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Kondeva-Burdina M, Shkondrov A, Popov G, Manov V, Krasteva I. In Vitro/In Vivo Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Defatted Extract and a Phenolic Fraction Obtained from Phlomis Tuberosa. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10631. [PMID: 37445808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An in vitro/in vivo hepatotoxicity and hepatoprotection evaluation of a defatted extract and a phenolic fraction from Phlomis tuberosa, administered alone and in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced metabolic bioactivation model, was performed. The extract and the phenolic fraction were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the total flavonoid content, to identify flavonoids and to quantify verbascoside. In addition, total polyphenolics in the samples were expressed as gallic acid equivalents. Applied alone, the extract and the fraction (5, 10 and 50 µg/mL) did not show a statistically significant hepatotoxic effect on isolated rat hepatocytes in vitro. In a CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity model, the samples exhibited a concentration-dependent, statistically significant hepatoprotective effect, which was most pronounced at 50 µg/mL for both. The phenolic fraction exhibited a more pronounced hepatoprotective effect compared to the extract. Data from the in vitro study on the effects of the extract were also confirmed in the in vivo experiment conducted in a CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity model in rats. A histopathological study showed that the animals treated with CCl4 and the extract had an unaltered histoarchitecture of the liver. The effects of the extract were the same as those of silymarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kondeva-Burdina
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Drug Toxicity, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav st., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Aleksandar Shkondrov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav st., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Popov
- Department of Non-infectious Diseases, Pathology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vasil Manov
- Department of Non-infectious Diseases, Pathology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ilina Krasteva
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav st., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
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RAGE Inhibitors for Targeted Therapy of Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010266. [PMID: 36613714 PMCID: PMC9820344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin family that is overexpressed in several cancers. RAGE is highly expressed in the lung, and its expression increases proportionally at the site of inflammation. This receptor can bind a variety of ligands, including advanced glycation end products, high mobility group box 1, S100 proteins, adhesion molecules, complement components, advanced lipoxidation end products, lipopolysaccharides, and other molecules that mediate cellular responses related to acute and chronic inflammation. RAGE serves as an important node for the initiation and stimulation of cell stress and growth signaling mechanisms that promote carcinogenesis, tumor propagation, and metastatic potential. In this review, we discuss different aspects of RAGE and its prominent ligands implicated in cancer pathogenesis and describe current findings that provide insights into the significant role played by RAGE in cancer. Cancer development can be hindered by inhibiting the interaction of RAGE with its ligands, and this could provide an effective strategy for cancer treatment.
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Kumar R, Akhtar F, Rizvi SI. Protective effect of hesperidin in Poloxamer-407 induced hyperlipidemic experimental rats. Biol Futur 2021; 72:201-210. [PMID: 34554473 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-020-00053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is one of the leading causes of, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we evaluated the protective role of hesperidin (HES) against lipidemic stress in a hyperlipidemic model of rats. We developed a hyperlipidemic model of the rat through an i.p dose of poloxamer-407, 0.5 g/kg body weight for 3 alternative days in a week for 30 days and rats were supplemented with HES orally (100 mg/kg body weight) once daily. Bodyweight, fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR index, triglyceride, cholesterol, ROS, FRAP, GSH, PMRS, AGE, MDA, PCO, AOPP, PON-1, TNF-α and IL-6, SGPT and SGOT were estimated in blood and plasma, and histopathology was done in liver tissue. Our data show that oxidative stress, inflammatory markers were increased in the P-407 treated group. Liver tissue histology also changes in the hyperlipidemic groups of rats.HES supplementation protects against P-407 induced alterations and maintains the redox homeostasis. Our results provide evidence that HES protects against lipidemic stress and redox imbalance induced by P-407 in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raushan Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India
| | - Farhan Akhtar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India
| | - Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India.
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Kumar R, Akhtar F, Rizvi SI. Hesperidin attenuates altered redox homeostasis in an experimental hyperlipidaemic model of rat. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:571-582. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raushan Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry University of Allahabad Allahabad India
| | - Farhan Akhtar
- Department of Biochemistry University of Allahabad Allahabad India
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Martín-Sierra C, Laranjeira P, Domingues MR, Paiva A. Lipoxidation and cancer immunity. Redox Biol 2019; 23:101103. [PMID: 30658904 PMCID: PMC6859558 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxidation is a well-known reaction between electrophilic carbonyl species, formed during oxidation of lipids, and specific proteins that, in most cases, causes an alteration in proteins function. This can occur under physiological conditions but, in many cases, it has been associated to pathological process, including cancer. Lipoxidation may have an effect in cancer development through their effects in tumour cells, as well as through the alteration of immune components and the consequent modulation of the immune response. The formation of protein adducts affects different proteins in cancer, triggering different mechanism, such as proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis, among others, altering cancer progression. The divergent results obtained documented that the formation of lipoxidation adducts can have either anti-carcinogenic or pro-carcinogenic effects, depending on the cell type affected and the specific adduct formed. Moreover, lipoxidation adducts may alter the immune response, consequently causing either positive or negative alterations in cancer progression. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the effects of lipoxidation adducts in cancer cells and immune components and their consequences in the evolution of different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Martín-Sierra
- Unidade de Gestão Operacional em Citometria, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - P Laranjeira
- Unidade de Gestão Operacional em Citometria, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M R Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Paiva
- Unidade de Gestão Operacional em Citometria, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Ciências Biomédicas Laboratoriais, Portugal.
