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Simpson BP, Yrigollen CM, Izda A, Davidson BL. Targeted long-read sequencing captures CRISPR editing and AAV integration outcomes in brain. Mol Ther 2023; 31:760-773. [PMID: 36617193 PMCID: PMC10014281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene editing is an emerging therapeutic modality that shows promise in Huntington's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) mouse models. However, advancing CRISPR-based therapies requires methods to fully define in vivo editing outcomes. Here, we use polymerase-free, targeted long-read nanopore sequencing and evaluate single- and dual-gRNA AAV-CRISPR editing of human ATXN2 in transgenic mouse models of SCA type 2 (SCA2). Unbiased high sequencing coverage showed 10%-25% editing. Along with intended edits there was AAV integration, 1%-2% of which contained the entire AAV genome and were largely unmethylated. More than 150 kb deletions at target loci and rearrangements of the transgenic allele (1%) were also found. In contrast, PCR-based nanopore sequencing showed bias for partial AAV fragments and inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) and failed to detect full-length AAV. Cumulatively this work defines the spectrum of outcomes of CRISPR editing in mouse brain after AAV gene transfer using an unbiased long-read sequencing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Simpson
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Biomedical Graduate Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carolyn M Yrigollen
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aleksandar Izda
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beverly L Davidson
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Keiser MS, Ranum PT, Yrigollen CM, Carrell EM, Smith GR, Muehlmatt AL, Chen YH, Stein JM, Wolf RL, Radaelli E, Lucas TJ, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Davidson BL. Toxicity after AAV delivery of RNAi expression constructs into nonhuman primate brain. Nat Med 2021; 27:1982-1989. [PMID: 34663988 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) for spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 can prevent and reverse behavioral deficits and neuropathological readouts in mouse models, with safety and benefit lasting over many months. The RNAi trigger, expressed from adeno-associated virus vectors (AAV.miS1), also corrected misregulated microRNAs (miRNA) such as miR150. Subsequently, we showed that the delivery method was scalable, and that AAV.miS1 was safe in short-term pilot nonhuman primate (NHP) studies. To advance the technology to patients, investigational new drug (IND)-enabling studies in NHPs were initiated. After AAV.miS1 delivery to deep cerebellar nuclei, we unexpectedly observed cerebellar toxicity. Both small-RNA-seq and studies using AAVs devoid of miRNAs showed that this was not a result of saturation of the endogenous miRNA processing machinery. RNA-seq together with sequencing of the AAV product showed that, despite limited amounts of cross-packaged material, there was substantial inverted terminal repeat (ITR) promoter activity that correlated with neuropathologies. ITR promoter activity was reduced by altering the miS1 expression context. The surprising contrast between our rodent and NHP findings highlight the need for extended safety studies in multiple species when assessing new therapeutics for human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Keiser
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul T Ranum
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carolyn M Yrigollen
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ellie M Carrell
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Geary R Smith
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy L Muehlmatt
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yong Hong Chen
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel M Stein
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ronald L Wolf
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy J Lucas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beverly L Davidson
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Abstract
Gene-editing using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) is promising as a potential therapeutic strategy for many genetic disorders. CRISPR-based therapies are already being assessed in clinical trials, and evaluation of this technology in Fragile X syndrome has been performed by a number of groups. The findings from these studies and the advancement of CRISPR-based technologies are insightful as the field continues towards treatments and cures of Fragile X-Associated Disorders (FXADs). In this review, we summarize reports using CRISPR-editing strategies to target Fragile X syndrome (FXS) molecular dysregulation, and highlight how differences in FXS and Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) might alter treatment strategies for each syndrome. We discuss the various modifications and evolutions of the CRISPR toolkit that expand its therapeutic potential, and other considerations for moving these strategies from bench to bedside. The rapidly growing field of CRISPR therapeutics is providing a myriad of approaches to target a gene, pathway, or transcript for modification. As cures for FXADs have remained elusive, CRISPR opens new avenues to pursue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Yrigollen
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center of Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Beverly L Davidson
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center of Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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AlOlaby RR, Sweha SR, Silva M, Durbin-Johnson B, Yrigollen CM, Pretto D, Hagerman RJ, Tassone F. Molecular biomarkers predictive of sertraline treatment response in young children with fragile X syndrome. Brain Dev 2017; 39:483-492. [PMID: 28242040 PMCID: PMC5420478 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several neurotransmitters involved in brain development are altered in fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Serotonin plays a vital role in synaptogenesis and postnatal brain development. Deficits in serotonin synthesis and abnormal neurogenesis were shown in young children with autism, suggesting that treating within the first years of life with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor might be the most effective time. In this study we aimed to identify molecular biomarkers involved in the serotonergic pathway that could predict the response to sertraline treatment in young children with FXS. METHODS Genotypes were determined for several genes involved in serotonergic pathway in 51 children with FXS, ages 24-72months. Correlations between genotypes and deviations from baseline in primary and secondary outcome measures were modeled using linear regression models. RESULTS A significant association was observed between a BDNF polymorphism and improvements for several clinical measures, including the Clinical Global Impression scale (P=0.008) and the cognitive T score (P=0.017) in those treated with sertraline compared to those in the placebo group. Additionally, polymorphisms in the MAOA, Cytochrome P450 2C19 and 2D6, and in the 5-HTTLPR gene showed a significant correlation with some of the secondary measures included in this study. CONCLUSION This study shows that polymorphisms of genes involved in the serotonergic pathway could play a potential role in predicting response to sertraline treatment in young children with FXS. Larger studies are warranted to confirm these initial findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Rafik AlOlaby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stefan R Sweha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn M Yrigollen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dalyir Pretto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Davis, CA, USA.
