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Sonkar R, Ma H, Waxman DJ. Steatotic liver disease induced by TCPOBOP-activated hepatic constitutive androstane receptor: primary and secondary gene responses with links to disease progression. Toxicol Sci 2024; 200:324-345. [PMID: 38710495 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, Nr1i3), a liver nuclear receptor and xenobiotic sensor, induces drug, steroid, and lipid metabolizing enzymes, stimulates liver hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and ultimately, hepatocellular carcinogenesis. The mechanisms linking early CAR responses to later disease development are poorly understood. Here we show that exposure of CD-1 mice to TCPOBOP (1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene), a halogenated xenochemical and selective CAR agonist ligand, induces pericentral steatosis marked by hepatic accumulation of cholesterol and neutral lipid, and elevated circulating alanine aminotransferase, indicating hepatocyte damage. TCPOBOP-induced steatosis was weaker in the pericentral region but stronger in the periportal region in females compared with males. Early (1 day) TCPOBOP transcriptional responses were enriched for CAR-bound primary response genes, and for lipogenesis and xenobiotic metabolism and oxidative stress protection pathways; late (2 weeks) TCPOBOP responses included many CAR binding-independent secondary response genes, with enrichment for macrophage activation, immune response, and cytokine and reactive oxygen species production. Late upstream regulators specific to TCPOBOP-exposed male liver were linked to proinflammatory responses and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. TCPOBOP administered weekly to male mice using a high corn oil vehicle induced carbohydrate-responsive transcription factor (MLXIPL)-regulated target genes, dysregulated mitochondrial respiratory and translation regulatory pathways, and induced more advanced liver pathology. Overall, TCPOBOP exposure recapitulates histological and gene expression changes characteristic of emerging steatotic liver disease, including secondary gene responses in liver nonparenchymal cells indicative of transition to a more advanced disease state. Upstream regulators of both the early and late TCPOBOP response genes include novel biomarkers for foreign chemical-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Sonkar
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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2
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Wada K, Yamaguchi T, Tanaka H, Fujisawa T. Hepatic enzyme induction and its potential effect on thyroid hormone metabolism in the metamorphosing tadpole of Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog). J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39039701 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic enzyme induction, an inherent defense system against xenobiotics, is known to simultaneously affect endocrine system functions in mammals under specific conditions, particularly thyroid hormone (TH) regulation. While this phenomenon has been studied extensively, the pathway leading to this indirect thyroid effect in mammals has unclear applicability to amphibians, despite the importance of amphibian species in assessing thyroid-disruptive chemicals. Here, we investigated the effects of three well-known mammalian enzyme inducers-β-naphthoflavone (BNF), pregnenolone carbonitrile (PCN), and sodium phenobarbital (NaPB)-on the gene expression of phase-I and phase-II metabolizing enzymes in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Waterborne exposure to BNF and PCN significantly induced the expression of both phase-I (cytochrome P450, CYP) and phase-II enzymes (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, UGT and sulfotransferase, SULT), but in different patterns, while NaPB exposure induced CYP2B expression without affecting phase-II enzymes in tadpoles, in contrast to mammals. Furthermore, an ex vivo hepatic enzyme activity assay confirmed that BNF treatment significantly increased phase-II metabolic activity (glucuronidation and sulfation) toward TH. These results suggest the potential for certain mammalian enzyme inducers to influence TH clearance in X. laevis tadpoles. Our findings provide insights into the profiles of xenosensing activity and enzyme induction in amphibians, which can facilitate a better understanding of the mechanisms of indirect effects on the thyroid system via hepatic enzyme induction in nonmammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Wada
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yamaguchi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tanaka
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Takuo Fujisawa
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Takarazuka, Japan
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3
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Fan S, Gao Y, Zhao P, Xie G, Zhou Y, Yang X, Li X, Zhang S, Gonzalez FJ, Qu A, Huang M, Bi H. Fenofibrate-promoted hepatomegaly and liver regeneration are PPAR α-dependent and partially related to the YAP pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2992-3008. [PMID: 39027236 PMCID: PMC11252459 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist, is widely prescribed for hyperlipidemia management. Recent studies also showed that it has therapeutic potential in various liver diseases. However, its effects on hepatomegaly and liver regeneration and the involved mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the study showed that fenofibrate significantly promoted liver enlargement and regeneration post-partial hepatectomy in mice, which was dependent on hepatocyte-expressed PPARα. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is pivotal in manipulating liver growth and regeneration. We further identified that fenofibrate activated YAP signaling by suppressing its K48-linked ubiquitination, promoting its K63-linked ubiquitination, and enhancing the interaction and transcriptional activity of the YAP-TEAD complex. Pharmacological inhibition of YAP-TEAD interaction using verteporfin or suppression of YAP using AAV Yap shRNA in mice significantly attenuated fenofibrate-induced hepatomegaly. Other factors, such as MYC, KRT23, RAS, and RHOA, might also participate in fenofibrate-promoted hepatomegaly and liver regeneration. These studies demonstrate that fenofibrate-promoted liver enlargement and regeneration are PPARα-dependent and partially through activating the YAP signaling, with clinical implications of fenofibrate as a novel therapeutic agent for promoting liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Fan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guomin Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanying Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xuan Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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4
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Wu T, Li L, Zhou W, Bi G, Jiang X, Guo M, Yang X, Fang J, Pang J, Fan S, Bi H. Gut Microbiota Affects Mouse Pregnane X Receptor Agonist Pregnenolone 16α-Carbonitrile-Induced Hepatomegaly by Regulating Pregnane X Receptor and Yes-Associated Protein Activation. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:597-605. [PMID: 38697851 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is essential in the regulation of liver homeostasis, and the gut microbiota is closely linked to liver physiologic and pathologic status. We previously found that activation of PXR significantly promotes liver enlargement through interaction with yes-associated protein (YAP). However, whether gut microbiota contributes to PXR-induced hepatomegaly and the involved mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were administered the mouse-specific agonist pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN) for 5 days. Depletion of gut microbiota was achieved using broad-spectrum antibiotics (ABX) and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed to restore the gut microbia. The composition of gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing, while the expression of PXR, YAP, and their downstream target genes and proteins were assessed. The results indicated that PCN treatment altered the composition and abundance of specific bacterial taxa. Furthermore, depletion of gut microbiota using ABX significantly attenuated PCN-induced hepatomegaly. FMT experiments further demonstrated that the fecal microbiota from PCN-treated mice could induce liver enlargement. Mechanistic studies revealed that ABX treatment impeded the PXR and YAP activation induced by PCN, as evidenced by decreased expression of PXR, YAP, and their downstream targets. Moreover, alterations in PXR and YAP activation were likely contributing to hepatomegaly in recipient mice following FMT from PCN-treated mice. Collectively, the current study demonstrated that gut microbiota is involved in PCN-induced hepatomegaly via regulating PXR and YAP activation, providing potential novel insights into the involvement of gut microbiota in PXR-mediated hepatomegaly. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work describes that the composition of gut microbiota is altered in mouse pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN)-induced hepatomegaly. Treatment with an antibiotic cocktail depletes the intestinal microbiota, leading to the impairment of liver enlargement caused by PCN. Additionally, fecal microbiota transplantation from PCN-treated mice induces liver enlargement. Further study revealed that gut microbiota is involved in hepatomegaly via regulating PXR and yes-associated protein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Lu Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Wenhong Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Guofang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Xiaowen Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Manlan Guo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Xiao Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Jianhong Fang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Jianxin Pang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Shicheng Fan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
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5
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Zhang Y, Yang J, Fan S, Gao Y, Cai C, Li H, Li X, Yang X, Xing Y, Huang M, Bi H. The reversal of PXR or PPARα activation-induced hepatomegaly. Toxicol Lett 2024; 397:79-88. [PMID: 38734220 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR) or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) can induce liver enlargement. Recently, we reported that PXR or PPARα activation-induced hepatomegaly depends on yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling and is characterized by hepatocyte hypertrophy around the central vein area and hepatocyte proliferation around the portal vein area. However, it remains unclear whether PXR or PPARα activation-induced hepatomegaly can be reversed after the withdrawal of their agonists. In this study, we investigated the regression of enlarged liver to normal size following the withdrawal of PCN or WY-14643 (typical agonists of mouse PXR or PPARα) in C57BL/6 mice. The immunohistochemistry analysis of CTNNB1 and KI67 showed a reversal of hepatocyte size and a decrease in hepatocyte proliferation after the withdrawal of agonists. In details, the expression of PXR or PPARα downstream proteins (CYP3A11, CYP2B10, ACOX1, and CYP4A) and the expression of proliferation-related proteins (CCNA1, CCND1, and PCNA) returned to the normal levels. Furthermore, YAP and its downstream proteins (CTGF, CYR61, and ANKRD1) also restored to the normal states, which was consistent with the change in liver size. These findings demonstrate the reversibility of PXR or PPARα activation-induced hepatomegaly and provide new data for the safety of PXR and PPARα as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shicheng Fan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yue Gao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chenghui Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huilin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuan Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518005, China
| | - Yunhui Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518005, China.