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Muluk NB, Kisa U, Kaçmaz M, Apan A, Koç C. Efficacy of topotecan treatment on antioxidant enzymes and TBA-RS levels in submandibular glands of rabbits: An experimental study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 132:136-40. [PMID: 15632925 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2004.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of topotecan (Hycamtin), a topoisomerase I inhibiting anticancer agent, on antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) and TBA-RS values of the submandibular glands of the rabbits. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: The study was conveyed in two groups (Group I, II) and control with a total of 24 rabbits. Eight rabbits in group I received intravenous (i.v.) topotecan (0.25 mg/kg once daily) for 3 days. Eight rabbits in group II received i.v. topotecan (0.5 mg/kg once daily) for 3 days. On the 15th day after administration of topotecan, sub-mandibular glands were removed and levels of the SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px and the TBA-RS in the sub-mandibular glands of the rabbits were examined. RESULTS: SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px values were significantly higher in high-dose topotecan group compared to control group ( P < 0.05). SOD and TBA-RS values were significantly higher in high-dose topotecan group compared to low-dose topotecan group ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that, to prevent the hazardous effects of oxygen free radicals due to topotecan, antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px were increased. The higher levels of the TBA-RS values in group II showed that permanent damage was present because of high-dose topotecan administration in the submandibular glands of the rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Bayar Muluk
- ENT Department, Kirikkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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Serum metabolomic analysis of human upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:7531-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Csala M, Kardon T, Legeza B, Lizák B, Mandl J, Margittai É, Puskás F, Száraz P, Szelényi P, Bánhegyi G. On the role of 4-hydroxynonenal in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:826-38. [PMID: 25643868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to peroxidation and they yield various degradation products, including the main α,β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal, 4-hydroxy-2,3-trans-nonenal (HNE) in oxidative stress. Due to its high reactivity, HNE interacts with various macromolecules of the cell, and this general toxicity clearly contributes to a wide variety of pathological conditions. In addition, growing evidence suggests a more specific function of HNE in electrophilic signaling as a second messenger of oxidative/electrophilic stress. It can induce antioxidant defense mechanisms to restrain its own production and to enhance the cellular protection against oxidative stress. Moreover, HNE-mediated signaling can largely influence the fate of the cell through modulating major cellular processes, such as autophagy, proliferation and apoptosis. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying the signaling and regulatory functions of HNE. The role of HNE in the pathophysiology of cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Csala
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kardon
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Legeza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Beáta Lizák
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Mandl
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Margittai
- Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Puskás
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Péter Száraz
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Péter Szelényi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bánhegyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary.
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Cell death and diseases related to oxidative stress: 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) in the balance. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1615-30. [PMID: 24096871 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last three decades, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a major α,β-unsaturated aldehyde product of n-6 fatty acid oxidation, has been shown to be involved in a great number of pathologies such as metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. These multiple pathologies can be explained by the fact that HNE is a potent modulator of numerous cell processes such as oxidative stress signaling, cell proliferation, transformation or cell death. The main objective of this review is to focus on the different aspects of HNE-induced cell death, with a particular emphasis on apoptosis. HNE is a special apoptotic inducer because of its abilities to form protein adducts and to propagate oxidative stress. It can stimulate intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways and interact with typical actors such as tumor protein 53, JNK, Fas or mitochondrial regulators. At the same time, due to its oxidant status, it can also induce some cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress, thus being involved in its own detoxification. These processes in turn limit the apoptotic potential of HNE. These dualities can imbalance cell fate, either toward cell death or toward survival, depending on the cell type, the metabolic state and the ability to detoxify.
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Bak MJ, Ok S, Jun M, Jeong WS. 6-shogaol-rich extract from ginger up-regulates the antioxidant defense systems in cells and mice. Molecules 2012; 17:8037-55. [PMID: 22763741 PMCID: PMC6268273 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17078037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is known to have several bioactive compounds including gingerols and shogaols which possess beneficial health properties such as anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects. Based on recent observations that 6-shogaol may have more potent bioactivity than 6-gingerol, we obtained a 6-shogaol-rich extract from ginger and examined its effects on the nuclear factor E2-related factor2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway in vitro and in vivo. 6-Shogaol-rich extract was produced by extracting ginger powder with 95% ethanol at 80 °C after drying at 80 °C (GEE8080). GEE8080 contained over 6-fold more 6-shogaol compared to the room temperature extract (GEE80RT). In HepG2 cells, GEE8080 displayed much stronger inductions of ARE-reporter gene activity and Nrf2 expression than GEE80RT. GEE8080 stimulated phosphorylations of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as ERK, JNK, and p38. Moreover, the GEE8080-induced expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were attenuated by treatments of SB202190 (a p38 specific inhibitor) and LY294002 (an Akt specific inhibitor). In a mouse model, the GEE8080 decreased the diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-mediated elevations of serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase as well as the DEN-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation. Inductions of Nrf2 and HO-1 by GEE8080 were also confirmed in the mice. In addition, the administration of GEE8080 to the mice also restored the DEN-reduced activity and protein expression of hepatic antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase. In conclusion, GEE8080, a 6-shogaol-rich ginger extract, may enhance antioxidant defense mechanism through the induction of Nrf2 and HO-1 regulated by p38 MAPK and PI3k/Akt pathway in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Bak
- Department of Food & Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea; (M.-J.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Seon Ok
- Department of Food & Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea; (M.-J.B.); (S.O.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan 808-736, Korea
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea;
| | - Woo-Sik Jeong
- Department of Food & Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea; (M.-J.B.); (S.O.)
