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Noor AU, Huipeng L, Du Z, Chengyi S, Xiaohui Z, Xiaoming L, Khan S, Sun H, Bellou A. Molecular characterization, tissue expression, and antiviral activities of Bama minipig interferon-α subtypes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34725. [PMID: 39149059 PMCID: PMC11324974 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferons play a major role in innate immunity and disease resistance. Porcine interferon alpha has 17 subtypes, and their gene sequences, tissue expression profiles, and antiviral activities have been primarily studied in domestic pigs but not in minipigs. Bama minipigs are genetically stable disease-resistant and making them as laboratory animal models for bioscience studies. To define the potential mechanism for disease resistance, in this study, we cloned 17 subtypes of Porcine interferon alpha genes in Bama minipigs using high fidelity polymerase chain reaction and subsequent sequencing. Sequence alignment showed that the 17 porcine interferon alpha subtypes were 98%-100 % homologous in those of domestic pigs. However, significantly different tissue expression profiles of PoIFN-α subtypes were found in the two pig species using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Among the 10 different Bama minipig tissues tested, significant expression of multi-subtype porcine interferon alpha was detected in the lymph nodes and spleen, whereas no or low expression of fewer subtypes was detected in the heart, lung, brain, and small intestine. Sequence analysis revealed that the porcine interferon alpha promoters were almost similar between the two pig species. A cytopathic effect inhibition assay showed that the recombinant 17 porcine interferon alpha subtypes purified from mammalian cells had significantly different antiviral profile against vesicular stomatitis virus, porcine pseudorabies virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus compared with those in domestic pigs. Our findings provide evidence that porcine interferon alpha subtypes are highly conserved between Bama minipigs and domestic pigs but show varied tissue expression pattern and antiviral capabilities, which may contribute to their differences in disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ullah Noor
- Institute of Sciences in Emergency Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong Province, China
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Lu Huipeng
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhanyu Du
- The College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Song Chengyi
- The College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhou Xiaohui
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Liu Xiaoming
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Suliman Khan
- Department of Vet. Physiology and Biochemistry, FVAS, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Huaichang Sun
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Abdelouahab Bellou
- Institute of Sciences in Emergency Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong Province, China
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, P.O. BOX 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Global Network on Emergency Medicine, Brookline, MA, 02446, USA
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Pernold CPS, Lagumdzic E, Stadler M, Dolezal M, Jäckel S, Schmitt MW, Mair KH, Saalmüller A. Species comparison: human and minipig PBMC reactivity under the influence of immunomodulating compounds in vitro. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1327776. [PMID: 38264655 PMCID: PMC10803596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering the similarities between swine and humans, it is a logical consequence to use swine as a translational model in research and drug development, including non-clinical safety. Here, we compared the reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from humans and minipigs under the influence of different compounds in vitro. We conducted a flow cytometry-based proliferation assay that focused on the T-cell response to three different stimuli: concanavalin A (ConA), phytohemagglutinin-L (PHA-L), and staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB). Furthermore, four approved immunosuppressive drugs-abatacept, belatacept, rapamycin, and tofacitinib-which are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis or rejection in transplant recipients, were combined with the different stimuli. This allowed us to study the effect of suppressive drugs in comparison with the different stimuli in both species. We examined proliferating T cells (CD3+) and investigated the presence of TCR-αβ+ and TCR-γδ+ T cells. Differences in the response of T cells of the two species under these various conditions were evident. CD4+ T cells were more activated within humans, whereas CD8+ T cells were generally more abundant in swine. The effectiveness of the used humanized antibodies is most likely related to the conserved structure of CTLA-4 as abatacept induced a much stronger reduction in swine compared with belatacept. The reduction of proliferation of rapamycin and tofacitinib was highly dependent on the used stimuli. We further investigated the effect of the immunosuppressive compounds on antigen-specific restimulation of pigs immunized against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2). Treatment with all four compounds resulted in a clear reduction of the proliferative response, with rapamycin showing the strongest effect. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the effectiveness of suppressive compounds is highly dependent on the stimuli used and must be carefully selected to ensure accurate results. The results highlight the importance of considering the response of T cells in different species when evaluating the potential of an immunomodulatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara P. S. Pernold
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emil Lagumdzic
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlies Dolezal
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven Jäckel
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin H. Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Grabowski T, Derlacz R, Burmańczuk A. Göttingen pigs as a potential model for natalizumab pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity evaluation. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113926. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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4
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Kim JM, Kim H, Oh SH, Jang WI, Lee SB, Park M, Kim S, Park S, Shim S, Jang H. Combined Administration of Pravastatin and Metformin Attenuates Acute Radiation-Induced Intestinal Injury in Mouse and Minipig Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314827. [PMID: 36499155 PMCID: PMC9739896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced gastrointestinal (GI) damage is one of the critical factors that serve as basis for the lethality of nuclear accidents or terrorism. Further, there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved agents available to mitigate radiation-induced intestinal injury. Although pravastatin (PS) has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and epithelial reconstructive effects following radiation exposure using mouse and minipig models, the treatment failed to improve the survival rate of high-dose irradiated intestinal injury. Moreover, we previously found that metformin (MF), a common drug used for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus, has a mitigating effect on radiation-induced enteropathy by promoting stem cell properties. In this study, we investigated whether the combined administration of PS and MF could achieve therapeutic effects on acute radiation-induced intestinal injury in mouse and minipig models. We found that the combined treatment markedly increased the survival rate and attenuated histological damage in a radiation-induced intestinal injury mouse model, in addition to epithelial barrier recovery, anti-inflammatory effects, and improved epithelial proliferation with stem cell properties. Furthermore, in minipig models, combined treatment with PS and MF ameliorates gross pathological damage in abdominal organs and attenuated radiation-induced intestinal histological damage. Therefore, the combination of PS and MF effectively alleviated radiation-induced intestinal injury in the mouse and minipig models. We believe that the combined use of PS and MF is a promising therapeutic approach for treating radiation-induced intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Moon Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Oh
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Il Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Mineon Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhoo Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehwan Shim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (H.J.); Tel.: +82-2-3399-5873 (S.S.); +82-2-970-1302 (H.J.)
