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Tsutsumi H, Inoue R, Yasuda M, Takahashi R, Suzuki M, Urano K. rasH2 mouse: reproducibility and stability of carcinogenicity due to a standardized production and monitoring system. J Toxicol Pathol 2022; 35:19-24. [PMID: 35221492 PMCID: PMC8828604 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tsutsumi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yasuda
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Riichi Takahashi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masami Suzuki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Koji Urano
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
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2
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40 Years of RAS-A Historic Overview. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050681. [PMID: 34062774 PMCID: PMC8147265 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been over forty years since the isolation of the first human oncogene (HRAS), a crucial milestone in cancer research made possible through the combined efforts of a few selected research groups at the beginning of the 1980s. Those initial discoveries led to a quantitative leap in our understanding of cancer biology and set up the onset of the field of molecular oncology. The following four decades of RAS research have produced a huge pool of new knowledge about the RAS family of small GTPases, including how they regulate signaling pathways controlling many cellular physiological processes, or how oncogenic mutations trigger pathological conditions, including developmental syndromes or many cancer types. However, despite the extensive body of available basic knowledge, specific effective treatments for RAS-driven cancers are still lacking. Hopefully, recent advances involving the discovery of novel pockets on the RAS surface as well as highly specific small-molecule inhibitors able to block its interaction with effectors and/or activators may lead to the development of new, effective treatments for cancer. This review intends to provide a quick, summarized historical overview of the main milestones in RAS research spanning from the initial discovery of the viral RAS oncogenes in rodent tumors to the latest attempts at targeting RAS oncogenes in various human cancers.
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Bogdanffy MS, Lesniak J, Mangipudy R, Sistare FD, Colman K, Garcia-Tapia D, Monticello T, Blanset D. Tg.rasH2 Mouse Model for Assessing Carcinogenic Potential of Pharmaceuticals: Industry Survey of Current Practices. Int J Toxicol 2020; 39:198-206. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581820919896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Tg.rasH2 mouse was developed as an alternative model to the traditional 2-year mouse bioassay for pharmaceutical carcinogenicity testing. This model has found extensive use in support of pharmaceutical drug development over the last few decades. It has the potential to improve quality and timeliness, reduce animal usage, and in some instances allow expedient decision-making regarding the human carcinogenicity potential of a drug candidate. Despite the increased use of the Tg.rasH2 model, there has been no systematic survey of current practices in the design, interpretation of results from the bioassay, and global health authority perspectives. Therefore, the aim of this work was to poll the pharmaceutical industry on study design practices used in the dose range finding and definitive 6-month studies and on results relative to the ongoing negotiations to revise The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use S1 Guidance. Twenty-two member companies of International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development DruSafe Leadership Group participated in the survey, sharing experiences from studies conducted with 55 test compounds between 2010 and 2018. The survey results provide very useful insights into study design and interpretation. Importantly, the results identified several key opportunities for reducing animal use and increasing the value of testing for potential human carcinogenicity using this model. Recommended changes to study designs that would reduce animal usage include eliminating the requirement to include positive control groups in every study, use of nontransgenic wild-type littermates in the dose range finding study, and use of microsampling to reduce or eliminate satellite groups for toxicokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Bogdanffy
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Karyn Colman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - David Garcia-Tapia
- Toxicology, Drug Disposition &PK/PD Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas Monticello
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Diann Blanset
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
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4
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Webster JD, Santagostino SF, Foreman O. Applications and considerations for the use of genetically engineered mouse models in drug development. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 380:325-340. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Prescott JS, Andrews PA, Baker RW, Bogdanffy MS, Fields FO, Keller DA, Lapadula DM, Mahoney NM, Paul DE, Platz SJ, Reese DM, Stoch SA, DeGeorge JJ. Evaluation of Therapeutics for Advanced-Stage Heart Failure and Other Severely-Debilitating or Life-Threatening Diseases. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 102:219-227. [PMID: 28474798 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severely-debilitating or life-threatening (SDLT) diseases include conditions in which life expectancy is short or quality of life is greatly diminished despite available therapies. As such, the medical context for SDLT diseases is comparable to advanced cancer and the benefit vs. risk assessment and development of SDLT disease therapeutics should be similar to that of advanced cancer therapeutics. A streamlined development approach would allow patients with SDLT conditions earlier access to therapeutics and increase the speed of progression through development. In addition, this will likely increase the SDLT disease therapeutic pipeline, directly benefiting patients and reducing the economic and societal burden of SDLT conditions. Using advanced-stage heart failure (HF) as an example that illustrates the concepts applicable to other SDLT indications, this article proposes a streamlined development paradigm for SDLT disease therapeutics and recommends development of aligned global regulatory guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Prescott
