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Arkelius K, Wendt TS, Andersson H, Arnou A, Gottschalk M, Gonzales RJ, Ansar S. LOX-1 and MMP-9 Inhibition Attenuates the Detrimental Effects of Delayed rt-PA Therapy and Improves Outcomes After Acute Ischemic Stroke. Circ Res 2024; 134:954-969. [PMID: 38501247 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute ischemic stroke triggers endothelial activation that disrupts vascular integrity and increases hemorrhagic transformation leading to worsened stroke outcomes. rt-PA (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator) is an effective treatment; however, its use is limited due to a restricted time window and hemorrhagic transformation risk, which in part may involve activation of MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) mediated through LOX-1 (lectin-like oxLDL [oxidized low-density lipoprotein] receptor 1). This study's overall aim was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of novel MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9) ± LOX-1 inhibitors in combination with rt-PA to improve stroke outcomes. METHODS A rat thromboembolic stroke model was utilized to investigate the impact of rt-PA delivered 4 hours poststroke onset as well as selective MMP-9 (JNJ0966) ±LOX-1 (BI-0115) inhibitors given before rt-PA administration. Infarct size, perfusion, and hemorrhagic transformation were evaluated by 9.4-T magnetic resonance imaging, vascular and parenchymal MMP-9 activity via zymography, and neurological function was assessed using sensorimotor function testing. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells were exposed to hypoxia plus glucose deprivation/reperfusion (hypoxia plus glucose deprivation 3 hours/R 24 hours) and treated with ±tPA and ±MMP-9 ±LOX-1 inhibitors. Barrier function was assessed via transendothelial electrical resistance, MMP-9 activity was determined with zymography, and LOX-1 and barrier gene expression/levels were measured using qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR) and Western blot. RESULTS Stroke and subsequent rt-PA treatment increased edema, hemorrhage, MMP-9 activity, LOX-1 expression, and worsened neurological outcomes. LOX-1 inhibition improved neurological function, reduced edema, and improved endothelial barrier integrity. Elevated MMP-9 activity correlated with increased edema, infarct volume, and decreased neurological function. MMP-9 inhibition reduced MMP-9 activity and LOX-1 expression. In human brain microvascular endothelial cells, LOX-1/MMP-9 inhibition differentially attenuated MMP-9 levels, inflammation, and activation following hypoxia plus glucose deprivation/R. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that LOX-1 inhibition and ± MMP-9 inhibition attenuate negative aspects of ischemic stroke with rt-PA therapy, thus resulting in improved neurological function. While no synergistic effect was observed with simultaneous LOX-1 and MMP-9 inhibition, a distinct interaction is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Arkelius
- Applied Neurovascular Research, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden (K.A., H.A., A.A., S.A.)
| | - Trevor S Wendt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ (T.S.W., R.J.G.)
| | - Henrik Andersson
- Applied Neurovascular Research, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden (K.A., H.A., A.A., S.A.)
| | - Anaële Arnou
- Applied Neurovascular Research, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden (K.A., H.A., A.A., S.A.)
| | | | - Rayna J Gonzales
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ (T.S.W., R.J.G.)
| | - Saema Ansar
- Applied Neurovascular Research, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden (K.A., H.A., A.A., S.A.)
