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Brinker EJ, Hardcastle MR, Dittmer KE, Graff EC. Endocrine fibroblast growth factors in domestic animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2024; 89:106872. [PMID: 39059301 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2024.106872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a group of structurally homologous yet functionally pleiotropic proteins. Canonical and intracellular FGFs have primarily autocrine or paracrine effects. However, the FGF19 subfamily, composed of FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23, act as endocrine hormones that regulate bile acid, metabolic, and phosphorus homeostasis, respectively. Current research in human and rodent models demonstrates the potential of these endocrine FGFs to target various diseases, including disorders of inherited hypophosphatemia, chronic liver disease, obesity, and insulin resistance. Many diseases targeted for therapeutic use in humans have pathophysiological overlaps in domestic animals. Despite the potential clinical and economic impact, little is known about endocrine FGFs and their signaling pathways in major domestic animal species compared with humans and laboratory animals. This review aims to describe the physiology of these endocrine FGFs, discuss their current therapeutic use, and summarize the contemporary literature regarding endocrine FGFs in domestic animals, focusing on potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Brinker
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn University, AL, USA 36849; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, USA 01536
| | - Michael R Hardcastle
- IDEXX Laboratories Pty. Ltd., 20A Maui Street, Pukete, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Keren E Dittmer
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Emily C Graff
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn University, AL, USA 36849; Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. Auburn University, 1265 HC Morgan, AL, USA 36849.
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2
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Abate V, Vergatti A, De Filippo G, Damiano V, Menale C, D'Elia L, Rendina D. Clinical Characteristics of Malignant Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor Causing Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e1006-e1011. [PMID: 38006315 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome usually caused by oversecretion of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) from a phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor (PMT). PMTs are usually benign neoplasms but some of them show malignant characteristics. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics of benign and malignant PMTs inducing TIO. METHODS On March 31, 2023, we performed a systematic review of individual patient data analysis in Medline, Google Scholar, Google book, and Cochrane Library using the terms "tumor induced osteomalacia," "oncogenic osteomalacia," "hypophosphatemia," with no language restrictions and according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria. RESULTS Overall, we collected data from 837 patients with TIO in which the diagnosis of benign and malignant PMT was specified. Of them, 89 were affected by malignant PMT and 748 by benign PMT. Patients with malignant PMTs were younger and presented bone pain, functional impairment, and bone deformities more frequently. Malignant PMTs showed higher values of intact FGF23 and a higher mortality rate. CONCLUSION The study results identify the clinical characteristics of patients with malignant TIO, permitting the early identification of patients with PMT at increased risk of malignancy. This may significantly improve the diagnostic approach to disease. Further experimental studies are mandatory to clarify the role of FGF23 in the pathogenesis of malignancy in PMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Abate
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anita Vergatti
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo De Filippo
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Service d'Endocrinologie-Diabétologie, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Vincenzo Damiano
- Clinical Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Menale
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lanfranco D'Elia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Rendina
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
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3
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Bouraima F, Sapin V, Kahouadji S, Pickering ME, Pereira B, Bouvier D, Oris C. Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia in Patients With Malignancy: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review of Case Reports. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:3031-3040. [PMID: 37235783 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) due to fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) overexpression is becoming recognized in patients with malignancy. The condition may be underdiagnosed, with a scarce medical literature. OBJECTIVE To perform a meta-analysis of case reports to allow a better understanding of malignant TIO and its clinical implications. METHODS Full texts were selected according to strict inclusion criteria. All case reports were included where patients had hypophosphatemia, malignant TIO, and FGF23 blood levels. Thirty-two of 275 eligible studies (n = 34 patients) met inclusion criteria. A list of desired data was extracted and graded for methodological quality. RESULTS Prostate adenocarcinoma (n = 9) were the most tumors reported. Twenty-five of 34 patients had a metastatic disease and a poor clinical outcome was reported for 15 of 28 patients. The median levels of blood phosphate and C-terminal FGF23 (cFGF23) were 0.40 mmol/L and 788.5 RU/mL, respectively. For most of patients, blood PTH was elevated or within range, and calcitriol levels were inappropriately low or normal. Alkaline phosphatase concentrations were increased for 20 of 22 patients. The cFGF23 values were significantly higher for patients with a poor clinical outcome when compared to other patients (1685 vs 357.5 RU/mL). In case of prostate cancer, cFGF23 levels were significantly lower (429.4 RU/mL) than for other malignancies (1007.5 RU/mL). CONCLUSION We report for the first time a detailed description of the clinical and biological characteristics of malignant TIO. In this context, FGF23 blood measurement would be of value for the diagnostic workup, prognostication, and follow-up of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouk Bouraima
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, University Hospital, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Sapin
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, University Hospital, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, INSERM, iGReD, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Samy Kahouadji
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, University Hospital, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, INSERM, iGReD, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Eva Pickering
- Rheumatology Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics unit (DRCI) Department, University Hospital, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Damien Bouvier
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, University Hospital, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, INSERM, iGReD, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Charlotte Oris
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, University Hospital, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, INSERM, iGReD, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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4
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Bover J, Massó E, Gifre L, Alfieri C, Soler-Majoral J, Fusaro M, Calabia J, Rodríguez-Pena R, Rodríguez-Chitiva N, López-Báez V, Sánchez-Baya M, da Silva I, Aguilar A, Bustos MC, Rodrigues N, Chávez-Iñiguez JS, Romero-González G, Valdivielso JM, Molina P, Górriz JL. Vitamin D and Chronic Kidney Disease Association with Mineral and Bone Disorder: An Appraisal of Tangled Guidelines. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071576. [PMID: 37049415 PMCID: PMC10097233 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highly prevalent condition worldwide in which the kidneys lose many abilities, such as the regulation of vitamin D (VD) metabolism. Moreover, people with CKD are at a higher risk of multifactorial VD deficiency, which has been extensively associated with poor outcomes, including bone disease, cardiovascular disease, and higher mortality. Evidence is abundant in terms of the association of negative outcomes with low levels of VD, but recent studies have lowered previous high expectations regarding the beneficial effects of VD supplementation in the general population. Although controversies still exist, the diagnosis and treatment of VD have not been excluded from nephrology guidelines, and much data still supports VD supplementation in CKD patients. In this narrative review, we briefly summarize evolving controversies and useful clinical approaches, underscoring that the adverse effects of VD derivatives must be balanced against the need for effective prevention of progressive and severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. Guidelines vary, but there seems to be general agreement that VD deficiency should be avoided in CKD patients, and it is likely that one should not wait until severe SHPT is present before cautiously starting VD derivatives. Furthermore, it is emphasized that the goal should not be the complete normalization of parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. New developments may help us to better define optimal VD and PTH at different CKD stages, but large trials are still needed to confirm that VD and precise control of these and other CKD-MBD biomarkers are unequivocally related to improved hard outcomes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Bover