| | - Hyosun Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (H.J.); Tel.: +82-2-3399-5873 (S.S.); +82-2-970-1302 (H.J.)
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5
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Pernold CP, Lagumdzic E, Stadler M, Mair KH, Jäckel S, Schmitt MW, Ladinig A, Knecht C, Dürlinger S, Kreutzmann H, Martin V, Sawyer S, Saalmüller A. Characterization of the immune system of Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs - An important large animal model in experimental medicine. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1003986. [PMID: 36203585 PMCID: PMC9531550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1003986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs (EGMs) as a model in experimental medicine is continuously growing. The aim of this project is to increase the knowledge of the immune system of EGMs as information is still scarce. Therefore, we studied the postnatal maturation of their immune system from birth until 126 weeks of age. For the first 26 weeks of the study, animals were kept under pathogen-reduced conditions (SPF) and afterwards under conventional housing conditions. The development of the immune system was analyzed by monitoring changes in total numbers of leukocytes and lymphocytes of ten individuals and the composition of leukocyte populations by multi-color flow cytometry (FCM). We followed the presence of monocytes using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CD172a+ and CD163+ and B cells based on the expression of CD79a. NK cells were distinguished as CD3-CD16+CD8α+/dim cells and further subdivided using NKp46 (CD335) expression into NKp46-, NKp46+, and NKp46high NK cells. T-cell receptor (TCR) γδ T cells were defined by the expression of TCR-γδ and different subsets were determined by their CD2 and perforin expression. TCR-αβ T cells were classified by their CD8β+ or CD4 expression. For monitoring their differentiation, expression of CD27 and perforin was investigated for CD8β++ T cells and CD8α together with CD27 for CD4+ T cells. We clearly detected a postnatal development of immune cell composition and identified phenotypes indicative of differentiation within the respective leukocyte subsets. Examination of the development of the antigen-specific immune system after transfer to different distinct housing conditions and after vaccination against common porcine pathogens such as porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) revealed a markedly increased presence of more differentiated CD8+ and CD4+ T cells with central and effector memory T-cell phenotypes. To complement the findings, a PCV2 vaccine-specific antigen was used for in vitro restimulation experiments. We demonstrated antigen-specific proliferation of CD4+CD8α+CD27+ central and CD4+CD8α+CD27- effector memory T cells as well as antigen-specific production of TNF-α and IFN-γ. This study of postnatal immune development defines basic cellular immune parameters of EGMs and represents an important milestone for the use of EGMs for immunological questions in experimental medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara P.S. Pernold
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emil Lagumdzic
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin H. Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler (CD) Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven Jäckel
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Knecht
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Dürlinger
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kreutzmann
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera Martin
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Spencer Sawyer
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Armin Saalmüller,
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6
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Kendrick JS, Webber C. One small step in time, one giant leap for DMPK kind - A CRO perspective of the evolving core discipline of drug development. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:797-810. [PMID: 36097976 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2124389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
As the Space Race or Formula 1 drives innovation, efficiency and progress in home technology and home car markets, so Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) drives scientific innovation and value for drug development companies. Stand still and fall behind as the saying goes, and these analogies are true as much in the design and conduct of DMPK studies as they are in technology and manufacturing sectors.This short review showcases the impact that DMPK has had on drug development and how it has changed in the last 10 years, illustrating the value added scientific benefit, cost and time saving, that innovative DMPK program design and study conduct have. Examples and case studies spanning novel in vitro alternatives such as organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) developments; use of in vivo microsampling across small and large animal species; to how challenging historical paradigms in Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME) studies; and embracing new technologies to address regulatory concerns, are presented.The continual pace of change has kept DMPK at the core of pharmaceutical, crop and chemical evaluation, and this is set to continue as regulators use this discipline to inform decision making. With new modalities and new scientific questions, DMPK will continue to evolve, with the likes of new in vitro, in vivo and in silico models becoming central to candidate selection and progression.
