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Tang X, Chen H, Zhao M, Yang W, Shuang R, Xu S. α7nAChR-mediated astrocytic activation: A novel mechanism of Xiongzhi Dilong decoction in ameliorating chronic migraine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118509. [PMID: 38971346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR)-mediated astrocytic activation is closely related to central sensitization of chronic migraine (CM). Xiongzhi Dilong decoction (XZDL), originated from Xiongzhi Shigao decoction of Yi-zong-jin-jian, has been confirmed to relieve CM in experiment and clinic. However, its underlying mechanism for treating CM has not been elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY To reveal the underlying mechanisms of XZDL to alleviate CM in vivo focusing mainly on α7nAChR-mediated astrocytic activation and central sensitization in TNC. MATERIALS AND METHODS CM rat model was established by subcutaneous injection of nitroglycerin (NTG) recurrently, and treated with XZDL simultaneously. Migraine-like behaviors of rats (ear redness, head scratching, and cage climbing) and pain-related reactions (mechanical hind-paw withdrawal threshold) of rats were evaluated before and after NTG injection and XZDL administration at different points in time for nine days. The immunofluorescence single and double staining were applied to detect the levels of CGRP, c-Fos, GFAP and α7nAChR in NTG-induced CM rats. ELISA kits were employed to quantify levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in medulla oblongata of CM rats. The expression levels of target proteins were examined using western blotting. Finally, methyllycaconitine citrate (MLA, a specific antagonist of α7nAChR) was applied to further validate the mechanisms of XZDL in vivo. RESULTS XZDL significantly attenuated the pain-related behaviors of the NTG-induced CM rats, manifesting as constraints of aberrant migraine-like behaviors including elongated latency of ear redness and decreased numbers of head scratching and cage climbing, and increment of mechanical withdrawal threshold. Moreover, XZDL markedly lowered levels of CGRP and c-Fos, as well as inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in CM rats. Furthermore, XZDL significantly enhanced α7nAChR expression and its co-localization with GFAP, while markedly inhibited the expression of GFAP and the activation of JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB pathway in the TNC of CM rats. Finally, blocking α7nAChR with MLA reversed the effects of XZDL on astrocytic activation, central sensitization, and the pain-related behaviors in vivo. CONCLUSION XZDL inhibited astrocytic activation and central sensitization in NTG-induced CM rats by facilitating α7nAChR expression and suppressing JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB pathway, implying that the regulation of α7nAChR-mediated astrocytic activation represents a novel mechanism of XZDL for relieving CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Meihuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Wenqin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Ruonan Shuang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Shijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China.
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Gao F, Du W, Guo C, Geng P, Liu W, Jin X. α7nACh receptor, a promising target to reduce BBB damage by regulating inflammation and autophagy after ischemic stroke. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117337. [PMID: 39191022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability can lead to cerebral vasogenic edema and hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after reperfusion with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the only United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment for acute ischemia stroke (AIS). The therapeutic benefits of tPA after AIS are partially outweighed by a more than a six-fold increase in the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Therefore, strategies to protect the integrity of BBB are urgently needed to reduce HT and vasogenic edema after tPA thrombolysis or endovascular thrombectomy. Interestingly, an NIH study showed that smokers treated with tPA had a significantly lower prevalence of brain hemorrhage than nonsmokers, suggesting that cigarette smoking may protect patients treated with tPA from the side effects of cerebral hemorrhage. Importantly, we recently showed that treatment with nicotine reduces AIS-induced BBB damage and that modulating α7nAChR by modulation could reduce ischemia/reperfusion-induced BBB damage, suggesting that α7nAChR could be a potential target to reduce BBB after AIS. In this review, we first provide an overview of stroke and the impact of α7nAChR activation on BBB damage. Next, we discuss the features and mechanism of BBB destruction after AIS. We then discuss the effect of nicotine effect on BBB integrity as well as the mechanism underlying those effects. Finally, we discuss the side effects and potential strategies for modulating α7nAChR to reduce AIS-induced BBB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Gao
- Department of Emergency, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Weihong Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chun Guo
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Panpan Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wencao Liu
- Department of Emergency, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Garbizu M, Aguado L, Martín A. Alpha7 nicotinic receptors as potential theranostic targets for experimental stroke. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:939-940. [PMID: 37862178 PMCID: PMC10749633 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maider Garbizu
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Laura Aguado
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Abraham Martín
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Joya A, Plaza-García S, Padro D, Aguado L, Iglesias L, Garbizu M, Gómez-Vallejo V, Laredo C, Cossío U, Torné R, Amaro S, Planas AM, Llop J, Ramos-Cabrer P, Justicia C, Martín A. Multimodal imaging of the role of hyperglycemia following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:726-741. [PMID: 37728631 PMCID: PMC11197138 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231197946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia has been linked to worsening outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Nevertheless, the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of SAH have been scarcely evaluated so far. The role of hyperglycemia was assessed in an experimental model of SAH by T2 weighted, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (T2W and DCE-MRI), [18F]BR-351 PET imaging and immunohistochemistry. Measures included the volume of bleeding, the extent of cerebral infarction and brain edema, blood brain barrier disruption (BBBd), neutrophil infiltration and matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activation. The neurofunctional outcome, neurodegeneration and myelinization were also investigated. The induction of hyperglycemia increased mortality, the size of the ischemic lesion, brain edema, neurodegeneration and worsened neurological outcome during the first 3 days after SAH in rats. In addition, these results show for the first time the exacerbating effect of hyperglycemia on in vivo MMP activation, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression and neutrophil infiltration together with increased BBBd, bleeding volume and fibrinogen accumulation at days 1 and 3 after SAH. Notably, these data provide valuable insight into the detrimental effect of hyperglycemia on early BBB damage mediated by neutrophil infiltration and MMP activation that could explain the worse prognosis in SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Joya