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El-Hajjar L, Miranda E, El-Sabban M, Daher J. Novel Insights into the Link Between Myeloperoxidase Modified LDL, LOX-1, and Neuroserpin in Stroke. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2023; 24:354. [PMID: 39077081 PMCID: PMC11262435 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2412354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is primarily triggered by endothelial dysfunction and the accumulation of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles in the subendothelial space of blood vessels. Early reports have associated oxidized LDL with altered fibrinolysis and atherogenesis. It has been suggested that myeloperoxidase oxidized LDL (Mox-LDL) is involved in atherosclerosis because of its significant pathophysiological role in the modification of LDL in vivo. It has been equally demonstrated that Mox-LDL binds to the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (lox-1) scavenger receptor which leads to the upregulation of inflammatory mediators in endothelial cells and the progression of cardiovascular disease. It has been also shown that neuroserpin, a member of the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) superfamily, has an important role at the level of fibrinolysis in the nervous tissue. Methods Since little is known about the effects of Mox-LDL on endothelial cell fibrinolytic activity and the involvement of lox-1 in this process, our study aimed at evaluating the in vitro effects of Mox-LDL on neuroserpin release from human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and the role of lox-1 scavenger receptor in this context by relying on lox-1 gene silencing in HAECs, culturing the cells in the presence of Mox-LDL, measuring their neuroserpin expression and release by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively, and assessing their fibrinolytic activity using the Euglobulin Clot Lysis Time (ECLT) method. Results Our data show that Mox-LDL decreases endothelial cell fibrinolytic capacity by upregulating neuroserpin in lox-1 knockdown cells. Conclusions Lox-1 protects the endothelial cells from a Mox-LDL-induced decrease in pro-fibrinolytic capacity, which has important consequences in the context of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layal El-Hajjar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, 1107 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elena Miranda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies ‘Charles Darwin’, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marwan El-Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, 1107 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jalil Daher
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, 100 El-Koura, Lebanon
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3
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Correlation of sLOX-1 Levels and MR Characteristics of Culprit Plaques in Intracranial Arteries with Stroke Recurrence. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040804. [PMID: 36832291 PMCID: PMC9954821 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Symptomatic intracranial artery atherosclerosis (sICAS) is an important cause of acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) and is associated with a high risk of stroke recurrence. High-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HR-MR-VWI) is an effective method for evaluating atherosclerotic plaque characteristics. Soluble lectin-like oxidised low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (sLOX-1) is closely associated with plaque formation and rupture. We aim to explore the correlation between sLOX-1 levels and culprit plaque characteristics, based on HR-MR-VWI, with stroke recurrence in patients with sICAS. (2) Methods: A total of 199 patients with sICAS underwent HR-MR-VWI between June 2020 and June 2021 in our hospital. The culprit vessel and plaque characteristics were assessed according to HR-MR-VWI, and sLOX-1 levels were measured by ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). Outpatient follow-up was performed 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after discharge. (3) Results: sLOX-1 levels were significantly higher in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group (p < 0.001). The culprit plaque thickness, degree of stenosis and plaque burden were higher in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group (p = 0.003, p = 0.014 and p = 0.010, respectively). The incidence of hyperintensity on T1WI, positive remodelling and significant enhancement (p < 0.001, p = 0.003 and p = 0.027, respectively) was higher in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients with sLOX-1 levels > 912.19 pg/mL and hyperintensity on T1WI in the culprit plaque had a higher risk of stroke recurrence (both p < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that sLOX-1 > 912.19 pg/mL (HR = 2.583, 95%CI 1.142, 5.846, p = 0.023) and hyperintensity on T1WI in the culprit plaque (HR = 2.632, 95% CI 1.197, 5.790, p = 0.016) were independent risk factors for stroke recurrence. sLOX-1 levels were significantly associated with the culprit plaque thickness (r = 0.162, p = 0.022), degree of stenosis (r = 0.217, p = 0.002), plaque burden (r = 0.183, p = 0.010), hyperintensity on T1WI (F = 14.501, p < 0.001), positive remodelling (F = 9.602, p < 0.001), and significant enhancement (F = 7.684, p < 0.001) (4) Conclusions: sLOX-1 levels were associated with vulnerability of the culprit plaque and can be used as a supplement to HR-MR-VWI to predict stroke recurrence.