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7
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Eun K, Hwang SU, Kim M, Yoon JD, Kim E, Choi H, Kim G, Jeon HY, Kim JK, Kim JY, Hong N, Park MG, Jang J, Jeong HJ, Kim SJ, Ko BW, Lee SC, Kim H, Hyun SH. Generation of reproductive transgenic pigs of a CRISPR-Cas9-based oncogene-inducible system by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100434. [PMID: 35233982 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alternative cancer models that are close to humans are required to create more valuable preclinical results during oncology studies. Here, we developed a new onco-pig model via developing a CRISPR-Cas9-based Conditional Polycistronic gene expression Cassette (CRI-CPC) system to control the tumor inducing simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40LT) and oncogenic HRASG12V. After conducting somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), transgenic embryos were transplanted into surrogate mothers and five male piglets were born. Umbilical cord analysis confirmed that all piglets were transgenic. Two of them survived, and they expressed a detectable green fluorescence. We tested whether our CRI-CPC models were naturally fertile and whether the CRI-CPC system was stably transferred to the offspring. By mating with a normal female pig, four offspring piglets were successfully produced. Among them, only three male piglets were transgenic. Finally, we tested their applicability as cancer models after transduction of Cas9 into fibroblasts from each CRI-CPC pig in vitro, resulting in cell acquisition of cancerous characteristics via the induction of oncogene expression. These results showed that our new CRISPR-Cas9-based onco-pig model was successfully developed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoung Eun
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Ung Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirae Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Junchul David Yoon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerin Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Gahye Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Young Jeon
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Kyum Kim
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yun Kim
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Hong
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gi Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseok Jang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ju Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Woo Ko
- Songbaek Pig Farm, Jeju, 63014, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Cronex Corporation, Cheongju, 28174, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
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8
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Shatokhin KS. Problems of mini-pig breeding. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:284-291. [PMID: 34901725 PMCID: PMC8627873 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of some problems of the breeding and reproduction of laboratory minipigs. The most obvious of these are the lack of centralized accounting of breeding groups, uniform selection standards
for reproduction and evaluation of breeding animals, as well as minimizing the accumulation of fitness-reducing
mutations and maintaining genetic diversity. According to the latest estimates, there are at least 30 breeding groups
of mini-pigs systematically used as laboratory animals in the world. Among them, there are both breed formations
represented by several colonies, and breeding groups consisting of a single herd. It was shown that the main selection
strategy is selection for the live weight of adults of 50–80 kg and the adaptation of animals to a specific type of biomedical experiments. For its implementation in the breeding of foreign mini-pigs, selection by live weight is practiced
at 140- and 154-day-old age. It was indicated that different herds of mini-pigs have their own breeding methods to
counteract inbred depression and maintain genetic diversity. Examples are the maximization of coat color phenotypes, the cyclical system of matching parent pairs, and the structuring of herds into subpopulations. In addition,
in the breeding of foreign mini-pigs, molecular genetic methods are used to monitor heterozygosity. Every effort is
made to keep the number of inbred crosses in the breeding of laboratory mini-pigs to a minimum, which is not always
possible due to their small number. It is estimated that to avoid close inbreeding, the number of breeding groups
should be at least 28 individuals, including boars of at least 4 genealogical lines and at least 4 families of sows. The
accumulation of genetic cargo in herds of mini-pigs takes place, but the harmful effect is rather the result of erroneous
decisions of breeders. Despite the fact that when breeding a number of mini-pigs, the goal was to complete the herds
with exclusively white animals, in most breeding groups there is a polymorphism in the phenotype of the coat color
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Shatokhin
- Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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9
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Pardo ID, Manno RA, Capobianco R, Sargeant AM, Morrison JP, Bolon B, Garman RH. Nervous System Sampling for General Toxicity and Neurotoxicity Studies in the Laboratory Minipig With Emphasis on the Göttingen Minipig. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:1140-1163. [PMID: 34423710 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211019941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of minipigs as an alternative nonclinical species has increased in the last 20 years. The Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) has produced generic "best practice" recommendations for nervous system sampling in nonrodents during general toxicity studies (Toxicol Pathol 41[7]: 1028-1048, 2013), but their adaptation to the minipig has not been attempted. Here, we describe 2 trimming schemes suitable for evaluating the unique neuroanatomic features of the minipig brain in nonclinical toxicity studies. The first scheme is intended for general toxicity studies (Tier 1) to screen agents with unknown or no anticipated neurotoxic potential; this approach using 7 coronal hemisections accords with the published STP "best practice" recommendations. The second trimming scheme for neurotoxicity studies (Tier 2) uses 14 coronal hemisections and 2 full coronal sections to investigate toxicants where the nervous system is a suspected or known target organ. Collection of spinal cord, ganglia (somatic and autonomic), and nerves from minipigs during nonclinical studies should follow published STP "best practice" recommendations for sampling the central (CNS, Toxicol Pathol 41[7]: 1028-1048, 2013) and peripheral (PNS, Toxicol Pathol 46[4]: 372-402, 2018) nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid D Pardo
