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De Paula GC, Simões RF, Garcia-Serrano AM, Duarte JMN. High-fat and High-sucrose Diet-induced Hypothalamic Inflammation Shows Sex Specific Features in Mice. Neurochem Res 2024:10.1007/s11064-024-04243-4. [PMID: 39302596 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Hypothalamic inflammation underlies diet-induced obesity and diabetes in rodent models. While diet normalization largely allows for recovery from metabolic impairment, it remains unknown whether long-term hypothalamic inflammation induced by obesogenic diets is a reversible process. In this study, we aimed at determining sex specificity of hypothalamic neuroinflammation and gliosis in mice fed a fat- and sugar-rich diet, and their reversibility upon diet normalization. Mice were fed a 60%-fat diet complemented by a 20% sucrose drink (HFHSD) for 3 days or 24 weeks, followed by a third group that had their diet normalized for the last 8 weeks of the study (reverse diet group, RevD). We determined the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and of the inflammatory cell markers IBA1, CD68, GFAP and EMR1 in the hypothalamus, and analyzed morphology of microglia (IBA-1+ cells) and astrocytes (GFAP+ cells) in the arcuate nucleus. After 3 days of HFHSD feeding, male mice showed over-expression of IL-13, IL-18, IFN-γ, CD68 and EMR1 and reduced expression of IL-10, while females showed increased IL-6 and IBA1 and reduced IL-13, compared to controls. After 24 weeks of HFHSD exposure, male mice showed a general depression in the expression of cytokines, with prominent reduction of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-13, but increased TGF-β, while female mice showed over-expression of IFN-γ and IL-18. Furthermore, both female and male mice showed some degree of gliosis after HFHSD feeding for 24 weeks. In mice of both sexes, diet normalization after prolonged HFHSD feeding resulted in partial neuroinflammation recovery in the hypothalamus, but gliosis was only recovered in females. In sum, HFHSD-fed mice display sex-specific inflammatory processes in the hypothalamus that are not fully reversible after diet normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C De Paula
- Diabetes and Brain Function Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Rui F Simões
- Diabetes and Brain Function Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alba M Garcia-Serrano
- Diabetes and Brain Function Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - João M N Duarte
- Diabetes and Brain Function Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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2
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Huang J, Chen Z, van Zijl PCM, Law LH, Pemmasani Prabakaran RS, Park SW, Xu J, Chan KWY. Effect of inhaled oxygen level on dynamic glucose-enhanced MRI in mouse brain. Magn Reson Med 2024; 92:57-68. [PMID: 38308151 PMCID: PMC11055662 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.30035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of inhaled oxygen level on dynamic glucose enhanced (DGE) MRI in mouse brain tissue and CSF at 3 T. METHODS DGE data of brain tissue and CSF from mice under normoxia or hyperoxia were acquired in independent and interleaved experiments using on-resonance variable delay multi-pulse (onVDMP) MRI. A bolus of 0.15 mL filtered 50% D-glucose was injected through the tail vein over 1 min during DGE acquisition. MRS was acquired before and after DGE experiments to confirm the presence of D-glucose. RESULTS A significantly higher DGE effect under normoxia than under hyperoxia was observed in brain tissue (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0002 for independent and interleaved experiments, respectively), but not in CSF (p > 0.3). This difference is attributed to the increased baseline MR tissue signal under hyperoxia induced by a shortened T1 and an increased BOLD effect. When switching from hyperoxia to normoxia without glucose injection, a signal change of ˜3.0% was found in brain tissue and a signal change of ˜1.5% was found in CSF. CONCLUSIONS DGE signal was significantly lower under hyperoxia than that under normoxia in brain tissue, but not in CSF. The reason is that DGE effect size of brain tissue is affected by the baseline signal, which could be influenced by T1 change and BOLD effect. Therefore, DGE experiments in which the oxygenation level is changed from baseline need to be interpreted carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpan Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter CM van Zijl
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lok Hin Law
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rohith Saai Pemmasani Prabakaran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Se Weon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiadi Xu
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kannie WY Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Tung Biomedical Science Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Skoug C, Rogova O, Spégel P, Holm C, Duarte JMN. Genetic deletion of hormone-sensitive lipase in mice reduces cerebral blood flow but does not aggravate the impact of diet-induced obesity on memory. J Neurochem 2024; 168:781-800. [PMID: 38317494 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is active throughout the brain and its genetic ablation impacts brain function. Its activity in the brain was proposed to regulate bioactive lipid availability, namely eicosanoids that are inflammatory mediators and regulate cerebral blood flow (CBF). We aimed at testing whether HSL deletion increases susceptibility to neuroinflammation and impaired brain perfusion upon diet-induced obesity. HSL-/-, HSL+/-, and HSL+/+ mice