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Yrigollen CM, Pacini L, Nobile V, Lozano R, Hagerman RJ, Bagni C, Tassone F. Clinical and Molecular Assessment in a Female with Fragile X Syndrome and Tuberous Sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5. [PMID: 28232951 DOI: 10.4172/2327-5790.1000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and tuberous sclerosis (TSC) are genetic disorders that result in intellectual disability and an increased prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). While the clinical presentation of each disorder is distinct, the molecular causes are linked to a disruption in the mTORC1 (mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1) and ERK1/2 (Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase) signaling pathways. METHODS We assessed the clinical and molecular characteristics of an individual seen at the UC Davis MIND Institute with a diagnosis of FXS and TSC. Clinical evaluation of physical, behavioral, and cognitive impairments were performed. Additionally, total and phosphorylated proteins along the mTORC1 and ERK1/2 pathways were measured in primary fibroblast cell lines from the proband. RESULTS In this case the phenotypic effects that result in a human with both FXS and TSC are shown to be severe. Changes in mTORC1 and ERK1/2 signaling proteins and global protein synthesis were not found to be noticeably different between four cohorts (typically developing, FMR1 full mutation, FMR1 full mutation and TSC1 loss of function mutation, and TSC1 loss of function mutation); however cohort sizes prevented stringent comparisons. CONCLUSION It has previously been suggested that disruption of the mTORC1 pathway was reciprocal in TSC and FXS double knock-out mouse models so that the regulation of these pathways were more similar to wild-type mice compared to mice harboring a Fmr1-/y or Tsc2-/+ mutation alone. However, in this first reported case of a human with a diagnosis of both FXS and TSC, substantial clinical impairments, as a result of these two disorders were observed. Differences in the mTORC and ERK1/2 pathways were not clearly established when compared between individuals with either disorder, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Yrigollen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - Laura Pacini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Veronica Nobile
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Reymundo Lozano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy; VIB Center for the Biology of Disease and Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Flora Tassone
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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Pretto D, Maar D, Yrigollen CM, Regan J, Tassone F. Screening newborn blood spots for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome using multiplex droplet digital PCR. Clin Chem 2014; 61:182-90. [PMID: 25388430 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.230086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is often delayed or missed due to the wide spectrum of clinical involvement ranging from mild to severe, often life-threatening conditions. A delayed diagnosis can lead to life-long health issues that could be ameliorated with early intervention and treatment. Owing to the high impact of 22q11DS on public health, propositions have been made to include 22q11DS in newborn screening panels; however, the method of choice for detecting 22q11DS, fluorescent in situ hybridization, requires specialized equipment and is cumbersome for most laboratories to implement as part of their routine screening. We sought to develop a new genetic screen for 22q11DS that is rapid, cost-effective, and easily used by laboratories currently performing newborn screening. METHODS We evaluated the accuracy of multiplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in the detection of copy number of 22q11DS by screening samples from 26 patients with 22q11DS blindly intermixed with 1096 blood spot cards from the general population (total n = 1122). RESULTS Multiplex ddPCR correctly identified all 22q11DS samples and distinguished between 1.5- and 3-Mb deletions, suggesting the approach is sensitive and specific for the detection of 22q11DS. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the utility of multiplex ddPCR for large-scale population-based studies that screen for 22q11DS. The use of samples from blood spot cards suggests that this approach has promise for newborn screening of 22q11DS, and potentially for other microdeletion syndromes, for which early detection can positively impact clinical outcome for those affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalyir Pretto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - Dianna Maar
- Digital Biology Center, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Pleasanton, CA
| | - Carolyn M Yrigollen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - Jack Regan
- Digital Biology Center, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Pleasanton, CA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA; MIND Institute, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA.