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Usydus Z, Szlinder-Richert J. Functional Properties of Fish and Fish Products: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2010.503356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Gupta S, Gupta S. Alterations in serum lipid profile patterns in oral cancer and oral precancerous lesions and conditions—a clinical study. Indian J Dent 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0975-962x(11)60002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Gruia MI, Oprea E, Gruia I, Negoita V, Farcasanu IC. The antioxidant response induced by Lonicera caerulaea berry extracts in animals bearing experimental solid tumors. Molecules 2008; 13:1195-206. [PMID: 18560338 PMCID: PMC6245305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13051195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 05/21/1995] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lonicera caerulea is a species of bush native to the Kamchatka Peninsula (Russian Far East) whose berries have been extensively studied due to their potential high antioxidant activity. The aim of our work was to investigate the in vivo effects of the antioxidant action of Lonicera caerulea berry extracts on the dynamics of experimentally-induced tumors. Our data showed that aqueous Lonicera caerulaea extracts reduced the tumor volume when administered continuously during the tumor growth and development stages, but augmented the tumor growth when the administration of extracts started three weeks before tumor grafting. Prolonged administration of Lonicera caerulaea berry extracts induced the antioxidant defense mechanism in the tumor tissues, while surprisingly amplifying the peripheral oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eliza Oprea
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta, 030018, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ion Gruia
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, MG-11 Magurele, 077125, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentina Negoita
- Institute of Oncology Bucharest, 252 Fundeni, 022338, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Cornelia Farcasanu
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta, 030018, Bucharest, Romania
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
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Negre-Salvayre A, Coatrieux C, Ingueneau C, Salvayre R. Advanced lipid peroxidation end products in oxidative damage to proteins. Potential role in diseases and therapeutic prospects for the inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153:6-20. [PMID: 17643134 PMCID: PMC2199390 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive carbonyl compounds (RCCs) formed during lipid peroxidation and sugar glycoxidation, namely Advanced lipid peroxidation end products (ALEs) and Advanced Glycation end products (AGEs), accumulate with ageing and oxidative stress-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes or neurodegenerative diseases. RCCs induce the 'carbonyl stress' characterized by the formation of adducts and cross-links on proteins, which progressively leads to impaired protein function and damages in all tissues, and pathological consequences including cell dysfunction, inflammatory response and apoptosis. The prevention of carbonyl stress involves the use of free radical scavengers and antioxidants that prevent the generation of lipid peroxidation products, but are inefficient on pre-formed RCCs. Conversely, carbonyl scavengers prevent carbonyl stress by inhibiting the formation of protein cross-links. While a large variety of AGE inhibitors has been developed, only few carbonyl scavengers have been tested on ALE-mediated effects. This review summarizes the signalling properties of ALEs and ALE-precursors, their role in the pathogenesis of oxidative stress-associated diseases, and the different agents efficient in neutralizing ALEs effects in vitro and in vivo. The generation of drugs sharing both antioxidant and carbonyl scavenger properties represents a new therapeutic challenge in the treatment of carbonyl stress-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Negre-Salvayre
- INSERM U858, IFR-31 and Biochemistry Department, CHU Rangueil, University Toulouse-3, Toulouse, France.
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15
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Yen HC, Nien CY, Majima HJ, Lee CP, Chen SY, Wei JS, See LC. Increase of lipid peroxidation by cisplatin in WI38 cells but not in SV40-transformed WI38 cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2003; 17:39-46. [PMID: 12616645 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.10059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin (CPT) is an effective anticancer drug that causes cumulative toxicity to normal tissues. It has been suggested that CPT damages normal cells by causing oxidative stress, but it is not known whether it can induce similar oxidative damage to tumor cells. In this study, by using normal human lung fibroblast (W138) cells and SV40-transformed WI38 (VA13) cells as a model, we compared the effect of CPT on cytotoxicity, apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial gene expression, which could be regulated by oxidative stress, between normal and tumor cells. CPT induced greater growth inhibition and percentage of apoptotic cells in VA13 cells. However, levels of esterified F(2)-isoprostanes and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, two specific products of lipid peroxidation, were increased by CPT in WI38 cells, but not in VA13 cells. Furthermore, the transcript level of mitochondrial 12S rRNA was augmented by CPT in both cells, but to a higher degree in WI38 cells. The data suggest a correlation between lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity or increased mitochondrial transcript levels in WI38 cells but not in VA13 cells. The results also indicate an altered response of oxidative damage and mitochondrial gene regulation to CPT in the transformed phenotype of WI38 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chuan Yen
- School of Medical Technology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China
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16
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Rajasekaran NS, Devaraj H, Devaraj SN. The effect of glutathione monoester (GME) on glutathione (GSH) depleted rat liver. J Nutr Biochem 2002; 13:302-306. [PMID: 12015161 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(01)00223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of glutathione monoester (GME) on buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) mediated glutathione (GSH) depletion in rats was studied to understand the defensive role of intraperitoneally supplemented GSH. Administration of glutathione mono ester (GME) (at a dose of 5 mmole/kg body weight, twice a day for 30 days) significantly prevented the buthionine sulfoximine (at a dose of 4 mmole/kg body weight, twice a day for 30 days) induced alterations. This study suggests that glutathione mono ester is hepatoprotective and plays an important role in preventing lipid peroxidation, which leads to cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Soorappan Rajasekaran