of either sex were fed high-fat diet (HFD) or control diet for 8 weeks, and then assessed in behavior tests (object recognition, open field, and elevated plus maze), metabolic tests (insulin and glucose tolerance tests and indirect calorimetry in metabolic cages), and CBF determination by arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to determine coverage of blood vessels, and morphology of astrocytes and microglia in brain slices. HSL deletion reduced CBF, most prominently in cortex and hippocampus, while HFD feeding only lowered CBF in the hippocampus of wild-type mice. CBF was positively correlated with lectin-stained vessel density. HSL deletion did not exacerbate HFD-induced microgliosis in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. HSL-/- mice showed preserved memory performance when compared to wild-type mice, and HSL deletion did not significantly aggravate HFD-induced memory impairment in object recognition tests. In contrast, HSL deletion conferred protection against HFD-induced obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Altogether, this study points to distinct roles of HSL in periphery and brain during diet-induced obesity. While HSL-/- mice were protected against metabolic syndrome development, HSL deletion reduced brain perfusion without leading to aggravated HFD-induced neuroinflammation and memory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Skoug
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oksana Rogova
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Spégel
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Holm
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - João M N Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Satake T, Taki A, Ouchi K, Kasahara K, Tsurugizawa T. Increased functional connectivity following ingestion of dried bonito soup. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1354245. [PMID: 38633605 PMCID: PMC11021645 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1354245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Soup, including dried bonito broth, is customarily consumed as an umami taste during meals in Japan. Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have investigated neuronal activation following human exposure to carbohydrates and umami substances. However, neuronal activity following ingestion of dried bonito soup has not been investigated. Additionally, recent progress in fMRI has enabled us to investigate the functional connectivity between two anatomically separated regions, such as the default mode network. In this study, we first investigated the altered functional connectivity after ingesting dried bonito soup in healthy volunteers. Functional connectivity in several brain regions, including the connection between the vermis, part of the cerebellum, and bilateral central opercular cortex, was markedly increased after ingesting dried bonito soup, compared to the ingestion of hot water. Physiological scaling showed that satiety was substantially increased by ingesting hot water rather than dried bonito soup. These results indicate that increased functional connectivity reflects the post-ingestive information pathway of dried bonito soup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Satake
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ai Taki
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ouchi
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kasahara
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tsurugizawa
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Skoug C, Holm C, Duarte JMN. Hormone-sensitive lipase is localized at synapses and is necessary for normal memory functioning in mice. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100195. [PMID: 35300984 PMCID: PMC9026619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is mainly present in adipose tissue where it hydrolyses diacylglycerol. Although expression of HSL has also been reported in the brain, its presence in different cellular compartments is uncertain, and its role in regulating brain lipid metabolism remains hitherto unexplored. We hypothesized HSL might play a role in regulating the availability of bioactive lipids necessary for neuronal function, and therefore investigated whether dampening HSL activity could lead to brain dysfunction. In mice, we found HSL protein and enzymatic activity throughout the brain, both localized within neurons and enriched in synapses. HSL-null mice were then analyzed using a battery of behavioral tests. Relative to wild-type littermates, HSL-null mice showed impaired short- and long-term memory, yet preserved exploratory behaviurs. Molecular analysis of the cortex and hippocampus showed increased expression of genes involved in glucose utilization in the hippocampus, but not cortex, of HSL-null mice compared to controls. Furthermore, lipidomics analyses indicated an impact of HSL deletion on the profile of bioactive lipids, including a decrease in endocannabinoids and eicosanoids that are known to modulate neuronal activity, cerebral blood flow, and inflammation processes. Accordingly, mild increases in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in HSL mice compared to littermates were suggestive of low-grade inflammation. We conclude that HSL has a homeostatic role in maintaining pools of lipids required for normal brain function. It remains to be tested, however, whether the recruitment of HSL for the synthesis of these lipids occurs during increased neuronal activity, or whether HSL participates in neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Skoug
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Holm
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - João M N Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sweden.