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Massó
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Laia Gifre
- Rheumatology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Carlo Alfieri
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Jordi Soler-Majoral
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Maria Fusaro
- National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Jordi Calabia
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Josep Trueta, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Rosely Rodríguez-Pena
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Néstor Rodríguez-Chitiva
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Víctor López-Báez
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Maya Sánchez-Baya
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Iara da Silva
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Armando Aguilar
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Hospital General de Zona No. 2, Tuxtla Gutiérrez 29000, Mexico
| | - Misael C Bustos
- Department of Nephrology, Pontificia Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Natacha Rodrigues
- Division of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, EPE, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jonathan S Chávez-Iñiguez
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud CUCS, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Gregorio Romero-González
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Valdivielso
- Grupo de Investigación Traslacional Vascular y Renal, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica IRBlleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Pablo Molina
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Dr Peset, Universitat de València Fisabio, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - José L Górriz
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Clínico, INCLIVA, Valencia University, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Negah SS, Forouzanfar F. Dual Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor Pathways in Sleep Regulation. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2023; 23:63-69. [PMID: 35927892 DOI: 10.2174/1871530322666220802161031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleep plays an important function in neuro-immuno-endocrine homeostasis. Sleep disorders have been associated with an increased risk of metabolic and cognitive impairments. Among different factors that have an effect on sleep metabolism, a growing body of literature has investigated growth factors in the course of sleep quality and disorders. A good example of growth factors is fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), which are a large family of polypeptide growth factors. Evidence has shown that FGFs are involved in the modulation of sleep-wake behavior by their receptor subtypes and ligands, e.g., FFG1 plays an important role in the quality of sleep through somnogenic effects, while the high level of FGF23 is associated with secondary disorders in shift workers. Therefore, a controversial effect of FGFs can be seen in the course of sleep in physiologic and pathologic conditions. Further investigation on this topic would help us to understand the role of FGFs in sleep disorders as a therapeutic option and biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Sahab Negah
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Forouzanfar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Martiniakova M, Mondockova V, Biro R, Kovacova V, Babikova M, Zemanova N, Ciernikova S, Omelka R. The link between bone-derived factors osteocalcin, fibroblast growth factor 23, sclerostin, lipocalin 2 and tumor bone metastasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1113547. [PMID: 36926025 PMCID: PMC10012867 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1113547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is the third most common site of metastatic disease, which causes serious bone complications and short-term prognosis in cancer patients. Prostate and breast cancers are responsible for the majority of bone metastasis, resulting in osteolytic or osteoblastic lesions. The crosstalk between bone cells and their interactions with tumor cells are important in the development of lesions. Recently, both preclinical and clinical studies documented the clinical relevance of bone-derived factors, including osteocalcin (OC) and its undercarboxylated form (ucOC), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), sclerostin (SCL), and lipocalin 2 (LCN2) as prognostic tumor biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in bone metastasis. Both OC and ucOC could be useful targets for the prevention of bone metastasis in breast cancer. Moreover, elevated OC level may be a metastatic marker of prostate cancer. FGF23 is particularly important for those forms of cancer that primarily affect bone and/or are characterized by bone metastasis. In other tumor entities, increased FGF23 level is enigmatic. SCL plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of both osteolytic and osteoblastic lesions, as its levels are high in metastatic breast and prostate cancers. Elevated expression levels of LCN2 have been found in aggressive subtypes of cancer. However, its role in anti-metastasis varies significantly between different cancer types. Anyway, all aforementioned bone-derived factors can be used as promising tumor biomarkers. As metastatic bone disease is generally not curable, targeting bone factors represents a new trend in the prevention of bone metastasis and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Martiniakova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Monika Martiniakova, ; Radoslav Omelka,
| | - Vladimira Mondockova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Roman Biro
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Kovacova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Martina Babikova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Nina Zemanova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Sona Ciernikova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radoslav Omelka
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Monika Martiniakova, ; Radoslav Omelka,
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Young K, Beggs MR, Grimbly C, Alexander RT. Regulation of 1 and 24 hydroxylation of vitamin D metabolites in the proximal tubule. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1103-1111. [PMID: 35482362 PMCID: PMC9335508 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221091982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium and phosphate are critical for numerous physiological processes. Consequently, the plasma concentration of these ions are tightly regulated. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is a positive modulator of mineralization as well as calcium and phosphate metabolism. The molecular and physiological effects of calcitriol are well documented. Calcitriol increases blood calcium and phosphate levels by increasing absorption from the intestine, and resorption of bone. Calcitriol synthesis is a multistep process. A precursor is first made via skin exposure to UV, it is then 25-hydroxylated in the liver to form 25-hydroxyitamin D. The next hydroxylation step occurs in the renal proximal tubule via the 1-αhydroxylase enzyme (encoded by CYP27B1) thereby generating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, that is, calcitriol. At the same site, the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 24-hydroxlase enzyme encoded by CYP24A1 can hydroxylate 25-hydroxyvitamin D or calcitriol to deactivate the hormone. Plasma calcitriol levels are primarily determined by the regulated expression of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1. This occurs in response to parathyroid hormone (increases CYP27B1), calcitriol itself (decreases CYP27B1 and increases CYP24A1), calcitonin (increases or decreases CYP24A1 and increases CYP27B1), FGF23 (decreases CYP27B1 and increases CYP24A1) and potentially plasma calcium and phosphate levels themselves (mixed effects). Herein, we review the regulation of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 transcription in response to the action of classic phophocalciotropic hormones and explore the possibility of direct regulation by plasma calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedi Young
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada,Women and Children’s Health Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Megan R Beggs
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada,Women and Children’s Health Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Chelsey Grimbly
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada,Women and Children’s Health Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada,Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada,R Todd Alexander.