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zhaorigetu S, Sasaki M, Watanabe H, Kato N. Supplemental silk protein, sericin, suppresses colon tumorigenesis in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-treated mice by reducing oxidative stress and cell proliferation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65:2181-6. [PMID: 11758907 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study was done to discover the underlying mechanism of the inhibitory effect of sericin against colon tumorigenesis. Mice were fed a diet with 30 g/kg sericin for 115 d, and given a weekly injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (10 mg/kg body weight) for the initial 10 wk. Dietary supplemental sericin caused a 62% reduction in the incidence of colonic adenoma (P<0.05), but did not affect the incidence of colonic adenocarcinoma. Sericin intake significantly reduced the number of colon adenomas. Consumption of sericin significantly reduced the BrdU labeling index of colonic proliferating cells and the expression of colonic c-myc and c-fos. The levels of colonic 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, 4-hydroxynonenal, and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein were significantly suppressed by sericin. The results suggest that dietary sericin suppresses the development of colon tumors by reducing oxidative stress, cell proliferation, and nitric oxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhaorigetu
- Faculty of Applied Biochemistry, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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18
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Cheng JZ, Singhal SS, Sharma A, Saini M, Yang Y, Awasthi S, Zimniak P, Awasthi YC. Transfection of mGSTA4 in HL-60 cells protects against 4-hydroxynonenal-induced apoptosis by inhibiting JNK-mediated signaling. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 392:197-207. [PMID: 11488593 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian alpha-class glutathione S-transferase (GST) isozymes mGSTA4-4, rGSTA4-4, and hGSTA4-4 are known to utilize 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) as a preferred substrate. During the present studies, we have examined the effect of transfecting human myeloid HL-60 cells with mGSTA4, on 4-HNE-induced apoptosis and the associated signaling mechanisms. Results of these studies show that treatment of the wild-type or vector-only-transfected HL-60 cells with 20 microM 4-HNE caused apoptosis within 2 h. The cells transfected with mGSTA4 did not undergo apoptosis under these conditions even after 4 h. In the wild-type and vector-transfected cells, apoptosis was preceded by JNK activation and c-Jun phosphorylation within 30 min, and an increase in AP-1 binding within 2 h of treatment with 20 microM 4-HNE. In mGSTA4-transfected cells, JNK activation and c-Jun phosphorylation were observed after 1 h, and increased AP-1 binding was observed after 8 h under these conditions. In the control cells, 20 microM 4-HNE caused caspase 3 activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage within 2 h, while in mGSTA4-transfected cells, a lesser degree of these effects was observed even after 8 h. Transfection with mGSTA4 also provided protection to the cells from 4-HNE and doxorubicin cytotoxicity (1.6- and 2.6-fold, respectively). These results show that 4-HNE mediates apoptosis through its effects on JNK and caspase 3, and that 4-HNE metabolizing GST isozyme(s) may be important in the regulation of this pathway of oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Cheng
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, UTMB, Galveston, Texas 77555-1067, USA
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White BC, Sullivan JM, DeGracia DJ, O'Neil BJ, Neumar RW, Grossman LI, Rafols JA, Krause GS. Brain ischemia and reperfusion: molecular mechanisms of neuronal injury. J Neurol Sci 2000; 179:1-33. [PMID: 11054482 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(00)00386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Brain ischemia and reperfusion engage multiple independently-fatal terminal pathways involving loss of membrane integrity in partitioning ions, progressive proteolysis, and inability to check these processes because of loss of general translation competence and reduced survival signal-transduction. Ischemia results in rapid loss of high-energy phosphate compounds and generalized depolarization, which induces release of glutamate and, in selectively vulnerable neurons (SVNs), opening of both voltage-dependent and glutamate-regulated calcium channels. This allows a large increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) associated with activation of mu-calpain, calcineurin, and phospholipases with consequent proteolysis of calpain substrates (including spectrin and eIF4G), activation of NOS and potentially of Bad, and accumulation of free arachidonic acid, which can induce depletion of Ca(2+) from the ER lumen. A kinase that shuts off translation initiation by phosphorylating the alpha-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF2alpha) is activated either by adenosine degradation products or depletion of ER lumenal Ca(2+). Early during reperfusion, oxidative metabolism of arachidonate causes a burst of excess oxygen radicals, iron is released from storage proteins by superoxide-mediated reduction, and NO is generated. These events result in peroxynitrite generation, inappropriate protein nitrosylation, and lipid peroxidation, which ultrastructurally appears to principally damage the plasmalemma of SVNs. The initial recovery of ATP supports very rapid eIF2alpha phosphorylation that in SVNs is prolonged and associated with a major reduction in protein synthesis. High catecholamine levels induced by the ischemic episode itself and/or drug administration down-regulate insulin secretion and induce inhibition of growth-factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity, effects associated with down-regulation of survival signal-transduction through the Ras pathway. Caspase activation occurs during the early hours of reperfusion following mitochondrial release of caspase 9 and cytochrome c. The SVNs find themselves with substantial membrane damage, calpain-mediated proteolytic degradation of eIF4G and cytoskeletal proteins, altered translation initiation mechanisms that substantially reduce total protein synthesis and impose major alterations in message selection, down-regulated survival signal-transduction, and caspase activation. This picture argues powerfully that, for therapy of brain ischemia and reperfusion, the concept of single drug intervention (which has characterized the approaches of basic research, the pharmaceutical industry, and clinical trials) cannot be effective. Although rigorous study of multi-drug protocols is very demanding, effective therapy is likely to require (1) peptide growth factors for early activation of survival-signaling pathways and recovery of translation competence, (2) inhibition of lipid peroxidation, (3) inhibition of calpain, and (4) caspase inhibition. Examination of such protocols will require not only characterization of functional and histopathologic outcome, but also study of biochemical markers of the injury processes to establish the role of each drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C White
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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20
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Basu M, Banerjee A, Bhattacharya UK, Bishayee A, Chatterjee M. Beta-carotene prolongs survival, decreases lipid peroxidation and enhances glutathione status in transplantable murine lymphoma. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 7:151-159. [PMID: 10839219 DOI: 10.1016/s0944-7113(00)80088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids of dietary origin have recently been the subject of renewed research interest because of epidemiological evidence indicating an inverse relationship between intake of carotenoids-rich plant substances and risk of certain cancers. This study was attempted to understand the biological actions of dietary beta-carotene (BC) on Dalton's lymphoma (DL), a rapidly proliferating transplantable tumor, in effecting the survival of the lymphoma-bearing mice. The glutathione (GSH) level and the extent of lipid peroxidation in the liver, kidney and brain were monitored in BC-treated (100 mg/kg food) mice transplanted with DL. These markers showed substantial alterations during the whole length of tumor progression in lymphoma-bearing mice without BC supplementation. When treated with BC, both malondialdehyde contents (evidence of lipid peroxidation) and the GSH levels in different organs were found to be closer to normal values in the initial period of tumor progression. BC-mediated protection against lipid peroxidation was maximally found to be in hepatic tissue throughout the study following DL transplantation. This was fairly reflected in the higher BC concentration in hepatic tissue of BC-treated lymphoma group compared to untreated lymphoma control. Significantly higher survival time (51-55 days) was observed in BC-treated animals in comparison to their untreated DL counterparts (35-38 days). The prolonged survival observed in the BC-supplemented animals may be attributed to the higher resistance offered by animals receiving BC towards lipid peroxidation-related tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Basu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India
