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Ajani JA, D'Amico TA, Bentrem DJ, Chao J, Cooke D, Corvera C, Das P, Enzinger PC, Enzler T, Fanta P, Farjah F, Gerdes H, Gibson MK, Hochwald S, Hofstetter WL, Ilson DH, Keswani RN, Kim S, Kleinberg LR, Klempner SJ, Lacy J, Ly QP, Matkowskyj KA, McNamara M, Mulcahy MF, Outlaw D, Park H, Perry KA, Pimiento J, Poultsides GA, Reznik S, Roses RE, Strong VE, Su S, Wang HL, Wiesner G, Willett CG, Yakoub D, Yoon H, McMillian N, Pluchino LA. Gastric Cancer, Version 2.2022, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2022; 20:167-192. [PMID: 35130500 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2022.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 302.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Over 95% of gastric cancers are adenocarcinomas, which are typically classified based on anatomic location and histologic type. Gastric cancer generally carries a poor prognosis because it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Systemic therapy can provide palliation, improved survival, and enhanced quality of life in patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. The implementation of biomarker testing, especially analysis of HER2 status, microsatellite instability (MSI) status, and the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), has had a significant impact on clinical practice and patient care. Targeted therapies including trastuzumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab have produced encouraging results in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Palliative management, which may include systemic therapy, chemoradiation, and/or best supportive care, is recommended for all patients with unresectable or metastatic cancer. Multidisciplinary team management is essential for all patients with localized gastric cancer. This selection from the NCCN Guidelines for Gastric Cancer focuses on the management of unresectable locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David J Bentrem
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University
| | | | | | | | - Prajnan Das
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Peter C Enzinger
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
| | | | | | - Farhood Farjah
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rajesh N Keswani
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University
| | | | | | - Samuel J Klempner
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
| | - Jill Lacy
- Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital
| | | | | | - Michael McNamara
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute
| | - Mary F Mulcahy
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University
| | | | - Haeseong Park
- Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Kyle A Perry
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute
| | | | | | - Scott Reznik
- UT Southwestern Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Robert E Roses
- Abramson Cancer Center at the University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Danny Yakoub
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center
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Bajetta E, Verzoni E, Ferrario E, Dotti K, Gevorgyan A, Celio L. Feasibility Study of Biweekly Capecitabine, Oxaliplatin, and Irinotecan in Patients with Untreated Advanced Gastric Cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 95:43-7. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160909500108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Capecitabine in combination with oxaliplatin and irinotecan (COI regimen) is active and well tolerated in metastatic colorectal cancer. Since there is no internationally adopted standard regimen, we have conducted a pilot study of COI in untreated advanced gastric cancer. Methods Patients received irinotecan, 180 mg/m2 infused over 90 min on day 1, followed by oxaliplatin, 85 mg/m2 in a 3-hr infusion on day 2, and capecitabine, 1000 mg/m2/day orally twice daily from days 2 to 6 of a biweekly schedule. Treatment was continued up to 8 cycles or until progression of disease occurred. Response (RECIST criteria) was assessed after the first three cycles and was to be confirmed at least 4 weeks following the first response. Results A total of 12 patients (5 men and 7 women) with a median age of 54 years (range, 42–65) was prospectively enrolled. Most of the patients (83%) had metastatic disease. Three complete responses, four partial responses and two disease stabilizations occurred in the intention-to-treat cohort, with an overall response rate of 58% (95% confidence interval, 28–85%). Median time to progressive disease and overall survival were 6.4 and 12 months, respectively. A total of 68 cycles was administered, with a median of 6 cycles per patient (range, 1–8). Grade 3 neutropenia occurred in two patients. The most common non-hematologic grade 3 toxicities were nausea (3 patients) and diarrhea (2 patients). Conclusions These preliminary findings suggest that biweekly COI is a feasible and promising triplet for the first-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer. A large multi-institutional phase II study of the combination has already been planned in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Bajetta
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Verzoni
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Erminia Ferrario
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Katia Dotti
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Arpine Gevorgyan
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Celio
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Fonck M, Brunet R, Becouarn Y, Legoux JL, Dauba J, Cany L, Smith D, Auby D, Terrebonne E, Traissac L, Mertens C, Soubeyran P, Bellera C, Rainfray M, Mathoulin-Pélissier S. Evaluation of efficacy and safety of FOLFIRI for elderly patients with gastric cancer: a first-line phase II study. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2011; 35:823-30. [PMID: 21907007 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current chemotherapy protocols for gastric cancer present high toxicity. The FOLFIRI regimen has shown promising results with elderly colorectal cancer patients and for gastric cancer patients but this is the first report on elderly gastric cancer patients. DESIGN In this multicenter non-randomized phase II trial, we administered the FOLFIRI chemotherapy protocol (irinotecan [180 mg/m(2)], fluorouracil [5-FU] [400 mg/m(2)] and folinic acid 400 mg/m(2) or 200mg/m(2) of l-folinic acid) to patients aged over 70 years with locally-advanced or metastatic gastric cancer combined with Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA). Responses were assessed at 2 months. RESULTS Forty-two patients received eight cycles of the FOLFIRI regimen, with 82.5% of patients showing disease control: 10 patients (26%) showing objective (partial or complete) responses and 23 (57.5%) showing stable disease. One-year overall survival (OS) was 41.5% [95%CI 26.5-56.0] and one-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 31.8% [95%CI 18.4-46.1%]. We observed 10 Grade 3/4 hematologic toxicities with one febrile neutropenia. CGA data demonstrated that geriatric functions were not altered by treatment and that nutritional status improved over treatment. CONCLUSIONS Results show excellent disease control and relatively high survival rates with limited toxicity similar to younger patients indicating that this regimen should be considered as a possible treatment in advanced gastric cancer of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Fonck
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, 229, cours de l'Argonne, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France.
