on diabetic foot (DF) susceptibility and severity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).This case-control study recruited 142 patients with DF, 148 patients with T2DM, and 148 healthy controls. SIRT1 gene polymorphisms were sequenced by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing method. The relative expression of SIRT1 mRNA was estimated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to represent the association of SIRT1 polymorphisms with DF susceptibility and severity. The results were adjusted using logistic regression analysis.C allele of rs12778366 polymorphism was significantly correlated with reduced DF susceptibility which deriving from healthy controls (adjusted OR = 0.364, 95% CI = 0.158-0.835) so was patients with T2DM (P = .047, OR = 0.591, 95%CI = 0.349-0.998), but the results became nonsignificant adjusted by clinical features (adjusted OR = 0.654, 95% CI = 0.391-1.094). We failed to find any significant association between rs3758391 polymorphisms and T2DM, DF susceptibility. No significant association has been discovered between SIRT1 polymorphisms and DF severity or characteristics. In addition, compared to healthy control and T2DM cases, patients with DF exhibited significant downregulation of SIRT1. The 2 studied polymorphisms had no effects on its gene expression (P > .05 for all).SIRT1 rs12778366 polymorphism C allele might act as a protective factor for DF onset.
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Humphreys KL, Miron D, McLaughlin KA, Sheridan MA, Nelson CA, Fox NA, Zeanah CH. Foster care promotes adaptive functioning in early adolescence among children who experienced severe, early deprivation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2018; 59:811-821. [PMID: 29389015 PMCID: PMC6214343 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experiences in early life lay the foundation for later development and functioning. Severe psychosocial deprivation, as experienced by children in early institutional care, constitutes an adverse experience with long-term negative consequences. The Bucharest Early Intervention Project sought to examine the effects of foster care as an alternative to institutional care for abandoned infants in Romanian institutions. METHODS At a mean age of 22 months, institutionalized children were randomized to foster care or care as usual. At age 12 years, we followed-up with 98 of these children (50 randomized to foster care), as well as assessed 49 never institutionalized comparison children. Adaptive functioning was assessed across seven domains-mental health, physical health, substance use, risk-taking behavior, family relations, peer relations, and academic performance. Children at or above the threshold for adaptive functioning in at least six of seven domains were classified as having overall adaptive functioning in early adolescence. RESULTS Among all children who had experienced severe early deprivation, 40% exhibited adaptive functioning. Children randomized to foster care were significantly more likely to exhibit adaptive functioning at age 12 years than children in the care as usual condition (56% vs. 23%). In support of external validity, children who met the threshold for adaptive functioning at age 12 years had higher IQs and were more physiologically responsive to stress. Among children randomized to foster care, children placed prior to age 20 months were more likely to meet the threshold for adaptive functioning than those placed after this age (79% vs. 46%). CONCLUSIONS This study provides causal evidence that placing children into families following severe deprivation increases the likelihood of adaptive functioning in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Charles A. Nelson
- Boston Children’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School
- Harvard Graduate School of Education
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Motamedi S, Karimi I, Jafari F. The interrelationship of metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative diseases with focus on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): Kill two birds with one stone. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:651-665. [PMID: 28361262 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) like Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and depression. If one factor plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of two diseases, it can be concluded that there might be a common root in these two diseases, as well. This review was aimed to highlight the crucial roles of BDNF in the pathogenesis of MetS and NDD and to introduce sole prophylactic or therapeutic applications, BDNF gene therapy and BDFN administration, in controlling MetS and NDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Motamedi
- Graduate of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Isaac Karimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Fariba Jafari
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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AlOlaby RR, Sweha SR, Silva M, Durbin-Johnson B, Yrigollen CM, Pretto D, Hagerman RJ, Tassone F. Molecular biomarkers predictive of sertraline treatment response in young children with fragile X syndrome. Brain Dev 2017; 39:483-492. [PMID: 28242040 PMCID: PMC5420478 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several neurotransmitters involved in brain development are altered in fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Serotonin plays a vital role in synaptogenesis and postnatal brain development. Deficits in serotonin synthesis and abnormal neurogenesis were shown in young children with autism, suggesting that treating within the first years of life with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor might be the most effective time. In this study we aimed to identify molecular biomarkers involved in the serotonergic pathway that could predict the response to sertraline treatment in young children with FXS. METHODS Genotypes were determined for several genes involved in serotonergic pathway in 51 children with FXS, ages 24-72months. Correlations between genotypes and deviations from baseline in primary and secondary outcome measures were modeled using linear regression models. RESULTS A significant association was observed between a BDNF polymorphism and improvements for several clinical measures, including the Clinical Global Impression scale (P=0.008) and the cognitive T score (P=0.017) in those treated with sertraline compared to those in the placebo group. Additionally, polymorphisms in the MAOA, Cytochrome P450 2C19 and 2D6, and in the 5-HTTLPR gene showed a significant correlation with some of the secondary measures included in this study. CONCLUSION This study shows that polymorphisms of genes involved in the serotonergic pathway could play a potential role in predicting response to sertraline treatment in young children with FXS. Larger studies are warranted to confirm these initial findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Rafik AlOlaby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stefan R Sweha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn M Yrigollen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dalyir Pretto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Davis, CA, USA.