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21
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Cheng JZ, Singhal SS, Saini M, Singhal J, Piper JT, Van Kuijk FJ, Zimniak P, Awasthi YC, Awasthi S. Effects of mGST A4 transfection on 4-hydroxynonenal-mediated apoptosis and differentiation of K562 human erythroleukemia cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 372:29-36. [PMID: 10562413 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular levels of downstream products of membrane lipid oxidation appear to regulate differentiation in K562 human erythroleukemia cells. 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is a diffusible and relatively stable product of peroxidation of arachidonic and linoleic acids, cellular levels of which are regulated through metabolism to glutathione (GSH) conjugate by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). A group of immunologically related alpha-class mammalian GSTs expressed in mice (mGST A4-4), rat (rGST A4-4), human (hGST A5.8), and other species, as well as the more distantly related human hGST A4-4, preferentially utilize 4-HNE as a substrate and are suggested to be major determinants of intracellular levels of 4-HNE. Present studies were designed to examine the effects of 4-HNE on K562 cells and to study the effect of transfection of mGSTA4-4 in these cells. Exposure of K562 cells to 20 microM 4-HNE for 2 h resulted in a rapid erythroid differentiation of K562 cells, as well as apoptosis evidenced by characteristic DNA laddering. Stable transfection of cells with mGST A4-4 resulted in a fivefold increase in GST-specific activity toward 4-HNE compared with wild-type or vector-only transfected cells. The mGST A4-4-transfected cells were resistant to the cytotoxic, apoptotic, and differentiating effects of 4-HNE. The mGST A4 transfection also conferred resistance to direct oxidative stress (IC(50) of H(2)O(2) 22, 23, and 35 microM for wild-type, vector-transfected, and mGST A4-transfected cells, respectively). mGST A4-4-transfected cells also showed a higher rate of proliferation compared with wild-type or vector-transfected K562 cells (doubling time 22.1 +/- 0.7, 31 +/- 1.2, and 29 +/- 0.6 h, respectively). Cellular 4-HNE levels determined by mass spectrometry were lower in mGST A4-4-transfected cells compared to cells transfected with vector alone (5.9 pmol/5 x 10(7) cells and 62.9 pmol/5 x 10(7) cells, respectively). Our studies show that 4-HNE can induce erythroid differentiation in K562 cells and that overexpression of mGST A4 suppresses 4-HNE levels and inhibits erythroid differentiation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Cheng
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1067, USA
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22
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Parola M, Bellomo G, Robino G, Barrera G, Dianzani MU. 4-Hydroxynonenal as a biological signal: molecular basis and pathophysiological implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 1999; 1:255-84. [PMID: 11229439 DOI: 10.1089/ars.1999.1.3-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and other pro-oxidant agents are known to elicit, in vivo and in vitro, oxidative decomposition of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids of membrane phospholipids (i.e, lipid peroxidation). This leads to the formation of a complex mixture of aldehydic end-products, including malonyldialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-2,3-nonenal (HNE), and other 4-hydroxy-2,3-alkenals (HAKs) of different chain length. These aldehydic molecules have been considered originally as ultimate mediators of toxic effects elicited by oxidative stress occurring in biological material. Experimental and clinical evidence coming from different laboratories now suggests that HNE and HAKs can also act as bioactive molecules in either physiological and pathological conditions. These aldehydic compounds can affect and modulate, at very low and nontoxic concentrations, several cell functions, including signal transduction, gene expression, cell proliferation, and, more generally, the response of the target cell(s). In this review article, we would like to offer an up-to-date review on this particular aspect of oxidative stress--dependent modulation of cellular functions-as well as to offer comments on the related pathophysiological implications, with special reference to human conditions of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Parola
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy.
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23
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Mufti SI. Alcohol-stimulated promotion of tumors in the gastrointestinal tract. CANCER DETECTION AND PREVENTION 1998; 22:195-203. [PMID: 9618040 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1500.1998.00023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol is a major risk factor for cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract but the association with cancers of the large bowel is not as clearly established. In recent studies, we have provided experimental support for the associations in the esophagus and oral cavity. Our studies also indicate that the tumor promotion ability of ethanol is related to its ability to generate oxygen free radicals as measured by an increase in indices of lipid peroxidation. This increase in lipid peroxidation was evident in the liver as well as the tissues targeted by the site-specific carcinogens and promoted by ethanol. Studies in mice showed that the increased lipid peroxidation as well as tumor incidence was inhibited by the administration of vitamin E, the potent antioxidant. Determination of fatty acid profiles showed significant alterations when ethanol was used as a tumor promoter after treatment with the carcinogen. Ethanol as a promoter caused an increase in esophageal polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Ethanol promotion was also evident in increased arachidonate and an exaggeration in PUFA that are involved in eicosanoid production. Thus, these results suggest that ethanol-related promotion may be the result of excessive cell proliferation induced by disordered lipid and eicosanoid metabolism that may cause a selective outgrowth of the carcinogen-initiated cells. Supporting evidence for ethanol-induced hyper-regeneration is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Mufti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and the Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson 85721, USA
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24