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Ammar YA, Maharem DA, Mohamed AH, Khalil GI, Shams-Eldin RS, Dwedar FI. Fibroblast growth factor-23 rs7955866 polymorphism and risk of chronic kidney disease. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A missense gain-of-function fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs7955866) has been associated with FGF23 hypersecretion, phosphaturia, and bone disease. Excess circulating FGF23 was linked with atherosclerosis, hypertension, initiation, and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Methods
The study included 72 CKD stage 2/3 Egyptian patients (27–71 years old, 37 females) and 26 healthy controls matching in age and sex. Repeated measures of blood pressure were used to quantify hypertension on a semiquantitative scale (grades 0 to 5). Fasting serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, total proteins, albumin, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D3, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and intact FGF23 (iFGF23) were measured. DNA extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes was used for genotyping of FGF23 rs7955866 SNP using the TaqMan SNP genotyping allelic discrimination method.
Results
Major causes of CKD were hypertension, diabetic kidney disease, and CKD of unknown etiology. There was no significant difference in minor allele (A) frequency between the studied groups (0.333 in GI and 0.308 in GII). Median (IQR) serum iFGF23 was significantly higher in GI [729.2 (531.9–972.3)] than in GII [126.1 (88.5–152.4)] pg/mL, P < 0.001. Within GI, the minor allele (A) frequency load, coded for codominant inheritance, had a significant positive correlation with both hypertension grade (r = 0.385, P = 0.001) and serum iFGF23 (r = 0.259, P = 0.028). Hypertension grade had a significant positive correlation with serum phosphorus and iFGF23.
Conclusions
For the first time in an Egyptian cohort, we report a relatively high frequency of the rs7955866 SNP. It may remain dormant or become upregulated in response to some environmental triggers, notably dietary phosphorus excess, leading to increased circulating iFGF23 with ensuing hypertension and/or renal impairment. Subjects with this SNP, particularly in the homozygous form, are at increased risk for CKD of presumably “unknown” etiology, with a tendency for early onset hypertension and increased circulating iFGF23 out of proportion with the degree of renal impairment. Large-scale population studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore the role of blockers of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and sodium chloride cotransporters in mitigating hypertension associated with FGF23 excess.
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9
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Endocrine role of bone in the regulation of energy metabolism. Bone Res 2021; 9:25. [PMID: 34016950 PMCID: PMC8137703 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone mainly functions as a supportive framework for the whole body and is the major regulator of calcium homeostasis and hematopoietic function. Recently, an increasing number of studies have characterized the significance of bone as an endocrine organ, suggesting that bone-derived factors regulate local bone metabolism and metabolic functions. In addition, these factors can regulate global energy homeostasis by altering insulin sensitivity, feeding behavior, and adipocyte commitment. These findings may provide a new pathological mechanism for related metabolic diseases or be used in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of metabolic diseases such as osteoporosis, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarize the regulatory effect of bone and bone-derived factors on energy metabolism and discuss directions for future research.
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10
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Radloff J, Pagitz M, Andrukhova O, Oberbauer R, Burgener IA, Erben RG. Aldosterone Is Positively Associated With Circulating FGF23 Levels in Chronic Kidney Disease Across Four Species, and May Drive FGF23 Secretion Directly. Front Physiol 2021; 12:649921. [PMID: 33995120 PMCID: PMC8117232 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is accompanied by increases in circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and aldosterone levels. Here, we tested the hypothesis that aldosterone may be one of the driving forces behind increased FGF23 secretion in CKD. Methods Using data from a prospective study in humans, a retrospective study in dogs and cats, and an experimental study in 5/6-nephrectomized mice, we analyzed the relationship between circulating FGF23 and serum aldosterone levels in CKD across four species. To assess the effects of acute inhibition of aldosterone signaling on circulating FGF23, we acutely treated mice with established CKD with the mineralocorticoid receptor blocker canrenone (50 mg/kg iv/sc), and measured intact FGF23 before and 24 h as well as 72 h after start of administration of the drug. Results We found a tight positive association between circulating intact FGF23 and serum aldosterone in human, canine, and feline CKD patients, as well as in experimental murine CKD (humans: r S = 0.57, p = 0.0368; dogs: r S = 0.66, p = 0.0019; cats: r S = 0.75, p = 0.0003; mice: r S = 0.49, p = 0.0004). Injection of canrenone in mice with established CKD did not lead to changes in FGF23 levels within 24 h, but reduced FGF23 in all mice at 72 h. Conclusion Aldosterone may drive enhanced FGF23 secretion in CKD, possibly explaining the tight positive association between circulating intact FGF23 and aldosterone in human, canine, and feline CKD patients as well as in experimental CKD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Radloff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Pagitz
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olena Andrukhova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Oberbauer
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A Burgener
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhold G Erben
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Mähr M, Blouin S, Behanova M, Misof BM, Glorieux FH, Zwerina J, Rauch F, Hartmann MA, Fratzl-Zelman N. Increased Osteocyte Lacunae Density in the Hypermineralized Bone Matrix of Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type I. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094508. [PMID: 33925942 PMCID: PMC8123504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are terminally differentiated osteoblasts embedded within the bone matrix and key orchestrators of bone metabolism. However, they are generally not characterized by conventional bone histomorphometry because of their location and the limited resolution of light microscopy. OI is characterized by disturbed bone homeostasis, matrix abnormalities and elevated bone matrix mineralization density. To gain further insights into osteocyte characteristics and bone metabolism in OI, we evaluated 2D osteocyte lacunae sections (OLS) based on quantitative backscattered electron imaging in transiliac bone biopsy samples from children with OI type I (n = 19) and age-matched controls (n = 24). The OLS characteristics were related to previously obtained, re-visited histomorphometric parameters. Moreover, we present pediatric bone mineralization density distribution reference data in OI type I (n = 19) and controls (n = 50) obtained with a field emission scanning electron microscope. Compared to controls, OI has highly increased OLS density in cortical and trabecular bone (+50.66%, +61.73%; both p < 0.001), whereas OLS area is slightly decreased in trabecular bone (−10.28%; p = 0.015). Correlation analyses show a low to moderate, positive association of OLS density with surface-based bone formation parameters and negative association with indices of osteoblast function. In conclusion, hyperosteocytosis of the hypermineralized OI bone matrix associates with abnormal bone cell metabolism and might further impact the mechanical competence of the bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Mähr