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Schriber RA, Guyer AE. Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 19:1-18. [PMID: 26773514 PMCID: PMC4912893 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence has been characterized as a period of heightened sensitivity to social contexts. However, adolescents vary in how their social contexts affect them. According to neurobiological susceptibility models, endogenous, biological factors confer some individuals, relative to others, with greater susceptibility to environmental influences, whereby more susceptible individuals fare the best or worst of all individuals, depending on the environment encountered (e.g., high vs. low parental warmth). Until recently, research guided by these theoretical frameworks has not incorporated direct measures of brain structure or function to index this sensitivity. Drawing on prevailing models of adolescent neurodevelopment and a growing number of neuroimaging studies on the interrelations among social contexts, the brain, and developmental outcomes, we review research that supports the idea of adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context for understanding why and how adolescents differ in development and well-being. We propose that adolescent development is shaped by brain-based individual differences in sensitivity to social contexts - be they positive or negative - such as those created through relationships with parents/caregivers and peers. Ultimately, we recommend that future research measure brain function and structure to operationalize susceptibility factors that moderate the influence of social contexts on developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta A Schriber
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, California, United States.
| | - Amanda E Guyer
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, California, United States; Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, United States.
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Keers R, Coleman JR, Lester KJ, Roberts S, Breen G, Thastum M, Bögels S, Schneider S, Heiervang E, Meiser-Stedman R, Nauta M, Creswell C, Thirlwall K, Rapee RM, Hudson JL, Lewis C, Plomin R, Eley TC. A Genome-Wide Test of the Differential Susceptibility Hypothesis Reveals a Genetic Predictor of Differential Response to Psychological Treatments for Child Anxiety Disorders. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2016; 85:146-58. [PMID: 27043157 PMCID: PMC5079103 DOI: 10.1159/000444023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The differential susceptibly hypothesis suggests that certain genetic variants moderate the effects of both negative and positive environments on mental health and may therefore be important predictors of response to psychological treatments. Nevertheless, the identification of such variants has so far been limited to preselected candidate genes. In this study we extended the differential susceptibility hypothesis from a candidate gene to a genome-wide approach to test whether a polygenic score of environmental sensitivity predicted response to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in children with anxiety disorders. METHODS We identified variants associated with environmental sensitivity using a novel method in which within-pair variability in emotional problems in 1,026 monozygotic twin pairs was examined as a function of the pairs' genotype. We created a polygenic score of environmental sensitivity based on the whole-genome findings and tested the score as a moderator of parenting on emotional problems in 1,406 children and response to individual, group and brief parent-led CBT in 973 children with anxiety disorders. RESULTS The polygenic score significantly moderated the effects of parenting on emotional problems and the effects of treatment. Individuals with a high score responded significantly better to individual CBT than group CBT or brief parent-led CBT (remission rates: 70.9, 55.5 and 41.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Pending successful replication, our results should be considered exploratory. Nevertheless, if replicated, they suggest that individuals with the greatest environmental sensitivity may be more likely to develop emotional problems in adverse environments but also benefit more from the most intensive types of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Keers
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, UK
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan R.I. Coleman
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kathryn J. Lester
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Susanna Roberts
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mikael Thastum
- Department of Psychology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Susan Bögels
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Einar Heiervang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Anxiety Research Network, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Maaike Nauta
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy Creswell
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Kerstin Thirlwall
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Ronald M. Rapee
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Hudson
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
| | - Cathryn Lewis
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Plomin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thalia C. Eley
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Merz EC, Harlé KM, Noble KG, McCall RB. Executive Function in Previously Institutionalized Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2016; 10:105-110. [PMID: 27528884 DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In studies of children adopted from institutions, being raised in an institution has been associated consistently with an increased risk of persistent cognitive, academic, and social-emotional problems. These findings raise questions about the neurocognitive mechanisms that contribute to these negative outcomes. Theory and models based on studies of animals indicate that development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and executive function (EF) may be particularly susceptible to environmental influences during early childhood. In this article, we review recent studies of postinstitutionalized children that examined EF components such as inhibitory control, working memory, shifting, and planning. We then describe emerging research on the structure and function of the PFC. Converging evidence suggests both EF difficulties and alterations in development of the PFC following early institutionalization. We conclude by discussing possible explanations for these findings and implications for prevention and intervention, and by offering suggestions for ongoing research.
