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Dambergs K, Sumeraga G, Pilmane M. Morphopathogenesis of Adult Acquired Cholesteatoma. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59020306. [PMID: 36837507 PMCID: PMC9960810 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives. The aim of this study was to compare the distribution of proliferation markers (Ki-67, NF-κβ), tissue-remodeling factors (MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-2, TIMP-4), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukins (IL-1 and IL-10), human beta defensins (HβD-2 and HβD-4) and Sonic hedgehog gene protein in cholesteatoma and control skin. Methods. Nineteen patient cholesteatoma tissues and seven control skin materials from cadavers were included in the study and stained immunohistochemically. Results. Statistically discernible differences were found between the following: the Ki-67 in the matrix and the Ki-67 in the skin epithelium (p = 0.000); the Ki-67 in the perimatrix and the Ki-67 in the connective tissue (p = 0.010); the NF-κβ in the cholesteatoma matrix and the NF-κβ in the epithelium (p = 0.001); the MMP-9 in the matrix and the MMP-9 in the epithelium (p = 0.008); the HβD-2 in the perimatrix and the HβD-2 in the connective tissue (p = 0.004); and the Shh in the cholesteatoma's perimatrix and the Shh in the skin's connective tissue (p = 0.000). Conclusion. The elevation of Ki-67 and NF-κβ suggests the induction of cellular proliferation in the cholesteatoma. Intercorrelations between VEGF, NF-κβ and TIMP-2 induce neo-angiogenesis in adult cholesteatoma. The similarity in the expression of IL-1 and IL-10 suggests the dysregulation of the local immune status in cholesteatoma. The overexpression of the Sonic hedgehog gene protein in the cholesteatoma proves the selective local stimulation of perimatrix development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristaps Dambergs
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradiņš University, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
- Children’s Clinical University Hospital, Vienibas Gatve 45, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence: (K.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Gunta Sumeraga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradiņš University, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
| | - Māra Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence: (K.D.); (M.P.)
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Dambergs K, Sumeraga G, Pilmane M. Complex Evaluation of Tissue Factors in Pediatric Cholesteatoma. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:children8100926. [PMID: 34682191 PMCID: PMC8534875 DOI: 10.3390/children8100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the appearance and distribution of tissue remodeling markers (MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-2, TIMP-4), Sonic hedgehog gene protein (Shh), pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL–1, IL–10), transcription factor (NF-κβ), proliferation marker (Ki–67), angiogenetic factor (VEGF), tissue defensins (HβD–2, HβD–4) of the pediatric cholesteatoma. Sixteen cholesteatoma samples were obtained from children, eleven skin controls from cadavers. Tissues were stained for MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-2, TIMP-4, Shh, IL–1, IL–10, NF-κβ, Ki–67, VEGF, HβD–2, HβD–4. Non-parametric statistic, Mann–Whitney, and Spearman’s coefficient was used. A statistically significant difference was seen between Shh and HβD–2 in perimatrix and control connective tissue, between NF-κβ in cholesteatoma and control skin, and between HβD–4 in matrix and skin epithelium. Complex intercorrelations between MMPs, NF-κβ and VEGF cause the intensification of angiogenesis in cholesteatoma. The persistent increase in Shh gene protein expression in cholesteatoma perimatrix suggests the stimulation of the cholesteatoma growth in children. Similar expression of IL-1 and IL-10 and their intercorrelation, proves there is a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. NF-κβ, and not Ki-67, seems to be the main inducer of cellular proliferation. The main antimicrobial protection is provided by HβD-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristaps Dambergs
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gunta Sumeraga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Māra Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia;
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Fukuda A, Kano S, Nakamaru Y, Morita S, Hoshino K, Fujiwara K, Homma A. Notch Signaling in Acquired Middle Ear Cholesteatoma. Otol Neurotol 2021; 42:e1389-e1395. [PMID: 34172659 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that an anomalous change of Notch signaling might be involved in the pathophysiology of cholesteatoma. BACKGROUND The Notch signaling pathway regulates integrated growth and differentiation control of keratinocytes. Its involvement in cholesteatoma proliferation has not been elucidated. METHODS We obtained cholesteatoma and external auditory canal (EAC) skin samples from patients with middle ear cholesteatoma who underwent tympanomastoid surgery. We performed polymerase chain reaction using the RT2 Profiler™ PCR Array Human Notch Signaling Pathway (Qiagen) in the cholesteatoma and EAC skin samples (n = 6 each). This was followed by immunohistochemical staining of Notch1, enhancer of split-1 (HES1), and p53 in 41 and 8 cholesteatoma and EAC skin samples, respectively. RESULTS The fold change of Notch1 gene expression was lowest in cholesteatoma, with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0424). Moreover, the fold change of HES1 expression decreased (p = 0.272). The positive rates of Notch1 and HES1 protein expressions in the cholesteatoma (48.5 ± 32.4% and 44.9 ± 17.8%, respectively) were significantly lower than in the EAC skin (83.4 ± 17.5% and 55.7 ± 7.1%, respectively) (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01). In contrast, the positive rate of p53 expression in the cholesteatoma (8.5 ± 11.4%) was significantly higher than in the EAC skin (0.5 ± 0.7%) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The decreases in Notch1 and HES1 protein expression might play an important role in the hyperproliferative character of the keratinizing squamous epithelium in cholesteatoma. An increase in p53 might reflect the reaction to cellular hyperproliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fukuda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