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Yrigollen CM, Sweha S, Durbin-Johnson B, Zhou L, Berry-Kravis E, Fernandez-Carvajal I, Faradz SMH, Amiri K, Shaheen H, Polli R, Murillo-Bonilla L, Silva Arevalo GDJ, Cogram P, Murgia A, Tassone F. Distribution of AGG interruption patterns within nine world populations. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2014; 3:153-61. [PMID: 25606365 PMCID: PMC4298645 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2014.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The CGG trinucleotide repeat within the FMR1 gene is associated with multiple clinical disorders, including fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency, and fragile X syndrome. Differences in the distribution and prevalence of CGG repeat length and of AGG interruption patterns have been reported among different populations and ethnicities. In this study we characterized the AGG interruption patterns within 3,065 normal CGG repeat alleles from nine world populations including Australia, Chile, United Arab Emirates, Guatemala, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico, Spain, and United States. Additionally, we compared these populations with those previously reported, and summarized the similarities and differences. We observed significant differences in AGG interruption patterns. Frequencies of longer alleles, longer uninterrupted CGG repeat segments and alleles with greater than 2 AGG interruptions varied between cohorts. The prevalence of fragile X syndrome and FMR1 associated disorders in various populations is thought to be affected by the total length of the CGG repeat and may also be influenced by the AGG distribution pattern. Thus, the results of this study may be important in considering the risk of fragile X-related conditions in various populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M. Yrigollen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Sweha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lili Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Isabel Fernandez-Carvajal
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades genéticas y cribado neonatal, Departamento de Genetica Molecular de la Enfermedad, Instituto de Biologìa y Genética Molecular Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sultana MH Faradz
- Center for Biomedical Research, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Khaled Amiri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Huda Shaheen
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Roberta Polli
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Gabriel de Jesus Silva Arevalo
- Genetic and Neurometabolic Clinic, Obras Sociales Santo Hermano Pedro, Antigua Guatemala. Center by Biomedical Research, Medicine school San Carlos University, Guatemala Central America
| | - Patricia Cogram
- Biomedicine Division, Fraunhofer Chile Research Foundation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alessandra Murgia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Davis, CA, USA
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Flora Tassone, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, 2700 Stockton Blvd, Suite 2102, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50th Street Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. E-mail:
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Pretto DI, Eid JS, Yrigollen CM, Tang HT, Loomis EW, Raske C, Durbin-Johnson B, Hagerman PJ, Tassone F. Differential increases of specific FMR1 mRNA isoforms in premutation carriers. J Med Genet 2014; 52:42-52. [PMID: 25358671 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 40% of male and ∼16% of female carriers of a premutation FMR1 allele (55-200 CGG repeats) will develop fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, an adult onset neurodegenerative disorder, while about 20% of female carriers will develop fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency. Marked elevation in FMR1 mRNA transcript levels has been observed with premutation alleles, and RNA toxicity due to increased mRNA levels is the leading molecular mechanism proposed for these disorders. However, although the FMR1 gene undergoes alternative splicing, it is unknown whether all or only some of the isoforms are overexpressed in premutation carriers and which isoforms may contribute to the premutation pathology. METHODS To address this question, we have applied a long-read sequencing approach using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and qRT-PCR. RESULTS Our SMRT sequencing analysis performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells, fibroblasts and brain tissue samples derived from premutation carriers and controls revealed the existence of 16 isoforms of 24 predicted variants. Although the relative abundance of all mRNA isoforms was significantly increased in the premutation group, as expected based on the bulk increase in mRNA levels, there was a disproportionate (fourfold to sixfold) increase, relative to the overall increase in mRNA, in the abundance of isoforms spliced at both exons 12 and 14, specifically Iso10 and Iso10b, containing the complete exon 15 and differing only in splicing in exon 17. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that RNA toxicity may arise from a relative increase of all FMR1 mRNA isoforms. Interestingly, the Iso10 and Iso10b mRNA isoforms, lacking the C-terminal functional sites for fragile X mental retardation protein function, are the most increased in premutation carriers relative to normal, suggesting a functional relevance in the pathology of FMR1-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalyir I Pretto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - John S Eid
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Carolyn M Yrigollen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Hiu-Tung Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Erick W Loomis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Chris Raske