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6
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Swart DH, de Haan M, Stevens J, Henning RH, Adel S, van der Graaf AC, Ulu N, Touw DJ, Krenning G. Safety, tolerability and toxicokinetics of the novel mitochondrial drug SUL-138 administered orally to rat and minipig. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:345-355. [PMID: 38560508 PMCID: PMC10981007 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases (NCD) are a socioeconomic burden and considered one of the major health challenges for coming decades. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated mechanistically in their pathophysiology. Therefore, targeting mitochondria holds great promise to improve clinical outcomes in NCDs. SUL-138, an orally bioavailable small molecule efficacious from 0.5 mg/kg, improves mitochondrial function during disease in several preclinical animal models. As preparation for a First-in-Human (FIH) trial, SUL-138 was investigated in 30-day GLP repeated dose toxicity studies in rat and minipig, selected based on their comparability with human metabolism, to determine toxicokinetics, potential toxicity and its reversibility. Rats were allocated to either vehicle, 27, 136 or 682 mg/kg SUL-138 dose groups and minipigs were allocated to either vehicle, 16, 82 or 409 mg/kg. Treatment occurred orally for 30 days followed by a recovery period of 14 days. During these studies clinical observations, toxicokinetic, clinical pathology, necropsy and histopathology evaluations were performed. There was significant systemic exposure to SUL-138 and toxicokinetics was characterized by a rapid absorption and elimination. In the rat, toxicokinetics was dose-proportional and AUC0-tlast ratios in both species indicated that SUL-138 does not accumulate in vivo. No treatment-related adverse effects were observed for dose levels up to 136 and 82 mg/kg/day in rat and minipig respectively. In conclusion, these preclinical studies demonstrate that SUL-138 is well tolerated after repeated administration in rat and minipig, with NOAELs of 136 and 82 mg/kg/day, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël H. Swart
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713GZ, the Netherlands
- Sulfateq B.V., Admiraal de Ruyterlaan 5, Groningen 9726GN, the Netherlands
| | - Martin de Haan
- Sulfateq B.V., Admiraal de Ruyterlaan 5, Groningen 9726GN, the Netherlands
- Madeha Management & Consultancy B.V., Eilandseweg 10, Nederhorst den Berg 1394JE, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Stevens
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Rob H. Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Sovan Adel
- Sulfateq B.V., Admiraal de Ruyterlaan 5, Groningen 9726GN, the Netherlands
| | | | - Nadir Ulu
- Gen İlaç ve Sağlık Ürünleri A.Ş., Mustafa Kemal Mahallesi, 2119.Cad. No:3, Çankaya, Ankara 06520, Turkey
| | - Daan J. Touw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713GZ, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Guido Krenning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713GZ, the Netherlands
- Sulfateq B.V., Admiraal de Ruyterlaan 5, Groningen 9726GN, the Netherlands
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7
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Dziwenka M, Dolan LC, Rao M. Safety of Elixinol Hemp Extract: In Vitro Genetic Toxicity and Subchronic Toxicity in Rats. J Toxicol 2023; 2023:5982883. [PMID: 38111631 PMCID: PMC10727801 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5982883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The results of safety studies performed with Elixinol Hemp Extract, a blend of hemp extract, cannabidiol (CBD) isolate, and copaiba containing approximately 65% total CBD, are described in this paper. In a 15-day range-finding study in rats, there were no effects of treatment with up to 101.4 mg/kg bw/day of the extract by gavage on any safety parameter measured in the study, with the exception that centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy occurred in all treatment groups, which correlated with increases in absolute liver weight in high-dose females and liver to terminal body weight ratio in mid-dose and high-dose females. A GLP-compliant 90-day OECD Guideline 408 study in rats that included a behavioral battery and a 28-day recovery phase was also conducted with Elixinol Hemp Extract administered by gavage. The doses used in the 90-day study were 0 (vehicle), 28.94, 50.64, and 86.81 mg/kg bw/day. The findings were similar to those observed in the range-finding study. There were no effects of the test material on any test parameter in the 90-day study other than findings related to the liver (increased liver weight in high-dose main study males and mid-dose and high-dose main study females and low incidences of hepatocellular hypertrophy and vacuolation in main study high-dose males). Similar findings were not observed in the recovery animals, and there were no alterations in the clinical chemistry suggestive of liver toxicity in any of the main study or recovery animals. Therefore, the liver outcomes observed in the main study were not considered adverse. The test material also tested negative for mutagenicity in bacterial reverse mutation assays (plate incorporation and preincubation) in the absence and presence of metabolic activation. The results indicate that the oral 90-day no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Elixinol Hemp Extract in rats is 86.81 mg/kg bw/day (highest dose administered), and that the extract is not mutagenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margitta Dziwenka
- GRAS Associates, LLC 11810 Grand Park Avenue, Suite 500, North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Laurie C. Dolan
- GRAS Associates, LLC 11810 Grand Park Avenue, Suite 500, North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Mithila Rao
- Product Safety Labs, 2394 US Highway 130, Dayton, NJ 08810, USA
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8
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Baali B, Kirane-Amrani L, Tichati L, Soual R, Ouali K. Lipid peroxidation and changes in major antioxidant markers in copper quinolate fungicide-exposed rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2023; 39:664-678. [PMID: 37753813 DOI: 10.1177/07482337231203075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the toxic effects of sub-chronic exposure to copper quinolate (CuQ) fungicide on liver and kidney function. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were equally divided into a control group, and three treated groups received, respectively, by oral gavage, three increasing doses of CuQ: 47; 67.1; and 94 mg/kg b.w corresponding, respectively, LD50/100, LD50/70, and LD50/50 daily for 8 weeks. CuQ resulted in a significant increase in the serum enzymatic activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, and malondialdehyde, along with a marked decrease in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, and the contents of total protein and albumin compared to those of the control group. Furthermore, glutathione content and the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner with respect to CuQ. The adverse effects of CuO were supported by the histopathological evaluations of liver and kidney tissues. Conclusively, sub-chronic CuQ exposure was shown to induce kidney and liver oxidative damage and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Baali
- Laboratory of Environmental Biosurveillance (LBSE), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Annaba, Algeria
| | - L Kirane-Amrani
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Sidi Amar, Algeria
| | - L Tichati
- Environmental Research Center (ERC), Sidi Amar, Algeria
| | - R Soual
- Applied Neuroendocrinology Laboratory (LNA), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Sidi Amar, Algeria
| | - K Ouali
- Laboratory of Environmental Biosurveillance (LBSE), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Annaba, Algeria
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9
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Luo J, Watson WH, Gripshover TC, Qaissi Z, Wahlang B. Sex-specific effects of acute chlordane exposure in the context of steatotic liver disease, energy metabolism and endocrine disruption. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 180:114024. [PMID: 37666290 PMCID: PMC10617492 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlordane is an organochlorine pesticide (OCP) that is environmentally persistent. Although exposures to OCPs including chlordane have been associated with elevated liver enzymes, current knowledge on OCPs' contribution to toxicant-associated steatotic liver disease (TASLD) and underlying sex-specific metabolic/endocrine disruption are still widely limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the sex-dependent effects of chlordane in the context of TASLD. Age-matched male and female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to chlordane (20 mg/kg, one-time oral gavage) for two weeks. Female mice generally exhibited lower bodyfat content but more steatosis and hepatic lipid levels, consistent with increased hepatic mRNA levels of genes involved in lipid synthesis and uptake. Surprisingly, chlordane-exposed females demonstrated lower hepatic cholesterol levels. With regards to metabolic disruption, chlordane exposure decreased expression of genes involved in glycogen and glucose metabolism (Pklr, Gck), while chlordane-exposed females also exhibited decreased gene expression of HNF4A, an important regulator of liver identity and function. In terms of endocrine endpoints, chlordane augmented plasma testosterone levels in males. Furthermore, chlordane activated hepatic xenobiotic receptors, including the constitutive androstane receptor, in a sex-dependent manner. Overall, chlordane exposure led to altered hepatic energy metabolism, and potential chlordane-sex interactions regulated metabolic/endocrine disruption and receptor activation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhu Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Walter H Watson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; The Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Tyler C Gripshover
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Zayna Qaissi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Banrida Wahlang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; The Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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10
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Tallon MJ, Child R. Subchronic oral toxicity assessment of a cannabis extract. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 144:105496. [PMID: 37734651 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is present in Cannabis Sativa L. and has been used in medicines and foods to deliver beneficial health effects. Despite this, research on CBD safety utilising modern testing methods is lacking. Therefore three separate safety experiments were performed on a CBD isolate. Sprague-Dawley rats were used to investigate prenatal development, a 14-day toxicity sighting study, and an OECD compliant 90-day subchronic oral toxicity trial, with 35-day off-dose recovery. The prenatal screening study demonstrated reduced body weights and food consumption in the highest dose group, but no substance-related changes in pregnancy rate, maternal or placental gross abnormalities, or premature deliveries. The 14-day study indicated tolerance up to 460 mg/kg bw/d of CBD isolate. Based on these findings, a 90-day repeated dose oral toxicity study was performed at doses of 0, 30, 115, 230, and 460 mg/kg bw/d of CBD, followed by a 35-day off-dose recovery period. In the 90-day study, some non-adverse organ and tissue changes were observed. With the exception of the high dose group, these fully reversed during the recovery period. Based on these findings, sub-chronic consumption of highly purified isolate results in a CBD NOAEL of 460 mg/kg bw/d for males and 230 mg/kg bw/d for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Tallon
- Legal Products Group Ltd, 26 St Thomas Pl, Ely, Cambridgeshire, CB7 4EX, UK.
| | - Robert Child
- Legal Products Group Ltd, 26 St Thomas Pl, Ely, Cambridgeshire, CB7 4EX, UK; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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11
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Kuznietsova H, Géloën A, Dziubenko N, Zaderko A, Alekseev S, Lysenko V, Skryshevsky V. In vitro and in vivo toxicity of carbon dots with different chemical compositions. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:111. [PMID: 37682347 PMCID: PMC10491573 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are easy-obtained nanoparticles with wide range of biological activity; however, their toxicity after prolonged exposure is poorly investigated. So, in vitro and in vivo toxicity of CDs with the surfaces enriched with hydroxylated hydrocarbon chains and methylene groups (CD_GE), carboxyl and phenol groups accompanied with nitrogen (CD_3011), trifluoromethyl (CDF19) or toluidine and aniline groups (CDN19) were aimed to be discovered. CDs' in vitro toxicity was assessed on A549 cells (real-time cell analysis of impedance, fluorescence microscopy) after 24 h of incubation, and we observed no changes in cell viability and morphology. CDs' in vivo toxicity was assessed on C57Bl6 mice after multiple dosages (5 mg/kg subcutaneously) for 14 days. Lethality (up to 50%) was observed in CDN19 and CD_3011 groups on different days of dosing, accompanied by toxicity signs in case of CD_3011. There were no changes in serum biochemical parameters except Urea (increased in CDF19 and CD_3011 groups), nor substantial kidney, liver, and spleen injuries. The most impactful for all organs were also CD_3011 and CDF19, causing renal tubule injury and liver blood supply violation. Thus, CDs with a surface enriched with oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups might be toxic after multiple everyday dosing, without, however, significant damages of internal organs in survived animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halyna Kuznietsova
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine.
- Corporation Science Park, Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Str., Kiev, 01033, Ukraine.