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4
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Liberale L, Kraler S, Puspitasari YM, Bonetti NR, Akhmedov A, Ministrini S, Montecucco F, Marx N, Lehrke M, Hartmann NUK, Beer JH, Wenzl FA, Paneni F, Lüscher TF, Camici GG. SGLT-2 inhibition by empagliflozin has no effect on experimental arterial thrombosis in a murine model of low-grade inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 119:843-856. [PMID: 35993135 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Low-grade inflammation couples dysmetabolic states to insulin resistance and atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease (ASCVD). Selective sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibition by empagliflozin improves clinical outcomes in patients with ASCVD independently of its glucose lowering effects. Yet, its mechanism of action remains largely undetermined. Here, we aimed to test whether empagliflozin affects arterial thrombus formation in baseline (BSL) conditions or low-grade inflammatory states, a systemic milieu shared among patients with ASCVD. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixteen-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to acute administration of empagliflozin (25 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle, of which a subgroup was pre-treated biweekly over 4 weeks with super-low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 ng/kg body weight), before carotid thrombosis was induced by photochemical injury. The between-group difference in Doppler-flow probe detected time-to-occlusion remained within the predefined equivalence margin (Δ = |10.50|), irrespective of low-grade inflammation (95% confidence interval, -9.82 to 8.85 and -9.20 to 9.69), while glucose dropped by 1.64 and 4.84 mmoL/L, respectively. Ex vivo platelet aggregometry suggested similar activation status, corroborated by unchanged circulating platelet-factor 4 plasma levels. In concert, carotid PAI-1 expression and tissue factor (TF) activity remained unaltered upon SGLT-2 inhibition, and no difference in plasma d-dimer levels was detected, suggesting comparable coagulation cascade activation and fibrinolytic activity. In human aortic endothelial cells pre-treated with LPS, empagliflozin neither changed TF activity nor PAI-1 expression. Accordingly, among patients with established ASCVD or at high CV risk randomized to a daily dose of 10 mg empagliflozin signatures of thrombotic (i.e. TF) and fibrinolytic activity (i.e. PAI-1) remained unchanged, while plasma glucose declined significantly during 3 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION SGLT-2 inhibition by empagliflozin does not impact experimental arterial thrombus formation, neither under BSL conditions nor during sustained low-grade inflammation, and has no impact on proxies of thrombotic/fibrinolytic activity in patients with ASCVD. The beneficial pleiotropic effects of empagliflozin are likely independent of pathways mediating arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Simon Kraler
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Yustina M Puspitasari
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Nicole R Bonetti
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Akhmedov
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Ministrini
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Internal Medicine, Angiology and Atherosclerosis, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Niels Ulrik K Hartmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürg H Beer
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, 5404 Baden, Switzerland
| | - Florian A Wenzl
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Paneni
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College, SW3 6NP London, UK
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Zhang HY, Lu X, Hao YH, Tang L, He ZY. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1: a novel potential therapeutic target for intracerebral hemorrhage. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1795-1801. [PMID: 35017440 PMCID: PMC8820711 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.332157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR1) is upregulated in neurons and participates in hypertension-induced neuronal apoptosis. OLR1 deletion exerts protective effects on cerebral damage induced by hypertensive-induced stroke. Therefore, OLR1 is likely involved in the progress of intracerebral hemorrhage. In this study, we examined the potential role of OLR1 in intracerebral hemorrhage using a rat model. OLR1 small interfering RNA (10 μL; 50 pmol/μL) was injected into the right basal ganglia to knock down OLR1. Twenty-four hours later, 0.5 U collagenase type VII was injected to induce intracerebral hemorrhage. We found that knockdown of OLR1 attenuated neurological behavior impairment in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage and reduced hematoma, neuron loss, inflammatory reaction, and oxidative stress in rat brain tissue. We also found that silencing of OLR1 suppressed ferroptosis induced by intracerebral hemorrhage and the p38 signaling pathway. Therefore, silencing OLR1 exhibits protective effects against secondary injury of intracerebral hemorrhage. These findings suggest that OLR1 may be a novel potential therapeutic target for intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yue-Han Hao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yi He
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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6