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Qiu H, Yashiro M, Zhang X, Miwa A, Hirakawa K. A FGFR2 inhibitor, Ki23057, enhances the chemosensitivity of drug-resistant gastric cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 307:47-52. [PMID: 21482024 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to clarify the ability of a FGFR2 inhibitor, Ki23057, to enhance the chemosensitivity of drug-resistant gastric cancer cell lines when used in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five cancer cell lines resistant to irinotecan (SN38), paclitaxel (PTX), etoposide (VP16), oxaliplatin (OXA), and gemcitabine (GEM) were respectively established from a parent gastric cancer cell line, OCUM-2M, and were named OCUM-2M/SN38, OCUM-2M/PTX, OCUM-2M/VP16, OCUM-2M/OXA, and OCUM-2M/GEM. The effects of the combination of Ki23057 with anticancer drugs on proliferation, apoptosis, and mRNA expression were examined. RESULTS Ki23057 significantly decreased the IC(50) values of OCUM-2M/SN38, OCUM-2M/PTX, and OCUM-2M/VP16, but not those of OCUM-2M/OXA and OCUM-2M/GEM. Ki23057 significantly enhanced the apoptosis rates induced by chemotherapeutic drugs in both the drug-resistant cell lines and the parental cell line. Ki23057 decreased the ERCC1 expression level in OCUM-2M/SN38, OCUM-2M/PTX, and OCUM-2M/VP16. Ki23057 increased the p53 expression level in OCUM-2M/SN38 and OCUM-2M/PTX, but not in OCUM-2M/VP16. CONCLUSION The FGFR2 inhibitor Ki23057 might be therapeutically promising for treating drug-resistant gastric cancer cells, especially when used in combination with SN38, PTX, or VP16. The apoptosis process might be the main mechanism underlying the synergistic effect of these combinations. The ERCC1 and p53 genes may play an integral role in the synergism between Ki23057 and chemotherapeutic agents in drug-resistant cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qiu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; Oncology Center of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; Oncology Institute of Geriatrics and Medical Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital, School of Oncology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Atsushi Miwa
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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Chen XZ, Jiang K, Hu JK, Zhang B, Gou HF, Yang K, Chen ZX, Chen JP. Cost-effectiveness analysis of chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer in China. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:2715-22. [PMID: 18461656 PMCID: PMC2709040 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.2715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the economics of various chemotherapeutic regimens for advanced gastric cancer (AGC), and to select the best cost-effective regimen for the common Chinese patients.
METHODS: Data source used in this study was the Chinese Biomedical Disk Database. Patients were diagnosed as AGC and any regimen was eligible. Outcome measures included median survival time (MST) and percentage of complete and partial response (CR+PR). Economic statistics was per capita direct medical cost (DMC) of a single cycle. TreeAge Pro Healthcare 2007 software was used to carry out cost-effectiveness and incremental cost-effectiveness analysis. Sensitivity analyses were applied by altering willingness-to-pay and annual discount rate, and also re-analyzed by excluding the studies with apparent heterogeneity.
RESULTS: Seven retrospective economics studies on 760 patients were included. 5-fluorouracil-based regimens were universal, and also some new agents were involved, such as docetaxel, paclitaxel, and oxaliplatin. By processing analysis, we could recommend etoposide, leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil (ELF) regimen as preference, with a DMC/MST ratio of 2543 RBM/11.7 mo and a DMC/CR+PR ratio of 2543 RMB/53.3%. Uracil-tegafur, etoposide and cisplatin (FEP) or 5-fluorouracil, adrimycin/epirubin and mitomycin (FAM) regimens could be regarded as optional first-line chemotherapy for AGC in common Chinese patients. With no regard for willingness-to-pay, the docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (DCF) regimen could be chosen as either a first- or a second-line chemotherapy, with a DMC/CR+PR ratio of 9979 RMB/56.3%.