- Pfizer, Inc, Global Pathology and Investigative Toxicology, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Rosa A Manno
- Pathology Science, ERBC Group, Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Raffaella Capobianco
- 426218Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Research & Development, Nonclinical Safety, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Robert H Garman
- Consultants in Veterinary Pathology, Inc, Murrysville, PA, USA
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10
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Carneiro MW, Brancato L, Wylleman B, van Zwol E, Conings L, Vueghs P, Gorbaslieva I, Van den Bossche J, Rudenko O, Janicot M, Bogers JP. Safety evaluation of long-term temperature controlled whole-body thermal treatment in female Aachen minipig. Int J Hyperthermia 2021; 38:165-175. [PMID: 33576280 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2021.1876256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Thermal treatment (TT), defined as treatment using supra-physiological body temperatures (39-45 C), somewhat resembles fever in terms of temperature range, one of the first natural barriers for the body to fight exposure to external pathogens. Methods: Whole-body thermal treatment (WBTT) consists of heating up the complete body to a temperature range of 39 to 45 C. Despite the recognized therapeutic potential of hyperthermia, the broad clinical use of WBTT has been limited by safety issues related to medical devices and procedures used to achieve WBTT, in particular adequate control of the body temperature. To circumvent this, a sophisticated medical device was developed, allowing long-term temperature controlled WBTT (41.5 C for up to 8 h). Technical feasibility and tolerability of the WBTT procedure (including complete anesthesia) were tested using female Aachen minipig. Optical fiber temperature sensors inserted in multiple organs were used and demonstrated consistent monitoring and control of different organs temperature over an extended period of time. Results: Clinical evaluation of the animals before, during and after treatment revealed minor clinical parameter changes, but all of them were clinically acceptable. These changes were limited and reversible, and the animals remained healthy throughout the whole procedure and follow-up. In addition, histopathological analysis of selected key organs showed no thermal treatment-related changes. Conclusion: It was concluded that WBTT (41.5 C for up to 8 h) was well tolerated and safe in female Aachen minipigs. Altogether, data supports the safe clinical use of the WBTT medical device and protocol, enabling its implementation into human patients suffering from life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John-Paul Bogers
- ElmediX NV, Mechelen, Belgium.,Laboratory for Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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11
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Kenchegowda D, Seed TM, Singh VK. What are the practical, ethical, and pathobiological considerations in the use of minipigs as an animal model in drug discovery for acute radiation syndrome and delayed effects of acute radiation exposure? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:119-124. [PMID: 32892657 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1811671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Doreswamy Kenchegowda
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Vijay K Singh
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Judák P, Esposito S, Coppieters G, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Doping control analysis of small peptides: A decade of progress. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122551. [PMID: 33848801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides are handled in the field of sports drug testing analysis as a separate group doping substances. It is a diverse group, which includes but is not limited to growth hormone releasing-factors and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues. Significant progress has been achieved during the past decade in the doping control analysis of these peptides. In this article, achievements in the application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based methodologies are reviewed. To meet the augmenting demands for analyzing an increasing number of samples for the presence of an increasing number of prohibited small peptides, testing methods have been drastically simplified, whilst their performance level remained constant. High-resolution mass spectrometers have been installed in routine laboratories and became the preferred detection technique. The discovery and implementation of metabolites/catabolites in testing methods led to extended detection windows of some peptides, thus, contributed to more efficient testing in the anti-doping community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Judák
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Simone Esposito
- ADME/DMPK Department, Drug Discovery Division, IRBM S.p.A, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilles Coppieters
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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13
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Ayuso M, Buyssens L, Stroe M, Valenzuela A, Allegaert K, Smits A, Annaert P, Mulder A, Carpentier S, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. The Neonatal and Juvenile Pig in Pediatric Drug Discovery and Development. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:44. [PMID: 33396805 PMCID: PMC7823749 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy in pediatric patients is challenging in view of the maturation of organ systems and processes that affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Especially for the youngest age groups and for pediatric-only indications, neonatal and juvenile animal models can be useful to assess drug safety and to better understand the mechanisms of diseases or conditions. In this respect, the use of neonatal and juvenile pigs in the field of pediatric drug discovery and development is promising, although still limited at this point. This review summarizes the comparative postnatal development of pigs and humans and discusses the advantages of the juvenile pig in view of developmental pharmacology, pediatric diseases, drug discovery and drug safety testing. Furthermore, limitations and unexplored aspects of this large animal model are covered. At this point in time, the potential of the neonatal and juvenile pig as nonclinical safety models for pediatric drug development is underexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Laura Buyssens
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Marina Stroe
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Allan Valenzuela
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.A.); (P.A.)