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Akhmedov A, Crucet M, Simic B, Kraler S, Bonetti NR, Ospelt C, Distler O, Ciurea A, Liberale L, Jauhiainen M, Metso J, Miranda M, Cydecian R, Schwarz L, Fehr V, Zilinyi R, Amrollahi-Sharifabadi M, Ntari L, Karagianni N, Ruschitzka F, Laaksonen R, Vanhoutte PM, Kollias G, Camici GG, Lüscher TF. TNFα induces endothelial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis via LOX-1 and arginase 2: reversal by monoclonal TNFα antibodies. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:254-266. [PMID: 33483748 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting joints and blood vessels. Despite low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), RA patients exhibit endothelial dysfunction and are at increased risk of death from cardiovascular complications, but the molecular mechanism of action is unknown. We aimed in the present study to identify the molecular mechanism of endothelial dysfunction in a mouse model of RA and in patients with RA. METHODS AND RESULTS Endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine were reduced in aortae of two tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) transgenic mouse lines with either mild (Tg3647) or severe (Tg197) forms of RA in a time- and severity-dependent fashion as assessed by organ chamber myograph. In Tg197, TNFα plasma levels were associated with severe endothelial dysfunction. LOX-1 receptor was markedly up-regulated leading to increased vascular oxLDL uptake and NFκB-mediated enhanced Arg2 expression via direct binding to its promoter resulting in reduced NO bioavailability and vascular cGMP levels as shown by ELISA and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Anti-TNFα treatment with infliximab normalized endothelial function together with LOX-1 and Arg2 serum levels in mice. In RA patients, soluble LOX-1 serum levels were also markedly increased and closely related to serum levels of C-reactive protein. Similarly, ARG2 serum levels were increased. Similarly, anti-TNFα treatment restored LOX-1 and ARG2 serum levels in RA patients. CONCLUSIONS Increased TNFα levels not only contribute to RA, but also to endothelial dysfunction by increasing vascular oxLDL content and activation of the LOX-1/NFκB/Arg2 pathway leading to reduced NO bioavailability and decreased cGMP levels. Anti-TNFα treatment improved both articular symptoms and endothelial function by reducing LOX-1, vascular oxLDL, and Arg2 levels.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Aorta, Thoracic/immunology
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Arginase/genetics
- Arginase/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/enzymology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/physiopathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/enzymology
- Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Female
- Humans
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Middle Aged
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Akhmedov
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Margot Crucet
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Branko Simic
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Kraler
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole R Bonetti
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Ospelt
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Ciurea
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Metso
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Melroy Miranda
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rose Cydecian
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lena Schwarz
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vera Fehr
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rita Zilinyi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Lydia Ntari
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
| | - Niki Karagianni
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
| | - Frank Ruschitzka
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reijo Laaksonen
- Zora Biosciences Oy, Espoo, Finland
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Tampere and Finnish Clinical Biobank Tampere, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- Department of Pharmacology, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, Peoples Republic of China
| | - George Kollias
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College, London, UK
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7
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Yang X, Hou D, Liu J, Wang T, Luo Y, Sun W, Li C, Shen L, Liu W, Wu D. Soluble Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1 Level is Related to Clinical Prognosis In Patients with Acute Atherosclerosis-related Ischemic Stroke. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 27:10760296211059500. [PMID: 34775859 PMCID: PMC8597060 DOI: 10.1177/10760296211059500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the associations between soluble Lectin-like Oxidized Low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (sLOX-1) and clinical prognosis, especially infarct volume in patients with acute atherosclerosis-related ischemic stroke. We recruited acute ischemic stroke patients within 3 days after onset. Patients were stratified into 3 groups by sLOX-1 level. Initial stroke severity was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores, and infarct volume was measured using DWI by ITK-SNAP software. The clinical prognosis was evaluated by DWI volume, clinical response at discharge, and functional outcome at 90 days. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to examine associations between circulating sLOX-1 levels and infarct volumes. Logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between sLOX-1 levels and clinical prognosis. A total of 207 patients were included in our study. The median DWI volume in the lowest sLOX-1 tertile was 1.98 cm3, smaller than 4.26 cm3 in the highest sLOX-1 group. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between sLOX-1 levels and DWI volume was 0.47 (P < .01). Compared with the highest sLOX-1 tertiles, patients in the lowest sLOX-1 tertile had a higher risk of favorable functional outcome at 90 days (OR = 3.47, 95% CI, 1.21-9.96) after adjusting traditional risk factors. However, there was no difference between sLOX-1 level and clinical response at discharge. For patients with acute atherosclerosis-related ischemic stroke, circulating sLOX-1 level is correlated with DWI volume in the acute phase and favorable functional outcome at 90 days, but not with the clinical response at discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yang