- 1st Medical Department, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria; (M.M.); (S.B.); (M.B.); (B.M.M.); (J.Z.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Stéphane Blouin
- 1st Medical Department, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria; (M.M.); (S.B.); (M.B.); (B.M.M.); (J.Z.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Martina Behanova
- 1st Medical Department, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria; (M.M.); (S.B.); (M.B.); (B.M.M.); (J.Z.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Barbara M. Misof
- 1st Medical Department, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria; (M.M.); (S.B.); (M.B.); (B.M.M.); (J.Z.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Francis H. Glorieux
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children and McGill University, Montreal, ON H4A 0A9, Canada; (F.H.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Jochen Zwerina
- 1st Medical Department, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria; (M.M.); (S.B.); (M.B.); (B.M.M.); (J.Z.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Frank Rauch
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children and McGill University, Montreal, ON H4A 0A9, Canada; (F.H.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Markus A. Hartmann
- 1st Medical Department, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria; (M.M.); (S.B.); (M.B.); (B.M.M.); (J.Z.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Nadja Fratzl-Zelman
- 1st Medical Department, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria; (M.M.); (S.B.); (M.B.); (B.M.M.); (J.Z.); (M.A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-5-9393-55770
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12
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Niță G, Niță O, Gherasim A, Arhire L, Herghelegiu A, Mihalache L, Tuchilus C, Graur M. The role of RANKL and FGF23 in Assessing Bone Turnover in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 2005) 2021; 17:51-59. [PMID: 34539910 PMCID: PMC8417483 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2021.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease which affects bone. There is evidence in the literature about some serum markers that reflect the bone turnover metabolism, such as RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor Kappa-b Ligand) and Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) 23. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the correlations between RANKL and FGF23 and other diabetes-related factors possibly influencing early bone turnover changes. SUBJECTS AND METHOD We conducted a cross-sectional analytical study on a group of 171 patients with type 2 diabetes, without Charcot's arthropathy or a history of amputations, in which a complete history and anthropometric, clinical, biochemical and dietary evaluation were performed. We evaluated the serum level of RANKL and FGF 23. RESULTS RANKL was significantly lower in patients with macroangiopathy (0.42±0.15 pmol/L vs. 0.47±0.2 pmol/L, p=0.001). The level of FGF23 was lower in patients with neuropathy (0.37±0.36 pmol/L vs. 0.41±0.17 pmol/L, p=0.001). We found that FGF23 increased with age, but decreased with the duration of diabetes. We also found an inverse relationship between FGF23 levels and HbA1c, triglycerides, diastolic blood pressure, total proteins, albuminemia. CONCLUSIONS RANKL was significantly lower in patients with macroangiopathy, and FGF 23 in patients with neuropathy. Therefore, more studies are needed to elucidate their role in early bone turnover changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Niță
- “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Iasi
| | - O. Niță
- “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Iasi
| | - A. Gherasim
- “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Iasi
| | - L.I. Arhire
- “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Iasi
| | - A.M Herghelegiu
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - L. Mihalache
- “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Iasi
| | - C. Tuchilus
- “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Iasi
| | - M. Graur
- “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Iasi
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13
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Rotem-Grunbaum B, Landau D. Genetic renal disease classification by hormonal axes. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:2211-2219. [PMID: 31828468 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-019-04437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The kidneys, which regulate many homeostatic pathways, are also a major endocrinological target organ. Many genetic renal diseases can be classified according to the affected protein along such endocrinological pathways. In this review, we examine the hypothesis that a more severe phenotype is expected as the affected protein is located more distally along such pathways. Thus, the location of a defect along its endocrinological pathway should be taken into consideration, in addition to the mutation type, when assessing genetic renal disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bar Rotem-Grunbaum
- Department of Pediatrics B, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Landau
- Department of Pediatrics B, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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14
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Cao W, Helder MN, Bravenboer N, Wu G, Jin J, Ten Bruggenkate CM, Klein-Nulend J, Schulten EAJM. Is There a Governing Role of Osteocytes in Bone Tissue Regeneration? Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:541-550. [PMID: 32676786 PMCID: PMC7532966 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone regeneration plays an important role in contemporary clinical treatment. Bone tissue engineering should result in successful bone regeneration to restore congenital or acquired bone defects in the human skeleton. Osteocytes are thought to have a governing role in bone remodeling by regulating osteoclast and osteoblast activity, and thus bone loss and formation. In this review, we address the so far largely unknown role osteocytes may play in bone tissue regeneration. RECENT FINDINGS Osteocytes release biochemical signaling molecules involved in bone remodeling such as prostaglandins, nitric oxide, Wnts, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Treatment of mesenchymal stem cells in bone tissue engineering with prostaglandins (e.g., PGE2, PGI2, PGF2α), nitric oxide, IGF-1, or Wnts (e.g., Wnt3a) improves osteogenesis. This review provides an overview of the functions of osteocytes in bone tissue, their interaction with other bone cells, and their role in bone remodeling. We postulate that osteocytes may have a pivotal role in bone regeneration as well, and consequently that the bone regeneration process may be improved effectively and rapidly if osteocytes are optimally used and stimulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco N Helder