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Smits
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Antonius Mulder
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
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14
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Prior H, Haworth R, Labram B, Roberts R, Wolfreys A, Sewell F. Justification for species selection for pharmaceutical toxicity studies. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:758-770. [PMID: 33442468 PMCID: PMC7786171 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicity studies using mammalian species are generally required to provide safety data to support clinical development and licencing registration for potential new pharmaceuticals. International regulatory guidelines outline recommendations for the order (rodent and/or non-rodent) and number of species, retaining flexibility for development of a diverse range of drug modalities in a manner relevant for each specific new medicine. Selection of the appropriate toxicology species involves consideration of scientific, ethical and practical factors, with individual companies likely having different perspectives and preferences regarding weighting of various aspects dependent upon molecule characteristics and previous experience of specific targets or molecule classes. This article summarizes presentations from a symposium at the 2019 Annual Congress of the British Toxicology Society on the topic of species selection for pharmaceutical toxicity studies. This symposium included an overview of results from a National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs) and Association of British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI) international collaboration that reviewed the use of one or two species in regulatory toxicology studies and justification for the species selected within each programme. Perspectives from two pharmaceutical companies described their processes for species selection for evaluation of biologics, and justification for selection of the minipig as a toxicological species for small molecules. This article summarizes discussions on the scientific justification and other considerations taken into account to ensure the most appropriate animal species are used for toxicity studies to meet regulatory requirements and to provide the most value for informing project decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Prior
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), 215 Euston Rd, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | | | - Briony Labram
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), 215 Euston Rd, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Ruth Roberts
- ApconiX, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, SK10 4TG, UK
| | | | - Fiona Sewell
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), 215 Euston Rd, London, NW1 2BE, UK
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15
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Vrolyk V, Desmarais MJ, Lambert D, Haruna J, Benoit-Biancamano MO. Neonatal and Juvenile Ocular Development in Göttingen Minipigs and Domestic Pigs: A Histomorphological and Immunohistochemical Study. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:889-914. [PMID: 33021158 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820954551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are considered one of the relevant animal models for ocular research as they share several histological and anatomical similarities with the human eye. With the increasing interest in juvenile animal models, this study aimed to describe the postnatal development of ocular structures in 16 Göttingen minipigs and 25 F2 domestic pigs, between birth and 6 months of age, using histopathology and immunohistochemistry against Ki-67, caspase-3, calbindin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, rhodopsin, and synaptophysin. All ocular structures in both pig breeds were incompletely developed at birth and for variable periods postnatally. Noteworthy histological features of immaturity included vascularization in the corneal stroma in neonatal Göttingen minipigs, increased cellularity in different substructures, remnants of the hyaloid vasculature, short and poorly ramified ciliary body processes, and a poorly developed cone inner segment. Increased cellular proliferation, highlighted by abundant Ki-67 immunolabeling, was observed in almost all developing structures of the pig eye for variable periods postnatally. Apoptosis, highlighted with caspase-3 immunolabeling, was observed in the retinal inner nuclear layer at birth and in the regressing hyaloid vasculature remnants. Immunohistochemistry against rhodopsin, synaptophysin, and calbindin demonstrated the short size of the developing photoreceptors and the immature cone inner segment morphology. Calbindin labeling revealed significant differences in the amount of positively labeled cone nuclei between the retinal area centralis and the non-area centralis regions. The elongation of Müller cell processes in the developing retina was shown with glial fibrillary acidic protein. In both pig breeds, the eyes reached histomorphological and immunohistochemical maturity at 6 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vrolyk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 70354Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- 67115Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Lambert
- 67115Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julius Haruna
- 67115Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Odile Benoit-Biancamano