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Paul J Hagerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
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Pretto D, Yrigollen CM, Tang HT, Williamson J, Espinal G, Iwahashi CK, Durbin-Johnson B, Hagerman RJ, Hagerman PJ, Tassone F. Clinical and molecular implications of mosaicism in FMR1 full mutations. Front Genet 2014; 5:318. [PMID: 25278957 PMCID: PMC4166380 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansions of more than 200 CGG repeats (full mutation) in the FMR1 gene give rise to fragile X syndrome (FXS) through a process that generally involves hypermethylation of the FMR1 promoter region and gene silencing, resulting in absence of expression of the encoded protein, FMRP. However, mosaicism with alleles differing in size and extent of methylation often exist within or between tissues of individuals with FXS. In the current work, CGG-repeat lengths and methylation status were assessed for eighteen individuals with FXS, including 13 mosaics, for which peripheral blood cells (PBMCs) and primary fibroblast cells were available. Our results show that for both PBMCs and fibroblasts, FMR1 mRNA and FMRP expression are directly correlated with the percent of methylation of the FMR1 allele. In addition, Full Scale IQ scores were inversely correlated with the percent methylation and positively correlated with higher FMRP expression. These latter results point toward a positive impact on cognition for full mutation mosaics with lower methylation compared to individuals with fully methylated, full mutation alleles. However, we did not observe a significant reduction in the number of seizures, nor in the severity of hyperactivity or autism spectrum disorder, among individuals with mosaic genotypes in the presentation of FXS. These observations suggest that low, but non-zero expression of FMRP may be sufficient to positively impact cognitive function in individuals with FXS, with methylation mosaicism (lowered methylation fraction) contributing to a more positive clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalyir Pretto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn M Yrigollen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hiu-Tung Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - John Williamson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Glenda Espinal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chris K Iwahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA ; MIND Institute, UC Davis Medical Center Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Paul J Hagerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
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10
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Yrigollen CM, Martorell L, Durbin-Johnson B, Naudo M, Genoves J, Murgia A, Polli R, Zhou L, Barbouth D, Rupchock A, Finucane B, Latham GJ, Hadd A, Berry-Kravis E, Tassone F. AGG interruptions and maternal age affect FMR1 CGG repeat allele stability during transmission. J Neurodev Disord 2014; 6:24. [PMID: 25110527 PMCID: PMC4126815 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-6-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of AGG interruptions in the CGG repeat locus of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene decreases the instability of the allele during transmission from parent to child, and decreases the risk of expansion of a premutation allele to a full mutation allele (the predominant cause of fragile X syndrome) during maternal transmission. Methods To strengthen recent findings on the utility of AGG interruptions in predicting instability or expansion to a full mutation of FMR1 CGG repeat alleles, we assessed the outcomes of 108 intermediate (also named gray zone) and 710 premutation alleles that were transmitted from parent to child, and collected from four international clinical sites. We have used the results to revise our initial model that predicted the risk of a maternal premutation allele expanding to a full mutation during transmission and to test the effect of AGG interruptions on the magnitude of expanded allele instability of intermediate or premutation alleles that did not expand to a full mutation. Results Consistent with previous studies, the number of AGG triplets that interrupts the CGG repeat locus was found to influence the risk of allele instability, including expansion to a full mutation. The total length of the CGG repeat allele remains the best predictor of instability or expansion to a full mutation, but the number of AGG interruptions and, to a much lesser degree, maternal age are also factors when considering the risk of transmission of the premutation allele to a full mutation. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that a model with total CGG length, number of AGG interruptions, and maternal age is recommended for calculating the risk of expansion to a full mutation during maternal transmission. Taken together, the results of this study provide relevant information for the genetic counseling of female premutation carriers, and improve the current predictive models which calculate risk of expansion to a full mutation using only total CGG repeat length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Yrigollen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 2700 Stockton Blvd., Suite 2102, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Loreto Martorell
- Molecular Genetics Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Montserrat Naudo
- Molecular Genetics Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Genoves
- Molecular Genetics Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandra Murgia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Polli
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lili Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, and Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deborah Barbouth