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Czerny C, Eder E, Rünger TM. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity of the alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound crotonaldehyde (butenal) on a plasmid shuttle vector. Mutat Res 1998; 407:125-34. [PMID: 9637241 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-8777(97)00069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Crotonaldehyde is an alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound and an important environmental and industrial toxic substance. Its mutagenic and carcinogenic properties are related to its reactivity to DNA, where it forms different guanine adducts. In order to study the mutagenic consequences of this agent in intact human cells, we treated the shuttle vector plasmid pZ189 with different doses of crotonaldehyde at 37 degrees C for 2 h and then transfected the such damaged plasmid into the normal human lymphoblast cell line GM0621. Within these host cells the guanine adducts are repaired and the plasmids replicated by cellular enzymes. After 2.5 days replicated plasmids were purified from the cells and plasmid survival was quantitated by transformation ability. With increasing doses of crotonaldehyde, we found a significant decline of plasmid survival, reflecting a pronounced genotoxicity of crotonaldehyde-induced DNA damage in intact human cells. Using the plasmid encoded mutagenesis marker gene supF, we were able to screen for mutants and determine mutation frequency in recovered plasmids. A significant increase in mutation frequency with increasing doses of crotonaldehyde reflects mutagenicity of crotonaldehyde-induced DNA damage. Base sequence analysis of recovered mutants revealed 39% point mutations, 46% deletions, and 15% insertions and inversions. Most of the point mutations (82%) were located at G:C base pairs, which is well explained by the DNA damage profile of crotonaldehyde. Among deletions we found a frequent reoccurrence of two hot spot deletions, representing 62% of all deletions. The sites of breakpoints of these deletions hot spots and of other deletions within the plasmid were also found to be sites of DNA breaks, directly induced by crotonaldehyde, as seen in an endlabeled plasmid fragment, treated with crotonaldehyde. Further analysis of the flanking sequences around the deletion breakpoints revealed a high frequency of four different kinds of short sequence homologies of up to eight base pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Czerny
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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25
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Mazzanti R, Fantappie O, Fabrizio P, Pacini S, Relli P, Casamassima F, Milano F, Ruggiero M. Conferring drug resistance by MDR1 gene transfection increases susceptibility to irradiation and lipid peroxidation in 3T3 cell line. Free Radic Biol Med 1996; 20:601-6. [PMID: 8904302 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(95)02063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to test the hypothesis that conferring multiple drug resistance reduces cell susceptibility to irradiation and iron-stimulated lipid peroxidation. Multidrug resistant (PN1A) and parental drug sensitive (PSI-2) cell lines were exposed to ADP-Fe or Ascorbate-Fe complexes at 37 degrees C and to irradiation. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by the TBA test, whereas x-ray effect was estimated by clonogenic assay. Cell glutathione-S-transferase (GST), total and Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, and glutathione and vitamin E were measured. PN1A produced more peroxides than PSI-2 after exposure to iron complexes and formed fewer colonies after irradiation. Higher activities of GST and total and Se-GSH-Px were observed in PN1A. Vitamin E and total glutathione did not differ in the two cell subclones. These data show that the induction of the mdr1 phenotype by transfection of mdr1 gene in 3T3 cells increases susceptibility to irradiation and iron stimulated lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mazzanti
- Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
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26
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Dianzani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Torino, Italy
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28
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Eby JE, Sato H, Sirbasku DA. Apotransferrin stimulation of thyroid hormone dependent rat pituitary tumor cell growth in serum-free chemically defined medium: role of FE(III) chelation. J Cell Physiol 1993; 156:588-600. [PMID: 8360262 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041560319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Triiodothyronine (T3) dependent growth of GH1 rat pituitary tumor cells in serum-free defined culture requires apotransferrin (apoTf) (Sirbasku et al.: Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 77:C47-C55, 1991). Diferric transferrin (2Fe.Tf) also is necessary as an iron source (Eby et al.: Anal. Biochem., 203:317-325, 1992). Further, T3 dependence is prevented by soluble Fe(III) addition to the medium (Sato et al.: In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol., 27A:599-602, 1991). While our data suggested that apoTf caused growth by chelation of Fe(III), direct evidence was required. We used urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis along with autoradiography and Western immunoblotting to measure the Fe(III) content of growing GH1 cell cultures and identify the apoTf, mono-metal transferrins and 2Fe.Tf present. We found that apoTf per se did not cause growth but instead chelated inhibitory levels of Fe(III). In fact, apoTf need not be present at all provided that Fe(III) is reduced to < or = 0.6 microM. In addition, other protein and non-protein Fe(III) chelators were shown to be as effective as apoTf. Here, we report that pituitary cells are completely inhibited by > or = 1.2 microM Fe(III), which are concentrations which might be expected in many culture media and usually are not thought to influence growth. The high sensitivity of pituitary cells to Fe(III) suggests further study to determine what cellular functions are affected and how they interfere with thyroid hormone dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Eby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77225
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29
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White BC, Krause GS. Brain injury and repair mechanisms: the potential for pharmacologic therapy in closed-head trauma. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:970-9. [PMID: 8503535 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0644(05)82737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rotational acceleration from closed-head trauma produces shear-strain brain injury at the interface of gray and white matter. The initial injury is followed by progressive damage involving three key phenomena: progression of subtle focal axonal damage to axonal transection between six and 12 hours after injury, progressive development of tissue microhemorrhages between 12 and 96 hours after injury, and development of tissue and cerebral spinal fluid lactic acidosis that does not appear to be explained by trauma-induced tissue depolarization, activation of phospholipases and the release of free arachidonic acid, radical generation by metabolism of arachidonate, and lipid peroxidation with consequent membrane degradation and partial mitochondrial uncoupling. Because of terminal differentiation, neurons may have a limited membrane repair capability that might be stimulated by growth factors. Other potential therapeutic interventions include calmodulin inhibitors, iron chelators, and free radical scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C White
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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30