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - P A Andrews
- Global Regulatory Affairs, Eisai, Inc, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey, USA
| | - R W Baker
- Global Patient Safety, Eli Lilly & Co, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - M S Bogdanffy
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - F O Fields
- Worldwide Safety and Regulatory, Pfizer Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - D A Keller
- Preclinical Safety, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA
| | - D M Lapadula
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - N M Mahoney
- Regulatory Affairs, Merck & Co., Inc, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - D E Paul
- US Regulatory Policy & Strategy, Eli Lilly & Co, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - S J Platz
- Drug Safety & Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - D M Reese
- Translational Sciences, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - S A Stoch
- Translational Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - J J DeGeorge
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Schiffelers MJWA, Blaauboer BJ, Bakker WE, Hendriksen CFM, Krul C. Regulatory acceptance and use of the Extended One Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study within Europe. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 71:114-24. [PMID: 25445002 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The two-generation study (OECD TG 416) is the standard requirement within REACH to test reproductive toxicity effects of chemicals with production volumes >100 tonnes. This test is criticized in terms of scientific relevance and animal welfare. The Extended One Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study (EOGRTS), incorporated into the OECD test guidelines in 2011 (OECD TG 443) has the potential to replace TG 416, while using only one generation of rats and being more informative. However, its regulatory acceptance proved challenging. This article reconstructs the process of regulatory acceptance and use of the EOGRTS and describes drivers and barriers influencing the process. The findings derive from literature research and expert interviews. A distinction is made between three sub-stages; The stage of Formal Incorporation of the EOGRTS into OECD test guidelines was stimulated by retrospective analyses on the value of the second generation (F2), strong EOGRTS advocates, animal welfare concern and changing US and EU chemicals legislation; the stage of Actual Regulatory Acceptance within REACH was challenged by legal factors and ongoing scientific disputes, while the stage of Use by Industry is influenced by uncertainty of registrants about regulatory acceptance, high costs, the risk of false positives and the manageability of the EOGRTS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bas J Blaauboer
- Utrecht University, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), P.O. Box 80.178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wieger E Bakker
- Utrecht University School of Governance, Bijlhouwerstraat 6, 3511 ZC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Coenraad F M Hendriksen
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Animals in Science and Society, P.O. Box 80.163, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cyrille Krul
- TNO, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands; University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Life Sciences & Chemistry, F.C. Dondersstraat 65, 3572 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Advancing the 3Rs in regulatory toxicology – Carcinogenicity testing: Scope for harmonisation and advancing the 3Rs in regulated sectors of the European Union. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:234-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Zhou M, Wang X, Phung V, Lindhout DA, Mondal K, Hsu JY, Yang H, Humphrey M, Ding X, Arora T, Learned RM, DePaoli AM, Tian H, Ling L. Separating Tumorigenicity from Bile Acid Regulatory Activity for Endocrine Hormone FGF19. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3306-16. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Eastmond DA, Vulimiri SV, French JE, Sonawane B. The use of genetically modified mice in cancer risk assessment: challenges and limitations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 43:611-31. [PMID: 23985072 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.822844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The use of genetically modified (GM) mice to assess carcinogenicity is playing an increasingly important role in the safety evaluation of chemicals. While progress has been made in developing and evaluating mouse models such as the Trp53⁺/⁻, Tg.AC and the rasH2, the suitability of these models as replacements for the conventional rodent cancer bioassay and for assessing human health risks remains uncertain. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of accelerated cancer bioassays with GM mice for assessing the potential health risks associated with exposure to carcinogenic agents. We compared the published results from the GM bioassays to those obtained in the National Toxicology Program's conventional chronic mouse bioassay for their potential use in risk assessment. Our analysis indicates that the GM models are less efficient in detecting carcinogenic agents but more consistent in identifying non-carcinogenic agents. We identified several issues of concern related to the design of the accelerated bioassays (e.g., sample size, study duration, genetic stability and reproducibility) as well as pathway-dependency of effects, and different carcinogenic mechanisms operable in GM and non-GM mice. The use of the GM models for dose-response assessment is particularly problematic as these models are, at times, much more or less sensitive than the conventional rodent cancer bioassays. Thus, the existing GM mouse models may be useful for hazard identification, but will be of limited use for dose-response assessment. Hence, caution should be exercised when using GM mouse models to assess the carcinogenic risks of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Eastmond