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duanlu Hou
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyao Wang
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufan Luo
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Li
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Shen
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenpeng Liu
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danhong Wu
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Liberale L, Bonetti NR, Puspitasari YM, Vukolic A, Akhmedov A, Diaz-Cañestro C, Keller S, Montecucco F, Merlini M, Semerano A, Giacalone G, Bacigaluppi M, Sessa M, Ruschitzka F, Lüscher TF, Libby P, Beer JH, Camici GG. TNF-α antagonism rescues the effect of ageing on stroke: Perspectives for targeting inflamm-ageing. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13600. [PMID: 34076259 PMCID: PMC8596431 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Epidemiologic evidence links ischemic stroke to age, yet the mechanisms that underlie the specific and independent effects of age on stroke remain elusive, impeding the development of targeted treatments. This study tested the hypothesis that age directly aggravates stroke outcomes and proposes inflamm-aging as a mediator and potential therapeutic target. METHODS 3 months- (young) and 18-20 months-old (old) mice underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) for 30 minutes followed by 48 hours of reperfusion. Old animals received weekly treatment with the TNF-α neutralizing antibody adalimumab over 4 weeks before tMCAO in a separate set of experiments. Plasma levels of TNF- α were assessed in patients with ischemic stroke and correlated with age and outcome. RESULTS Old mice displayed larger stroke size than young ones with increased neuromotor deficit. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed impairment of the blood-brain barrier in old mice, i.e. increased post-stroke degradation of endothelial tight junctions and expression of tight junctions-digesting and neurotoxic matrix metalloproteinases. At baseline, old animals showed a broad modulation of several circulating inflammatory mediators. TNF-α displayed the highest increase in old animals and its inhibition restored the volume of stroke, neuromotor performance, and survival rates of old mice to the levels observed in young ones. Patients with ischemic stroke showed increased TNF-α plasma levels which correlated with worsened short-term neurological outcome as well as with age. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies TNF-α as a causative contributor to the deleterious effect of aging on stroke and points to inflamm-aging as a mechanism of age-related worsening of stroke outcomes and potential therapeutic target in this context. Thus, this work provides a basis for tailoring novel stroke therapies for the particularly vulnerable elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicole R Bonetti
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | | | - Ana Vukolic
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Akhmedov
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Keller
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Merlini
- Blood & Brain @ Caen-Normandie Institute, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Aurora Semerano
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Giacalone
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Bacigaluppi
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Sessa
- Department of Neurology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Frank Ruschitzka
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jürg H Beer
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Liberale L, Akhmedov A, Vlachogiannis NI, Bonetti NR, Nageswaran V, Miranda MX, Puspitasari YM, Schwarz L, Costantino S, Paneni F, Beer JH, Ruschitzka F, Montecucco F, Lüscher TF, Stamatelopoulos K, Stellos K, Camici GG. Sirtuin 5 promotes arterial thrombosis by blunting the fibrinolytic system. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2275-2288. [PMID: 32931562 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Arterial thrombosis as a result of plaque rupture or erosion is a key event in acute cardiovascular events. Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) belongs to the lifespan-regulating sirtuin superfamily and has been implicated in acute ischaemic stroke and cardiac hypertrophy. This project aims at investigating the role of SIRT5 in arterial thrombus formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Sirt5 transgenic (Sirt5Tg/0) and knock-out (Sirt5-/-) mice underwent photochemically induced carotid endothelial injury to trigger arterial thrombosis. Primary human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were treated with SIRT5 silencing-RNA (si-SIRT5) as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells from acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients and non-ACS controls (case-control study, total n = 171) were used to increase the translational relevance of our data. Compared to wild-type controls, Sirt5Tg/0 mice displayed accelerated arterial thrombus formation following endothelial-specific damage. Conversely, in Sirt5-/- mice, arterial thrombosis was blunted. Platelet function was unaltered, as assessed by ex vivo collagen-induced aggregometry. Similarly, activation of the coagulation cascade as assessed by vascular and plasma tissue factor (TF) and TF pathway inhibitor expression was unaltered. Increased thrombus embolization episodes and circulating D-dimer levels suggested augmented activation of the fibrinolytic system in Sirt5-/- mice. Accordingly, Sirt5-/- mice showed reduced plasma and vascular expression of the fibrinolysis inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1. In HAECs, SIRT5-silencing inhibited PAI-1 gene and protein expression in response to TNF-α. This effect was mediated by increased AMPK activation and reduced phosphorylation of the MAP kinase ERK 1/2, but not JNK and p38 as shown both in vivo and in vitro. Lastly, both PAI-1 and SIRT5 gene expressions are increased in ACS patients compared to non-ACS controls after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, while PAI-1 expression increased across tertiles of SIRT5. CONCLUSION SIRT5 promotes arterial thrombosis by modulating fibrinolysis through endothelial PAI-1 expression. Hence, SIRT5 may be an interesting therapeutic target in the context of atherothrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alexander Akhmedov