| | - Alain Géloën
- Laboratoire Ecologie Microbienne (LEM), UMR CNRS 5557, INRAE 1418, VetAgroSup, Université Lyon 1, Domaine Scientifique de La Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nataliia Dziubenko
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
- Corporation Science Park, Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Str., Kiev, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Alexander Zaderko
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
- Corporation Science Park, Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Str., Kiev, 01033, Ukraine
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Science, University of Presov, 17Th November Str. 1, 08001, Presov, Slovak Republic
| | - Sergei Alekseev
- Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Lva Tolstoho Street, 12, Kiev, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir Lysenko
- Light Matter Institute, UMR-5306, Claude Bernard University of Lyon/CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Valeriy Skryshevsky
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
- Corporation Science Park, Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Str., Kiev, 01033, Ukraine
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12
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Jain I, Brougham-Cook A, Underhill GH. Effect of distinct ECM microenvironments on the genome-wide chromatin accessibility and gene expression responses of hepatic stellate cells. Acta Biomater 2023; 167:278-292. [PMID: 37343907 PMCID: PMC10527607 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are one of the primary drivers of liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Although HSC activation in liver disease is associated with changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and remodeling, it remains unclear how ECM regulates the phenotypic state transitions of HSCs. Using high-throughput cellular microarrays, coupled with genome-wide ATAC and RNA sequencing within engineered ECM microenvironments, we investigated the effect of ECM and substrate stiffness on chromatin accessibility and resulting gene expression in activated primary human HSCs. Cell microarrays demonstrated the cooperative effects of stiffness and ECM composition on H3K4 and H3K9 methylation/acetylation. ATAC sequencing revealed higher chromatin accessibility in HSCs on 1kPa compared to 25kPa substrates for all ECM conditions. Gene set enrichment analysis using RNA sequencing data of HSCs in defined ECM microenvironments demonstrated higher enrichment of NAFLD and fibrosis-related genes in pre-activated HSCs on 1kPa relative to 25kPa. Overall, these findings are indicative of a microenvironmental adaptation response in HSCs, and the acquisition of a persistent activation state. Combined ATAC/RNA sequencing analyses enabled identification of candidate regulatory factors, including HSD11B1 and CEBPb. siRNA-mediated knockdown of HSD11b1 and CEBPb demonstrated microenvironmental controlled reduction in fibrogenic markers in HSCs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are one of the primary drivers of liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Although HSC activation in liver disease is associated with changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and remodeling, it remains unclear how ECM regulates the phenotypic state transitions of HSCs. Using high-throughput cellular microarrays, coupled with genome-wide ATAC and RNA sequencing within engineered ECM microenvironments, we investigated the effect of ECM and substrate stiffness on chromatin accessibility and resulting gene expression in activated primary human HSCs. Overall, these findings were indicative of a microenvironmental adaptation response in HSCs, and the acquisition of a persistent activation state. Combined ATAC/RNA sequencing analyses enabled identification of candidate regulatory factors, including HSD11B1 and CEBPb. siRNA-mediated knockdown of HSD11b1 and CEBPb demonstrated microenvironmental controlled reduction in fibrogenic markers in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Jain
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, USA
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13
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Madsen S, Bak SY, Yde CC, Jensen HM, Knudsen TA, Bæch-Laursen C, Holst JJ, Laustsen C, Hedemann MS. Unravelling Effects of Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract on Hepatic Fat Accumulation and Plasma Lipid Profile in Rats Fed a High-Fat Western-Style Diet. Metabolites 2023; 13:974. [PMID: 37755254 PMCID: PMC10534343 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13090974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the preventive effect on obesity-related conditions of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract (RE) in young, healthy rats fed a high-fat Western-style diet to complement the existing knowledge gap concerning the anti-obesity effects of RE in vivo. Sprague Dawley rats (71.3 ± 0.46 g) were fed a high-fat Western-style diet (WD) or WD containing either 1 g/kg feed or 4 g/kg feed RE for six weeks. A group fed standard chow served as a negative control. The treatments did not affect body weight; however, the liver fat percentage was reduced in rats fed RE, and NMR analyses of liver tissue indicated that total cholesterol and triglycerides in the liver were reduced. In plasma, HDL cholesterol was increased while triglycerides were decreased. Rats fed high RE had significantly increased fasting plasma concentrations of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Proteomics analyses of liver tissue showed that RE increased enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation, possibly associated with the higher fasting GLP-1 levels, which may explain the improvement of the overall lipid profile and hepatic fat accumulation. Furthermore, high levels of succinic acid in the cecal content of RE-treated animals suggested a modulation of the microbiota composition. In conclusion, our results suggest that RE may alleviate the effects of consuming a high-fat diet through increased GLP-1 secretion and changes in microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel Madsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Steffen Yde Bak
- IFF—Nutrition Biosciences Aps, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (C.C.Y.); (H.M.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Christian Clement Yde
- IFF—Nutrition Biosciences Aps, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (C.C.Y.); (H.M.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Henrik Max Jensen
- IFF—Nutrition Biosciences Aps, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (C.C.Y.); (H.M.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Tine Ahrendt Knudsen
- IFF—Nutrition Biosciences Aps, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (C.C.Y.); (H.M.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Cecilie Bæch-Laursen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.B.-L.); (J.J.H.)
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.B.-L.); (J.J.H.)
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- The MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Mette Skou Hedemann
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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14
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Kim M, Kim B, Lee JH, Kim D, Song GS, Williams SD, Son WC. Carcinogenicity assessment of tegoprazan in Sprague-Dawley (Crl:CD) rats and ICR (Crl:CD1) mice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023:105424. [PMID: 37295487 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tegoprazan is a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker (P-CAB) that reversibly inhibits the proton pump in gastric parietal cells and has been approved for the treatment of acid-related diseases in Korea. This study aimed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of tegoprazan in Sprague-Dawley rats and CD-1 mice. Tegoprazan was administered daily by oral gavage to rats for up to 94 weeks and mice for up to 104 weeks. Evidence of carcinogenic potential of tegoprazan was identified in rats only and was limited to benign and/or malignant neuroendocrine cell tumors at exposures >7-fold of the recommended human dose. Glandular stomach findings were considered secondary to the expected pharmacology of tegoprazan, characterized by their location in the fundic and body regions of the stomach. Overall, tegoprazan induced gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell tumors in SD rats, but did not produce any treatment-related statistically significant increase in the incidence of neoplasms relevant to humans when administered to SD rats and CD-1 mice by gavage at doses up to 300 and 150 mg/kg/day, respectively. Gastric ECL cell tumors are thought to be induced by the exaggerated indirect pharmacological effect of tegoprazan, similar to that reported for proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and other P-CABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongjoong Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; HK inno.N Corporation, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Woo-Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
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15
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Gao M, Chen K, Gu W, Liu X, Liu T, Ying Y, Cao C, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Yang G. 28-day repeated dose toxicity and toxicokinetics study on new melatonergic antidepressant GW117 in beagle dogs. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:577-588. [PMID: 36268681 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
GW117 is new melatonergic antidepressant being developed to show better antidepressant action than agomelatine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and to determine potential target organs after oral (gavage) administration of the test article GW117 for 28 days and to assess the reversibility after a 4-week recovery phase in beagle dogs. Toxicokinetics was also evaluated. Four groups were designed in this study, including the vehicle control group and the GW117 50, 150 and 500 mg/kg/day groups, with 5 dogs/sex/group. Body weight, hematology, clinical chemistry, gross necropsy, organ weight, histopathology, and other indicators were examined. Results showed that animals dosed at ≥150 mg/kg/day showed gastrointestinal reactions (watery feces and dark green/red brown feces), with a dose-response relationship in the incidence and severity grade. Female dogs at 500 mg/kg/day had an increase in organ weight and ratios of the liver at the end of the dosing phase. Histopathology examination showed that some animals at 500 mg/kg/day, especially female animals, had minimal centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy in the liver, which reversed after 28-day recovery. With the exception of the above, no GW117-related abnormality was noted. Meanwhile, there were no sexual differences in drug exposure and accumulation after the first and last dosing. The no observed adverse effect dose level (NOAEL) was 150 mg/kg/day, under which mean Cmax and AUC0 → t were 583.5 and 2767.0 ng/ml*h for females and 663.2 and 4046.3 ng/ml*h for males on Day 28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Beijing GreatWay Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Tianbin Liu
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Yong Ying
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Chong Cao
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
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16
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Lambré C, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Silano (until 21 December 2020†) V, Steffensen I, Tlustos C, Vernis L, Zorn H, Batke M, Bignami M, Corsini E, FitzGerald R, Gundert‐Remy U, Halldorsson T, Hart A, Ntzani E, Scanziani E, Schroeder H, Ulbrich B, Waalkens‐Berendsen D, Woelfle D, Al Harraq Z, Baert K, Carfì M, Castoldi AF, Croera C, Van Loveren H. Re-evaluation of the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2023; 21:e06857. [PMID: 37089179 PMCID: PMC10113887 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.6857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2015, EFSA established a temporary tolerable daily intake (t-TDI) for BPA of 4 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day. In 2016, the European Commission mandated EFSA to re-evaluate the risks to public health from the presence of BPA in foodstuffs and to establish a tolerable daily intake (TDI). For this re-evaluation, a pre-established protocol was used that had undergone public consultation. The CEP Panel concluded that it is Unlikely to Very Unlikely that BPA presents a genotoxic hazard through a direct mechanism. Taking into consideration the evidence from animal data and support from human observational studies, the immune system was identified as most sensitive to BPA exposure. An effect on Th17 cells in mice was identified as the critical effect; these cells are pivotal in cellular immune mechanisms and involved in the development of inflammatory conditions, including autoimmunity and lung inflammation. A reference point (RP) of 8.2 ng/kg bw per day, expressed as human equivalent dose, was identified for the critical effect. Uncertainty analysis assessed a probability of 57-73% that the lowest estimated Benchmark Dose (BMD) for other health effects was below the RP based on Th17 cells. In view of this, the CEP Panel judged that an additional uncertainty factor (UF) of 2 was needed for establishing the TDI. Applying an overall UF of 50 to the RP, a TDI of 0.2 ng BPA/kg bw per day was established. Comparison of this TDI with the dietary exposure estimates from the 2015 EFSA opinion showed that both the mean and the 95th percentile dietary exposures in all age groups exceeded the TDI by two to three orders of magnitude. Even considering the uncertainty in the exposure assessment, the exceedance being so large, the CEP Panel concluded that there is a health concern from dietary BPA exposure.
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17
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Yoda T, Tochitani T, Usui T, Kouchi M, Inada H, Hosaka T, Kanno Y, Miyawaki I, Yoshinari K. Involvement of the CYP1A1 inhibition-mediated activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in drug-induced hepatotoxicity. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:359-373. [PMID: 36047110 DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is one of the most common toxicities observed in non-clinical safety studies of drug candidates, and it is important to understand the hepatotoxicity mechanism to assess the risk of drug-induced liver injury in humans. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of hepatotoxicity caused by 2-[2-Methyl-1-(oxan-4-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole (DSP-0640), a drug candidate that showed hepatotoxicity characterized by centrilobular hypertrophy and vacuolation of hepatocytes in a 4-week oral repeated-dose toxicity study in male rats. In the liver of rats treated with DSP-0640, the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) target genes, including Cyp1a1, was upregulated. In in vitro reporter assays, however, DSP-0640 showed only minimal AHR-activating potency. Therefore, we investigated the possibility that DSP-0640 indirectly activated AHR by inhibiting the CYP1 enzyme-dependent clearance of endogenous AHR agonists. In in vitro assays, DSP-0640 showed inhibitory effects on both rat and human CYP1A1 and enhanced rat and human AHR-mediated reporter gene expression induced by 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole, a well-known endogenous AHR agonist. The possible involvement of CYP1A1 inhibition in AHR activation was also demonstrated with other hepatotoxic compounds tacrine and albendazole. These results suggest that CYP1A1 inhibition-mediated AHR activation is involved in the hepatotoxicity caused by DSP-0640 and that DSP-0640 might induce hepatotoxicity in humans as well. We propose that CYP1A1 inhibition-mediated AHR activation is a novel mechanism for drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Yoda
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd.,Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | - Toru Usui
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Mami Kouchi
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd
| | | | - Takuomi Hosaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yuichiro Kanno
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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18
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Pregnane X receptor promotes liver enlargement in mice through the spatial induction of hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 367:110133. [PMID: 36030841 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) can induce significant liver enlargement through hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation. A previous report showed that during the process of PXR-induced liver enlargement, hepatocyte hypertrophy occurs around the central vein (CV) area while hepatocyte proliferation occurs around the portal vein (PV) area. However, the features of this spatial change remain unclear. Therefore, this study aims to explore the features of the spatial changes in hepatocytes in PXR-induced liver enlargement. PXR-induced spatial changes in hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation were confirmed in C57BL/6 mice. The liver was perfused with digitonin to destroy the hepatocytes around the CV or PV areas, and then the regional expression of proteins related to hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation was further measured. The results showed that the expression of PXR downstream proteins, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A11, CYP2B10, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and organ anion transporting polypeptide 2 (OATP2) was upregulated around the CV area, while the expression of proliferation-related proteins such as cyclin B1 (CCNB1), cyclin D1 (CCND1) and serine/threonine NIMA-related kinase 2 (NEK2) was upregulated around the PV area. At the same time, the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors such as retinoblastoma-like protein 2 (RBL2), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B) and CDKN1A was downregulated around the PV area. This study demonstrated that the spatial change in PXR-induced hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation is associated with the regional expression of PXR downstream targets and proliferation-related proteins and the regional distribution of triglycerides (TGs). These findings provide new insight into the understanding of PXR-induced hepatomegaly.