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 70354Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Prior H, Baldrick P, Beken S, Booler H, Bower N, Brooker P, Brown P, Burlinson B, Burns-Naas LA, Casey W, Chapman M, Clarke D, de Haan L, Doehr O, Downes N, Flaherty M, Gellatly N, Moesgaard SG, Harris J, Holbrook M, Hui J, Jones D, Jones K, Kedar H, Mahl A, Manninen A, McGuire A, Mortimer-Cassen E, Peraza M, Pugsley MK, Richard J, Roberts R, Roosen W, Rothfuss A, Schoenmakers A, Sewell F, Weaver R, Weir L, Wolfreys A, Kimber I. Opportunities for use of one species for longer-term toxicology testing during drug development: A cross-industry evaluation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 113:104624. [PMID: 32126256 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An international expert working group representing 37 organisations (pharmaceutical/biotechnology companies, contract research organisations, academic institutions and regulatory bodies) collaborated in a data sharing exercise to evaluate the utility of two species within regulatory general toxicology studies. Anonymised data on 172 drug candidates (92 small molecules, 46 monoclonal antibodies, 15 recombinant proteins, 13 synthetic peptides and 6 antibody-drug conjugates) were submitted by 18 organisations. The use of one or two species across molecule types, the frequency for reduction to a single species within the package of general toxicology studies, and a comparison of target organ toxicities identified in each species in both short and longer-term studies were determined. Reduction to a single species for longer-term toxicity studies, as used for the development of biologicals (ICHS6(R1) guideline) was only applied for 8/133 drug candidates, but might have been possible for more, regardless of drug modality, as similar target organ toxicity profiles were identified in the short-term studies. However, definition and harmonisation around the criteria for similarity of toxicity profiles is needed to enable wider consideration of these principles. Analysis of a more robust dataset would be required to provide clear, evidence-based recommendations for expansion of these principles to small molecules or other modalities where two species toxicity testing is currently recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Prior
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE, UK.
| | - Paul Baldrick
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Otley Road, Harrogate, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Sonja Beken
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP), Victor Hortaplace 40/40, Brussels, 1060, Belgium
| | - Helen Booler
- Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Nancy Bower
- Eisai Inc, 155 Tice Blvd, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Paul Brooker
- Board member, NC3Rs, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Paul Brown
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | | | | | - Warren Casey
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Melissa Chapman
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences,R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Clarke
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Lolke de Haan
- Biologics and Advanced Therapeutics Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olaf Doehr
- Bayer Pharma AG, Müllerstrasse 170, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noel Downes
- Sequani Limited, Bromyard Rd, Ledbury, Herefordshire, HR8 1LH, UK
| | - Meghan Flaherty
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 300 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nichola Gellatly
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | | | - Jennifer Harris
- Association of British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI), 105 Victoria Street, London, SW1E 6QT, UK
| | | | - Julia Hui
- Celgene, 86 Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ, 07901, USA
| | - David Jones
- Medicines Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) 10 South Colonnade, Canary Wharf, London, E14 4PU, UK
| | | | | | - Andreas Mahl
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Aidan McGuire
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services, Tranent, Edinburgh, EH33 2NE, UK
| | - Elisabeth Mortimer-Cassen
- Regulatory Safety Centre of Excellence, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marjorie Peraza
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Jacques Richard
- Sanofi, 371 Rue du Professeur Blayac, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Ruth Roberts
- ApconiX, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Wendy Roosen
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Andreas Rothfuss
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, CH - 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Fiona Sewell
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Richard Weaver
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Biopharmacy, 92284, Suresnes, Cedex, France
| | - Lucinda Weir
- GlaxoSmithKline, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | | | - Ian Kimber
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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17
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Faragli A, Tanacli R, Kolp C, Lapinskas T, Stehning C, Schnackenburg B, Lo Muzio FP, Perna S, Pieske B, Nagel E, Post H, Kelle S, Alogna A. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking in pigs: a reproducibility and sample size calculation study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 36:703-712. [PMID: 31950298 PMCID: PMC7125242 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-020-01767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking (CMR-FT) is a novel technique for non-invasive assessment of myocardial motion and deformation. Although CMR-FT is standardized in humans, literature on comparative analysis from animal models is scarce. In this study, we measured the reproducibility of global strain under various inotropic states and the sample size needed to test its relative changes in pigs. Ten anesthetized healthy Landrace pigs were investigated. After baseline (BL), two further steps were performed: (I) dobutamine-induced hyper-contractility (Dob) and (II) verapamil-induced hypocontractility (Ver). Global longitudinal (GLS), circumferential (GCS) and radial strain (GRS) were assessed. This study shows a good to excellent inter- and intra-observer reproducibility of CMR-FT in pigs under various inotropic states. The highest inter-observer reproducibility was observed for GLS at both BL (ICC 0.88) and Ver (ICC 0.79). According to the sample size calculation for GLS, a small number of animals could be used for future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Faragli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Tanacli
- Department of Internal Medicine / Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Kolp
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Lapinskas
- Department of Internal Medicine / Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu Street 2, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - C Stehning
- Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare, Röntgenstr. 24, 22335, Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Schnackenburg
- Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare, Röntgenstr. 24, 22335, Hamburg, Germany