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos I Vlachogiannis
- Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, NE2 4HH Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicole R Bonetti
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Im Ergel 1, 5404 Baden, Switzerland
| | - Vanasa Nageswaran
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Melroy X Miranda
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Yustina M Puspitasari
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Lena Schwarz
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Costantino
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Paneni
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg H Beer
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Im Ergel 1, 5404 Baden, Switzerland
| | - Frank Ruschitzka
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Kimon Stamatelopoulos
- Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, NE2 4HH Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Lourou 4-2, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Stellos
- Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, NE2 4HH Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Rd, High Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Akhmedov A, Sawamura T, Chen CH, Kraler S, Vdovenko D, Lüscher TF. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1): a crucial driver of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:1797-1807. [PMID: 36282110 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), specifically lipid-driven atherosclerotic CVDs, remain the number one cause of death worldwide. The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1), a scavenger receptor that promotes endothelial dysfunction by inducing pro-atherogenic signalling and plaque formation via the endothelial uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and electronegative LDL, contributes to the initiation, progression, and destabilization of atheromatous plaques, eventually leading to the development of myocardial infarction and certain forms of stroke. In addition to its expression in endothelial cells, LOX-1 is expressed in macrophages, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, further implicating this receptor in multiple aspects of atherosclerotic plaque formation. LOX-1 holds promise as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for certain CVDs; therefore, understanding the molecular structure and function of LOX-1 is of critical importance. In this review, we highlight the latest scientific findings related to LOX-1, its ligands, and their roles in the broad spectrum of CVDs. We describe recent findings from basic research, delineate their translational value, and discuss the potential of LOX-1 as a novel target for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of related CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Akhmedov
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistreet 12, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Shinshu University 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medical Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Simon Kraler
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistreet 12, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Daria Vdovenko
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistreet 12, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistreet 12, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehause Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
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11
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Long-term dietary supplementation with plant-derived omega-3 fatty acid improves outcome in experimental ischemic stroke. Atherosclerosis 2021; 325:89-98. [PMID: 33915355 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Early revascularization -the gold standard therapy for ischemic stroke- is often withheld in the elderly population due to high risk of complications. Thus, safe and effective preventive and therapeutic options are needed. The plant-derived omega-3-fatty-acid alpha-linolenic-acid (ALA) has emerged as a novel cardiovascular-protective agent. As of yet, little is known about its potential therapeutic effects on stroke. We hereby aimed to investigate the impact of a clinically relevant long-term dietary intervention with ALA on stroke outcome. METHODS Six month-old C57BL/6 wildtype males were either fed an ALA-rich (high ALA) or a control diet (low ALA) for 12 months. At 18 months, brain ischemia/reperfusion was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Stroke size and neurological function were assessed. Functional blood-brain-barrier-(BBB) permeability and protein expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Baseline inflammatory markers were measured at 18 months. RESULTS High ALA-fed animals displayed decreased circulating TNF-α levels and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratios at 18 months. Stroke size and neurological dysfunction were significantly reduced in high ALA-fed animals. Coherently to the reduced stroke size, functional BBB integrity and occludin endothelial expression were maintained by high ALA supplementation. Additionally, ALA reduced endothelial activation and thus recruitment and activation of macrophages and resident microglia. Finally, high ALA diet reduced the expression of BBB-degrading and neurotoxic MMP-3 and MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the beneficial effects of a clinically relevant and feasible dietary intervention with a safe and readily available compound in the setting of stroke. The protective effects observed with ALA supplementation may relate to blunting of inflammation and might pave the way for novel stroke treatments.