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Abigail Rupchock
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Brenda Finucane
- Geisinger Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, and Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 2700 Stockton Blvd., Suite 2102, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA ; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
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11
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Bentley MJ, Lin H, Fernandez TV, Lee M, Yrigollen CM, Pakstis AJ, Katsovich L, Olds DL, Grigorenko EL, Leckman JF. Gene variants associated with antisocial behaviour: a latent variable approach. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:1074-85. [PMID: 23822756 PMCID: PMC3766409 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine if a latent variable approach might be useful in identifying shared variance across genetic risk alleles that is associated with antisocial behaviour at age 15 years. METHODS Using a conventional latent variable approach, we derived an antisocial phenotype in 328 adolescents utilizing data from a 15-year follow-up of a randomized trial of a prenatal and infancy nurse-home visitation programme in Elmira, New York. We then investigated, via a novel latent variable approach, 450 informative genetic polymorphisms in 71 genes previously associated with antisocial behaviour, drug use, affiliative behaviours and stress response in 241 consenting individuals for whom DNA was available. Haplotype and Pathway analyses were also performed. RESULTS Eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from eight genes contributed to the latent genetic variable that in turn accounted for 16.0% of the variance within the latent antisocial phenotype. The number of risk alleles was linearly related to the latent antisocial variable scores. Haplotypes that included the putative risk alleles for all eight genes were also associated with higher latent antisocial variable scores. In addition, 33 SNPs from 63 of the remaining genes were also significant when added to the final model. Many of these genes interact on a molecular level, forming molecular networks. The results support a role for genes related to dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, opioid and cholinergic signalling as well as stress response pathways in mediating susceptibility to antisocial behaviour. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study supports use of relevant behavioural indicators and latent variable approaches to study the potential 'co-action' of gene variants associated with antisocial behaviour. It also underscores the cumulative relevance of common genetic variants for understanding the aetiology of complex behaviour. If replicated in future studies, this approach may allow the identification of a 'shared' variance across genetic risk alleles associated with complex neuropsychiatric dimensional phenotypes using relatively small numbers of well-characterized research participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jane Bentley
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Haiqun Lin
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Thomas V. Fernandez
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Maria Lee
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Carolyn M. Yrigollen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis
| | - Andrew J. Pakstis
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Liliya Katsovich
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David L. Olds
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Colorado
| | - Elena L. Grigorenko
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - James F. Leckman
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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12
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Campbell D, Bick J, Yrigollen CM, Lee M, Joseph A, Chang JT, Grigorenko EL. Schooling and variation in the COMT gene: the devil is in the details. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:1056-65. [PMID: 23952646 PMCID: PMC3786416 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schooling is considered one of the major contributors to the development of intelligence within societies and individuals. Genetic variation might modulate the impact of schooling and explain, at least partially, the presence of individual differences in classrooms. METHOD We studied a sample of 1,502 children (mean age = 11.7 years) from Zambia. Approximately 57% of these children were enrolled in school, and the rest were not. To quantify genetic variation, we investigated a number of common polymorphisms in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene that controls the production of the protein thought to account for >60% of the dopamine degradation in the prefrontal cortex. RESULTS Haplotype analyses generated results ranging from the presence to absence of significant interactions between a number of COMT haplotypes and indicators of schooling (i.e., in- vs. out-of-school and grade completed) in the prediction of nonverbal intelligence, depending on the parameter specification. However, an investigation of the distribution of corresponding p-values suggested that these positive results were false. CONCLUSIONS Convincing evidence that the variation in the COMT gene is associated with individual differences in nonverbal intelligence either directly or through interactions with schooling was not found. p-values produced by the method of testing for haplotype effects employed here may be sensitive to parameter settings, invalid under default settings, and should be checked for validity through simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Campbell
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Johanna Bick
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Maria Lee
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | | | - Elena L. Grigorenko