| | - F P Lo Muzio
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paedriatics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Via S. Francesco 22, 37129, Verona, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - S Perna
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, P.O. Box 32038, Zallaq, Bahrain
| | - B Pieske
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine / Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - E Nagel
- Institute of Experimental and Translational Cardiac Imaging, DZHK Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - H Post
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Contilia Heart and Vessel Centre, St. Marien-Hospital Mülheim, Kaiserstraße 50, 45468, Mülheim, Germany
| | - S Kelle
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Alogna
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Negro Silva LF, Li C, de Seadi Pereira PJB, Tan W, Dubuc-Mageau M, Sanfacon A, Forster R, Tavcar R, Makin A, Authier S. Biochemical and Electroretinographic Characterization of the Minipig Eye in the Context of Drug Safety Investigations. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:415-422. [PMID: 31470746 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819867929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Minipigs are an emerging nonrodent alternative for ocular toxicology owing to anatomical similarities in the minipig eyes when compared to humans. Ocular structures and components from Göttingen minipigs were characterized and compared to species commonly used in toxicology. Ocular reference data from Göttingen minipig including intraocular pressure, vitreous electrolyte and thiol concentration, and electroretinography (ERG) data are essential to model characterization and data interpretation during drug safety assessments. Intravitreal positive control agents including gentamicin, indocyanine green, and glycine were used to demonstrate ERG alterations caused by retinal cell toxicity, light transmission obstruction, or neurotransmission interferences, respectively. Electrolyte concentrations of the aqueous and vitreous humors from Göttingen minipigs were similar to other species including humans. The reference data presented herein supports the use of the Göttingen minipig as an alternate nonrodent species in ocular toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Li
- Citoxlab North America, a Charles River Company, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Wendy Tan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michelle Dubuc-Mageau
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Audrey Sanfacon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roy Forster
- Citoxlab France, a Charles River Company, Evreux, France
| | - Robert Tavcar
- Citoxlab North America, a Charles River Company, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andy Makin
- Citoxlab Denmark, a Charles River Company, Ejby, Denmark
| | - Simon Authier
- Citoxlab North America, a Charles River Company, Laval, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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19
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Paradis FH, Downey AM, Beaudry F, Pinêtre C, Ellemann-Laursen S, Makin A, Hill K, Singh P, Hargitai J, Forster R, Tavcar R, Authier S. Interspecies Comparison of Control Data From Embryo-Fetal Development Studies in Sprague-Dawley Rats, New Zealand White Rabbits, and Göttingen Minipigs. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:476-486. [PMID: 31470750 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819867249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Species-dependent differences in relative incidence of spontaneous variations and malformations should be considered in the assessment of the translational value of reproductive and developmental safety assessments. The objective of this evaluation was to compare litter parameters and the frequency of external, visceral, and skeletal malformations and variations across species in the Sprague-Dawley rat, New Zealand White rabbit, and Göttingen minipig and to determine whether notable differences exist. Pregnant female rats (n = 824), rabbits (n = 540), and minipigs (n = 70) from vehicle control groups were included in the analysis, equating to 10,749 rat, 5,073 rabbit, and 378 pig fetuses collected at term by cesarean delivery. Preimplantation loss was more frequent than postimplantation loss in the rat and rabbit, whereas the opposite was observed in the minipig. Several external and visceral malformations and variations such as domed head, bent tail, abdominal edema, and anal atresia were observed in all 3 species. Visceral malformations of the heart and major blood vessels were remarkably more frequent in the minipig and rabbit, respectively; ventricular and atrium septum defects were observed in 1.9% and 2.1%, respectively, for the minipig fetuses, whereas they were observed in equal or less than 0.02% among the rat and rabbit fetuses evaluated in this study. Understanding species-dependent differences in spontaneous variations and malformations can be useful for the interpretation of embryo-fetal development study results. The current analysis identified relevant differences between commonly used species in reproductive toxicology with potential implications for data assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andy Makin
- Citoxlab-Charles River Company, Ejby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Roy Forster
- Citoxlab-Charles River Company, Evreux, France
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Jones K, Harding J, Makin A, Singh P, Jacobsen B, Mikkelsen LF. Perspectives From the 12th Annual Minipig Research Forum: Early Inclusion of the Minipig in Safety Assessment Species Selection Should be the Standard Approach. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:891-895. [PMID: 31280706 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319861940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the minipig has been established as a species which can be used in biomedical research, including drug development safety assessment. There are no mandatory regulatory guidelines regarding species selection strategy for safety assessment; hence, choice is at the discretion of companies responsible for drug development. A survey of member companies by IQ DruSafe (2016) highlighted inconsistent and low use of the minipig. At the 12th Annual Minipig Research Forum in 2018, presentations and a workshop examined current practices and considered if the minipig could be utilized more from earliest drug development stages. Despite the agreed utility of scientific data and validity of the minipig, especially for small molecules, each company has its own approach in nonrodent species selection, without consistent rationale. The overall objective should be to ensure the most appropriate species is selected and is scientifically based, with the minipig systematically included from early screening stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Harding