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Siska W, Schultze AE, Ennulat D, Biddle K, Logan M, Adedeji AO, Arndt T, Aulbach A. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Integration of Clinical Pathology Data With Anatomic Pathology Data in Nonclinical Toxicology Studies. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:311-329. [PMID: 35975895 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Integrating clinical pathology data with anatomic pathology data is a common practice when reporting findings in the context of nonclinical toxicity studies and aids in understanding and communicating the nonclinical safety profile of test articles in development. Appropriate pathology data integration requires knowledge of analyte and tissue biology, species differences, methods of specimen acquisition and analysis, study procedures, and an understanding of the potential causes and effects of a variety of pathophysiologic processes. Neglecting these factors can lead to inappropriate data integration or a missed opportunity to enhance understanding and communication of observed changes. In such cases, nonclinical safety information relevant to human safety risk assessment may be misrepresented or misunderstood. This "Points to Consider" manuscript presents general concepts regarding pathology data integration in nonclinical studies, considerations for avoiding potential oversights and errors in data integration, and focused discussion on topics relevant to data integration for several key organ systems, including liver, kidney, and cardiovascular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tara Arndt
- Labcorp Drug Development, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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20
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Siska W, Schultze AE, Ennulat D, Biddle K, Logan M, Adedeji AO, Arndt T, Aulbach AD. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Integration of Clinical Pathology Data With Anatomic Pathology Data in Nonclinical Toxicology Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:808-826. [DOI: 10.1177/01926233221108887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article is temporarily under embargo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tara Arndt
- Labcorp Drug Development, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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21
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Sathish JG, Bhatt S, DaSilva JK, Flynn D, Jenkinson S, Kalgutkar AS, Liu M, Manickam B, Pinkstaff J, Reagan WJ, Shirai N, Shoieb AM, Sirivelu M, Vispute S, Vitsky A, Walters K, Wisialowski TA, Updyke LW. Comprehensive Nonclinical Safety Assessment of Nirmatrelvir Supporting Timely Development of the SARS-COV-2 Antiviral Therapeutic, Paxlovid™. Int J Toxicol 2022; 41:276-290. [PMID: 35603517 PMCID: PMC9125132 DOI: 10.1177/10915818221095489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a potentially fatal infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease (Mpro) is a viral enzyme essential for replication and is the target for nirmatrelvir. Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir co-administered with the pharmacokinetic enhancer ritonavir) showed efficacy in COVID-19 patients at high risk of progressing to hospitalization and/or death. Nonclinical safety studies with nirmatrelvir are essential in informing benefit-risk of Paxlovid and were conducted to support clinical development. In vivo safety pharmacology assessments included a nervous system/pulmonary study in rats and a cardiovascular study in telemetered monkeys. Potential toxicities were assessed in repeat dose studies of up to 1 month in rats and monkeys. Nirmatrelvir administration (1,000 mg/kg, p.o.) to male rats produced transient increases in locomotor activity and respiratory rate but did not affect behavioral endpoints in the functional observational battery. Cardiovascular effects in monkeys were limited to transient increases in blood pressure and decreases in heart rate, observed only at the highest dose tested (75 mg/kg per dose b.i.d; p.o.). Nirmatrelvir did not prolong QTc-interval or induce arrhythmias. There were no adverse findings in repeat dose toxicity studies up to 1 month in rats (up to 1,000 mg/kg daily, p.o.) or monkeys (up to 600 mg/kg daily, p.o.). Nonadverse, reversible clinical pathology findings without clinical or microscopic correlates included prolonged coagulation times at ≥60 mg/kg in rats and increases in transaminases at 600 mg/kg in monkeys. The safety pharmacology and nonclinical toxicity profiles of nirmatrelvir support clinical development and use of Paxlovid for treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean G. Sathish
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Siddhartha Bhatt
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Jamie K. DaSilva
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Declan Flynn
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Stephen Jenkinson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amit S. Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maggie Liu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jason Pinkstaff
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - William J. Reagan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Norimitsu Shirai
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Ahmed M. Shoieb
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Madhu Sirivelu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Saurabh Vispute
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Allison Vitsky
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karen Walters
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Todd A. Wisialowski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Lawrence W. Updyke
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
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22
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Yamada T, Lake BG, Cohen SM. Evaluation of the human hazard of the liver and lung tumors in mice treated with permethrin based on mode of action. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:1-31. [PMID: 35275035 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2035316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The non-genotoxic synthetic pyrethroid insecticide permethrin produced hepatocellular adenomas and bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas in female CD-1 mice, but not in male CD-1 mice or in female or male Wistar rats. Studies were performed to evaluate possible modes of action (MOAs) for permethrin-induced female CD-1 mouse liver and lung tumor formation. The MOA for liver tumor formation by permethrin involves activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), increased hepatocellular proliferation, development of altered hepatic foci, and ultimately liver tumors. This MOA is similar to that established for other PPARα activators and is considered to be qualitatively not plausible for humans. The MOA for lung tumor formation by permethrin involves interaction with Club cells, followed by a mitogenic effect resulting in Club cell proliferation, with prolonged administration producing Club cell hyperplasia and subsequently formation of bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas. Although the possibility that permethrin exposure may potentially result in enhancement of Club cell proliferation in humans cannot be completely excluded, there is sufficient information on differences in basic lung anatomy, physiology, metabolism, and biologic behavior of tumors in the general literature to conclude that humans are quantitatively less sensitive to agents that increase Club cell proliferation and lead to tumor formation in mice. The evidence strongly indicates that Club cell mitogens are not likely to lead to increased susceptibility to lung tumor development in humans. Overall, based on MOA evaluation it is concluded that permethrin does not pose a tumorigenic hazard for humans, this conclusion being supported by negative data from permethrin epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yamada
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Brian G Lake
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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23
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Isoflucypram: Combining in vivo and NAMs data in a weight of evidence approach to demonstrate the human non-relevance of the mode of action leading to the subtle thyroid effects observed in the rat. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 131:105154. [PMID: 35276315 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Isoflucypram (ISY) is a new cereal fungicide with an overall favorable toxicity profile. As the thyroid was identified as a target organ only in the rat, following repeat dosing; short term in vivo (rat) and in vitro mechanistic studies were conducted to substantiate the thyroid changes as being secondary to liver enzyme induction via PXR/CAR activation and to determine the human non-relevance of the thyroid effects. The in vivo studies established ISY as a weak prototypical hepatic PXR/CAR enzyme inducer (P450 and T4-UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (T4-UDPGT) activities), with the induction being associated with increased liver weight/hepatocellular hypertrophy/proliferation. Thyroid effects (minimal follicular cell hypertrophy/proliferation, slight, statistically significantly increased thyroid stimulating hormone) occurred at doses where liver stimulation was already established. Direct thyroid effects (in vitro thyroid peroxidase and sodium iodide symporter inhibition) were excluded. Marked quantitative species differences were identified when comparing rat and human hepatic enzyme activities in vitro, particularly for T4-UDPGT. Specifically, basal T4-UDPGT was 4-fold lower in human compared to rat hepatocytes. In addition, T4-UDPGT was induced in vitro in rat but not in human hepatocytes following ISY treatment. Overall, the weight of evidence supports a liver mediated mode of action for the isoflucypram-induced slight rat thyroid changes as well as the human non-relevance of these findings.
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Yoshinari K, Shizu R. Distinct roles of the sister nuclear receptors PXR and CAR in liver cancer development. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1019-1026. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Hamada S, Shigano M, Wako Y, Kawasako K, Satomoto K, Mitsumoto T, Fukuda T, Ohyama W, Morita T, Hayashi M. Detection of hepatocarcinogens by combination of liver micronucleus assay and histopathological examination in 2-week or 4-week repeated dose studies. Genes Environ 2022; 44:2. [PMID: 34983681 PMCID: PMC8725540 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, revisions to the ICH S1 guidance on rodent carcinogenicity testing are being proposed. Application of this approach would reduce the use of animals in accordance with the 3Rs principles (reduce/refine/replace). The method would also shift resources to focus on more scientific mechanism-based carcinogenicity assessments and promote safe and ethical development of new small molecule pharmaceuticals. In the revised draft, findings such as cellular hypertrophy, diffuse and/or focal cellular hyperplasia, persistent tissue injury and/or chronic inflammation, preneoplastic changes, and tumors are listed as histopathology findings of particular interest for identifying carcinogenic potential. In order to predict hepatocarcinogenicity of test chemicals based on the results from 2- or 4-week repeated dose studies, we retrospectively reanalyzed the results of a previous collaborative study on the liver micronucleus assay. We focused on liver micronucleus induction in combination with histopathological changes including hypertrophy, proliferation of oval cells or bile duct epithelial cells, tissue injuries, regenerative changes, and inflammatory changes as the early responses of hepatocarcinogenesis. For these early responses, A total of 20 carcinogens, including 14 genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (Group A) and 6 non-liver-targeted genotoxic carcinogens (Group B) were evaluated. Results In the Group A chemicals, 5 chemicals (NPYR, MDA, NDPA, 2,6-DNT, and NMOR) showed all of the 6 early responses in hepatocarcinogenesis. Five chemicals (DMN, 2,4-DNT, QUN, 2-AAF, and TAA) showed 4 responses, and 4 chemicals (DAB, 2-NP, MCT, and Sudan I) showed 3 responses. All chemicals exhibited at least 3 early responses. Contrarily, in the Group B chemicals (6 chemicals), 3 of the 6 early responses were observed in 1 chemical (MNNG). No more than two responses were observed in 3 chemicals (MMC, MMS, and KA), and no responses were observed in 2 chemicals (CP and KBrO3). Conclusion Evaluation of liver micronucleus induction in combination with histopathological examination is useful for detecting hepatocarcinogens. This assay takes much less time than routine long-term carcinogenicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Hamada
- BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11 Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Shigano
- LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, 314-0255, Japan
| | - Yumi Wako
- LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, 314-0255, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Kawasako
- Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 midorimachi, Bunkyoudai, Ebetsu-shi, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kensuke Satomoto
- BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11 Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mitsumoto
- BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11 Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fukuda
- BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11 Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan
| | - Wakako Ohyama
- Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo, 186-8650, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morita
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, 2-49-10 Nishihara, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 151-0066, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- makoto international consulting, 4-23-3-1 Kamiimaizumi, Ebina-shi, Kanagawa, 243-0431, Japan
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26
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Kodama S, Yoshii N, Ota A, Takeshita JI, Yoshinari K, Ono A. Association between in vitro nuclear receptor-activating profiles of chemical compounds and their in vivo hepatotoxicity in rats. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:569-587. [PMID: 34853243 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays critical roles to maintain homeostasis of living organisms and is also a major target organ of chemical toxicity. Meanwhile, nuclear receptors (NRs) are known to regulate major liver functions and also as a critical target for hepatotoxic compounds. In this study, we established mammalian one-hybrid assay systems for five rat-derived NRs, namely PXR, PPARα, LXRα, FXR and RXRα, and evaluated a total of 326 compounds for their NR-activating profiles. Then, we assessed the association between their NR-activating profile and hepatotoxic endpoints in repeated-dose toxicity data of male rats from Hazard Evaluation Support System. In the in vitro cell-based assays, 68, 38, 20, 17 and 17 compounds were identified as positives for PXR, PPARα, LXRα, FXR and RXRα, respectively. The association analyses demonstrated that the PXR-positive compounds showed high frequency of endpoints related to liver hypertrophy, such as centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy, suggesting that PXR activation is involved in chemical-induced liver hypertrophy in rats. It is intriguing to note that the PXR-positive compounds also showed statistically significant associations with both prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time and prolonged prothrombin time, suggesting a possible involvement of PXR in the regulation of blood clotting factors. Collectively, our approach may be useful for discovering new functions of NRs as well as understanding the complex mechanism for hepatotoxicity caused by chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kodama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Nao Yoshii