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White BC, Daya A, DeGracia DJ, O'Neil BJ, Skjaerlund JM, Trumble S, Krause GS, Rafols JA. Fluorescent histochemical localization of lipid peroxidation during brain reperfusion following cardiac arrest. Acta Neuropathol 1993; 86:1-9. [PMID: 7690514 DOI: 10.1007/bf00454891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Rats were subjected to cardiac arrest and resuscitation, 90 min of reperfusion, and in situ perfusion fixation. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) was included in the aldehyde-free perfusion fixative, the TBA reaction was driven in situ by heating, and fluorescence microscopy was utilized to characterize the location of products of the TBA reaction. Absorbance-difference spectra were performed on butanol-extracted brain homogenates to confirm in situ formation of TBA adducts with aldehydic products of lipid peroxidation. Nissl-stained sections revealed good cellular fixation without shrinkage artifacts. Fluorescence was not seen microscopically when TBA was omitted from the perfusion fixative, and little fluorescence was present in normal brains or brains after ischemia only. However, after 90-min reperfusion, intense granular fluorescence was seen in the neuronal perikarya (especially at the base of the apical dendrite) of numerous pyramidal neurons in cortical layers 5 and 6 and in the pyramidal layer of Ammon's horn in the hippocampus. The nuclei of these cells exhibited no fluorescence. Fluorescence was also present in some striatal neurons, but was absent in the adjacent radial bundles. Neither glia nor white matter exhibited similar fluorescence. These observations indicate that neurons in the selectively vulnerable zones of the cortex and hippocampus are early and specific targets of lipid peroxidation during post-ischemic reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C White
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
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31
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Cogrel P, Morel I, Lescoat G, Chevanne M, Brissot P, Cillard P, Cillard J. The relationship between fatty acid peroxidation and alpha-tocopherol consumption in isolated normal and transformed hepatocytes. Lipids 1993; 28:115-9. [PMID: 8441336 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The response of normal and transformed rat hepatocytes to oxidative stress was investigated. Isolated normal rat hepatocytes and differentiated hepatoma cells (the Fao cell line was derived from the Reuber H 35 rat hepatoma) in suspension were incubated with the ADP/Fe3+ chelate for 30 min at 37 degrees C. Membrane lipid oxidation was assessed by measuring (i) free malondialdehyde (MDA) production by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure, (ii) membrane fatty acid disappearance as judged by capillary gas chromatography, and (iii) alpha-tocopherol oxidation as determined by HPLC and electrochemical detection. The addition of iron led to increased MDA production in normal as well as in transformed cells, and to simultaneous consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and alpha-tocopherol. In addition, in Fao cells more alpha-tocopherol was consumed during lipid peroxidation while less PUFA was oxidized. Lipid peroxidation was lower in tumoral hepatocytes than in normal cells. This could be due to a difference in membrane lipid composition because of a lower PUFA content and a higher alpha-tocopherol level in Fao cells. During oxidation, Fao cells produced 1.5 to 2 times less MDA than normal cells, while in the tumoral cells the amount of oxidized PUFA having 3 or more double bonds was 7 to 8 times lower. Therefore, measuring MDA alone as an index of lipid peroxidation did not allow for proper comparison of the membrane lipid oxidizability of transformed cells vs. the membrane lipid oxidizability of normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cogrel
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rennes, France
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32
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Canuto RA, Muzio G, Maggiora M, Biocca ME, Dianzani MU. Glutathione-S-transferase, alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde reductase activities during diethylnitrosamine-carcinogenesis in rat liver. Cancer Lett 1993; 68:177-83. [PMID: 8443790 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(93)90144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Several enzymes metabolize the toxic aldehydes produced during lipid peroxidation, such as 4-hydroxynonenal. During carcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine in rat liver, an increase in aldehyde dehydrogenase, in comparison with normal liver, has already been shown. This paper demonstrates that, although to a lesser extent than aldehyde dehydrogenase, aldehyde reductase and glutathione-S-transferase also increase during carcinogenesis. Of the latter two enzymes, aldehyde reductase increases more markedly in a progressive fashion during the months of development of nodules and hepatoma. The increase of enzymes able to metabolize 4-hydroxynonenal, as well as other aldehydes, is certainly important in protecting tumour cells against cytotoxic effect of aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Canuto
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Medicine, University of Turin, Italy
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33
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Abstract
Lipid peroxidation is an important mechanism in free radical mediated cell injury. It can damage cell membranes directly and the reactive carbonyl products may spread the damage far from the original site of radical production. It has long been considered to be involved in various toxic tissue injuries and in certain disease processes, including cancer. Paradoxically, cancer cells are very resistant to lipid peroxidation. Recently, it has been suggested that lipid peroxidation may exert more subtle effects than was previously thought possible, by influencing gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Cheeseman
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, U.K
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34
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Nachiappan V, Mufti SI, Eskelson CD. Ethanol-mediated promotion of oral carcinogenesis in hamsters: association with lipid peroxidation. Nutr Cancer 1993; 20:293-302. [PMID: 8108278 DOI: 10.1080/01635589309514297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pouches of male Syrian Golden hamsters were painted with 1% 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) three times for one week. One week after DMBA treatment, hamsters were fed an ethanolic diet and continued on this diet until they were killed 22 and 35 weeks after the start of the experiment. Phospholipids, cholesterol, indexes of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, diene and triene conjugates, lipid fluorescence), and the antioxidants glutathione and vitamin E were determined in the buccal mucosa, as was the incidence of tumors. At 22 weeks, the relative proportion of cholesterol to phospholipids in ethanol-consuming hamsters was significantly increased. At 35 weeks, most of the treatments showed a return of cholesterol vs. phospholipids toward that of untreated mucosa at 22 weeks. Ethanol consumption also increased the indexes of lipid peroxidation at 22 weeks; the largest increases occurred when ethanol use was combined with DMBA treatment. However, at 35 weeks such increases in lipid peroxidation had either returned to intermediate levels or were not different from the untreated controls at 22 weeks. Glutathione decreased in pouches of hamsters fed ethanol diets at 22 weeks, but at 35 weeks there was no appreciable difference. However, vitamin E increased significantly with ethanol consumption at 22 weeks, which increased further when combined with DMBA treatment, but at 35 weeks these values were intermediate. No tumors were seen at 22 weeks. At 35 weeks, DMBA-treated ethanol-fed hamsters had a significantly higher incidence of tumors, more multiple tumors per hamster with tumors, and more of the larger tumors than DMBA-treated control-fed hamsters. The results suggest that an increase in lipid peroxidation occurs with ethanol-related tumor promotion processes, but this lipid peroxidation declines when tumors appear to be preceded by increases in cholesterol relative to phospholipids and increases in vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nachiappan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Arizona Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721