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Hamed MA, Nakata S, Shiogama K, Suzuki K, Sayed RH, Nishimura Y, Iwata N, Sakurai K, Badawy BS, Inada KI, Tsuge H, Tsutsumi Y. Cytokeratin 13, Cytokeratin 17, and Ki-67 Expression in Human Acquired Cholesteatoma and Their Correlation With Its Destructive Capacity. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 10:213-220. [PMID: 28073243 PMCID: PMC5545701 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2016.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cholesteatoma is a nonneoplastic destructive lesion of the temporal bone with debated pathogenesis and bone resorptive mechanism. Both molecular and cellular events chiefly master its activity. Continued research is necessary to clarify factors related to its aggressiveness. We aimed to investigate the expression of Ki-67, cytokeratin 13 (CK13) and cytokeratin 17 (CK17) in acquired nonrecurrent human cholesteatoma and correlate them with its bone destructive capacity. METHODS A prospective quantitative immunohistochemical study was carried out using fresh acquired cholesteatoma tissues (n=19), collected during cholesteatoma surgery. Deep meatal skin tissues from the same patients were used as control (n=8). Cholesteatoma patients were divided into 2 groups and compared (invasive and noninvasive) according to a grading score for bone resorption based upon clinical, radiologic and intraoperative findings. To our knowledge, the role of CK17 in cholesteatoma aggressiveness was first investigated in this paper. RESULTS Both Ki-67 and CK17 were significantly overexpressed in cholesteatoma than control tissues (P<0.001 for both Ki-67 and CK17). In addition, Ki-67 and CK17 were significantly higher in the invasive group than noninvasive group of cholesteatoma (P=0.029, P=0.033, respectively). Furthermore, Ki-67 and CK17 showed a moderate positive correlation with bone erosion scores (r=0.547, P=0.015 and r=0.588, P=0.008, respectively). In terms of CK13, no significant difference was found between cholesteatoma and skin (P=0.766). CONCLUSION Both Ki-67 and CK17 were overexpressed in cholesteatoma tissue and positively correlated with bone resorption activity. The concept that Ki-67 can be a predictor for aggressiveness of cholesteatoma was supported. In addition, this is the first study demonstrating CK17 as a favoring marker in the aggressiveness of acquired cholesteatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood A Hamed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Banbuntane-Hotokukai Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Seiichi Nakata
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Banbuntane-Hotokukai Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shiogama
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Banbuntane-Hotokukai Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonaha General Hospital, Kuwana, Japan
| | - Ramadan H Sayed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Yoichi Nishimura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Banbuntane-Hotokukai Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noboru Iwata
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Banbuntane-Hotokukai Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kouhei Sakurai
- Department of Pathology, Banbuntane-Hotokukai Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Badawy S Badawy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Ken-Ichi Inada
- Department of Pathology, Banbuntane-Hotokukai Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hayato Tsuge
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
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Hamed MA, Nakata S, Sayed RH, Ueda H, Badawy BS, Nishimura Y, Kojima T, Iwata N, Ahmed AR, Dahy K, Kondo N, Suzuki K. Pathogenesis and Bone Resorption in Acquired Cholesteatoma: Current Knowledge and Future Prospectives. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 9:298-308. [PMID: 27440129 PMCID: PMC5115149 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2015.01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesteatoma is a cystic non tumorous lesion of the temporal bone that has the ability to destroy nearby structures by its power to cause bone resorption and as a result, fatal complications prevail. We aimed to conduct a comprehensive review for pathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma, bone resorption mechanisms, and offer a future vision of this serious disease. We have reviewed different theories for pathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma including the most relevant and updated ones with special emphasis on the mechanisms of bone resorption through Medline/PubMed research using the keywords 'aetiopathogenesis, bone resorption, acquired cholesteatoma, temporal bone, and cytokines.' In order to strengthen our study, we searched the reference lists of identified reviews. Cholesteatoma is a subject of debate among otolaryngologists since it was prescribed firstly. Over many decades, several theories were postulated for aetiopathogenesis of cholesteatoma with a tendency to follow more than one theory to explain the proper nature of that disease. Until now, the mechanism of bone resorption has yet to be more clarified. In the last century, a leap has occurred in the field of biomolecular cholesteatoma research which improved our knowledge about its pathophysiology and bone destructive mechanism. However, surgery is still the only available treatment. We conclude that discovery of new therapeutic choices for cholesteatoma other than surgery by the use of anti-growth, anti-proliferative, apoptotic agents as well as medications that antagonize osteoclastogenesis should be the main concern in the future clinical and experimental research work. Also, searching for predictors of the aggressiveness of cholesteatoma can affect the timing of intervention and prevent occurrence of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood A Hamed
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Seiichi Nakata
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ramadan H Sayed
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Hiromi Ueda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Badawy S Badawy
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Yoichi Nishimura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuro Kojima
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noboru Iwata
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ahmed R Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Khalid Dahy
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Naoki Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Second Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Yonaha General Hospital, Kuwana, Japan
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