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sandra Plaza-García
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Daniel Padro
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Laura Aguado
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Leyre Iglesias
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Neurovascular Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Maider Garbizu
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Laredo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Comprehensive Stroke Center, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Unai Cossío
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ramon Torné
- Institute of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Amaro
- Institute of Neuroscience, Comprehensive Stroke Center, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna M Planas
- Area of Neurosciences. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Llop
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Ramos-Cabrer
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, San Sebastian, Spain
- Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carles Justicia
- Area of Neurosciences. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abraham Martín
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Kakinuma Y. Non-neuronal cholinergic system in the heart influences its homeostasis and an extra-cardiac site, the blood-brain barrier. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1384637. [PMID: 38601043 PMCID: PMC11004362 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1384637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The non-neuronal cholinergic system of the cardiovascular system has recently gained attention because of its origin. The final product of this system is acetylcholine (ACh) not derived from the parasympathetic nervous system but from cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Accordingly, it is defined as an ACh synthesis system by non-neuronal cells. This system plays a dispensable role in the heart and cardiomyocytes, which is confirmed by pharmacological and genetic studies using murine models, such as models with the deletion of vesicular ACh transporter gene and modulation of the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene. In these models, this system sustained the physiological function of the heart, prevented the development of cardiac hypertrophy, and negatively regulated the cardiac metabolism and reactive oxygen species production, resulting in sustained cardiac homeostasis. Further, it regulated extra-cardiac organs, as revealed by heart-specific ChAT transgenic (hChAT tg) mice. They showed enhanced functions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), indicating that the augmented system influences the BBB through the vagus nerve. Therefore, the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system indirectly influences brain function. This mini-review summarizes the critical cardiac phenotypes of hChAT tg mice and focuses on the effect of the system on BBB functions. We discuss the possibility that a cholinergic signal or vagus nerve influences the expression of BBB component proteins to consolidate the barrier, leading to the downregulation of inflammatory responses in the brain, and the modulation of cardiac dysfunction-related effects on the brain. This also discusses the possible interventions using the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Reid VJM, McLoughlin WKX, Pandya K, Stott H, Iškauskienė M, Šačkus A, Marti JA, Kurian D, Wishart TM, Lucatelli C, Peters D, Gray GA, Baker AH, Newby DE, Hadoke PWF, Tavares AAS, MacAskill MG. Assessment of the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as an imaging marker of cardiac repair-associated processes using NS14490. EJNMMI Res 2024; 14:7. [PMID: 38206500 PMCID: PMC10784260 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-01058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac repair and remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI) is a multifactorial process involving pro-reparative inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Noninvasive imaging using a radiotracer targeting these processes could be used to elucidate cardiac wound healing mechanisms. The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (ɑ7nAChR) stimulates pro-reparative macrophage activity and angiogenesis, making it a potential imaging biomarker in this context. We investigated this by assessing in vitro cellular expression of ɑ7nAChR, and by using a tritiated version of the PET radiotracer [18F]NS14490 in tissue autoradiography studies. RESULTS ɑ7nAChR expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages and vascular cells showed the highest relative expression was within macrophages, but only endothelial cells exhibited a proliferation and hypoxia-driven increase in expression. Using a mouse model of inflammatory angiogenesis following sponge implantation, specific binding of [3H]NS14490 increased from 3.6 ± 0.2 µCi/g at day 3 post-implantation to 4.9 ± 0.2 µCi/g at day 7 (n = 4, P < 0.01), followed by a reduction at days 14 and 21. This peak matched the onset of vessel formation, macrophage infiltration and sponge fibrovascular encapsulation. In a rat MI model, specific binding of [3H]NS14490 was low in sham and remote MI myocardium. Specific binding within the infarct increased from day 14 post-MI (33.8 ± 14.1 µCi/g, P ≤ 0.01 versus sham), peaking at day 28 (48.9 ± 5.1 µCi/g, P ≤ 0.0001 versus sham). Histological and proteomic profiling of ɑ7nAChR positive tissue revealed strong associations between ɑ7nAChR and extracellular matrix deposition, and rat cardiac fibroblasts expressed ɑ7nAChR protein under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. CONCLUSION ɑ7nAChR is highly expressed in human macrophages and showed proliferation and hypoxia-driven expression in human endothelial cells. While NS14490 imaging displays a pattern that coincides with vessel formation, macrophage infiltration and fibrovascular encapsulation in the sponge model, this is not the case in the MI model where the ɑ7nAChR imaging signal was strongly associated with extracellular matrix deposition which could be explained by ɑ7nAChR expression in fibroblasts. Overall, these findings support the involvement of ɑ7nAChR across several processes central to cardiac repair, with fibrosis most closely associated with ɑ7nAChR following MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J M Reid
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Imaging, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Kalyani Pandya
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Imaging, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Holly Stott
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Monika Iškauskienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Šačkus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Judit A Marti
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dominic Kurian
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas M Wishart
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Dan Peters
- DanPET AB, Malmo, Sweden
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gillian A Gray
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew H Baker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David E Newby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adriana A S Tavares
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Imaging, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark G MacAskill
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Edinburgh Imaging, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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