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Akihiro Ota
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Jun-Ichi Takeshita
- Reserach Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
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Rusyn I, Arzuaga X, Cattley RC, Christopher Corton J, Ferguson SS, Godoy P, Guyton KZ, Kaplowitz N, Khetani SR, Roberts R, Roth RA, Smith MT. Key Characteristics of Human Hepatotoxicants as a Basis for Identification and Characterization of the Causes of Liver Toxicity. Hepatology 2021; 74:3486-3496. [PMID: 34105804 PMCID: PMC8901129 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hazard identification regarding adverse effects on the liver is a critical step in safety evaluations of drugs and other chemicals. Current testing paradigms for hepatotoxicity rely heavily on preclinical studies in animals and human data (epidemiology and clinical trials). Mechanistic understanding of the molecular and cellular pathways that may cause or exacerbate hepatotoxicity is well advanced and holds promise for identification of hepatotoxicants. One of the challenges in translating mechanistic evidence into robust decisions about potential hepatotoxicity is the lack of a systematic approach to integrate these data to help identify liver toxicity hazards. Recently, marked improvements were achieved in the practice of hazard identification of carcinogens, female and male reproductive toxicants, and endocrine disrupting chemicals using the key characteristics approach. Here, we describe the methods by which key characteristics of human hepatotoxicants were identified and provide examples for how they could be used to systematically identify, organize, and use mechanistic data when identifying hepatotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Xabier Arzuaga
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - J. Christopher Corton
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephen S. Ferguson
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Patricio Godoy
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn Z. Guyton
- Monographs Programme, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Research Center for Liver Disease, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Salman R. Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ruth Roberts
- ApconiX, Alderley Edge, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lancing, MI, USA
| | - Martyn T. Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Saganuwan SA. Application of modified Michaelis - Menten equations for determination of enzyme inducing and inhibiting drugs. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 22:57. [PMID: 34635182 PMCID: PMC8507113 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-021-00521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) of drugs. Some drugs undergo zero-order kinetics (ethyl alcohol), first order kinetics (piroxicam) and mixed order kinetics (ascorbic acid). Drugs that undergo Michaelis-Menten metabolism are characterized by either increased or decreased metabolism constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) of enzyme reaction. Hence literatures were searched with a view to translating in vitro-in vivo enzyme kinetics to pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters for determination of enzyme inducing and inhibiting drugs, in order to achieve optimal clinical efficacy and safety. METHODS A narrative review of retrospective secondary data on drugs, their metabolites, Vmax and Km, generated in the laboratory and clinical environments was adopted, using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Key word search strategy was applied, to assess databases of published articles on enzyme inducing and inhibiting drugs, that obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics. In vitro and in vivo kinetic parameters, such as concentration of substrate, rate of endogenous substrate production, cellular metabolic rate, initial velocity of metabolism, intrinsic clearance, percent saturation and unsaturation of the enzyme substrate, were calculated using original and modified formulas. Years and numbers of searched publications, types of equations and their applications were recorded. RESULTS A total of fifty-six formulas both established and modified were applied in the present study. Findings have shown that theophylline, voriconazole, phenytoin, thiopental, fluorouracil, thyamine and thymidine are enzyme inducers whereas, mibefradil, metronidazole, isoniazid and puromicin are enzyme inhibitors. They are metabolized and eliminated according to Michaelis-Menten principle. The order could be mixed but may change to zero or first order, depending on drug concentration, frequency and route of drug administration. CONCLUSION Hence, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic translation can be optimally achieved by incorporating, newly modified Michaelis-Menten equations into pharmacokinetic formulas for clinical efficacy and safety of the enzyme inducing and inhibiting therapeutic agents used in laboratory and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B.2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.
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Tripathi S, Hafzalah M, Harthan AA, Wang Y, Patel PM, Welty ME, Subramanian S. Assessment of Phenobarbital Administration to Reduce Opioid and Benzodiazepine Use in the Immediate Postoperative Period Following Stage 2 Single-Ventricle Palliation. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2021; 26:584-591. [PMID: 34421407 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-26.6.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Glenn procedure may lead to the development of elevated cerebral venous pressures, which is believed to result in "Glenn headaches." This manifests as excessive irritability, often requiring significant use of opioids and benzodiazepines. This study was designed to report our experience with the use of phenobarbital in the postoperative phase after the Glenn procedure. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review to compare Glenn patients before and after implementation of a sedation protocol using phenobarbital. The 2 groups were compared for demographics, surgical characteristics, and cumulative sedation usage. Correlation coefficients between the preoperative catheterization variables and sedation usage were also calculated. RESULTS Groups A (pre-phenobarbital; n = 8) and B (post-phenobarbital; n = 11) were comparable in terms of demographics, cardiac anatomy, preoperative catheterization data, and hemodynamics. Patients in Group B received a median dose of 21.8 mg/kg of phenobarbital during their ICU stay. Although there was a decreased administration of morphine equivalents (2.60 mg/kg vs 2.25 mg/kg, p = 0.38), benzodiazepine (0.1 mg/kg vs 0.074 mg/kg, p = 0.43), and dexmedetomidine (47 mcg/kg vs 37.2 mcg/kg, p = 0.53) in Group B, the differences were not statistically significant. There was also no strong correlation between preoperative hemodynamic variables and the postoperative sedation requirement, and there was no statistically significant difference in overall outcomes between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS While phenobarbital may have mitigated the use of opioids, benzodiazepines, and alpha-agonist agents in some postoperative Glenn patients, the overall findings for all patients were not statistically significant. Further prospective studies are needed to ascertain the role of phenobarbital in these patients.
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30
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Skydsgaard M, Dincer Z, Haschek WM, Helke K, Jacob B, Jacobsen B, Jeppesen G, Kato A, Kawaguchi H, McKeag S, Nelson K, Rittinghausen S, Schaudien D, Vemireddi V, Wojcinski ZW. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Minipig. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:110-228. [PMID: 33393872 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320975373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions) Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in most tissues and organs from the minipig used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. Relevant infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zuhal Dincer
- Pathology Department, Covance Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, United Kingdom
| | - Wanda M Haschek
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kris Helke
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Bjoern Jacobsen
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gitte Jeppesen
- Charles River Laboratories Copenhagen, Lille Skensved, Denmark
| | - Atsuhiko Kato
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd Research Division, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Sean McKeag
- Pathology Department, Covance Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, United Kingdom
| | | | - Susanne Rittinghausen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
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Yamauchi H, Andou T, Watanabe T, Gotou M, Anayama H. Quantitative protein profiling of phenobarbital-induced drug metabolizing enzymes in rat liver by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021; 112:107107. [PMID: 34363961 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.107107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Administration of a compound can induce drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) in the liver. DME induction can affect various parameters in toxicology studies. Therefore, evaluation of DME induction is important for interpreting test compound-induced biological responses. Several methods such as measurement of hepatic microsomal DME activity using substrates, electron microscopy, or immunohistochemistry have been used; however, these methods are limited in throughput and specificity or are not quantitative. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based protein analysis can detect and quantify multiple proteins simultaneously per assay. Studies have shown that formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples, which are routinely collected in toxicology studies, can be used for LC/MS-based protein analysis. To validate the utility of LC/MS using FFPE samples for quantitative evaluation of DME induction, we treated rats with a DME inducer, phenobarbital, and compared the protein expression levels of 13 phase-I and 11 phase-II DMEs between FFPE and fresh frozen hepatic samples using LC/MS. A good correlation between data from FFPE and frozen samples was obtained after analysis. In FFPE and frozen samples, the expression of 6 phase-I and 8 phase-II DMEs showed a similar significant increase and a prominent rise in Cyp2b2 and Cyp3a1 levels. In addition, LC/MS data were consistent with the measurement of microsomal DME activities. These results suggest that LC/MS-based protein expression analysis using FFPE samples is as effective as that using frozen samples for detecting DME induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yamauchi
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Andou
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Gotou
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hisashi Anayama
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Zagaja M, Bryda J, Szewczyk A, Szala-Rycaj J, Łuszczki JJ, Walczak M, Kuś K, Andres-Mach M. Xanthotoxin enhances the anticonvulsant potency of levetiracetam and valproate in the 6-Hz corneal stimulation model in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 36:133-142. [PMID: 34216038 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen; XANT) is a furanocoumarin that has many biological properties, including antiepileptic activity. This study evaluated the effect of XANT on the ability of classical and novel antiepileptic drugs to prevent seizures evoked by the 6-Hz corneal stimulation-induced seizure model, which is thought to be an experimental model of psychomotor (limbic) seizures in humans. XANT (50 mg/kg, administered i.p.) significantly potentiated the anticonvulsant activity of levetiracetam and valproate, decreasing their median effective dose (ED50 ) values from 19.37 to 2.83 mg/kg (P < 0.01) for levetiracetam and from 92.89 to 44.44 mg/kg (P < 0.05) for valproate. Neither XANT (50 mg/kg) alone nor its combination with the anticonvulsant drugs (at their ED50 values from the 6-Hz test) affected motor coordination; skeletal muscular strength and long-term memory, as determined in the chimney; and grip strength and passive avoidance tests, respectively. Measurement of total brain antiepileptic drug concentrations revealed that XANT (50 mg/kg) had no impact on levetiracetam total brain concentrations, indicating the pharmacodynamic nature of interaction between these antiepileptic drugs in the mouse 6-Hz model. However, XANT (50 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased total brain concentrations of valproate (P < 0.01), indicating the pharmacokinetic nature of interactions between drugs. XANT in combination with levetiracetam exerts beneficial anticonvulsant pharmacodynamic interactions in the 6-Hz mouse psychomotor seizure model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Zagaja
- Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Bryda
- Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland.,Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Voivodeship Veterinary Inspectorate, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szewczyk
- Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Szala-Rycaj
- Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarogniew J Łuszczki
- Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Kamil Kuś
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marta Andres-Mach
- Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
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Kresnamurti A, Rakhma DN, Damayanti A, Santoso SD, Restryarto E, Hadinata W, Hamid IS. AST/ALT levels, MDA, and liver histopathology of Echinometra mathaei ethanol extract on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:511-516. [PMID: 34214304 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Echinometra mathaei was known to have potential antioxidant activities because it contains of polyhydroxy-naphthoquinone (echinochrome and spinochromes). The antioxidant properties contributed to the hepatoprotective effect by binding to free radicals compound that causes oxidative stress and necrosis in the hepatocytes. The research aimed to determine the hepatorepair effects of the E. mathaei ethanol extract on high-dose paracetamol-induced hepatic damage in Wistar rats. METHODS This research used a true experimental method. Thirty white male rats were divided into sixth groups, i.e., normal control group, group II-VI was induced paracetamol 2,000 mg/kg BW for three days. After paracetamol-induced, group III-VI was treated with curcumin 800 mg/kg BW, E. mathaei extract 400, 800, and 1,200 mg/kg BW for seven days. The hepatorepair parameter was obtained from AST/ALT, MDA tissue levels, and the number of hepatocyte necrosis cells. The data results were analyzed using the ANOVA test, followed by the LSD test to determine the difference between each treatment. RESULTS The results showed that E. mathaei significantly (p<0.05) decreased the AST levels, MDA levels and the number of hepatocyte necrosis cells at a dose of 800 mg/kg BW per orally treatment. CONCLUSIONS The E. mathaei ethanol extract repaired the hepatic damage induced by paracetamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Kresnamurti