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Drury SS, Sánchez MM, Gonzalez A. When mothering goes awry: Challenges and opportunities for utilizing evidence across rodent, nonhuman primate and human studies to better define the biological consequences of negative early caregiving. Horm Behav 2016; 77:182-92. [PMID: 26506032 PMCID: PMC4802164 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Parental Care".Across mammalian species, mothers shape socio-emotional development and serve as essential external regulators of infant physiology, brain development, behavior patterns, and emotional regulation. Caregiving quality, consistency and predictability shape the infant's underlying neurobiological processes. Although the requirements for "optimal" caregiving differ across species, the negative long-term consequences of the absence of needed caregiving (e.g. neglect) or the presence of harmful/aversive caregiving (e.g. physical abuse), are translatable across species. Recognizing the significant potential of cross species comparisons in terms of defining underlying mechanisms, effective translation requires consideration of the evolutionary, ecological, and fundamental biological and developmental differences between and among species. This review provides both an overview of several success stories of cross-species translations in relation to negative caregiving and a template for future studies seeking to most effectively define the underlying biological processes and advance research dedicated to mitigating the lasting negative health consequences of child maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy S Drury
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1430 Tulane Ave, #8055, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States.
| | - Mar M Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 20322, United States; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 20329, United States
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Reducing neurodevelopmental disorders and disability through research and interventions. Nature 2015; 527:S155-60. [PMID: 26580321 DOI: 10.1038/nature16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We define neurodevelopment as the dynamic inter-relationship between genetic, brain, cognitive, emotional and behavioural processes across the developmental lifespan. Significant and persistent disruption to this dynamic process through environmental and genetic risk can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders and disability. Research designed to ameliorate neurodevelopmental disorders in low- and middle-income countries, as well as globally, will benefit enormously from the ongoing advances in understanding their genetic and epigenetic causes, as modified by environment and culture. We provide examples of advances in the prevention and treatment of, and the rehabilitation of those with, neurodevelopment disorders in low- and middle-income countries, along with opportunities for further strategic research initiatives. Our examples are not the only possibilities for strategic research, but they illustrate problems that, when solved, could have a considerable impact in low-resource settings. In each instance, research in low- and middle-income countries led to innovations in identification, surveillance and treatment of a neurodevelopmental disorder. These innovations have also been integrated with genotypic mapping of neurodevelopmental disorders, forming important preventative and rehabilitative interventions with the potential for high impact. These advances will ultimately allow us to understand how epigenetic influences shape neurodevelopmental risk and resilience over time and across populations. Clearly, the most strategic areas of research opportunity involve cross-disciplinary integration at the intersection between the environment, brain or behaviour neurodevelopment, and genetic and epigenetic science. At these junctions a robust integrative cross-disciplinary scientific approach is catalysing the creation of technologies and interventions for old problems. Such approaches will enable us to achieve and sustain the United Nations moral and legal mandate for child health and full development as a basic global human right.
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Brett ZH, Humphreys KL, Fleming AS, Kraemer GW, Drury SS. Using cross-species comparisons and a neurobiological framework to understand early social deprivation effects on behavioral development. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 27:347-67. [PMID: 25997759 PMCID: PMC5299387 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579415000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Building upon the transactional model of brain development, we explore the impact of early maternal deprivation on neural development and plasticity in three neural systems: hyperactivity/impulsivity, executive function, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning across rodent, nonhuman primate, and human studies. Recognizing the complexity of early maternal-infant interactions, we limit our cross-species comparisons to data from rodent models of artificial rearing, nonhuman primate studies of peer rearing, and the relations between these two experimental approaches and human studies of children exposed to the early severe psychosocial deprivation associated with institutional care. In addition to discussing the strengths and limitations of these paradigms, we present the current state of research on the neurobiological impact of early maternal deprivation and the evidence of sensitive periods, noting methodological challenges. Integrating data across preclinical animal models and human studies, we speculate about the underlying biological mechanisms; the differential impact of deprivation due to temporal factors including onset, offset, and duration of the exposure; and the possibility and consequences of reopening of sensitive periods during adolescence.
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