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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10
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Marone PA, Hall WC, Hayes AW. Reassessing the two-year rodent carcinogenicity bioassay: a review of the applicability to human risk and current perspectives. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 68:108-18. [PMID: 24287155 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The 2-year rodent carcinogenicity test has been the regulatory standard for the prediction of human outcomes for exposure to industrial and agro-chemicals, food additives, pharmaceuticals and environmental pollutants for over 50 years. The extensive experience and data accumulated over that time has spurred a vigorous debate and assessment, particularly over the last 10 years, of the usefulness of this test in terms of cost and time for the information obtained. With renewed interest in the United States and globally, plus new regulations in the European Union, to reduce, refine and replace sentinel animals, this review offers the recommendation that reliance on information obtained from detailed shorter-term, 6 months rodent studies, combined with genotoxicity and chemical mode of action can realize effective prediction of human carcinogenicity instead of the classical two year rodent bioassay. The aim of carcinogenicity studies should not be on the length of time, and by obligation, number of animals expended but on the combined systemic pathophysiologic influence of a suspected chemical in determining disease. This perspective is in coordination with progressive regulatory standards and goals globally to utilize effectively resources of animal usage, time and cost for the goal of human disease predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William C Hall
- Hall Consulting, Inc., 110 Shady Brook Circle #300, St. Simons Island, GA 31522, USA.
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Thoolen B, Ten Kate FJW, Castigliego D, van Diest PJ, Malarkey DE, Elmore SA, Maronpot RR. Comparative immunohistochemical investigation of rat and human hepatocellular carcinomas. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/2046023613y.0000000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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12
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Morton D, Sistare FD, Nambiar PR, Turner OC, Radi Z, Bower N. Regulatory Forum Commentary. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:799-806. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623313502130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
International regulatory and pharmaceutical industry scientists are discussing revision of the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) S1 guidance on rodent carcinogenicity assessment of small molecule pharmaceuticals. A weight-of-evidence approach is proposed to determine the need for rodent carcinogenicity studies. For compounds with high human cancer risk, the product may be labeled appropriately without conducting rodent carcinogenicity studies. For compounds with minimal cancer risk, only a 6-month transgenic mouse study (rasH2 mouse or p53+/− mouse) or a 2-year mouse study would be needed. If rodent carcinogenicity testing may add significant value to cancer risk assessment, a 2-year rat study and either a 6-month transgenic mouse or a 2-year mouse study is appropriate. In many cases, therefore, one rodent carcinogenicity study could be sufficient. The rasH2 model predicts neoplastic findings relevant to human cancer risk assessment as well as 2-year rodent models, produces fewer irrelevant neoplastic outcomes, and often will be preferable to a 2-year rodent study. Before revising ICH S1 guidance, a prospective evaluation will be conducted to test the proposed weight-of-evidence approach. This evaluation offers an opportunity for a secondary analysis comparing the value of alternative mouse models and 2-year rodent studies in the proposed ICH S1 weight-of-evidence approach for human cancer risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Oliver C. Turner
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zaher Radi
- Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nancy Bower
- Eisai, Inc., Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey, USA
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13
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Scheer N, Snaith M, Wolf CR, Seibler J. Generation and utility of genetically humanized mouse models. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:1200-11. [PMID: 23872278 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Identifying in vivo models that are naturally predictive for particular areas of study in humans can be challenging due to the divergence that has occurred during speciation. One solution to this challenge that is gaining increasing traction is the use of genetic engineering to introduce human genes into mice to generate superior models for predicting human responses. This review describes the state-of-the-art for generating such models, provides an overview of the types of genetically humanized mouse models described to date and their applications in basic research, drug discovery and development and to understand clinical drug toxicity. We discuss limitations and explore promising future directions for the use of genetically humanized mice to further improve translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Scheer
- TaconicArtemis, Neurather Ring 1, Koeln 51063, Germany.