CONCLUSION: 5-fluorouracil regimens are still considered the mainstream for AGC, while new agents such as taxanes are optional. More randomized clinical trials are required before any mandatory recommendation of certain regimens for patients with AGC in China is made.
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Reuveni D, Halperin D, Shalit I, Priel E, Fabian I. Quinolones as enhancers of camptothecin-induced cytotoxic and anti-topoisomerase I effects. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:1272-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 11/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Di Bartolomeo M, Buzzoni R, Mariani L, Ferrario E, Katia D, Gevorgyan A, Zilembo N, Bordonaro R, Bochicchio AM, Massidda B, Ardizzoia A, Ardizzoni A, Marini G, Aitini E, Schieppati G, Comella G, Pinotti G, Palazzo S, Cicero G, Bajetta E, Villa E, Fagnani D, Reguzzoni G, Agostana B, Oliani C, Kildani B, Duro M, Botta M, Mozzana R, Mantovani G. Feasibility of Sequential Therapy with FOLFIRI Followed by Docetaxel/Cisplatin in Patients with Radically Resected Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Oncology 2007; 71:341-6. [PMID: 17855795 DOI: 10.1159/000108575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Combination therapies of fluorouracil (FU) with irinotecan (CPT-11) and docetaxel plus cisplatin have been proven to be active in metastatic gastric cancer. In this paper, we present the results of a phase III trial in which these two combinations given sequentially were compared to mitomycin C (MMC) monochemotherapy in an adjuvant setting. METHODS 169 patients with radically resected gastric cancer were randomized to receive CPT-11 (180 mg/m2 day 1), leucovorin (100 mg/m2 days 1-2), FU (400-600 mg/m2 days 1-2, q 14; for four cycles; FOLFIRI regimen), followed by docetaxel (85 mg/m2 day 1), cisplatin (75 mg/m2 day 1, q 21; for three cycles; arm A), or MMC (8 mg/m2 days 1-2 as 2-hour infusion, q 42; for four cycles; arm B). All patients had histologically confirmed gastric carcinoma with nodal positivity or pT3/4. A total of 166 patients (85 in arm A and 81 in arm B) were treated. Adjuvant treatment was completed in 76% of the patients in arm A and in 70% of the patients in arm B. The main grade 3/4 side effects recorded were neutropenia in 35%, with only 1 febrile patient, and diarrhea in 11% in arm A, and thrombocytopenia in 10% and neutropenia in 7% in arm B. The FOLFIRI regimen and docetaxel/cisplatin given in sequence was well tolerated and feasible in adjuvant setting. This sequence treatment currently represents the experimental arm of an ongoing multicenter trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Di Bartolomeo
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori of Milano, Milano, Italia
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Jeung HC, Rha SY, Shin SJ, Ahn JB, Noh SH, Roh JK, Chung HC. A phase II study of S-1 monotherapy administered for 2 weeks of a 3-week cycle in advanced gastric cancer patients with poor performance status. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:458-63. [PMID: 17653073 PMCID: PMC2360346 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic chemotherapy for gastric cancer is often associated with treatment-related toxicity, which is particularly severe in patients with a poor performance status. In this paper, we describe the first study to evaluate S-1 monotherapy as an option for advanced gastric cancer patients who are not candidates for combination chemotherapy due to poor clinical condition. Fifty-two patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance scale 2-3, whose general condition had made use of combination chemotherapy impossible, were enrolled. S-1 was administered to 30 patients as second- or third-line therapy. The initial dose of S-1 was 35 mg m(-2), administered b.i.d for 14 days every 3 weeks. With a median follow-up period of 33 weeks, the median progression-free survival, and overall survival were 11 weeks (95% CI, 8-14) and 33 weeks (95% CI, 19-47), respectively. The overall 1-year survival rate was 29% by intent-to-treat analysis. The overall response rate was 12% (95% CI, 3-21), and the percentage of stable disease was 35%, resulting in the disease control rate of 47% (95% CI, 32-60). Significant drug-related toxicity included grade 3 diarrhoea (14%), anorexia (14%), fatigue (10%), neutropenia (10%), and leucopenia (6%). In conclusion, this study indicated the modest activity of S-1 in gastric cancer patients with poor performance status.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-C Jeung
- Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S Y Rha
- Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S J Shin
- Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J B Ahn
- Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S H Noh
- Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J K Roh
- Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - H C Chung
- Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Seodaemun-Ku, CPO Box 8044, Seoul 120-752, Korea. E-mail:
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