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Siska W, Schultze AE, Ennulat D, Biddle K, Logan M, Adedeji AO, Arndt T, Aulbach A. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Integration of Clinical Pathology Data With Anatomic Pathology Data in Nonclinical Toxicology Studies. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:311-329. [PMID: 35975895 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Integrating clinical pathology data with anatomic pathology data is a common practice when reporting findings in the context of nonclinical toxicity studies and aids in understanding and communicating the nonclinical safety profile of test articles in development. Appropriate pathology data integration requires knowledge of analyte and tissue biology, species differences, methods of specimen acquisition and analysis, study procedures, and an understanding of the potential causes and effects of a variety of pathophysiologic processes. Neglecting these factors can lead to inappropriate data integration or a missed opportunity to enhance understanding and communication of observed changes. In such cases, nonclinical safety information relevant to human safety risk assessment may be misrepresented or misunderstood. This "Points to Consider" manuscript presents general concepts regarding pathology data integration in nonclinical studies, considerations for avoiding potential oversights and errors in data integration, and focused discussion on topics relevant to data integration for several key organ systems, including liver, kidney, and cardiovascular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tara Arndt
- Labcorp Drug Development, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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2
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Siska W, Schultze AE, Ennulat D, Biddle K, Logan M, Adedeji AO, Arndt T, Aulbach AD. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Integration of Clinical Pathology Data With Anatomic Pathology Data in Nonclinical Toxicology Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:808-826. [DOI: 10.1177/01926233221108887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article is temporarily under embargo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tara Arndt
- Labcorp Drug Development, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Stergiopoulos C, Tsopelas F, Valko K. Prediction of hERG inhibition of drug discovery compounds using biomimetic HPLC measurements. ADMET AND DMPK 2022; 9:191-207. [PMID: 35300361 PMCID: PMC8920097 DOI: 10.5599/admet.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major causes of failure of drug discovery compounds in clinics are the lack of efficacy and toxicity. To reduce late-stage failures in the drug discovery process, it is essential to estimate early the probability of adverse effects and potential toxicity. Cardiotoxicity is one of the most often observed problems related to a compound's inhibition of the hERG channel responsible for the potassium cation flux. Biomimetic HPLC methods can be used for the early screening of a compound's lipophilicity, protein binding and phospholipid partition. Based on the published hERG pIC50 data of 90 marketed drugs and their measured biomimetic properties, a model has been developed to predict the hERG inhibition using the measured binding of compounds to alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein (AGP) and immobilised artificial membrane (IAM). A representative test set of 16 compounds was carefully selected. The training set, involving the remaining compounds, served to establish the linear model. The mechanistic model supports the hypothesis that compounds have to traverse the cell membrane and bind to the hERG ion channel to cause the inhibition. The AGP and the hERG ion channel show structural similarity, as both bind positively charged compounds with strong shape selectivity. In contrast, a good IAM partition is a prerequisite for cell membrane traversal. For reasons of comparison, a corresponding model was derived by replacing the measured biomimetic properties with calculated physicochemical properties. The model established with the measured biomimetic binding properties proved to be superior and can explain over 70% of the variance of the hERG pIC50 values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthos Stergiopoulos
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens
| | - Fotios Tsopelas
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens
| | - Klara Valko
- Bio-Mimetic Chromatography Ltd. Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
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4
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Milliken P, Aylott M, Edmunds N, Engle S, Ewart L, Fleurance R, Guffroy M, Hargreaves A, Heinz-Taheny K, Kirk S, Leishman D, Leong L, McMahon N, Valentin JP, Watson D, Wallis R, Clements P. Evaluating Associations Between Nonclinical Cardiovascular Functional Endpoints and Repeat-dose Cardiovascular Toxicity in the Beagle Dog: A Cross-company Initiative. Toxicol Sci 2020; 176:224-235. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Integrating nonclinical in vitro, in silico, and in vivo datasets holistically can improve hazard characterization and risk assessment. In pharmaceutical development, cardiovascular liabilities are a leading cause of compound attrition. Prior to clinical studies, functional cardiovascular data are generated in single-dose safety pharmacology telemetry studies, with structural pathology data obtained from repeat-dose toxicology studies with limited concurrent functional endpoints, eg, electrocardiogram via jacketed telemetry. Relationships between datasets remain largely undetermined. To address this gap, a cross-pharma collaboration collated functional and structural data from 135 compounds. Retrospective functional data were collected from good laboratory practice conscious dog safety pharmacology studies: effects defined as hemodynamic blood pressure or heart rate changes. Morphologic pathology findings (mainly degeneration, vacuolation, inflammation) from related toxicology studies in the dog (3–91 days repeat-dosing) were reviewed, harmonized, and location categorized: cardiac muscle (myocardium, epicardium, endocardium, unspecified), atrioventricular/aortic valves, blood vessels. The prevalence of cardiovascular histopathology changes was 11.1% of compounds, with 53% recording a functional blood pressure or heart rate change. Correlations were assessed using the Mantel-Haenszel Chi-square trend test, identifying statistically significant associations between cardiac muscle pathology and (1) decreased blood pressure, (2) increased heart rate, and between cardiovascular vessel pathology and increased heart rate. Negative predictive values were high, suggesting few compounds cause repeat-dose cardiovascular structural change in the absence of functional effects in single-dose safety pharmacology studies. Therefore, observed functional changes could prompt moving (sub)chronic toxicology studies forward, to identify cardiovascular liabilities earlier in development, and reduce late-stage attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mike Aylott
- GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 ODP, UK
- Consultant, St Albans, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Nick Edmunds
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
- Mission Therapeutics, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK
| | - Steven Engle
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Lorna Ewart
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
- Emulate, Inc., Boston, MA 02210
| | - Renaud Fleurance
- UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Magali Guffroy
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
- Abbvie, Chicago, IL
| | - Adam Hargreaves
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
- PathCelerate Ltd, The BioHub at Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | | | - Sarah Kirk
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
- AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Derek Leishman
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Louise Leong
- Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry, London SW1E 6QT, UK
| | - Nick McMahon
- GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 ODP, UK
| | - Jean-Pierre Valentin
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
- UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - David Watson
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
- Resero Analytics, Indianapolis, IN 46228
| | - Rob Wallis
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
- Safety Pharmacology Consultant, Canterbury, UK
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de Korte T, Katili PA, Mohd Yusof NAN, van Meer BJ, Saleem U, Burton FL, Smith GL, Clements P, Mummery CL, Eschenhagen T, Hansen A, Denning C. Unlocking Personalized Biomedicine and Drug Discovery with Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes: Fit for Purpose or Forever Elusive? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 60:529-551. [PMID: 31506008 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, drug development costs have increased by approximately a hundredfold, and yet about 1 in 7 licensed drugs are withdrawn from the market, often due to cardiotoxicity. This review considers whether technologies using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) could complement existing assays to improve discovery and safety while reducing socioeconomic costs and assisting with regulatory guidelines on cardiac safety assessments. We draw on lessons from our own work to suggest a panel of 12 drugs that will be useful in testing the suitability of hiPSC-CM platforms to evaluate contractility. We review issues, including maturity versus complexity, consistency, quality, and cost, while considering a potential need to incorporate auxiliary approaches to compensate for limitations in hiPSC-CM technology. We give examples on how coupling hiPSC-CM technologies with Cas9/CRISPR genome engineering is starting to be used to personalize diagnosis, stratify risk, provide mechanistic insights, and identify new pathogenic variants for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa de Korte
- Ncardia, 2333 BD Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZD Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Puspita A Katili
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom;
| | - Nurul A N Mohd Yusof
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom;
| | - Berend J van Meer
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZD Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Umber Saleem
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francis L Burton
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Godfrey L Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Clements
- David Jack Centre for Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, SG12 0DP Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZD Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arne Hansen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chris Denning
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom;