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jianfeng Jin
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan M Ten Bruggenkate
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Engelbert A J M Schulten
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Wang Y, Ping L, Luan X, Chen Y, Fan X, Li L, Liu Y, Wang P, Zhang S, Zhang B, Chen X. A Mutation in VWA1, Encoding von Willebrand Factor A Domain-Containing Protein 1, Is Associated With Hemifacial Microsomia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:571004. [PMID: 33015062 PMCID: PMC7509151 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.571004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is a type of rare congenital syndrome caused by developmental disorders of the first and second pharyngeal arches that occurs in one out of 5,600 live births. There are significant gaps in our knowledge of the pathogenic genes underlying this syndrome. Methods Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on five patients, one asymptomatic carrier, and two marry-in members of a five-generation pedigree. Structure of WARP (product of VWA1) was predicted using the Phyre2 web portal. In situ hybridization and vwa1-knockdown/knockout studies in zebrafish using morpholino and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques were performed. Cartilage staining and immunofluorescence were carried out. Results Through WES and a set of filtration, we identified a c.G905A:p.R302Q point mutation in a novel candidate pathogenic gene, VWA1. The Phyre2 web portal predicted alterations in secondary and tertiary structures of WARP, indicating changes in its function as well. Predictions of protein-to-protein interactions in five pathways related to craniofacial development revealed possible interactions with four proteins in the FGF pathway. Knockdown/knockout studies of the zebrafish revealed deformities of pharyngeal cartilage. A decrease of the proliferation of cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) and alteration of the structure of pharyngeal chondrocytes were observed in the morphants as well. Conclusion Our data suggest that a mutation in VWA1 is functionally linked to HFM through suppression of CNCC proliferation and disruption of the organization of pharyngeal chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ping
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Luan
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yushan Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Xinmiao Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics and National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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16
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Carpenter KA, Ross RD. Sclerostin Antibody Treatment Increases Bone Mass and Normalizes Circulating Phosphate Levels in Growing Hyp Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:596-607. [PMID: 31743490 PMCID: PMC7370944 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the phosphate regulating gene with homology to endopeptidase located on the X chromosome (PHEX), is the most common form of vitamin D-resistant rickets. Loss of functional PHEX results in elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels, impaired phosphate reabsorption, and inhibited skeletal mineralization. Sclerostin, a protein produced primarily in osteocytes, suppresses bone formation by antagonizing Wnt signaling and is reported to be elevated in XLH patients. This study used the Hyp mouse model to investigate sclerostin's role in the pathophysiology of XLH by evaluating the use of a monoclonal antibody to sclerostin in a mouse model of XLH, the Hyp mouse. Male and female wild-type and Hyp littermates were injected with 25 mg/kg of vehicle or sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) twice weekly, beginning at 4 weeks of age and euthanized at 8 weeks of age. Scl-Ab treatment increased serum phosphate levels and suppressed circulating levels of intact FGF23 in treated wild-type and Hyp mice of both sexes. Cortical area, trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV), metaphyseal apparent density, and the peak load increased with Scl-Ab treatment in both sexes. This short-term treatment study suggests that Scl-Ab treatment can effectively improve some of the pathologies associated with XLH, including normalization of phosphate, and that sclerostin may play a role in regulating FGF23 and phosphate metabolism in XLH. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Carpenter
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan D Ross
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Marzin P, Baujat G, Gensburger D, Huber C, Bole C, Panuel M, Finidori G, De la Dure M, Cormier-Daire V. Heterozygous FGFR1 mutation may be responsible for an incomplete form of osteoglophonic dysplasia, characterized only by radiolucent bone lesions and teeth retentions. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103729. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.103729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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18
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Oshima N, Onimaru H, Yamagata A, Ito S, Imakiire T, Kumagai H. Rostral ventrolateral medulla neuron activity is suppressed by Klotho and stimulated by FGF23 in newborn Wistar rats. Auton Neurosci 2020; 224:102640. [PMID: 32036244 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2020.102640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension often occurs in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Considering the decrease in serum Klotho and increase in serum FGF23 levels in such patients, decreased Klotho and increased FGF23 levels were thought to be associated with hypertension. Presympathetic neurons at the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contribute to sympathetic activity and regulation of blood pressure. Therefore, we hypothesized that Klotho would reduce the activities of RVLM neurons and FGF23 would stimulate them. Accordingly, this study examined the effects of Klotho and FGF23 on bulbospinal neurons in the RVLM. We used a brainstem-spinal cord preparation to record from RVLM presympathetic neurons and to evaluate the effects of Klotho and FGF23 on firing rate and membrane potentials of these neurons. Our results showed that Klotho-induced RVLM neuron hyperpolarization, while ouabain, a Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, suppressed the effects of Klotho on such neurons. Moreover, FGF23 induced RVLM neuron depolarization, while SU5402, an FGF23 receptor (FGFR1) antagonist, induced RVLM neuron hyperpolarization. Histological examinations revealed that Klotho, Na+/K+-ATPase, FGF23, and FGFR1 were present in RVLM neurons and that Klotho was localized in the same neurons as FGFR1. These results suggest that Klotho and FG23 regulate the activity of RVLM neurons. Klotho may reduce the activity of RVLM neurons via stimulating Na+/K+-ATPase on those neurons while FGF23 may activate those neurons via FGFR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Oshima
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Onimaru
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Yamagata
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Seigo Ito
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Imakiire
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroo Kumagai
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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19