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Garcia-Serrano AM, Mohr AA, Philippe J, Skoug C, Spégel P, Duarte JMN. Cognitive Impairment and Metabolite Profile Alterations in the Hippocampus and Cortex of Male and Female Mice Exposed to a Fat and Sugar-Rich Diet are Normalized by Diet Reversal. Aging Dis 2022; 13:267-283. [PMID: 35111373 PMCID: PMC8782561 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes impacts on brain metabolism, structure, and function. Alterations in brain metabolism have been observed in obesity and diabetes models induced by exposure to diets rich in saturated fat and/or sugar and have been linked to memory impairment. However, it remains to be determined whether brain dysfunction induced by obesogenic diets results from permanent brain alterations. We tested the hypothesis that an obesogenic diet (high-fat and high-sucrose diet; HFHSD) causes reversible changes in hippocampus and cortex metabolism and alterations in behavior. Mice were exposed to HFHSD for 24 weeks or for 16 weeks followed by 8 weeks of diet normalization. Development of the metabolic syndrome, changes in behavior, and brain metabolite profiles by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were assessed longitudinally. Control mice were fed an ingredient-matched low-fat and low-sugar diet. Mice fed the HFHSD developed obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, with a more severe phenotype in male than female mice. Relative to controls, both male and female HFHSD-fed mice showed increased anxiety-like behavior, impaired memory in object recognition tasks, but preserved working spatial memory as evaluated by spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze. Alterations in the metabolite profiles were observed both in the hippocampus and cortex but were more distinct in the hippocampus. HFHSD-induced metabolic changes included altered levels of lactate, glutamate, GABA, glutathione, taurine, N-acetylaspartate, total creatine and total choline. Notably, HFHSD-induced metabolic syndrome, anxiety, memory impairment, and brain metabolic alterations recovered upon diet normalization for 8 weeks. In conclusion, cortical and hippocampal derangements induced by long-term HFHSD consumption are reversible rather than being the result of permanent tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba M Garcia-Serrano
- 1Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,2Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Adélaïde A Mohr
- 3Institute of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliette Philippe
- 1Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,2Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Skoug
- 1Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,2Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Spégel
- 4Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund Sweden
| | - João M N Duarte
- 1Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,2Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Huber G, Ogrodnik M, Wenzel J, Stölting I, Huber L, Will O, Peschke E, Matschl U, Hövener JB, Schwaninger M, Jurk D, Raasch W. Telmisartan prevents high-fat diet-induced neurovascular impairments and reduces anxiety-like behavior. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2356-2369. [PMID: 33730932 PMCID: PMC8393307 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211003497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (telmisartan) prevent rodents from diet-induced obesity and improve their metabolic status. Hyperglycemia and obesity are associated with reduced cerebral blood flow and neurovascular uncoupling which may lead to behavioral deficits. We wanted to know whether a treatment with telmisartan prevents these changes in obesity.We put young mice on high-fat diet and simultaneously treated them with telmisartan. At the end of treatment, we performed laser speckle imaging and magnetic resonance imaging to assess the effect on neurovascular coupling and cerebral blood flow. Different behavioral tests were used to investigate cognitive function.Mice developed diet-induced obesity and after 16, not 8 weeks of high-fat diet, however, the response to whisker pad stimulation was about 30% lower in obese compared to lean mice. Simultaneous telmisartan treatment increased the response again by 10% compared to obese mice. Moreover, telmisartan treatment normalized high-fat diet-induced reduction of cerebral blood flow and prevented a diet-induced anxiety-like behavior. In addition to that, telmisartan affects cellular senescence and string vessel formation in obesity.We conclude, that telmisartan protects against neurovascular unit impairments in a diet-induced obesity setting and may play a role in preventing obesity related cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Huber
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,CBBM (Centre for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mikolaj Ogrodnik
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA.,Ludwig Boltzmann Research Group Senescence and Healing of Wounds at LBI Trauma, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Wenzel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,CBBM (Centre for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ines Stölting
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,CBBM (Centre for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lukas Huber
- Section Biomedical Imaging, MOIN CC, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, UKSH, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olga Will
- Section Biomedical Imaging, MOIN CC, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, UKSH, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Peschke
- Section Biomedical Imaging, MOIN CC, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, UKSH, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Urte Matschl
- Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging, MOIN CC, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, UKSH, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,CBBM (Centre for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Diana Jurk
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA
| | - Walter Raasch
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,CBBM (Centre for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Li A, Li R, Ouyang P, Li H, Wang S, Zhang X, Wang D, Ran M, Zhao G, Yang Q, Zhu Z, Dong H, Zhang H. Dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons promote arousal from isoflurane anesthesia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:941-950. [PMID: 33973716 PMCID: PMC8265942 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims General anesthesia has been widely applied in surgical or nonsurgical medical procedures, but the mechanism behind remains elusive. Because of shared neural circuits of sleep and anesthesia, whether serotonergic system, which is highly implicated in modulation of sleep and wakefulness, regulates general anesthesia as well is worth investigating. Methods Immunostaining and fiber photometry were used to assess the neuronal activities. Electroencephalography spectra and burst‐suppression ratio (BSR) were used to measure anesthetic depth and loss or recovery of righting reflex to indicate the induction or emergence time of general anesthesia. Regulation of serotonergic system was achieved through optogenetic, chemogenetic, or pharmacological methods. Results We found that both Fos expression and calcium activity were significantly decreased during general anesthesia. Activation of 5‐HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) decreased the depth of anesthesia and facilitated the emergence from anesthesia, and inhibition deepened the anesthesia and prolonged the emergence time. Furthermore, agonism or antagonism of 5‐HT 1A or 2C receptors mimicked the effect of manipulating DRN serotonergic neurons. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that 5‐HT neurons in the DRN play a regulative role of general anesthesia, and activation of serotonergic neurons could facilitate emergence from general anesthesia partly through 5‐HT 1A and 2C receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengrong Ouyang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sa Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingzi Ran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guangchao Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qianzi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenghua Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haopeng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Faber J, Eldrup E, Selmer C, Pichat C, Hecquet SK, Watt T, Kreiner S, Karpatschof B, Gyntelberg F, Ballegaard S, Gjedde A. Reduction of Pressure Pain Sensitivity as Novel Non-pharmacological Therapeutic Approach to Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:613858. [PMID: 33776633 PMCID: PMC7991917 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.613858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autonomic nervous system dysfunction (ANSD) is known to affect glucose metabolism in the mammalian body. Tradition holds that glucose homeostasis is regulated by the peripheral nervous system, and contemporary therapeutic intervention reflects this convention. OBJECTIVES The present study tested the role of cerebral regulation of ANSD as consequence of novel understanding of glucose metabolism and treatment target in type 2 diabetes (T2D), suggested by the claim that the pressure pain sensitivity (PPS) of the chest bone periosteum may be a measure of cerebral ANSD. DESIGN In a randomized controlled trial of 144 patients with T2D, we tested the claim that 6 months of this treatment would reduce PPS and improve peripheral glucose metabolism. RESULTS In the active treatment group, mean glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) declined from 53.8 to 50.5 mmol/mol (intragroup p = 0.001), compared with the change from 53.8 to 53.4 mmol/mol in the control group, with the same level of diabetes treatment but not receiving the active treatment (between group p = 0.036). Mean PPS declined from 76.6 to 56.1 units (p < 0.001) in the active treatment group and from 77.5 to 72.8 units (p = 0.02; between group p < 0.001) in the control group. Changes of PPS and HbA1c were correlated (r = 0.37; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION We conclude that the proposed approach to treatment of T2D is a potential supplement to conventional therapy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03576430).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Faber
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Herlev Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ebbe Eldrup
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Herlev Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christian Selmer
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Pichat
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Herlev Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Sofie Korsgaard Hecquet
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Herlev Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Torquil Watt
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Herlev Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Svend Kreiner
- Institute of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benny Karpatschof
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Gyntelberg
- The National Research Center for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Ballegaard
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Herlev Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Albert Gjedde
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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