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Makin
- CiToxLAB Scantox, Lille Skensved, Denmark
| | | | - Björn Jacobsen
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
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Kaur A, Ten Have GAM, Hritzo B, Deutz NEP, Olsen C, Moroni M. Morphological and functional impairment in the gut in a partial body irradiation minipig model of GI-ARS. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 96:112-128. [PMID: 30475652 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1552377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Göttingen minipig (G-MP) displays classic gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome (GI-ARS) following total body irradiation (TBI) at GI doses which are lethal by 10-14 days. In collaboration with BARDA, we are developing a hemi-body/partial body irradiation (PBI) model by exposing only the abdomen and lower extremities to study GI structure/function impairment, natural history of injury and recovery, as well as correlative biomarkers out to 30 days.Materials and methods: Twenty-four G-MP were exposed to either 12 or 16 Gy (LINAC Elekta); head, forelimbs, and thorax were outside the irradiation field, sparing ∼50% of the bone marrow. Animals were followed for 30 days with euthanasia scheduled at pre-set intervals to study the time course of GI injury and recovery. Hematological profiles, clinical symptoms, gross- and histo-pathology including markers of proliferation and apoptosis in the small intestines, gut function parameters (food tolerance, digestion, absorption, citrulline production), and levels of two biomarkers, CRP and IGF-1, were evaluated.Results: PBI at 16 Gy yielded higher lethality than 12 Gy. Unlike TBI, PBI did not cause severe pancytopenia or external hemorrhage, as expected, and allowed to focus the injury on GI organs while sparing the radiation sensitive heart and lung. Compromised animals showed inactivity, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. Histology revealed that in 12 Gy irradiated animals, lesions recovered overtime. In 16 Gy irradiated animals, lesions were more pronounced and persistent. BrdU and Ki67 labelling demonstrated dose-dependent loss of crypts and subsequent mucosal ulceration which recovered over time. Minimal apoptosis was observed at both doses. Reductions in food tolerance, digestion, absorption, and citrulline production were time and dose-dependent. Loss of citrulline reached a nadir between 6-12 days and then recovered partially. CRP and IGF-1 were upregulated following PBI at GI doses.Conclusions: This lower hemi-body irradiation model allowed for extended survival at GI-specific ARS doses and development of a well-controlled GI syndrome with minimal hematopoietic injury or confounding mortality from cardiopulmonary damage. A dose-dependent impairment in the intestinal structure resulted in overall decreased gut functionality followed by a partial recovery. However, while the structure appeared to be recovered, not all functionality was attained. PBI induced systemic inflammation and altered the IGF-1 hormone indicating that these can be used as biomarkers in the minipig even under partial body conditions. This PBI model aligns with other minipig models under BARDA's large animal consortium to test medical countermeasure efficacy against a less complex GI-specific ARS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- Radiation Countermeasure program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabriëlla A M Ten Have
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bernadette Hritzo
- Radiation Countermeasure program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Cara Olsen
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Moroni
- Radiation Countermeasure program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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A liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry in vitro assay to assess metabolism at the injection site of subcutaneously administered therapeutic peptides. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:449-458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Descotes J, Allais L, Ancian P, Pedersen HD, Friry-Santini C, Iglesias A, Rubic-Schneider T, Skaggs H, Vestbjerg P. Nonclinical evaluation of immunological safety in Göttingen Minipigs: The CONFIRM initiative. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:271-275. [PMID: 29481836 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing need to consider non-rodent species for the immunological safety evaluation of drug candidates. The EU Framework-6 RETHINK Project demonstrated that the Göttingen Minipig is a relevant animal model for regulatory toxicology studies. Extensive knowledge on the immune system of domestic pigs is available and fewer differences from humans have been identified as compared to other species, such as mice or non-human primates. Minipig data are too scarce to allow for claiming full immunological comparability with domestic pigs. Another gap limiting minipig use for immunological safety evaluation is the lack of a qualified and validated database. However, available data lend support to the use of minipigs. The need for a COllaborative Network For Immunological safety Research in Minipigs (the CONFIRM Initiative) was obvious. It is intended to trigger immunological safety research in Göttingen Minipigs, to assist and synergize fundamental, translational and regulatory investigative efforts relevant to the immunological safety evaluation of pharmaceuticals and biologics, and to spread current knowledge and new findings to the scientific and regulatory toxicology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Descotes
- ImmunoSafe Consulting & University of Lyon, 38480 Saint Jean d'Avelanne, France.
| | - Linda Allais
- Charles River Laboratories, 69210 Saint Germain-Nuelles, France
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