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Tresguerres F, Torres J, López-Quiles J, Hernández G, Vega J, Tresguerres I. The osteocyte: A multifunctional cell within the bone. Ann Anat 2020; 227:151422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.151422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Amin R, He R, Gupta D, Zheng W, Burmakin M, Mohammad DK, DePierre JW, Sadeghi B, Olauson H, Wernerson A, El-Andaloussi S, Hassan M, Abedi-Valugerdi M. The kidney injury caused by the onset of acute graft-versus-host disease is associated with down-regulation of αKlotho. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 78:106042. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Rupp T, Amling M, Rolvien T. FGF23 and bone microarchitecture. Osteoporos Int 2019; 30:2359. [PMID: 31407023 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-019-05124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Rupp
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestr. 59, 22529, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestr. 59, 22529, Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Rolvien
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestr. 59, 22529, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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22
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Czaya B, Faul C. The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Inflammation and Anemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4195. [PMID: 31461904 PMCID: PMC6747522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), adverse outcomes such as systemic inflammation and anemia are contributing pathologies which increase the risks for cardiovascular mortality. Amongst these complications, abnormalities in mineral metabolism and the metabolic milieu are associated with chronic inflammation and iron dysregulation, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a risk factor in this context. FGF23 is a bone-derived hormone that is essential for regulating vitamin D and phosphate homeostasis. In the early stages of CKD, serum FGF23 levels rise 1000-fold above normal values in an attempt to maintain normal phosphate levels. Despite this compensatory action, clinical CKD studies have demonstrated powerful and dose-dependent associations between FGF23 levels and higher risks for mortality. A prospective pathomechanism coupling elevated serum FGF23 levels with CKD-associated anemia and cardiovascular injury is its strong association with chronic inflammation. In this review, we will examine the current experimental and clinical evidence regarding the role of FGF23 in renal physiology as well as in the pathophysiology of CKD with an emphasis on chronic inflammation and anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Czaya
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Christian Faul
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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23
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Millar SA, Anderson SI, O'Sullivan SE. Osteokines and the vasculature: a review of the in vitro effects of osteocalcin, fibroblast growth factor-23 and lipocalin-2. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7139. [PMID: 31372314 PMCID: PMC6660824 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-derived factors that demonstrate extra-skeletal functions, also termed osteokines, are fast becoming a highly interesting and focused area of cross-disciplinary endocrine research. Osteocalcin (OCN), fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) and lipocalin-2 (LCN-2), produced in bone, comprise an important endocrine system that is finely tuned with other organs to ensure homeostatic balance and health. This review aims to evaluate in vitro evidence of the direct involvement of these proteins in vascular cells and whether any causal roles in cardiovascular disease or inflammation can be supported. PubMed, Medline, Embase and Google Scholar were searched for relevant research articles investigating the exogenous addition of OCN, FGF23 or LCN-2 to vascular smooth muscle or endothelial cells. Overall, these osteokines are directly vasoactive across a range of human and animal vascular cells. Both OCN and FGF23 have anti-apoptotic properties and increase eNOS phosphorylation and nitric oxide production through Akt signalling in human endothelial cells. OCN improves intracellular insulin signalling and demonstrates protective effects against endoplasmic reticulum stress in murine and human endothelial cells. OCN may be involved in calcification but further research is warranted, while there is no evidence for a pro-calcific effect of FGF23 in vitro. FGF23 and LCN-2 increase proliferation in some cell types and increase and decrease reactive oxygen species generation, respectively. LCN-2 also has anti-apoptotic effects but may increase endoplasmic reticulum stress as well as have pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic properties in human vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. There is no strong evidence to support a pathological role of OCN or FGF23 in the vasculature based on these findings. In contrast, they may in fact support normal endothelial functioning, vascular homeostasis and vasodilation. No studies examined whether OCN or FGF23 may have a role in vascular inflammation. Limited studies with LCN-2 indicate a pro-inflammatory and possible pathological role in the vasculature but further mechanistic data is required. Overall, these osteokines pose intriguing functions which should be investigated comprehensively to assess their relevance to cardiovascular disease and health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Millar
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Susan I Anderson
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Purpose of review α-Klotho (Klotho) occurs in three isoforms, a membrane-bound form acting as a coreceptor for fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) signalling, a shed soluble form consisting of Klotho's large ectodomain thought to act as an enzyme or a hormone, and a secreted truncated form generated by alternative splicing of the Klotho mRNA with unknown function. The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent advances in our understanding of Klotho's function in mineral homeostasis. Recent findings A number of seminal discoveries have recently been made in this area, shifting existing paradigms. The crystal structure of the ternary FGF receptor (FGFR)-1c/Klotho/FGF23 complex has been uncovered, revealing how the ligand FGF23 interacts with FGFR1c and the coreceptor Klotho at atomic resolution. Furthermore, it was shown that soluble Klotho lacks any glycosidase activity and serves as a bona fide coreceptor for FGF23 signalling. Experiments with a combination of Klotho and Fgf23-deficient mouse models demonstrated that all isoforms of Klotho lack any physiologically relevant, FGF23-independent functions in mineral homeostasis or ageing. Finally, it was demonstrated that the alternatively spliced Klotho mRNA is degraded and is not translated into a secreted Klotho protein isoform in humans. Summary Taken together, there is now overwhelming evidence that the main physiological function of transmembrane and soluble Klotho for mineral homeostasis is their role as coreceptors mediating FGF23 actions. In light of these findings, the main pathophysiological consequence of the downregulation of Klotho observed in acute and chronic renal failure may be the induction of renal FGF23 resistance.