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14
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Kawabe M, Urano K, Suguro M, Numano T, Taguchi F, Tsutsumi H, Furukawa F. Tumor Promotion by 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate in an Ultra-Short-Term Skin Carcinogenesis Bioassay Using rasH2 Mice. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:903-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813486811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of the skin tumor–promoting potential of 12- O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) after initiation with 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a]anthracene (DMBA) was conducted using rasH2 transgenic (Tg) mice and their nontransgenic (non-Tg) littermates. Mice were treated with DMBA (50 μg/100 μL acetone) on clipped back skin at the commencement of the study, and 1 week thereafter, TPA was applied at 8 μg/200 μL or 4 μg/200 μL acetone, once or twice weekly, for 7 weeks. Skin nodules were observed in the rasH2 Tg mice from week 4, and the incidence reached 100% at weeks 5 and 6. The number of skin nodules (multiplicity) in the 8-μg twice-weekly, 8-μg once-weekly, 4-μg twice-weekly, and 4-μg once-weekly groups was 62.4, 46.2, 62.6, and 36.9, respectively. The non-Tg mice also developed skin nodules, but the sensitivity to induction in the rasH2 Tg mice was higher. No nodules were observed in the acetone groups, but single nodules were apparent in the no-treatment rasH2 Tg and non-Tg groups. In conclusion, skin promotion effects could be detected within only 8 weeks in the rasH2 mice, and the concentration of 4 μg TPA once weekly was sufficient as a positive control. This short-term skin carcinogenesis bioassay using rasH2 mice could represent a useful tool for the assessment of drug and chemical safety with cutaneous treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kawabe
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., Azai-cho, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - K. Urano
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - M. Suguro
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., Azai-cho, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - T. Numano
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., Azai-cho, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - F. Taguchi
- CLEA Japan, Inc., Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H. Tsutsumi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - F. Furukawa
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., Azai-cho, Ichinomiya, Japan
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15
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Monticello T, Bussiere J. Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs. Toxicol Pathol 2013. [DOI: 10.1201/b13783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Paranjpe MG, Shah SA, Denton MD, Elbekai RH. Incidence of spontaneous non-neoplastic lesions in transgenic CBYB6F1-Tg(HRAS)2Jic mice. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:1137-45. [PMID: 23427275 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313478207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Since 2003, the Tg.rasH2 model has been accepted by regulatory agencies worldwide for 26-week short-term carcinogenicity assays as an alternative to the standard 2-year assays in conventional mice. However, over the decade, the number of actual studies conducted with alternative mouse models has remained low. The primary cause for low acceptance of this model has been lack of a historical database for the incidence of spontaneous lesions. Recently, we published the historical control database on spontaneous tumors in the Tg.rasH2 mice. The purpose of this publication is to present a large database pertaining to the non-neoplastic spontaneous lesions noted in Tg.rasH2 mice from studies conducted at our facility. Lesions that are considered unique in Tg.rasH2 mice are skeletal muscle myopathy, vascular anomalies involving various organs, and mesenteric arterial thrombosis. Other notable lesions are extramedullary hematopoiesis of spleen, subacute inflammatory foci in the liver, and infiltration of histiocytes in the lungs.
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Paranjpe MG, Elbekaei RH, Shah SA, Hickman M, Wenk ML, Zahalka EA. Historical control data of spontaneous tumors in transgenic CByB6F1-Tg(HRAS)2Jic (Tg.rasH2) mice. Int J Toxicol 2013; 32:48-57. [PMID: 23324159 DOI: 10.1177/1091581812471565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Tg.rasH2 mouse is a hemizygous transgenic mouse, approved by regulatory agencies for carcinogenicity assessment. However, the absence of a historical database for the incidence of spontaneous neoplasms has subsequently led to reluctance by some pharmaceutical companies to adopt the use of this short-term carcinogenicity assay. Our laboratory has generated a database summarizing the mortality, body weights, and the incidence of spontaneous tumors in 1420 male and female mice assigned to 26 studies conducted at our facility. In addition, we present the incidence of tumors in positive control mice treated with urethane from these studies. Mortality in the vehicle-treated Tg.rasH2 mouse was low (average of 1% in each study). The most common spontaneous tumors in the Tg.rasH2 mice were alveolar bronchiolar adenoma of the lungs (10.14% in males and 5.77% in females) and hemangiosarcoma of the spleen (3.66% in both males and females). The incidence of all other tumors was generally very low. In the positive control, urethane-treated animals, the incidence of alveolar bronchiolar adenomas and alveolar bronchiolar carcinomas in the lungs was 93.69% and 42.88% in males and 92.43% and 72.79% in females, respectively. In addition, the incidence of splenic hemangiosarcomas in urethane-treated males was 89.18% and 92.25% in females. The 6-month Tg.rasH2 assay is more precise, faster, and more economical than the conventional 2-year mouse assays because of the low incidence of background tumors, very high survival, shorter duration, and the lower number of animals used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav G Paranjpe