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Hang Tuah University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dita Nurlita Rakhma
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Hang Tuah University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Amitasari Damayanti
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Hang Tuah University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Septiyan Dwi Santoso
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Hang Tuah University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Enggar Restryarto
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Hang Tuah University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Wifqi Hadinata
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Hang Tuah University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Iwan Sahrial Hamid
- Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Johanson SM, Ropstad E, Østby GC, Aleksandersen M, Zamaratskaia G, Boge GS, Halsne R, Trangerud C, Lyche JL, Berntsen HF, Zimmer KE, Verhaegen S. Perinatal exposure to a human relevant mixture of persistent organic pollutants: Effects on mammary gland development, ovarian folliculogenesis and liver in CD-1 mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252954. [PMID: 34111182 PMCID: PMC8191980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with endocrine disrupting properties to interfere with the developing reproductive system is of increasing concern. POPs are transferred from dams to offspring and the high sensitivity of neonates to endocrine disturbances may be caused by underdeveloped systems of metabolism and excretion. The present study aimed to characterize the effect of in utero and lactational exposure to a human relevant mixture of POPs on the female mammary gland, ovarian folliculogenesis and liver function in CD-1 offspring mice. Dams were exposed to the mixture through the diet at Control, Low or High doses (representing 0x, 5000x and 100 000x human estimated daily intake levels, respectively) from weaning and throughout mating, gestation, and lactation. Perinatally exposed female offspring exhibited altered mammary gland development and a suppressed ovarian follicle maturation. Increased hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymatic activities indirectly indicated activation of nuclear receptors and potential generation of reactive products. Hepatocellular hypertrophy was observed from weaning until 30 weeks of age and could potentially lead to hepatotoxicity. Further studies should investigate the effects of human relevant mixtures of POPs on several hormones combined with female reproductive ability and liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje Modahl Johanson
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Gunn Charlotte Østby
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Mona Aleksandersen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Galia Zamaratskaia
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gudrun Seeberg Boge
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ruth Halsne
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Trangerud
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Hanne Friis Berntsen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karin Elisabeth Zimmer
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Steven Verhaegen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Foreman JE, Koga T, Kosyk O, Kang BH, Zhu X, Cohen SM, Billy LJ, Sharma AK, Amin S, Gonzalez FJ, Rusyn I, Peters JM. Species differences between mouse and human PPARα in modulating the hepatocarcinogenic effects of perinatal exposure to a high-affinity human PPARα agonist in mice. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:81-92. [PMID: 34081146 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that species differences exist between rodents and humans in their biological responses to ligand activation of PPARα. Moreover, neonatal/postnatal rodents may be more sensitive to the effects of activating PPARα. Thus, the present studies examined the effects of chronic ligand activation of PPARα initiated during early neonatal development and continued into adulthood on hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Wild-type, Ppara-null, or PPARA-humanized mice were administered a potent, high affinity human PPARα agonist GW7647, and cohorts of mice were examined over time. Activation of PPARα with GW7647 increased expression of known PPARα target genes in liver and was associated with hepatomegaly, increased hepatic cytotoxicity and necrosis, increased expression of hepatic MYC, and a high incidence of hepatocarcinogenesis in wild-type mice. These effects did not occur or were largely diminished in Ppara-null and PPARA-humanized mice, although background levels of hepatocarcinogenesis were also noted in both Ppara-null and PPARA-humanized mice. More fatty change (steatosis) was also observed in both Ppara-null and PPARA-humanized mice independent of GW7647 administration. Results from these studies indicate that the mouse PPARα is required to mediate hepatocarcinogenesis induced by GW7647 in mice and that activation of the human PPARα with GW7647 in PPARA-humanized mice are diminished compared to wild-type mice. Ppara-null and PPARA-humanized mice are valuable tools for examining species differences in the mechanisms of PPARα-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, but background levels of liver cancer observed in aged Ppara-null and PPARA-humanized mice must be considered when interpreting results from studies that use these models. These results also demonstrate that early life exposure to a potent human PPARα agonist does not enhance sensitivity to hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Foreman
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Takayuki Koga
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Oksana Kosyk
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Boo-Hyon Kang
- Non-clinical Research Institute, Yangji, Yongin, 17162, Gu Chemon, Myeon, Cheoin-, Si, Gyeonggi-Do Korea
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-3135
| | - Laura J Billy
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Foreman JE, Koga T, Kosyk O, Kang BH, Zhu X, Cohen SM, Billy LJ, Sharma AK, Amin S, Gonzalez FJ, Rusyn I, Peters JM. Diminished hepatocarcinogenesis by a potent, high affinity human PPARα agonist in PPARA-humanized mice. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:70-80. [PMID: 34081128 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ppara-null and PPARA-humanized mice are refractory to hepatocarcinogenesis caused by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) agonist Wy-14,643. However, the duration of these earlier studies was limited to approximately one year of treatment, and the ligand used has higher affinity for the mouse PPARα compared to the human PPARα. Thus, the present study examined the effect of long-term administration of a potent, high affinity human PPARα agonist (GW7647) on hepatocarcinogenesis in wild-type, Ppara-null, or PPARA-humanized mice. In wild-type mice, GW7647 caused hepatic expression of known PPARα target genes, hepatomegaly, hepatic MYC expression, hepatic cytotoxicity, and a high incidence of hepatocarcinogenesis. By contrast, these effects were essentially absent in Ppara-null mice or diminished in PPARA-humanized mice, although hepatocarcinogenesis was observed in both genotypes. Enhanced fatty change (steatosis) was also observed in both Ppara-null and PPARA-humanized mice independent of GW7647. PPARA-humanized mice administered GW7647 also exhibited increased necrosis after five weeks of treatment. Results from these studies demonstrate that the mouse PPARα is required for hepatocarcinogenesis induced by GW7647 administered throughout adulthood. Results also indicate that a species difference exists between rodent and human PPARα in the response to ligand activation of PPARα. The hepatocarcinogenesis observed in control and treated Ppara-null mice is likely mediated in part by increased hepatic fatty change, whereas the hepatocarcinogenesis observed in PPARA-humanized mice may also be due to enhanced fatty change and cytotoxicity that could be influenced by minimal activity of the human PPARα in this mouse line on downstream mouse PPARα target genes. The Ppara-null and PPARA-humanized mouse models are valuable tools for examining the mechanisms of PPARα-induced hepatocarcinogenesis but the background level of liver cancer must be controlled for in the design and interpretation of studies that use these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Foreman
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Takayuki Koga
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Oksana Kosyk
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Boo-Hyon Kang
- Non-clinical Research Institute, Chemon, Yangji-Myeon, Yongin, 17162, Gu Cheoin-, Si, Gyeonggi-Do Korea
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-3135
| | - Laura J Billy
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Werner JA, Davies R, Wahlstrom J, Dahal UP, Jiang M, Stauber J, David B, Siska W, Thomas B, Ishida K, Humphreys WG, Lipford JR, Monticello TM. Mercapturate pathway metabolites of sotorasib, a covalent inhibitor of KRAS G12C, are associated with renal toxicity in the Sprague Dawley rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 423:115578. [PMID: 34004237 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sotorasib is a first-in class KRASG12C covalent inhibitor in clinical development for the treatment of tumors with the KRAS p.G12C mutation. In the nonclinical toxicology studies of sotorasib, the kidney was identified as a target organ of toxicity in the rat but not the dog. Renal toxicity was characterized by degeneration and necrosis of the proximal tubular epithelium localized to the outer stripe of the outer medulla (OSOM), which suggested that renal metabolism was involved. Here, we describe an in vivo mechanistic rat study designed to investigate the time course of the renal toxicity and sotorasib metabolites. Renal toxicity was dose- and time-dependent, restricted to the OSOM, and the morphologic features progressed from vacuolation and necrosis to regeneration of tubular epithelium. The renal toxicity correlated with increases in renal biomarkers of tubular injury. Using mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, a strong temporal and spatial association between renal toxicity and mercapturate pathway metabolites was observed. The rat is reported to be particularly susceptible to the formation of nephrotoxic metabolites via this pathway. Taken together, the data presented here and the literature support the hypothesis that sotorasib-related renal toxicity is mediated by a toxic metabolite derived from the mercapturate and β-lyase pathway. Our understanding of the etiology of the rat specific renal toxicity informs the translational risk assessment for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Werner
- Amgen Research, Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
| | - Rhian Davies
- Amgen Research, Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Jan Wahlstrom
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra P Dahal
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Min Jiang
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - William Siska
- Amgen Research, Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Katsu Ishida
- Amgen Research, Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas M Monticello
- Amgen Research, Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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Zhao YY, Yao XP, Jiao TY, Tian JN, Gao Y, Fan SC, Chen PP, Jiang YM, Zhou YY, Chen YX, Yang X, Huang M, Bi HC. Schisandrol B promotes liver enlargement via activation of PXR and YAP pathways in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 84:153520. [PMID: 33662920 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schisandrol B (SolB) is one of the bioactive components from a traditional Chinese medicine Schisandra chinensis or Schisandra sphenanthera. It has been demonstrated that SolB exerts hepatoprotective effects against drug-induced liver injury and promotes liver regeneration. It was found that SolB can induce hepatomegaly but the involved mechanisms remain unknown. PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the mechanisms involved in SolB-induced hepatomegaly. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with SolB (100 mg/kg) for 5 days. Serum and liver samples were collected for biochemical and histological analyses. The mechanisms of SolB were investigated by qRT-PCR and western blot analyses, luciferase reporter gene assays and immunofluorescence. RESULTS SolB significantly increased hepatocyte size and proliferation, and then promoted liver enlargement without liver injury and inflammation. SolB transactivated human PXR, activated PXR in mice and upregulated hepatic expression of its downstream proteins, such as CYP3A11, CYP2B10 and UGT1A1. SolB also significantly enhanced nuclear translocation of PXR and YAP in human cell lines. YAP signal pathway was activated by SolB in mice. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that SolB can significantly induce liver enlargement, which is associated with the activation of PXR and YAP pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin-Peng Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ting-Ying Jiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia-Ning Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pan-Pan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi-Ming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan-Ying Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi-Xin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui-Chang Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Cros C, Cannelle H, Laganier L, Grozio A, Canault M. Safety evaluation after acute and sub-chronic oral administration of high purity nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN-C®) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 150:112060. [PMID: 33587977 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a natural molecule intermediate in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Preclinical evidences point to the beneficial effect of NMN administration on several age-related conditions. The present work aimed at studying mutagenicity, and genotoxicity, acute oral toxicity and subchronic oral toxicity of a high purity synthetic form of NMN (NMN-C®) following the OECD guidelines. In the experimental conditions tested, NMN-C® was not mutagenic or genotoxic. Acute toxicity assay revealed that at an oral limit dose of 2666 mg/kg, NMN-C® did not lead to any mortality or treatment-related adverse signs. Over a 90-day sub-chronic period of repeated oral administration of NMN-C® at doses of 375, 750 and 1500 mg/kg/d followed by a 28-day treatment-free recovery period, NMN-C® appeared to be safe and did not promote toxic effects as seen from body weight change, food and water consumption, feed conversion efficiency, biochemical and blood parameters as well as organ toxicity and histological examinations of main organs. In conclusion, we provide the first data highlighting the safety of short to intermediate term (sub-chronic) oral administration of NMN and our experimental results allowed to determine a No-Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for NMN-C® to be ≥ 1500 mg/kg/d.