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States,Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Moscow State University for Psychology and Education, Russia
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13
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Basuta K, Lozano R, Schneider A, Yrigollen CM, Hessl D, Hagerman RJ, Tassone F. A family with two female siblings with compound heterozygous FMR1 premutation alleles. Clin Genet 2013; 85:458-63. [PMID: 23786467 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Premutation alleles (55-200 CGG repeats) of the fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene have been linked to various types of clinical involvement ranging from mood and anxiety disorders to immunological disorders and executive function deficits. Carrier females typically have a premutation allele and a normal allele (<55 CGG repeats). Although rare, seven cases of females that carry two expanded alleles (compound heterozygous premutation) have been reported. Here, we report on four members of a family including two compound heterozygous premutation sisters with similar CGG allele sizes, affected with different levels of clinical severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Basuta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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14
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Thompson TM, Sharfi D, Lee M, Yrigollen CM, Naumova OY, Grigorenko EL. Comparison of whole-genome DNA methylation patterns in whole blood, saliva, and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Behav Genet 2012; 43:168-76. [PMID: 23269419 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-012-9579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, that underlie neuropsychiatric conditions have become a promising area of research. Most commonly used DNA sources in such studies are peripheral (whole) blood (WB), saliva (SL), and lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs); thus, the question of the consistency of DNA methylation patterns in those cells is of particular interest. To investigate this question we performed comparative analyses of methylation patterns in WB, SL, and LCLs derived from the same individuals, using Illumina HumanMethylation27 BeadChip arrays. Our results showed that DNA methylation patterns in SL are relatively consistent with those in WB, whereas the patterns in LCLs are similarly distinct from both WB and SL. The results indicated that due to multiple random and directed changes in DNA methylation throughout cell culturing, LCLs are not a reliable source of DNA for epigenetic studies and should be used with caution when investigating epigenetic mechanisms underlying biological processes.
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15
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Yrigollen CM, Durbin-Johnson B, Gane L, Nelson DL, Hagerman R, Hagerman PJ, Tassone F. AGG interruptions within the maternal FMR1 gene reduce the risk of offspring with fragile X syndrome. Genet Med 2012; 14:729-36. [PMID: 22498846 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2012.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The ability to accurately predict the likelihood of expansion of the CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene to a full mutation is of critical importance for genetic counseling of women who are carriers of premutation alleles (55-200 CGG repeats) and who are weighing the risk of having a child with fragile X syndrome. The presence of AGG interruptions within the CGG repeat tract is thought to decrease the likelihood of expansion to a full mutation during transmission, thereby reducing risk, although their contribution has not been quantified. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 267 premutation alleles for number and position of AGG interruptions, length of pure CGG repeats, and CGG repeat lengths present in the offspring of the maternal transmissions. In addition, we determined the haplotypes of four markers flanking the 5'-UTR locus in the premutation mothers. RESULTS We found that the presence of AGG interruptions significantly increased genetic stability, whereas specific haplotypes had a marginal association with transmission instability. CONCLUSION The presence of AGG interruptions reduced the risk of transmission of a full mutation for all maternal (premutation) repeat lengths below ~100 CGG repeats, with a differential risk (0 vs. 2 AGG) exceeding 60% for alleles in the 70- to 80-CGG repeat range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Yrigollen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
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16
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Ercan-Sencicek AG, Davis Wright NR, Sanders SJ, Oakman N, Valdes L, Bakkaloglu B, Doyle N, Yrigollen CM, Morgan TM, Grigorenko EL. A balanced t(10;15) translocation in a male patient with developmental language disorder. Eur J Med Genet 2011; 55:128-31. [PMID: 22266071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the clinical and cytogenetic findings on a male child with developmental language disorder, no physical abnormalities, and a balanced t(10;15)(q24.1;q21.1) translocation. As the child's parents are unavailable for investigations, it is unclear whether the translocation is inherited or de novo. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses were carried out using specific RP11-BAC clones mapping near 15q21.1 and 10q24.1 to refine the location of the breakpoints. The breakpoint on 15q21.1 interrupts the SEMA6D gene and the breakpoint on 10q24.1 is located between the ENTPD1 and CCNJ genes. The SEMA6D gene was further investigated in samples of individuals with developmental language disorders and controls; this investigation offered further evidence of the involvement of SEMA6D with developmental language disorders.