- BioReliance Corporation, 14920 Broschart Road Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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18
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Detection of genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens in Xpc−/−p53+/− mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 266:289-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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van der Laan JW, DeGeorge JJ, Sistare F, Moggs J. Toward More Scientific Relevance in Carcinogenicity Testing. GLOBAL APPROACH IN SAFETY TESTING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5950-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Abstract
Toxicology is and will be heavily influenced by advances in many scientific disciplines. For toxicologic pathology, particularly relevant are the increasing array of molecular methods providing deeper insights into toxicity pathways, in vivo imaging techniques visualizing toxicodynamics and more powerful computers anticipated to allow (partly) automated morphological diagnoses. It appears unlikely that, in a foreseeable future, animal studies can be replaced by in silico and in vitro studies or longer term in vivo studies by investigations of biomarkers including toxicogenomics of shorter term studies, though the importance of such approaches will continue to increase. In addition to changes based on scientific progress, the work of toxicopathologists is and will be affected by social and financial factors, among them stagnating budgets, globalization, and outsourcing. The number of toxicopathologists in North America, Europe, and the Far East is not expected to grow. Many toxicopathologists will likely spend less time at the microscope but will be more heavily involved in early research activities, imaging, and as generalists with a broad biological understanding in evaluation and management of toxicity. Toxicologic pathology will remain important and is indispensable for validation of new methods, quality assurance of established methods, and for areas without good alternative methods.
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Urano K, Tamaoki N, Nomura T. Establishing a Laboratory Animal Model From a Transgenic Animal. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:16-23. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985811430318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic animal models have been used in small numbers in gene function studies in vivo for a period of time, but more recently, the use of a single transgenic animal model has been approved as a second species, 6-month alternative (to the routine 2-year, 2-animal model) used in short-term carcinogenicity studies for generating regulatory application data of new drugs. This article addresses many of the issues associated with the creation and use of one of these transgenic models, the rasH2 mouse, for regulatory science. The discussion includes strategies for mass producing mice with the same stable phenotype, including constructing the transgene, choosing a founder mouse, and controlling both the transgene and background genes; strategies for developing the model for regulatory science, including measurements of carcinogen susceptibility, stability of a large-scale production system, and monitoring for uniform carcinogenicity responses; and finally, efficient use of the transgenic animal model on study. Approximately 20% of mouse carcinogenicity studies for new drug applications in the United States currently use transgenic models, typically the rasH2 mouse. The rasH2 mouse could contribute to animal welfare by reducing the numbers of animals used as well as reducing the cost of carcinogenicity studies. A better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of the transgenic rasH2 mouse will result in greater and more efficient use of this animal model in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Urano
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Kawasaki, Japan
| | - N. Tamaoki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Kawasaki, Japan
| | - T. Nomura
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Kawasaki, Japan
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Doktorova TY, Pauwels M, Vinken M, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V. Opportunities for an alternative integrating testing strategy for carcinogen hazard assessment? Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 42:91-106. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.623151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kadonosono T, Kuchimaru T, Yamada S, Takahashi Y, Murakami A, Tani T, Watanabe H, Tanaka T, Hirota K, Inoue M, Tsukamoto T, Toyoda T, Urano K, Machida K, Eto T, Ogura T, Tsutsumi H, Ito M, Hiraoka M, Kondoh G, Kizaka-Kondoh S. Detection of the onset of ischemia and carcinogenesis by hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-based in vivo bioluminescence imaging. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26640. [PMID: 22102864 PMCID: PMC3213102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An animal model for the early detection of common fatal diseases such as ischemic diseases and cancer is desirable for the development of new drugs and treatment strategies. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that regulates oxygen homeostasis and plays key roles in a number of diseases, including cancer. Here, we established transgenic (Tg) mice that carry HRE/ODD-luciferase (HOL) gene, which generates bioluminescence in an HIF-1-dependent manner and was successfully used in this study to monitor HIF-1 activity in ischemic tissues. To monitor carcinogenesis in vivo, we mated HOL mice with rasH2 Tg mice, which are highly sensitive to carcinogens and are used for short-term carcinogenicity assessments. After rasH2-HOL Tg mice were treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, bioluminescence was detected noninvasively as early as 9 weeks in tissues that contained papillomas and malignant lesions. These results suggest that the Tg mouse lines we established hold significant potential for monitoring the early onset of both ischemia and carcinogenesis and that these lines will be useful for screening chemicals for carcinogenic potential.