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Application of biomimetic HPLC to estimate in vivo behavior of early drug discovery compounds. FUTURE DRUG DISCOVERY 2019. [DOI: 10.4155/fdd-2019-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the properties of large numbers of compounds and estimating their potential absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination properties are important early stages in the process of drug discovery and help to reduce later stage attrition. The chromatographic separation principles using stationary phases that contain proteins and phospholipids are more suitable for compound characterization and estimation of the pharmacokinetic properties than the traditional octanol/water partition coefficient. This technology, when standardized, enables the prediction of in vivo behavior and the selection of compounds with the best potential, thus reducing the number of animal experiments. Chromatography may be involved more widely in the future to measure kinetic aspects of compounds’ binding to proteins and receptors which would enable designing compounds that require a lower frequency of doses and have more predictable pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Zheng PP, Li J, Kros JM. Breakthroughs in modern cancer therapy and elusive cardiotoxicity: Critical research-practice gaps, challenges, and insights. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:325-376. [PMID: 28862319 PMCID: PMC5763363 DOI: 10.1002/med.21463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To date, five cancer treatment modalities have been defined. The three traditional modalities of cancer treatment are surgery, radiotherapy, and conventional chemotherapy, and the two modern modalities include molecularly targeted therapy (the fourth modality) and immunotherapy (the fifth modality). The cardiotoxicity associated with conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy is well known. Similar adverse cardiac events are resurging with the fourth modality. Aside from the conventional and newer targeted agents, even the most newly developed, immune‐based therapeutic modalities of anticancer treatment (the fifth modality), e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy, have unfortunately led to potentially lethal cardiotoxicity in patients. Cardiac complications represent unresolved and potentially life‐threatening conditions in cancer survivors, while effective clinical management remains quite challenging. As a consequence, morbidity and mortality related to cardiac complications now threaten to offset some favorable benefits of modern cancer treatments in cancer‐related survival, regardless of the oncologic prognosis. This review focuses on identifying critical research‐practice gaps, addressing real‐world challenges and pinpointing real‐time insights in general terms under the context of clinical cardiotoxicity induced by the fourth and fifth modalities of cancer treatment. The information ranges from basic science to clinical management in the field of cardio‐oncology and crosses the interface between oncology and onco‐pharmacology. The complexity of the ongoing clinical problem is addressed at different levels. A better understanding of these research‐practice gaps may advance research initiatives on the development of mechanism‐based diagnoses and treatments for the effective clinical management of cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Pin Zheng
- Cardio-Oncology Research Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Johan M Kros
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Everds NE. Deciphering Sources of Variability in Clinical Pathology-It's Not Just about the Numbers. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 45:275-280. [PMID: 28178898 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316680783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preanalytical variables can have significant impacts on clinical pathology parameters evaluated during the conduct of a nonclinical safety or toxicity study. These preanalytical variables can be controlled by careful attention to factors such as animal dietary status (diet composition, fasted, and fed state), restraint and anesthesia, intercurrent procedures, timing of clinical pathology collections, and proficiency of animal technicians. The impact of preanalytical variables on test results can be significant enough to result in difficult interpretations and/or regulatory questions or can obfuscate the effects of a test article. Control of preanalytical variables starts with knowledge of what processes and procedures impact test results. Minimizing these effects improves the quality of results and maximizes the value of the study.
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Abstract
This article summarizes the relevant definitions related to biomarkers; reviews the general processes related to biomarker discovery and ultimate acceptance and use; and finally summarizes and reviews, to the extent possible, examples of the types of biomarkers used in animal species within veterinary clinical practice and human and veterinary drug development. We highlight opportunities for collaboration and coordination of research within the veterinary community and leveraging of resources from human medicine to support biomarker discovery and validation efforts for veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Myers
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20855;
| | - Emily R Smith
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20855;
| | - Phillip G Turfle
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20855;
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Kim K, Chini N, Fairchild DG, Engle SK, Reagan WJ, Summers SD, Mirsalis JC. Evaluation of Cardiac Toxicity Biomarkers in Rats from Different Laboratories. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:1072-1083. [PMID: 27638646 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316668276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a great need for improved diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of potential cardiac toxicity in drug development. This study reports the evaluation of several commercially available biomarker kits by 3 institutions (SRI, Eli Lilly, and Pfizer) for the discrimination between myocardial degeneration/necrosis and cardiac hypertrophy as well as the assessment of the interlaboratory and interplatform variation in results. Serum concentrations of natriuretic peptides (N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide [NT-proANP] and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP]), cardiac and skeletal troponins (cTnI, cTnT, and sTnI), myosin light chain 3 (Myl3), and fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) were assessed in rats treated with minoxidil (MNX) and isoproterenol (ISO). MNX caused increased heart-to-body weight ratios and prominent elevations in NT-proANP and NT-proBNP concentrations detected at 24-hr postdose without elevation in troponins, Myl3, or FABP3 and with no abnormal histopathological findings. ISO caused ventricular leukocyte infiltration, myocyte fibrosis, and necrosis with increased concentrations of the natriuretic peptides, cardiac troponins, and Myl3. These results reinforce the advantages of a multimarker strategy in elucidating the underlying cause of cardiac insult and detecting myocardial tissue damage at 24-hr posttreatment. The interlaboratory and interplatform comparison analyses also showed that the data obtained from different laboratories and platforms are highly correlated and reproducible, making these biomarkers widely applicable in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuri Kim
- 1 SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Naseem Chini
- 1 SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | | | - Steven K Engle
- 2 Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - William J Reagan
- 3 Pfizer, Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sandra D Summers
- 3 Pfizer, Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Berridge BR, Mowat V, Nagai H, Nyska A, Okazaki Y, Clements PJ, Rinke M, Snyder PW, Boyle MC, Wells MY. Non-proliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Cardiovascular System of the Rat and Mouse. J Toxicol Pathol 2016; 29:1S-47S. [PMID: 27621537 PMCID: PMC5013710 DOI: 10.1293/tox.29.3s-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND Project (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria
for Lesions in Rats and Mice) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic
Pathology from Japan (JSTP), Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP) and North America (STP)
to develop an internationally-accepted nomenclature for proliferative and
non-proliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The primary purpose of this publication
is to provide a standardized nomenclature for characterizing lesions observed in the
cardiovascular (CV) system of rats and mice commonly used in drug or chemical safety
assessment. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available
electronically for society members on the internet (http://goreni.org). Accurate and
precise morphologic descriptions of changes in the CV system are important for
understanding the mechanisms and pathogenesis of those changes, differentiation of natural
and induced injuries and their ultimate functional consequence. Challenges in nomenclature
are associated with lesions or pathologic processes that may present as a temporal or
pathogenic spectrum or when natural and induced injuries share indistinguishable features.
Specific nomenclature recommendations are offered to provide a consistent approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hirofumi Nagai
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Timrat, Israel
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Grimm FA, Iwata Y, Sirenko O, Bittner M, Rusyn I. High-Content Assay Multiplexing for Toxicity Screening in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes and Hepatocytes. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2015; 13:529-46. [PMID: 26539751 PMCID: PMC4652224 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2015.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based high-content screening (HCS) assays have become an increasingly attractive alternative to traditional in vitro and in vivo testing in pharmaceutical drug development and toxicological safety assessment. The time- and cost-effectiveness of HCS assays, combined with the organotypic nature of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cells, open new opportunities to employ physiologically relevant in vitro model systems to improve screening for potential chemical hazards. In this study, we used two human iPSC types, cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes, to test various high-content and molecular assay combinations for their applicability in a multiparametric screening format. Effects on cardiomyocyte beat frequency were characterized by calcium flux measurements for up to 90 min. Subsequent correlation with intracellular cAMP levels was used to determine if the effects on cardiac physiology were G-protein-coupled receptor dependent. In addition, we utilized high-content cell imaging to simultaneously determine cell viability, mitochondrial integrity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in both cell types. Kinetic analysis indicated that ROS formation is best detectable 30 min following initial treatment, whereas cytotoxic effects were most stable after 24 h. For hepatocytes, high-content imaging was also used to evaluate cytotoxicity and cytoskeletal integrity, as well as mitochondrial integrity and the potential for lipid accumulation. Lipid accumulation, a marker for hepatic steatosis, was most reliably detected 48 h following treatment with test compounds. Overall, our results demonstrate how a compendium of assays can be utilized for quantitative screening of chemical effects in iPSC cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes and enable rapid and cost-efficient multidimensional biological profiling of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Alexander Grimm
- 1 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Yasuhiro Iwata
- 1 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | | | - Michael Bittner