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17
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Yrigollen CM, Tassone F, Durbin-Johnson B, Tassone F. The role of AGG interruptions in the transcription of FMR1 premutation alleles. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21728. [PMID: 21818263 PMCID: PMC3139575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X associated disorders are caused by a premutation allele in the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) and are hypothesized to result from the toxic effect of elevated levels of expanded FMR1 transcripts. Increased levels of FMR1 mRNA have indeed been reported in premutation carriers; however the mechanism by which expanded alleles lead to elevated levels of FMR1 mRNA in premutation carriers is unknown. Within the CGG repeat tract AGG interruptions are found, generally 1-3 present in normal/intermediate alleles (6-54 CGG repeats) and usually 0-1 in premutation alleles (55-200 CGG repeats). They are present at specific locations, generally occurring after 9 or 10 uninterrupted CGG repeats [(CGG)(9)AGG(CGG)(9)AGG(CGG)(n)]. We evaluated both the number of AGG interruptions and the resulting length of the uninterrupted 3' CGG repeat pure tract in premutation alleles derived from two large cohorts of male and female carriers to determine whether the presence of AGG interruptions or the length of a pure stretch of CGG repeats influence the levels of FMR1 mRNA in blood. Our findings indicate that neither the number of AGG interruptions, nor their position along the CGG tract have a significant affect on mRNA levels in premutation carriers. We also, as expected based on previous findings, observed a highly significant correlation between CGG repeat number (as both total length and length of pure CGG stretch) and FMR1 mRNA expression levels, in both males and females. Importantly, we did not observe any significant difference in FMR1 mRNA levels in premutation carriers based on age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M. Yrigollen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Federica Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Public Health Sciences School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: *
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18
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Grigorenko EL, De Young CG, Eastman M, Getchell M, Haeffel GJ, Klinteberg BA, Koposov RA, Oreland L, Pakstis AJ, Ponomarev OA, Ruchkin VV, Singh JP, Yrigollen CM. Aggressive behavior, related conduct problems, and variation in genes affecting dopamine turnover. Aggress Behav 2010; 36:158-76. [PMID: 20127808 DOI: 10.1002/ab.20339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A number of dopamine-related genes have been implicated in the etiology of violent behavior and conduct problems. Of these genes, the ones that code for the enzymes that influence the turnover of dopamine (DA) have received the most attention. In this study, we investigated 12 genetic polymorphisms in four genes involved with DA functioning (COMT, MAOA and MAOB, and DbetaH) in 179 incarcerated male Russian adolescents and two groups of matched controls: boys without criminal records referred to by their teachers as (a) "troubled-behavior-free" boys, n=182; and (b) "troubled-behavior" boys, n=60. The participants were classified as (1) being incarcerated or not, (2) having the DSM-IV diagnosis of conduct disorder (CD) or not, and (3) having committed violent or nonviolent crimes (for the incarcerated individuals only). The findings indicate that, although no single genetic variant in any of the four genes differentiated individuals in the investigated groups, various linear combinations (i.e., haplotypes) and nonlinear combinations (i.e., interactions between variants within and across genes) of genetic variants resulted in informative and robust classifications for two of the three groupings. These combinations of genetic variants differentiated individuals in incarceration vs. nonincarcerated and CD vs. no-CD groups; no informative combinations were established consistently for the grouping by crime within the incarcerated individuals. This study underscores the importance of considering multiple rather than single markers within candidate genes and their additive and interactive combinations, both with themselves and with nongenetic indicators, while attempting to understand the genetic background of such complex behaviors as serious conduct problems.
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19
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Grigorenko EL, Han SS, Yrigollen CM, Leng L, McDonald C, Mizue Y, Anderson GM, Mulder EJ, de Bildt A, Minderaa RB, Volkmar FR, Chang JT, Bucala R. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2008; 122:e438-45. [PMID: 18676531 PMCID: PMC3816765 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autistic spectrum disorders are childhood neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by social and communicative impairment and repetitive and stereotypical behavior. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an upstream regulator of innate immunity that promotes monocyte/macrophage-activation responses by increasing the expression of Toll-like receptors and inhibiting activation-induced apoptosis. On the basis of results of previous genetic linkage studies and reported altered innate immune response in autism spectrum disorder, we hypothesized that MIF could represent a candidate gene for autism spectrum disorder or its diagnostic components. METHODS Genetic association between autism spectrum disorder and MIF was investigated in 2 independent sets of families of probands with autism spectrum disorder, from the United States (527 participants from 152 families) and Holland (532 participants from 183 families). Probands and their siblings, when available, were evaluated with clinical instruments used for autism spectrum disorder diagnoses. Genotyping was performed for 2 polymorphisms in the promoter region of the MIF gene in both samples sequentially. In addition, MIF plasma analyses were conducted in a subset of Dutch patients from whom plasma was available. RESULTS There were genetic associations between known functional polymorphisms in the promoter for MIF and autism spectrum disorder-related behaviors. Also, probands with autism spectrum disorder exhibited higher circulating MIF levels than did their unaffected siblings, and plasma MIF concentrations correlated with the severity of multiple autism spectrum disorder symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These results identify MIF as a possible susceptibility gene for autism spectrum disorder. Additional research is warranted on the precise relationship between MIF and the behavioral components of autism spectrum disorder, the mechanism by which MIF contributes to autism spectrum disorder pathogenesis, and the clinical use of MIF genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L. Grigorenko