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MESH Headings
- Alkylating Agents/toxicity
- Animals
- Blotting, Southern
- Carcinogenicity Tests/methods
- Female
- Genes, ras
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1/metabolism
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Ischemia/chemically induced
- Ischemia/diagnosis
- Ischemia/metabolism
- Luminescent Measurements
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Methylnitrosourea/toxicity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnosis
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Papilloma/chemically induced
- Papilloma/diagnosis
- Papilloma/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kadonosono
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kuchimaru
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yamada
- Animal Research Laboratory, Bioscience Research and Education Center, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yumi Takahashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Murakami
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taeko Tani
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitomi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Animal Experiments for Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Tanaka
- Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiichi Hirota
- Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsukamoto
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Urano
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Nogawa, Miyamae, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Machida
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Nogawa, Miyamae, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoo Eto
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Nogawa, Miyamae, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ogura
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Nogawa, Miyamae, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Tsutsumi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Nogawa, Miyamae, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ito
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Nogawa, Miyamae, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiraoka
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gen Kondoh
- Laboratory of Animal Experiments for Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinae Kizaka-Kondoh
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Sistare FD, Morton D, Alden C, Christensen J, Keller D, Jonghe SD, Storer RD, Reddy MV, Kraynak A, Trela B, Bienvenu JG, Bjurström S, Bosmans V, Brewster D, Colman K, Dominick M, Evans J, Hailey JR, Kinter L, Liu M, Mahrt C, Marien D, Myer J, Perry R, Potenta D, Roth A, Sherratt P, Singer T, Slim R, Soper K, Fransson-Steen R, Stoltz J, Turner O, Turnquist S, van Heerden M, Woicke J, DeGeorge JJ. An analysis of pharmaceutical experience with decades of rat carcinogenicity testing: support for a proposal to modify current regulatory guidelines. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 39:716-44. [PMID: 21666103 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311406935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Data collected from 182 marketed and nonmarketed pharmaceuticals demonstrate that there is little value gained in conducting a rat two-year carcinogenicity study for compounds that lack: (1) histopathologic risk factors for rat neoplasia in chronic toxicology studies, (2) evidence of hormonal perturbation, and (3) positive genetic toxicology results. Using a single positive result among these three criteria as a test for outcome in the two-year study, fifty-two of sixty-six rat tumorigens were correctly identified, yielding 79% test sensitivity. When all three criteria were negative, sixty-two of seventy-six pharmaceuticals (82%) were correctly predicted to be rat noncarcinogens. The fourteen rat false negatives had two-year study findings of questionable human relevance. Applying these criteria to eighty-six additional chemicals identified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as likely human carcinogens and to drugs withdrawn from the market for carcinogenicity concerns confirmed their sensitivity for predicting rat carcinogenicity outcome. These analyses support a proposal to refine regulatory criteria for conducting a two-year rat study to be based on assessment of histopathologic findings from a rat six-month study, evidence of hormonal perturbation, genetic toxicology results, and the findings of a six-month transgenic mouse carcinogenicity study. This proposed decision paradigm has the potential to eliminate over 40% of rat two-year testing on new pharmaceuticals without compromise to patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank D Sistare
- Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486-0004, USA.
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Opportunities to minimise animal use in pharmaceutical regulatory general toxicology: a cross-company review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 61:222-9. [PMID: 21855593 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity studies in animals are carried out to identify the intrinsic hazard of a substance to support risk assessment for humans. In order to identify opportunities to minimise animal use in regulatory toxicology studies, a review of current study designs was carried out. Pharmaceutical companies and contract research organisations in the UK shared data and experience of standard toxicology studies (ranging from one to nine months duration) in rodents and non-rodents; and carcinogenicity studies in the rat and mouse. The data show that variation in study designs was primarily due to (i) the number of animals used in the main study groups, (ii) the use of animals in toxicokinetic (TK) satellite groups, and (iii) the use of animals in off-treatment recovery groups. The information has been used to propose a series of experimental designs where small adjustments could reduce animal use in practice, while maintaining the scientific objectives.