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Lin Y, Shi L, Liu Y, Zhang H, Liu Y, Huang X, Hou D, Zhang M. Plasma Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Is Elevated in Pediatric Primary Hypertension. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:135. [PMID: 31058117 PMCID: PMC6478887 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF 23), an endocrine hormone regulating the homeostasis of phosphate and vitamin D, has been shown to play a role in cardiovascular disease. Increased blood FGF 23 is found to be associated with elevated blood pressure in adults. However, measurement of FGF 23 in hypertensive children has not been documented. In this study, a total of 98 children with primary hypertension and 37 controls were recruited, and blood FGF 23 was comparatively investigated. Additionally, FGF 23 levels were compared between the subgroups of patients after hypertensive children were sub-grouped according to their cardiac geometry, hypertension stages, insulin levels, and weight. The case group had a FGF 23 level of 48.99 (16.42), expressed as the median (the interquartile range), significantly higher than the 41.72 (7.05) from the control group (p = 0.0002). While no remarkable differences were observed in FGF 23 levels between non-obese and obese hypertensive children, between patients with stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension, or between patients with normal and high insulin levels; hypertensive children with abnormal cardiac geometry had significantly higher levels of FGF 23 than patients with normal cardiac geometry (p = 0.0085). Our data revealed for the first time that hypertensive children have higher levels of FGF 23. Further studies are needed to examine if lowering FGF 23 improves the cardiac geometry in hypertensive children with higher FGF 23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lin
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolan Huang
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqing Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
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Li Y, Yin P, Guo Z, Lv H, Deng Y, Chen M, Gu Y, Tang P, Zhang L. Bone-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Players of Interorgan Crosstalk. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:846. [PMID: 31920965 PMCID: PMC6914759 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have shown that bone plays an active role in regulating glucose metabolism, affects renal, and cardiovascular diseases and even influences the development of offspring. These novel findings have indicated that bone plays a much more important role in the human body than only providing physical support. However, further investigations of the mechanisms underlying the effects of bone are needed. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have received increased attention because they can transfer functional proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs between cells/organs. After reviewing the existing evidence, we hypothesized that bone may be involved in interorgan communication via EVs. Further research exploring bone-derived EVs may facilitate the understanding of bone as a multifunctional organ.
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胡 顺, 王 东, 张 芮, 曹 媛, 金 华, 茅 燕, 魏 玲, 任 克, 章 雪, 王 亿. [Effect of Ronghuang Granule on serum FGF23, FGFRs and Klotho in non-dialysis patients with CKD-MBD and kidney deficiency and damp-heat syndrome]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:1427-1432. [PMID: 30613009 PMCID: PMC6744217 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.12.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of Ronghuang granule on serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFRs) and Klotho protein levels in non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) and kidney deficiency and damp heat syndrome. METHODS Seventy non-dialysis CKD-MBD patients with kidney deficiency and dampness-heat syndrome were randomized into control group (n=35) and treatment group (n=35). All the patients were given routine treatment combined with traditional Chinese medicine retention enema, and the patients in the treatment group received additional Ronghuang granule treatment (3 times a day). After the 12-week treatments, the patients were examined for changes of TCM syndromes. Serum levels of Ca, P, parathyroid hormone (iPTH), FGF23, FGFRs and Klotho proteins were detected before and after treatment. These parameters were also examined in 20 healthy volunteers. RESULTS Sixty-five patients completed the study, including 33 in the control group and 32 in the treatment group. The patients in the treatment group showed significantly better treatment responses than those in the control group (P < 0.05 or 0.01). At 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment, the patients in the treatment group had significantly lowered scores of TCM syndromes compared with the score before treatment (P < 0.05 or 0.01), while in the control group, significant reduction of the scores occurred only at 12 weeks (P < 0.05); at each of the time points, the treatment group had significantly greater reductions in the score than the control group (P < 0.01). Significant improvements in serum Ca, P and iPTH levels were observed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks in the treatment group (P < 0.05) but only at 12 weeks in the control group (P < 0.05). The patients in the control and treatment groups all showed elevated serum levels of FGF23, FGFRs and Klotho protein compared with the normal subjects (P < 0.01); FGF23, FGFRs and Klotho levels were significantly reduced in the treatment group (P < 0.05) but remained unchanged in the control group (P>0.05), showing significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Ronghuang granule improves the clinical symptoms of non-dialysis CKD-MBD patients with kidney deficiency and dampness heat syndrome by reducing serum levels of FGF23, FGFRs and Klotho, improving calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorder, and inhibiting secondary hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- 顺金 胡
- 安徽中医药大学 第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230000First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
| | - 东 王
- 安徽中医药大学 第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230000First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
| | - 芮 张
- 安徽中医药大学 研究生院,安徽 合肥 230000Graduate School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
| | - 媛茹 曹
- 安徽省中西医结合医院,安徽 合肥 230000Anhui Provincial Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Hefei 230000, China
| | - 华 金
- 安徽中医药大学 第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230000First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
| | - 燕萍 茅
- 安徽中医药大学 第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230000First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
| | - 玲 魏
- 安徽中医药大学 第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230000First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
| | - 克军 任
- 安徽中医药大学 第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230000First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
| | - 雪莲 章
- 安徽中医药大学 第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230000First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
| | - 亿平 王
- 安徽中医药大学 第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230000First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