- 3 Translational Genomics Research Institute, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- 1 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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Goracci L, Buratta S, Urbanelli L, Ferrara G, Di Guida R, Emiliani C, Cross S. Evaluating the risk of phospholipidosis using a new multidisciplinary pipeline approach. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 92:49-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Cross MJ, Berridge BR, Clements PJM, Cove-Smith L, Force TL, Hoffmann P, Holbrook M, Lyon AR, Mellor HR, Norris AA, Pirmohamed M, Tugwood JD, Sidaway JE, Park BK. Physiological, pharmacological and toxicological considerations of drug-induced structural cardiac injury. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:957-74. [PMID: 25302413 PMCID: PMC4314188 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of drug-induced structural cardiotoxicity, which may lead to heart failure, has been recognized in association with the use of anthracycline anti-cancer drugs for many years, but has also been shown to occur following treatment with the new generation of targeted anti-cancer agents that inhibit one or more receptor or non-receptor tyrosine kinases, serine/threonine kinases as well as several classes of non-oncology agents. A workshop organized by the Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science (University of Liverpool) on 5 September 2013 and attended by industry, academia and regulatory representatives, was designed to gain a better understanding of the gaps in the field of structural cardiotoxicity that can be addressed through collaborative efforts. Specific recommendations from the workshop for future collaborative activities included: greater efforts to identify predictive (i) preclinical; and (ii) clinical biomarkers of early cardiovascular injury; (iii) improved understanding of comparative physiology/pathophysiology and the clinical predictivity of current preclinical in vivo models; (iv) the identification and use of a set of cardiotoxic reference compounds for comparative profiling in improved animal and human cellular models; (v) more sharing of data (through publication/consortia arrangements) on target-related toxicities; (vi) strategies to develop cardio-protective agents; and (vii) closer interactions between preclinical scientists and clinicians to help ensure best translational efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Cross
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK
| | - B R Berridge
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKlineResearch Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - P J M Clements
- David Jack Centre for Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKlineWare, Herts, UK
| | - L Cove-Smith
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - T L Force
- Center for Translational Medicine and Cardiology Division, Temple University School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - P Hoffmann
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Pharm CorpEast Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - M Holbrook
- Safety Pharmacology, Covance Laboratories, Ltd.Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - A R Lyon
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital and Imperial CollegeLondon, UK
| | - H R Mellor
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe), Ltd.Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - A A Norris
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK
| | - M Pirmohamed
- The Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK
| | - J D Tugwood
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - J E Sidaway
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&DMacclesfield, UK
| | - B K Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK
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15
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Comparison of freely-moving telemetry Chinese Miniature Experiment Pigs (CMEPs) to beagle dogs in cardiovascular safety pharmacology studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 70:19-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.03.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Casartelli A, Dacome L, Tessari M, Pascali J, Bortolotti F, Trevisan MT, Bosco O, Cristofori P, Tagliaro F. Cocaine-associated increase of atrial natriuretic peptides: an early predictor of cardiac complications in cocaine users? HEART ASIA 2014; 6:100-7. [PMID: 27326180 DOI: 10.1136/heartasia-2013-010482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cocaine is known to produce life-threatening cardiovascular complications, and the investigation of the causes of death may be challenging in forensic medicine. The increasing knowledge of the cardiac function biomarkers and the increasing sensitivity of assays provide new tools in monitoring the cardiac life-threatening pathological conditions and in the sudden death investigation in chronic abusers. In this work, cardiac dysfunction was assessed in an animal model by measuring troponin I and natriuretic peptides as biomarkers, and considering other standard endpoints used in preclinical toxicology studies. METHODS Lister Hooded rats were treated with cocaine in chronic self-administration studies. Troponin I (cTnI) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were evaluated at different time points and heart weight and histopathology were assessed at the end of the treatment period. Furthermore, cocaine and its main metabolites were measured in the rat fur to assess rats' cocaine exposure. All the procedures and endpoints considered were designed to allow an easy and complete translation from the laboratory animals to human beings, and the same approach was also adopted with a group of 10 healthy cocaine abuse volunteers with no cardiac pathologies. RESULTS Cardiac troponin I values were unaffected, and ANP showed an increasing trend with time in all cocaine-treated animals considered. Similarly, in the healthy volunteers, no changes were observed in troponin serum levels, whereas the N-terminal brain natriuretic pro-peptide (NT proBNP) showed variations comparable with the changes observed in rats. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, natriuretic peptides could represent an early indicator of heart dysfunction liability in chronic cocaine abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Casartelli
