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Bazgir F, Nau J, Nakhaei-Rad S, Amin E, Wolf MJ, Saucerman JJ, Lorenz K, Ahmadian MR. The Microenvironment of the Pathogenesis of Cardiac Hypertrophy. Cells 2023; 12:1780. [PMID: 37443814 PMCID: PMC10341218 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is a key risk factor for the development of heart failure and predisposes individuals to cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death. While physiological cardiac hypertrophy is adaptive, hypertrophy resulting from conditions comprising hypertension, aortic stenosis, or genetic mutations, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is maladaptive. Here, we highlight the essential role and reciprocal interactions involving both cardiomyocytes and non-myocardial cells in response to pathological conditions. Prolonged cardiovascular stress causes cardiomyocytes and non-myocardial cells to enter an activated state releasing numerous pro-hypertrophic, pro-fibrotic, and pro-inflammatory mediators such as vasoactive hormones, growth factors, and cytokines, i.e., commencing signaling events that collectively cause cardiac hypertrophy. Fibrotic remodeling is mediated by cardiac fibroblasts as the central players, but also endothelial cells and resident and infiltrating immune cells enhance these processes. Many of these hypertrophic mediators are now being integrated into computational models that provide system-level insights and will help to translate our knowledge into new pharmacological targets. This perspective article summarizes the last decades' advances in cardiac hypertrophy research and discusses the herein-involved complex myocardial microenvironment and signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Bazgir
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (J.N.)
| | - Julia Nau
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (J.N.)
| | - Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- Stem Cell Biology, and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, Iran;
| | - Ehsan Amin
- Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Matthew J. Wolf
- Department of Medicine and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Jeffry J. Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, 97078 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (J.N.)
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Agostinucci K, Manfredi TG, Cosmas AC, Vetter FJ, Engle SK. Comparison of ANP and BNP Granular Density in Atria of Rats After Physiological and Pathological Hypertrophy. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:497-506. [PMID: 35608026 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221097970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are cardiac hormones located in atria granules. Both peptides respond to cardiac pressure and volume dynamics and accordingly serve as translation biomarkers for the clinical treatment of heart failure. Serum ANP and BNP play central secretary roles in blood pressure and cardiac output regulation and have proven utility as differential biomarkers of cardiovascular proficiency and drug-induced maladaptation, yet both peptides are impervious to exercise-induced hypertrophy. We employed immunoelectron microscopy to examine the effects of 28 days of chronic swim exercise or administration of a PPARγ agonist on atrial granules and their stored natriuretic peptides in Sprague Dawley rats. Chronic swimming and drug treatment both resulted in a 15% increase in heart weight compared with controls, with no treatment effects on perinuclear granule area in the left atria (LAs). Drug treatment resulted in larger size granules with greater BNP density in the right atria. Comparing swimming and PPARγ agonist treatment effects on ANP:BNP granule density ratios between atrial chambers revealed a shift toward a greater proportion of ANP than BNP in LAs of swim-trained rats. These data suggest a distinction in the population of ANP and BNP after chronic swim or PPARγ that makes it a novel metric for the differentiation of pathological and physiological hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Agostinucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas G Manfredi
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Arthur C Cosmas
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA.,Select Medical Sports Medicine and Outpatient Rehabilitation, West Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Frederick J Vetter
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Steven K Engle
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Bau-Gaudreault L, Arndt T, Provencher A, Brayton CF. Research-Relevant Clinical Pathology Resources: Emphasis on Mice, Rats, Rabbits, Dogs, Minipigs, and Non-Human Primates. ILAR J 2021; 62:203-222. [PMID: 34877602 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical pathology testing for investigative or biomedical research and for preclinical toxicity and safety assessment in laboratory animals is a distinct specialty requiring an understanding of species specific and other influential variables on results and interpretation. This review of clinical pathology principles and testing recommendations in laboratory animal species aims to provide a useful resource for researchers, veterinary specialists, toxicologists, and clinical or anatomic pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Bau-Gaudreault
- Clinical Laboratories, Charles River Laboratories - ULC, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tara Arndt
- Labcorp Drug Development, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Anne Provencher
- Clinical Laboratories, Charles River Laboratories - ULC, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, John Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Targets identified from exercised heart: killing multiple birds with one stone. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:23. [PMID: 33837221 PMCID: PMC8035363 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of mortality worldwide, which are mainly driven by factors such as aging, sedentary lifestyle, and excess alcohol use. Exercise targets several molecules and protects hearts against many of these physiological and pathological stimuli. Accordingly, it is widely recognized as an effective therapeutic strategy for CVD. To investigate the molecular mechanism of exercise in cardiac protection, we identify and describe several crucial targets identified from exercised hearts. These targets include insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)-phosphatidylinositol 3 phosphate kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ), cardiac microRNAs (miRNAs, miR-222 and miR-17-3p etc.), exosomal-miRNAs (miR-342, miR-29, etc.), Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor/metallothioneins (Nrf2/Mts). Targets identified from exercised hearts can alleviate injury via multiple avenues, including: (1) promoting cardiomyocyte proliferation; (2) facilitating cardiomyocyte growth and physiologic hypertrophy; (3) elevating the anti-apoptotic capacity of cardiomyocytes; (4) improving vascular endothelial function; (5) inhibiting pathological remodeling and fibrosis; (6) promoting extracellular vesicles (EVs) production and exosomal-molecules transfer. Exercise is one treatment (‘stone’), which is cardioprotective via multiple avenues (‘birds’), and is considered ‘killing multiple birds with one stone’ in this review. Further, we discuss the potential application of EV cargos in CVD treatment. We provide an outline of targets identified from the exercised heart and their mechanisms, as well as novel ideas for CVD treatment, which may provide novel direction for preclinical trials in cardiac rehabilitation.