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Cardoso AL, Fernandes A, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, de Angelis MH, Guedes JR, Brito MA, Ortolano S, Pani G, Athanasopoulou S, Gonos ES, Schosserer M, Grillari J, Peterson P, Tuna BG, Dogan S, Meyer A, van Os R, Trendelenburg AU. Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:214-277. [PMID: 30071357 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use of the frailty index to measure an accumulation of deficits has been proven a valuable method for identifying elderly people at risk for increased vulnerability, disease, injury, and mortality. However, complementary molecular frailty biomarkers or ideally biomarker panels have not yet been identified. We conducted a systematic search to identify biomarker candidates for a frailty biomarker panel. METHODS Gene expression databases were searched (http://genomics.senescence.info/genes including GenAge, AnAge, LongevityMap, CellAge, DrugAge, Digital Aging Atlas) to identify genes regulated in aging, longevity, and age-related diseases with a focus on secreted factors or molecules detectable in body fluids as potential frailty biomarkers. Factors broadly expressed, related to several "hallmark of aging" pathways as well as used or predicted as biomarkers in other disease settings, particularly age-related pathologies, were identified. This set of biomarkers was further expanded according to the expertise and experience of the authors. In the next step, biomarkers were assigned to six "hallmark of aging" pathways, namely (1) inflammation, (2) mitochondria and apoptosis, (3) calcium homeostasis, (4) fibrosis, (5) NMJ (neuromuscular junction) and neurons, (6) cytoskeleton and hormones, or (7) other principles and an extensive literature search was performed for each candidate to explore their potential and priority as frailty biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 44 markers were evaluated in the seven categories listed above, and 19 were awarded a high priority score, 22 identified as medium priority and three were low priority. In each category high and medium priority markers were identified. CONCLUSION Biomarker panels for frailty would be of high value and better than single markers. Based on our search we would propose a core panel of frailty biomarkers consisting of (1) CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10), IL-6 (interleukin 6), CX3CL1 (C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1), (2) GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15), FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain containing 5), vimentin (VIM), (3) regucalcin (RGN/SMP30), calreticulin, (4) PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase), AGT (angiotensinogen), (5) BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor), progranulin (PGRN), (6) α-klotho (KL), FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23), FGF21, leptin (LEP), (7) miRNA (micro Ribonucleic acid) panel (to be further defined), AHCY (adenosylhomocysteinase) and KRT18 (keratin 18). An expanded panel would also include (1) pentraxin (PTX3), sVCAM/ICAM (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1/Intercellular adhesion molecule 1), defensin α, (2) APP (amyloid beta precursor protein), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), (3) S100B (S100 calcium binding protein B), (4) TGFβ (transforming growth factor beta), PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1), TGM2 (transglutaminase 2), (5) sRAGE (soluble receptor for advanced glycosylation end products), HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1), C3/C1Q (complement factor 3/1Q), ST2 (Interleukin 1 receptor like 1), agrin (AGRN), (6) IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), resistin (RETN), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), ghrelin (GHRL), growth hormone (GH), (7) microparticle panel (to be further defined), GpnmB (glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B) and lactoferrin (LTF). We believe that these predicted panels need to be experimentally explored in animal models and frail cohorts in order to ascertain their diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential.
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Richter B, Faul C. FGF23 Actions on Target Tissues-With and Without Klotho. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:189. [PMID: 29770125 PMCID: PMC5940753 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 is a phosphaturic hormone whose physiologic actions on target tissues are mediated by FGF receptors (FGFR) and klotho, which functions as a co-receptor that increases the binding affinity of FGF23 for FGFRs. By stimulating FGFR/klotho complexes in the kidney and parathyroid gland, FGF23 reduces renal phosphate uptake and secretion of parathyroid hormone, respectively, thereby acting as a key regulator of phosphate metabolism. Recently, it has been shown that FGF23 can also target cell types that lack klotho. This unconventional signaling event occurs in an FGFR-dependent manner, but involves other downstream signaling pathways than in "classic" klotho-expressing target organs. It appears that klotho-independent signaling mechanisms are only activated in the presence of high FGF23 concentrations and result in pathologic cellular changes. Therefore, it has been postulated that massive elevations in circulating levels of FGF23, as found in patients with chronic kidney disease, contribute to associated pathologies by targeting cells and tissues that lack klotho. This includes the induction of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, the elevation of inflammatory cytokine expression in the liver, and the inhibition of neutrophil recruitment. Here, we describe the signaling and cellular events that are caused by FGF23 in tissues lacking klotho, and we discuss FGF23's potential role as a hormone with widespread pathologic actions. Since the soluble form of klotho can function as a circulating co-receptor for FGF23, we also discuss the potential inhibitory effects of soluble klotho on FGF23-mediated signaling which might-at least partially-underlie the pleiotropic tissue-protective functions of klotho.
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Leifheit-Nestler M, Haffner D. Paracrine Effects of FGF23 on the Heart. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:278. [PMID: 29892269 PMCID: PMC5985311 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 is a phosphaturic hormone primarily secreted by osteocytes to maintain phosphate and mineral homeostasis. In patients with and without chronic kidney disease, enhanced circulating FGF23 levels associate with pathologic cardiac remodeling, i.e., left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and myocardial fibrosis and increased cardiovascular mortality. Experimental studies demonstrate that FGF23 promotes hypertrophic growth of cardiac myocytes via FGF receptor 4-dependent activation of phospholipase Cγ/calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cell signaling independent of its co-receptor klotho. Recent studies indicate that FGF23 is also expressed in the heart, and markedly enhanced in various clinical and experimental settings of cardiac remodeling and heart failure independent of preserved or reduced renal function. On a cellular level, FGF23 is expressed in cardiac myocytes and in other non-cardiac myocytes, including cardiac fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells in coronary arteries, and in inflammatory macrophages. Current data suggest that secreted by cardiac myocytes, FGF23 can stimulate pro-fibrotic factors in myocytes to induce fibrosis-related pathways in fibroblasts and consequently cardiac fibrosis in a paracrine manner. While acting on cardiac myocytes, FGF23 directly induces pro-hypertrophic genes and promotes the progression of LVH in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. Thus, enhanced FGF23 may promote cardiac injury in various clinical settings not only by endocrine but also via paracrine/autocrine mechanisms. In this review, we discuss recent clinical and experimental data regarding molecular mechanisms of FGF23's paracrine action on the heart with respect to pathological cardiac remodeling.
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