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Pischon H, Mason D, Lawrenz B, Blanck O, Frisk AL, Schorsch F, Bertani V. Artificial Intelligence in Toxicologic Pathology: Quantitative Evaluation of Compound-Induced Hepatocellular Hypertrophy in Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:928-937. [PMID: 33397216 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320983244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Digital pathology evolved rapidly, enabling more systematic usage of image analysis and development of artificial intelligence (AI) applications. Here, combined AI models were developed to evaluate hepatocellular hypertrophy in rat liver, using commercial AI-based software on hematoxylin and eosin-stained whole slide images. In a first approach, deep learning-based identification of critical tissue zones (centrilobular, midzonal, and periportal) enabled evaluation of region-specific cell size. Mean cytoplasmic area of hepatocytes was calculated via several sequential algorithms including segmentation in microanatomical structures (separation of sinusoids and vessels from hepatocytes), nuclear detection, and area measurements. An increase in mean cytoplasmic area could be shown in groups given phenobarbital, known to induce hepatocellular hypertrophy when compared to control groups, in multiple studies. Quantitative results correlated with the gold standard: observation and grading performed by board-certified veterinary pathologists, liver weights, and gene expression. Furthermore, as a second approach, we introduce for the first time deep learning-based direct detection of hepatocellular hypertrophy with similar results. Cell hypertrophy is challenging to pick up, particularly in milder cases. Additional evaluation of mean cytoplasmic area or direct detection of hypertrophy, combined with histopathological observations and liver weights, is expected to increase accuracy and repeatability of diagnoses and grading by pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pischon
- 483305Nuvisan Pharma Grafing GmbH, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany.,Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Lawrenz
- 483305Nuvisan Pharma Grafing GmbH, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Olivier Blanck
- 55075Bayer CropScience SAS, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Anna-Lena Frisk
- 483305Nuvisan Pharma Grafing GmbH, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany.,Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Valeria Bertani
- 55075Bayer CropScience SAS, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
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Safety and Molecular-Toxicological Implications of Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract and Methylsulfonylmethane Co-Administration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207808. [PMID: 33096940 PMCID: PMC7656295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a biologically active, non-psychotropic component of Cannabis sativa whose popularity has grown exponentially in recent years. Besides a wealth of potential health benefits, ingestion of CBD poses risks for a number of side effects, of which hepatotoxicity and CBD/herb-drug interactions are of particular concern. Here, we investigated the interaction potential between the cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract (CRCE) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), a popular dietary supplement, in the mouse model. For this purpose, 8-week-old male C57BL6/J mice received MSM-containing water (80 mg/100 mL) ad libitum for 17 days. During the last three days of treatment, mice received three doses of CRCE administered in sesame oil via oral gavage (123 mg/kg/day). Administration of MSM alone did not result in any evidence of liver toxicity and did not induce expression of mouse cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Administration of CRCE did produce significant (p < 0.05) increases in Cyp1a2, Cyp2b10, Cyp2c29, Cyp3a4, Cyp3a11, Cyp2c65, and Cyp2c66 messenger RNA, however, this effect was not amplified by MSM/CRCE co-treatment. Similarly, no evidence of liver toxicity was observed in MSM/CRCE dosed mice. In conclusion, short-term MSM/CRCE co-administration did not demonstrate any evidence of hepatotoxicity in the mouse model.
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Corton JC, Korunes KL, Abedini J, El-Masri H, Brown J, Paul-Friedman K, Liu Y, Martini C, He S, Rooney J. Thresholds Derived From Common Measures in Rat Studies Are Predictive of Liver Tumorigenic Chemicals. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:857-874. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623320960412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that typical tissue and clinical chemistry (ClinChem) end points measured in rat toxicity studies exhibit chemical-independent biological thresholds beyond which cancer occurs. Using the rat in vivo TG-GATES study, 75 chemicals were examined across chemical-dose-time comparisons that could be linked to liver tumor outcomes. Thresholds for liver weight to body weight (LW/BW) and 21 serum ClinChem end points were defined as the maximum and minimum values for those exposures that did not lead to liver tumors in rats. Upper thresholds were identified for LW/BW (117%), aspartate aminotransferase (195%), alanine aminotransferase (141%), alkaline phosphatase (152%), and total bilirubin (115%), and lower thresholds were identified for phospholipids (82%), relative albumin (93%), total cholesterol (82%), and total protein (94%). Thresholds derived from the TG-GATES data set were consistent across other acute and subchronic rat studies. A training set of ClinChem and LW/BW thresholds derived from a 38 chemical training set from TG-GATES was predictive of liver tumor outcomes for a test set of 37 independent TG-GATES chemicals (91%). The thresholds were most predictive when applied to 7d treatments (98%). These findings provide support that biological thresholds for common end points in rodent studies can be used to predict chemical tumorigenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Christopher Corton
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Katharine L. Korunes
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jaleh Abedini
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Hisham El-Masri
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jason Brown
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Katie Paul-Friedman
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- ASRC Federal, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Shihan He
- ASRC Federal, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John Rooney
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Nguyen-Vo TH, Nguyen L, Do N, Le PH, Nguyen TN, Nguyen BP, Le L. Predicting Drug-Induced Liver Injury Using Convolutional Neural Network and Molecular Fingerprint-Embedded Features. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25432-25439. [PMID: 33043223 PMCID: PMC7542839 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
As a critical issue in drug development and postmarketing safety surveillance, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) leads to failures in clinical trials as well as retractions of on-market approved drugs. Therefore, it is important to identify DILI compounds in the early-stages through in silico and in vivo studies. It is difficult using conventional safety testing methods, since the predictive power of most of the existing frameworks is insufficiently effective to address this pharmacological issue. In our study, we employ a natural language processing (NLP) inspired computational framework using convolutional neural networks and molecular fingerprint-embedded features. Our development set and independent test set have 1597 and 322 compounds, respectively. These samples were collected from previous studies and matched with established chemical databases for structural validity. Our study comes up with an average accuracy of 0.89, Matthews's correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.80, and an AUC of 0.96. Our results show a significant improvement in the AUC values compared to the recent best model with a boost of 6.67%, from 0.90 to 0.96. Also, based on our findings, molecular fingerprint-embedded featurizer is an effective molecular representation for future biological and biochemical studies besides the application of classic molecular fingerprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Hoang Nguyen-Vo
- School of Mathematics
and Statistics, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Loc Nguyen
- Computational Biology Center, International University—VNU HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyet Do
- Computational Biology Center, International University—VNU HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Phuc H. Le
- Computational Biology Center, International University—VNU HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thien-Ngan Nguyen
- Computational Biology Center, International University—VNU HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Binh P. Nguyen
- School of Mathematics
and Statistics, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- . Phone: (+64) 4 463 5233. ext 8896
| | - Ly Le
- Computational Biology Center, International University—VNU HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Vingroup Big Data Institute, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam
- . Phone: (+84) 906-578-836
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Amagase Y, Mizukawa Y, Urushidani T. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist-induced histidine decarboxylase gene expression in the rat and mouse liver. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:475-492. [PMID: 32741898 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
By analysis of the data from the Toxicogenomics Database (TG-GATEs), histidine decarboxylase gene (Hdc) was identified as largely and commonly upregulated by three fibrates, clofibrate, fenofibrate, and WY-14,643, which are known to induce hepatocellular hypertrophy and proliferation via stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) in rodents. As histamine has been reported to be involved in the proliferation of liver cells, the present study was conducted to focus on Hdc. Among other genes related to histidine and histamine, the expression of the gene of histamine ammonia lyase (Hal) was exclusively mobilized by the three fibrates. The expression of Hdc, which was usually very low in the liver, was increased with the repeated administration of fibrates, and concomitantly, the constitutive expression of Hal was suppressed. An interpretation is that the formation of urocanic acid from histidine under the normal condition switches to the formation of histamine. The mobilization of gene expression of Hdc and Hal by PPARα agonists could not be reproduced in primary cultured hepatocytes. The Hdc mRNA appeared to be translated to a protein which is processed differently from brain but similarly to gastric mucosa. Surprisingly, the fibrates caused hepatic hypertrophy but no induction of Hdc mRNA at all in mice. These results revealed that the changes in the histidine catabolism by PPARα agonists might be partially, but not directly, involved in the hepatocyte proliferation in rats, and there is a large genetic distance even between rat and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Amagase
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
| | - Yumiko Mizukawa
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
| | - Tetsuro Urushidani
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
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45
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Berry C. Glyphosate and cancer: the importance of the whole picture. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2874-2877. [PMID: 32237045 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This commentary does not concern itself with the need for, or the value of glyphosate as an agrochemical: rather it examines the scientific basis for the various conclusions reached at different times by a number of regulatory authorities and by the International Agency on Research on Cancer (IARC). Why do they differ? An appropriate regulatory stance depends critically on the application of good science and consistency in the application of established criteria. Constant reappraisal of the methodology used is essential. © 2020 The Author. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Berry
- Emeritus of Pathology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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46
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Radha MJ, Mahaboob Basha P. Hepatotoxic evaluation of Di- n-butyl phthalate in Wistar rats upon sub-chronic exposure: A multigenerational assessment. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:772-778. [PMID: 32637323 PMCID: PMC7327266 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of di--n-butyl phthalate (DBP) as a plasticizer in medical devices, personal care products, and industries, which is a major threat to humankind as it leaches out easily from the plastic matrix into the environment. Health risks posed to adults and children from the broad usage of DBP in cosmetics and infant toys observed predominantly due to repeated and prolonged exposure. Hence, this study was undertaken to evaluate the potential effect of DBP in the hepatic tissue of rats up to three generations. Wistar rats were induced at a dose of 500 mg DBP /kg body weight dissolved in olive oil by oral gavage throughout gestation (GD 6–21), lactation and post-weaning and reared by crossing intoxicated rats up to three generations. Results of the present study showed a significant increase in the relative weight of liver, while decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and reduced glutathione (GSH) was evident in DBP treated rats at P < 0.05. Besides hepatic marker enzymes viz., alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were elevated significantly in experimental rats compared to those of the control group. Furthermore, histological studies revealed congested central veins and dilated sinusoids in F1 progeny while mild to severe focal inflammatory infiltrations were evident in F2 & F3 rats. Negative correlation observed between the levels of antioxidant enzymes and transaminase activity. In brief, DBP exposure elicits oxidative stress and alters the transaminase activity levels causing damage in hepatic tissue. F3 progeny found to high vulnerability to the exposure of DBP than F2 & F1 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Radha