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35
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Dargel R. Lipid peroxidation--a common pathogenetic mechanism? EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 1992; 44:169-81. [PMID: 1392519 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-2993(11)80202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation is considered at present as one of the basic mechanisms involved in reversible and irreversible cell and tissue damage. The current knowledge about the role of peroxidative breakdown of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the pathogenesis of various diseases has been reviewed. Lipid peroxidation leads to degradation of the lipid membrane, interaction of degradation products with intra- and extracellular targets and to the production of new reactive oxygen species during the course of the chain reaction thus leading to damage of cells and tissues. According to our current view lipid peroxidation is implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer, inflammatory processes, atherosclerosis, toxic injury by xenobiotics and ischemic-reperfusion damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dargel
- Institute of Pathological Biochemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Abstract
Aldehydes are highly reactive molecules that may have a variety of effects on biological systems. They can be generated from a virtually limitless number of endogenous and exogenous sources. Although some aldehyde-mediated effects such as vision are beneficial, many effects are deleterious, including cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. A variety of enzymes have evolved to metabolize aldehydes to less reactive forms. Among the most effective pathways for aldehyde metabolism is their oxidation to carboxylic acids by aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs). ALDHs are a family of NADP-dependent enzymes with common structural and functional features that catalyze the oxidation of a broad spectrum of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. Based on primary sequence analysis, three major classes of mammalian ALDHs--1, 2, and 3--have been identified. Classes 1 and 3 contain both constitutively expressed and inducible cytosolic forms. Class 2 consists of constitutive mitochondrial enzymes. Each class appears to oxidize a variety of substrates that may be derived either from endogenous sources such as amino acid, biogenic amine, or lipid metabolism or from exogenous sources, including aldehydes derived from xenobiotic metabolism. Changes in ALDH activity have been observed during experimental liver and urinary bladder carcinogenesis and in a number of human tumors, including some liver, colon, and mammary cancers. Changes in ALDH define at least one population of preneoplastic cells having a high probability of progressing to overt neoplasms. The most common change is the appearance of class 3 ALDH dehydrogenase activity in tumors arising in tissues that normally do not express this form. The changes in enzyme activity occur early in tumorigenesis and are the result of permanent changes in ALDH gene expression. This review discusses several aspects of ALDH expression during carcinogenesis. A brief introduction examines the variety of sources of aldehydes. This is followed by a discussion of the mammalian ALDHs. Because the ALDHs are a relatively understudied family of enzymes, this section presents what is currently known about the general structural and functional properties of the enzymes and the interrelationships of the various forms. The remainder of the review discusses various aspects of the ALDHs in relation to tumorigenesis. The expression of ALDH during experimental carcinogenesis and what is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying those changes are discussed. This is followed by an extended discussion of the potential roles for ALDH in tumorigenesis. The role of ALDH in the metabolism of cyclophosphamidelike chemotherapeutic agents is described. This work suggests that modulation of ALDH activity may an important determinant of the effectiveness of certain chemotherapeutic agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lindahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion 57069
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Galeotti T, Masotti L, Borrello S, Casali E. Oxy-radical metabolism and control of tumour growth. Xenobiotica 1991; 21:1041-51. [PMID: 1776276 DOI: 10.3109/00498259109039544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The content of oxy-radical scavenging enzymes is decreased in Morris hepatomas in a fashion which is inversely related with the growth rate of the tumour. 2. Hepatoma microsomal membranes are more resistant than normal rat liver membranes to lipid peroxidation induced in vitro by organic hydroperoxides or superoxide radicals. 3. In tumour membranes the most relevant rate-limiting factor of peroxidation is the low availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Besides lipids, some proteins (particularly cytochrome P-450) act as controlling factors of peroxidation. 4. Tumour microsomes are more ordered and less fluid than liver microsomes. The latter, exposed to superoxide radical attack, exhibit chemical (fatty acid composition) and physical (molecular order) properties that are similar to those of transformed cell membranes. 5. These data indicate an aberration in the oxy-radical metabolism of cancer cells, and a sequence of events is hypothesized that could drive the transformed cell towards uncontrolled proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Galeotti
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Sato H, Eby JE, Sirbasku DA. Iron is deleterious to hormone-responsive pituitary cell growth in serum-free defined medium. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 1991; 27A:599-602. [PMID: 1917776 DOI: 10.1007/bf02631101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Esterbauer H, Schaur RJ, Zollner H. Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes. Free Radic Biol Med 1991; 11:81-128. [PMID: 1937131 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(91)90192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4963] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation often occurs in response to oxidative stress, and a great diversity of aldehydes are formed when lipid hydroperoxides break down in biological systems. Some of these aldehydes are highly reactive and may be considered as second toxic messengers which disseminate and augment initial free radical events. The aldehydes most intensively studied so far are 4-hydroxynonenal, 4-hydroxyhexenal, and malonaldehyde. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary on the chemical properties of these aldehydes, the mechanisms of their formation and their occurrence in biological systems and methods for their determination. We will also review the reactions of 4-hydroxyalkenals and malonaldehyde with biomolecules (amino acids, proteins, nucleic acid bases), their metabolism in isolated cells and excretion in whole animals, as well as the many types of biological activities described so far, including cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, chemotactic activity, and effects on cell proliferation and gene expression. Structurally related compounds, such as acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and other 2-alkenals are also briefly discussed, since they have some properties in common with 4-hydroxyalkenals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Esterbauer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Graz, Austria
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