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Park HJ, Oh JH, Park SM, Cho JW, Yum YN, Park SN, Yoon DY, Yoon S. Identification of biomarkers of chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rasH2 mice by toxicogenomic analysis. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1627-40. [PMID: 21607683 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Toxicogenomic approaches have been applied to chemical-induced heptocarcinogenesis rodent models for the identification of biomarkers of early-stage hepatocarcinogenesis and to help clarify the underlying carcinogenic mechanisms in the liver. In this study, we used toxiciogenomic methods to identify candidate biomarker genes associated with hepatocarcinogenesis in rasH2 mice. Blood chemical, histopathologic, and gene expression analyses of the livers of rasH2 mice were performed 7 and 91 days after the administration of the genotoxic hepatocarcinogens 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and diethylnitrosoamine (DEN), the genotoxic carcinogen melphalan (Mel), and the nongenotoxic noncarcinogen 1-naphthylisothiocynate (ANIT). Histopathologic lesions and a rise in accompanying serum marker levels were found in the DEN-treated rasH2 mice, whereas no neoplastic lesions were observed in the rasH2 mice. However, biological functional analysis using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) software revealed that genes with comparable molecular and cellular functions were similarly deregulated in the AAF- and DEN-treated rasH2 mice. We selected 68 significantly deregulated genes that represented a hepatocarcinogen-specific signature; these genes were commonly deregulated in both the AAF- and DEN-treated rasH2 mice on days 7 and 91. Hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that the expression patterns of the selected genes in the hepatocarcinogen (AAF and DEN) groups were distinctive from the patterns in the control, Mel, and ANIT groups. Biomarker filter analysis using IPA software suggested that 28 of the 68 signature genes represent promising candidate biomarkers of cancer. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed that the deregulated genes, which exhibited sustained up- and down-regulation up to day 91, are likely involved in early-stage hepatocarcinogenesis. In summary, the common and significant gene expression changes induced by AAF and DEN may reflect early molecular events associated with hepatocarcinogenesis, and these "signature" genes may be useful as biomarkers of hepatocarcinogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jin Park
- Division of Research and Development, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 19 Shinsung-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, Korea
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Ettlin RA, Kuroda J, Plassmann S, Hayashi M, Prentice DE. Successful drug development despite adverse preclinical findings part 2: examples. J Toxicol Pathol 2010; 23:213-34. [PMID: 22272032 PMCID: PMC3234630 DOI: 10.1293/tox.23.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To illustrate the process of addressing adverse preclinical findings (APFs) as
outlined in the first part of this review, a number of cases with unexpected APF
in toxicity studies with drug candidates is discussed in this second part. The
emphasis is on risk characterization, especially regarding the mode of action
(MoA), and risk evaluation regarding relevance for man. While severe APFs such
as retinal toxicity may turn out to be of little human relevance, minor findings
particularly in early toxicity studies, such as vasculitis, may later pose a
real problem. Rodents are imperfect models for endocrine APFs, non-rodents for
human cardiac effects. Liver and kidney toxicities are frequent, but they can
often be monitored in man and do not necessarily result in early termination of
drug candidates. Novel findings such as the unusual lesions in the
gastrointestinal tract and the bones presented in this review can be difficult
to explain. It will be shown that well known issues such as phospholipidosis and
carcinogenicity by agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
(PPAR) need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The latter is of particular
interest because the new PPAR α and dual α/γ agonists resulted in a change of
the safety paradigm established with the older PPAR α agonists. General
toxicologists and pathologists need some understanding of the principles of
genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity testing. Both types of preclinical
toxicities are major APF and clinical monitoring is difficult, generally leading
to permanent use restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Ettlin
- Ettlin Consulting Ltd., 14 Mittelweg, 4142 Muenchenstein,
Switzerland
| | - Junji Kuroda
- KISSEI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320-1 Maki, Hotaka, Azumino,
Nagano 399-8305, Japan
| | - Stephanie Plassmann
- PreClinical Safety (PCS) Consultants Ltd., 7 Gartenstrasse, 4132
Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Biosafety Research Center, Foods, Drugs, and Pesticides (BSRC),
582-2 Shioshinden, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
| | - David E. Prentice
- PreClinical Safety (PCS) Consultants Ltd., 7 Gartenstrasse, 4132
Muttenz, Switzerland
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