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06519, USA,Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520,Department of Psychology, Moscow State University, 11/5 Mokhovaia St, Moscow 125009, Russia,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Telephone: 203-737-1453, 203-737-2316, Fax: 203-785-7053, 203-785-3002, ,
| | - Summer S. Han
- Department of Psychology, Moscow State University, 11/5 Mokhovaia St, Moscow 125009, Russia
| | - Carolyn M. Yrigollen
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520,Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Yale University, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Courtney McDonald
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520,Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Yale University, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Yuka Mizue
- Sapporo Immuno Diagnostic Laboratory, 12-20, Shinkawa 2-2, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0922, Japan
| | - George M. Anderson
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Erik J. Mulder
- Accare/University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, P.O. Box 660, 9700 AR Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Bildt
- Accare/University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, P.O. Box 660, 9700 AR Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud B. Minderaa
- Accare/University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, P.O. Box 660, 9700 AR Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fred R. Volkmar
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06519, USA,Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Joseph T. Chang
- Department of Psychology, Moscow State University, 11/5 Mokhovaia St, Moscow 125009, Russia
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520,Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Yale University, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Telephone: 203-737-1453, 203-737-2316, Fax: 203-785-7053, 203-785-3002, ,
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20
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Yrigollen CM, Han SS, Kochetkova A, Babitz T, Chang JT, Volkmar FR, Leckman JF, Grigorenko EL. Genes controlling affiliative behavior as candidate genes for autism. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63:911-6. [PMID: 18207134 PMCID: PMC2386897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders of complex etiology, with a recognized substantial contribution of heterogeneous genetic factors; one of the core features of ASD is a lack of affiliative behaviors. METHODS On the basis of the existing literature, in this study we examined the hypothesis of allelic associations between genetic variants in six genes involved in control of maternal and affiliative behaviors (OXT, OXTR, PRL, PRLR, DbetaH, and FOSB). One hundred and seventy-seven probands with ASD from 151 families (n = 527) were assessed with a set of related instruments capturing multiple facets of ASD. Multivariate and univariate phenotypes were constructed from these assessments and subjected to genetic linkage and association analyses with PBAT and FBAT software. RESULTS The resulting pattern of findings, in general, confirmed the hypotheses of the significance of the genes involved in the development of affiliative behaviors in the manifestation of ASD (p values ranging from .000005 to .05); statistically speaking, the strongest results were obtained for allelic associations with the PRL, PRLR, and OXTR genes. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data provide additional support for the hypothesis that the allelic variants of genes necessary for the development of species-typical affiliative behaviors are associated with ASD. Independent replication of these findings is needed and studies of other genes associated with affiliative behaviors are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Yrigollen
- Department of Statistics, Department of Epidemiology and PublicHealth, Yale University, NewHaven, CT 06519-1124, USA
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21
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Haeffel GJ, Getchell M, Koposov RA, Yrigollen CM, De Young CG, Klinteberg BA, Oreland L, Ruchkin VV, Grigorenko EL. Association Between Polymorphisms in the Dopamine Transporter Gene and Depression. Psychol Sci 2008; 19:62-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has generated examples of how genetic and environmental factors can interact to create risk for psychopathology. Using a gene-by-environment (G X E) interaction design, we tested whether three polymorphisms in the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1, also referred to as SLC6A3, located at 5p15.33) interacted with maternal parenting style to predict first-onset episodes of depression. Participants were male adolescents (N = 176) recruited from a juvenile detention center in northern Russia. As hypothesized, one of the polymorphisms (rs40184) moderated the effect of perceived maternal rejection on the onset of major depressive disorder, as well as on suicidal ideation. Further, this G X E interaction was specific to depression; it did not predict clinically significant anxiety. These results highlight the need for further research investigating the moderating effects of dopaminergic genes on depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vladislav V. Ruchkin
- Yale University, Sater, Sweden
- Karolinska Institute, Sater, Sweden
- Skonviks Psychiatric Clinic, Sater, Sweden
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