- Department of Zoology, Bangalore University, Bangalore-560 056, Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Ramaiah College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Bangalore, 560 054, India
| | - P Mahaboob Basha
- Department of Zoology, Bangalore University, Bangalore, 560 056, India
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47
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Jiao T, Yao X, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Fan S, Chen P, Li X, Jiang Y, Yang X, Gonzalez FJ, Huang M, Bi H. Dexamethasone-Induced Liver Enlargement Is Related to PXR/YAP Activation and Lipid Accumulation but Not Hepatocyte Proliferation. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:830-839. [PMID: 32561593 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone (Dex), a widely prescribed anti-inflammatory drug, was reported to induce liver enlargement (hepatomegaly) in clinical practice and in animal models. However, the underlying mechanisms are not elucidated. Dex is a known activator of pregnane X receptor (PXR). Yes-associated protein (YAP) has been implicated in chemically induced liver enlargement. Here, the roles of PXR and YAP pathways were investigated in Dex-induced hepatomegaly. Upregulation of PXR downstream proteins, including cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A11, 2B10, and organic anion transporter polypeptide 2 (OATP2), indicated PXR signaling was activated after high dose of Dex (50 mg/kg, i.p.), and Dex at 100 μM activated PXR in the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Dex also increased the expression of total YAP, nuclear YAP, and YAP downstream proteins, including connective tissue growth factor and cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61, indicating activation of the YAP pathway. Furthermore, nuclear translocation of YAP was promoted by activation of PXR. However, hepatocyte proliferation was inhibited with significant decrease in the expression of proliferation-related proteins cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen as well as other regulatory factors, such as forkhead box protein M1, c-MYC, and epidermal growth factor receptor. The inhibitory effect of Dex on hepatocyte proliferation was likely due to its anti-inflammation effect of suppression of inflammation factors. β-catenin staining revealed enlarged hepatocytes, which were mostly attributable to the accumulation of lipids, such as triglycerides. In summary, high-dose Dex increased liver size accompanied by enlarged hepatocytes, and this was due to the activation of PXR/YAP and their effects on lipid accumulation but not hepatocyte proliferation. These findings provide new insights for understanding the mechanism of Dex-induced hepatomegaly. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study identified the roles of pregnane X receptor (PXR) and yes-associated protein (YAP) pathways in dexamethasone (Dex)-induced hepatomegaly. Dex induced PXR/YAP activation, enlarged hepatocytes, and promoted liver enlargement with lipid accumulation, such as triglycerides. However, hepatocyte proliferation was inhibited by the anti-inflammatory effect of Dex. These findings provide new insights for understanding the mechanism of Dex-induced hepatomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingying Jiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (T.J., X.P.Y., Yi.Z., Ya.Z., Y.G., S.F., P.C., X.L., Y.J., X.Y., M.H., H.B.) and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Xinpeng Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (T.J., X.P.Y., Yi.Z., Ya.Z., Y.G., S.F., P.C., X.L., Y.J., X.Y., M.H., H.B.) and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Yingyuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (T.J., X.P.Y., Yi.Z., Ya.Z., Y.G., S.F., P.C., X.L., Y.J., X.Y., M.H., H.B.) and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Yanying Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (T.J., X.P.Y., Yi.Z., Ya.Z., Y.G., S.F., P.C., X.L., Y.J., X.Y., M.H., H.B.) and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Yue Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (T.J., X.P.Y., Yi.Z., Ya.Z., Y.G., S.F., P.C., X.L., Y.J., X.Y., M.H., H.B.) and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Shicheng Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (T.J., X.P.Y., Yi.Z., Ya.Z., Y.G., S.F., P.C., X.L., Y.J., X.Y., M.H., H.B.) and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Panpan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (T.J., X.P.Y., Yi.Z., Ya.Z., Y.G., S.F., P.C., X.L., Y.J., X.Y., M.H., H.B.) and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Xuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (T.J., X.P.Y., Yi.Z., Ya.Z., Y.G., S.F., P.C., X.L., Y.J., X.Y., M.H., H.B.) and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Yiming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (T.J., X.P.Y., Yi.Z., Ya.Z., Y.G., S.F., P.C., X.L., Y.J., X.Y., M.H., H.B.) and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Xiao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (T.J., X.P.Y., Yi.Z., Ya.Z., Y.G., S.F., P.C., X.L., Y.J., X.Y., M.H., H.B.) and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (T.J., X.P.Y., Yi.Z., Ya.Z., Y.G., S.F., P.C., X.L., Y.J., X.Y., M.H., H.B.) and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (T.J., X.P.Y., Yi.Z., Ya.Z., Y.G., S.F., P.C., X.L., Y.J., X.Y., M.H., H.B.) and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Huichang Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (T.J., X.P.Y., Yi.Z., Ya.Z., Y.G., S.F., P.C., X.L., Y.J., X.Y., M.H., H.B.) and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
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48
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Hepatotoxicity of the pesticides imazalil, thiacloprid and clothianidin - Individual and mixture effects in a 28-day study in female Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 140:111306. [PMID: 32229153 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to pesticide residues through various food products. As these residues can occur in mixtures, there is a need to investigate possible mixture effects on human health. Recent exposure studies revealed the preponderance of imazalil, thiacloprid, and clothianidin in food diets. In this study, we assessed their toxicity alone and in binary mixtures in a 28-day gavage study in female Wistar rats. Five dose levels (up to 350 mg/kg bw/day) ranging from a typical toxicological reference value to a clear effect dose were applied. Data show that the liver was a target organ of all pesticides and their mixtures. Increases in liver weight were observed and histopathological examination revealed centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy and cytoplasm degeneration for all treatment conditions. No accumulation of hepatic triglycerides was reported. Tissue residue analysis showed altered pesticide residues in the liver and the kidney when being in mixture as compared to the levels of pesticide residues for the single compound treatment, indicating possible toxicokinetic interactions. Overall, all mixtures appeared to follow the additivity concept, even though quantitative analysis was limited for some endpoints due to the semi-quantitative nature of the data, raising no specific concern for the risk assessment of the examined pesticides.
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49
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Tichati L, Trea F, Ouali K. Potential Role of Selenium Against Hepatotoxicity Induced by 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Albino Wistar Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 194:228-236. [PMID: 31190189 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of selenium on toxicity induced by 'Désormone Lourd' based on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups and were treated orally. The (C) group was used as a control, while the test groups were treated with Se (0.2 mg/kg b.w.), 2,4-D (5 mg/kg b.w.) or both (2,4-D + Se) for 4 weeks. Our results showed that chronic treatment with 2,4-D resulted in hepatotoxicity, as revealed by an increase in liver function markers Aminotransferases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total bilirubin (TB), along with reduced total protein content and albumin. An overall pro-oxidant effect was associated with a decrease in the reduced glutathione (GSH) content and the enzymatic activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl levels (PCO). Microscopic observation of liver in 2,4-D-treated rats reveals lesions, which results in perivascular inflammatory infiltration around the vessel, sinusoidal dilatation and vacuolization of hepatocytes. However, selenium supplementation in 2,4-D-treated rats elicited a reduction in the toxic effects of the pesticide by improving the studied parameters, which was confirmed by the histological study of the liver. Selenium appears to have a promising prophylactic effect through its effective anti-radical action against the hepatotoxic effects of 2,4-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazhari Tichati
- Laboratory of Environmental Biosurveillance (LBSE), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, BP 12 Sidi Amar, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Fouzia Trea
- Laboratory of Environmental Biosurveillance (LBSE), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, BP 12 Sidi Amar, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Kheireddine Ouali
- Laboratory of Environmental Biosurveillance (LBSE), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, BP 12 Sidi Amar, 23000, Annaba, Algeria.
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Dziwenka M, Coppock R, Alexander M, Palumbo E, Ramirez C, Lermer S. Safety Assessment of a Hemp Extract using Genotoxicity and Oral Repeat-Dose Toxicity Studies in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:376-385. [PMID: 32123668 PMCID: PMC7036713 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and are used for a variety of medicinal purposes. Recently, there has been a focus on the cannabinoid Cannabidiol (CBD) and its potential benefits. This study investigated the safety of a proprietary extract of C. sativa, consisting of 9% hemp extract (of which 6.27% is CBD) and 91% olive oil. The mutagenic potential of the hemp extract was evaluated with the AMES assay inclusive of a hepatic drug metabolizing mix (S9) rich in CYP enzymes. The test article did not elicit evidence of bacterial mutagenicity. GLP compliant 14-day and a 90-day toxicity study were conducted. Olive oil was used as a control. The 90-day study had a 28-day recovery period. Treatments for the 14-day non-recovery range-finding study were 0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg test article/kg body weight (bw)/day for 14 days. There was a non-statistically significant (p > 0.05) decrease in body weights for the male and female rats receiving the test article. Hypoactivity, hyperactivity, reduced food consumption and piloerection were observed in the rats receiving 4000 mg test article/kg bw. Histopathology showed an increase in the size of liver cells (hypertrophy) around the central vein (centrilobular) in Groups 3 (3/10) and 4 (5/10) that correlated with increased liver weights. In the 90-day study, 8 groups of rats were dosed with 0, 200, 400 and 800 mg test article/kg bw/day. Groups 5 to 8 had a 28-day recovery. There were no test article-linked changes in clinical observations, physical examinations, Functional Observation Battery, ophthalmology, Motor Activity Assessment, hematology, clinical chemistries and macropathology (all groups). With the exception of the liver and adrenal gland, no test article-linked pathology was observed. For all rats receiving the test article, histopathology showed hypertrophy of liver cells around the central vein. The increase of liver weight is most likely caused by hypertrophy due to up-regulation of the hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes. The hepatocellular hypertrophy was completely reversed in 28 days and was not considered to be an adverse effect. Vacuolization of the adrenal zona fasciculata was observed in the control and 800 mg test article/kg bw groups. The vacuolization of the zona fasciculata was of the same incidence and severity in treatment and control male rats and correlated with an increased in the weights of the adrenal glands. In addition, a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in adrenal-to-body weight ratios was observed for females receiving 800 mg test article/kg bw. This increase in adrenal-to-body weight ratio did not correlate with any of the pathology findings. The NOAEL for the test article is 800 mg/kg bw/day for female and 400 mg/kg bw/day for male Sprague Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Coppock
- RW Coppock, DVM, Toxicologist and Associates Ltd, PO Box 2031, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T2 Canada
| | - McCorkle Alexander
- Charlotte's Web Inc., 2425 55 Street, Suite 100, Boulder, CO 80301 United States
| | - Eddie Palumbo
- Charlotte's Web Inc., 2425 55 Street, Suite 100, Boulder, CO 80301 United States
| | - Carlos Ramirez
- Charlotte's Web Inc., 2425 55 Street, Suite 100, Boulder, CO 80301 United States
| | - Stephen Lermer
- Charlotte's Web Inc., 2425 55 Street, Suite 100, Boulder, CO 80301 United States
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