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12
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Mentrup T, Cabrera-Cabrera F, Schröder B. Proteolytic Regulation of the Lectin-Like Oxidized Lipoprotein Receptor LOX-1. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:594441. [PMID: 33553253 PMCID: PMC7856673 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.594441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) receptor LOX-1, which is broadly expressed in vascular cells, represents a key mediator of endothelial activation and dysfunction in atherosclerotic plaque development. Being a member of the C-type lectin receptor family, LOX-1 can bind different ligands, with oxLDL being the best characterized. LOX-1 mediates oxLDL uptake into vascular cells and by this means can promote foam cell formation. In addition, LOX-1 triggers multiple signaling pathways, which ultimately induce a pro-atherogenic and pro-fibrotic transcriptional program. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this signal transduction remain incompletely understood. In this regard, proteolysis has recently emerged as a regulatory mechanism of LOX-1 function. Different proteolytic cleavages within the LOX-1 protein can initiate its turnover and control the cellular levels of this receptor. Thereby, cleavage products with individual biological functions and/or medical significance are produced. Ectodomain shedding leads to the release of a soluble form of the receptor (sLOX1) which has been suggested to have diagnostic potential as a biomarker. Removal of the ectodomain leaves behind a membrane-bound N-terminal fragment (NTF), which despite being devoid of the ligand-binding domain is actively involved in signal transduction. Degradation of this LOX-1 NTF, which represents an athero-protective mechanism, critically depends on the aspartyl intramembrane proteases Signal peptide peptidase-like 2a and b (SPPL2a/b). Here, we present an overview of the biology of LOX-1 focusing on how proteolytic cleavages directly modulate the function of this receptor and, what kind of pathophysiological implications this has in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernd Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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13
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β-1, 3-galactosyltransferase 2 deficiency exacerbates brain injury after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Brain Res Bull 2021; 169:104-111. [PMID: 33482286 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases are enzymes that catalyze the formation of a variety of glycoconjugates. Glycoconjugates play vital roles in the nervous system. β-1, 3-Galactosyltransferase 2 (B3galt2) is one of the major types of glycosyltransferases, which has not been reported in ischemia induced-brain injury. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of B3galt2 exerts and its underlying mechanism in cerebral ischemia in mice. Wild-type (WT) and heterozygous B3galt2 knockout (B3galt2-/+) mice were subjected to 90 min transient focal cerebral ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The brain samples were analyzed at 24 h after reperfusion. The B3galt2 level in the peri-infarct penumbra was quantified. The cerebral infarct volume, neurological deficits, apoptosis and the levels of Reelin and Dab1 were assessed. Compared with control mice, B3galt2-/+ mice not only showed severe brain damage, neurologic functional deficits, but also showed severe neuronal apoptosis in the cortical penumbra after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The Caspase-3 activity was increased and the levels of Reelin and Dab1 were decreased in B3galt2-/+ mice. Recombinant human Reelin (rh-Reelin) administered intracerebroventricularly before MCAO significantly reduced infarct volume, and prevented neuronal loss in B3galt2-/+ mice after I/R. Our results suggest B3galt2 deficiency exacerbates ischemic brain damage in acute ischemic stroke in mice, and this was reversed by giving rh-Reelin. B3galt2 might play a beneficial role for neurons survival in the penumbra through modulation of Reelin pathway.
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14
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Meloni BP, Mastaglia FL, Knuckey NW. Cationic Arginine-Rich Peptides (CARPs): A Novel Class of Neuroprotective Agents With a Multimodal Mechanism of Action. Front Neurol 2020; 11:108. [PMID: 32158425 PMCID: PMC7052017 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are virtually no clinically available neuroprotective drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic neurological disorders, hence there is an urgent need for the development of new neuroprotective molecules. Cationic arginine-rich peptides (CARPs) are an expanding and relatively novel class of compounds, which possess intrinsic neuroprotective properties. Intriguingly, CARPs possess a combination of biological properties unprecedented for a neuroprotective agent including the ability to traverse cell membranes and enter the CNS, antagonize calcium influx, target mitochondria, stabilize proteins, inhibit proteolytic enzymes, induce pro-survival signaling, scavenge toxic molecules, and reduce oxidative stress as well as, having a range of anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer actions. CARPs have also been used as carrier molecules for the delivery of other putative neuroprotective agents across the blood-brain barrier and blood-spinal cord barrier. However, there is increasing evidence that the neuroprotective efficacy of many, if not all these other agents delivered using a cationic arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide (CCPPs) carrier (e.g., TAT) may actually be mediated largely by the properties of the carrier molecule, with overall efficacy further enhanced according to the amino acid composition of the cargo peptide, in particular its arginine content. Therefore, in reviewing the neuroprotective mechanisms of action of CARPs we also consider studies using CCPPs fused to a putative neuroprotective peptide. We review the history of CARPs in neuroprotection and discuss in detail the intrinsic biological properties that may contribute to their cytoprotective effects and their usefulness as a broad-acting class of neuroprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Meloni
- Department of Neurosurgery, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Neville W Knuckey
- Department of Neurosurgery, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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