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Kaleta-Duss AM, Lewicka-Potocka Z, Dąbrowska-Kugacka A, Raczak G, Lewicka E. Myocardial Injury and Overload among Amateur Marathoners as Indicated by Changes in Concentrations of Cardiovascular Biomarkers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176191. [PMID: 32859020 PMCID: PMC7503477 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Marathons continue to grow in popularity among amateurs. However, the impact of intensive exercise on the amateur's cardiovascular system has not yet been studied. Analysis of the influence of the marathon on kinetics of biomarkers reflecting cardiac injury and overload may bring new insights into this issue. We investigated the effect of running a marathon on the concentrations of high sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI), heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP), N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide (NT-proANP), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and galectin 3 (Gal-3) in the population of male amateur runners. The study included 35 amateur marathoners and followed 3 stages: S1-two weeks prior to the marathon, S2-at the finish line and S3-two weeks after. Blood samples were collected at each stage and analyzed for biomarkers and laboratory parameters. Concentrations of all studied biomarkers were significantly higher at S2, whereas at S3 did not differ significantly compared to S1. Running a marathon by an amateur causes an acute rise in biomarkers of cardiac injury and stress. Whether repetitive bouts of intensive exercise elicit long-term adverse cardiovascular effects in amateur marathoners needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Kaleta-Duss
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.M.K.-D.); (Z.L.-P.); (A.D.-K.); (G.R.)
| | - Zuzanna Lewicka-Potocka
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.M.K.-D.); (Z.L.-P.); (A.D.-K.); (G.R.)
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alicja Dąbrowska-Kugacka
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.M.K.-D.); (Z.L.-P.); (A.D.-K.); (G.R.)
| | - Grzegorz Raczak
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.M.K.-D.); (Z.L.-P.); (A.D.-K.); (G.R.)
| | - Ewa Lewicka
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.M.K.-D.); (Z.L.-P.); (A.D.-K.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-608670152
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Translational trio of myocardial biomarkers for prediction, monitoring and controlling toxicologic response: Mechanistic (high content analysis), leakage (high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I) and function biomarkers (B-type natriuretic peptide). CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Qualification of safety biomarkers for use in drug development: What has been achieved and what is the path forward? CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Aulbach AD, Jordan H, Tarrant J. Contemporary and Emerging Applications in Clinical Pathology. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:257-259. [PMID: 28178897 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316684035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kim K, Chini N, Fairchild DG, Engle SK, Reagan WJ, Summers SD, Mirsalis JC. Evaluation of Cardiac Toxicity Biomarkers in Rats from Different Laboratories. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:1072-1083. [PMID: 27638646 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316668276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a great need for improved diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of potential cardiac toxicity in drug development. This study reports the evaluation of several commercially available biomarker kits by 3 institutions (SRI, Eli Lilly, and Pfizer) for the discrimination between myocardial degeneration/necrosis and cardiac hypertrophy as well as the assessment of the interlaboratory and interplatform variation in results. Serum concentrations of natriuretic peptides (N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide [NT-proANP] and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP]), cardiac and skeletal troponins (cTnI, cTnT, and sTnI), myosin light chain 3 (Myl3), and fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) were assessed in rats treated with minoxidil (MNX) and isoproterenol (ISO). MNX caused increased heart-to-body weight ratios and prominent elevations in NT-proANP and NT-proBNP concentrations detected at 24-hr postdose without elevation in troponins, Myl3, or FABP3 and with no abnormal histopathological findings. ISO caused ventricular leukocyte infiltration, myocyte fibrosis, and necrosis with increased concentrations of the natriuretic peptides, cardiac troponins, and Myl3. These results reinforce the advantages of a multimarker strategy in elucidating the underlying cause of cardiac insult and detecting myocardial tissue damage at 24-hr posttreatment. The interlaboratory and interplatform comparison analyses also showed that the data obtained from different laboratories and platforms are highly correlated and reproducible, making these biomarkers widely applicable in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuri Kim
- 1 SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Naseem Chini
- 1 SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | | | - Steven K Engle
- 2 Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - William J Reagan
- 3 Pfizer, Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sandra D Summers
- 3 Pfizer, Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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