- Toxicology and Pathology Department, Aptuit Medicine Research centre, Verona, Italy; Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Public Health and Community Medicine Department, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lisa Dacome
- Toxicology and Pathology Department , Aptuit Medicine Research centre , Verona , Italy
| | - Michela Tessari
- Toxicology and Pathology Department , Aptuit Medicine Research centre , Verona , Italy
| | - Jennifer Pascali
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Public Health and Community Medicine Department , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Federica Bortolotti
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Public Health and Community Medicine Department , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | | | | | | | - Franco Tagliaro
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Public Health and Community Medicine Department , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
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Bonilla IM, Vargas-Pinto P, Nishijima Y, Pedraza-Toscano A, Ho HT, Long VP, Belevych AE, Glynn P, Houmsse M, Rhodes T, Weiss R, Hund TJ, Hamlin RL, Györke S, Carnes CA. Ibandronate and ventricular arrhythmia risk. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2013; 25:299-306. [PMID: 24256556 DOI: 10.1111/jce.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bisphosphonates, including ibandronate, are used in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We report a case of suspected ibandronate-associated arrhythmia, following a single dose of ibandronate in a 55-year-old female. ECG at presentation revealed frequent ectopy and QT/QTc interval prolongation; at follow-up 9 months later the QT/QTc intervals were normalized. Proarrhythmic potential of ibandronate was assessed with a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches in canines and canine ventricular myocytes. We observed late onset in vivo repolarization instability after ibandronate treatment. Myocytes superfused with ibandronate exhibited action potential duration (APD) prolongation and variability, increased early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and reduced Ito (P < 0.05), with no change in IKr . Ibandronate-induced APD changes and EADs were prevented by inhibition of intracellular calcium cycling. Ibandronate increased sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium load; during washout there was an increase in calcium spark frequency and spontaneous calcium waves. Computational modeling was used to examine the observed effects of ibandronate. While reductions in Ito alone had modest effects on APD, when combined with altered RyR inactivation kinetics, the model predicted effects on APD and SR Ca(2+) load consistent with observed experimental results. CONCLUSION Ibandronate may increase the susceptibility to ventricular ectopy and arrhythmias. Collectively these data suggest that reduced Ito combined with abnormal RyR calcium handling may result in a previously unrecognized form of drug-induced proarrhythmia.
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Integrated and translational nonclinical in vivo cardiovascular risk assessment: Gaps and opportunities. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 65:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Christian JB, Finkle JK, Ky B, Douglas PS, Gutstein DE, Hockings PD, Lainee P, Lenihan DJ, Mason JW, Sager PT, Todaro TG, Hicks KA, Kane RC, Ko HS, Lindenfeld J, Michelson EL, Milligan J, Munley JY, Raichlen JS, Shahlaee A, Strnadova C, Ye B, Turner JR. Cardiac imaging approaches to evaluate drug-induced myocardial dysfunction. Am Heart J 2012. [PMID: 23194484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability to make informed benefit-risk assessments for potentially cardiotoxic new compounds is of considerable interest and importance at the public health, drug development, and individual patient levels. Cardiac imaging approaches in the evaluation of drug-induced myocardial dysfunction will likely play an increasing role. However, the optimal choice of myocardial imaging modality and the recommended frequency of monitoring are undefined. These decisions are complicated by the array of imaging techniques, which have varying sensitivities, specificities, availabilities, local expertise, safety, and costs, and by the variable time-course of tissue damage, functional myocardial depression, or recovery of function. This White Paper summarizes scientific discussions of members of the Cardiac Safety Research Consortium on the main factors to consider when selecting nonclinical and clinical cardiac function imaging techniques in drug development. We focus on 3 commonly used imaging modalities in the evaluation of cardiac function: echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and radionuclide (nuclear) imaging and highlight areas for future research.
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Crivellente F, Tontodonati M, Fasdelli N, Casartelli A, Dorigatti R, Faustinelli I, Cristofori P. NT-proBNP as a biomarker for the assessment of a potential cardiovascular drug-induced liability in beagle dogs. Cell Biol Toxicol 2011; 27:425-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-011-9197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pagliarusco S, Martinucci S, Bordini E, Miraglia L, Cufari D, Ferrari L, Pellegatti M. Tissue Distribution and Characterization of Drug-Related Material in Rats and Dogs after Repeated Oral Administration of Casopitant. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:283-93. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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