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Rissi DR, Mendes RE, Barros CSL. The artifact of cerebellar granule cell layer conglutination in veterinary medicine: a brief historical perspective and review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024:10406387241270024. [PMID: 39152695 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241270024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar granule cell layer conglutination is a tissue artifact associated with postmortem autolysis that causes cerebellar granule cell changes once thought to be caused by degeneration and necrosis. Granule cell layer conglutination has been reported mainly in humans and cattle and rarely in other animal species, but its frequency remains vastly unknown in veterinary medicine, mostly because this postmortem change is typically not recorded in autopsy reports. Pathology trainees should be aware of autolytic tissue changes that may mimic pathologic changes in the CNS, particularly when those changes are highly selective for a specific cell population within the cerebellar cortex. Here we provide a brief historical perspective on the evolution of cerebellar granule cell layer conglutination from "enzootic cerebellar necrosis," a presumed necrotic lesion affecting granule neurons in humans and cattle, to a tissue change associated with postmortem autolysis and increased tissue acidity in the cerebellum. We also provide an update on the animal species in which cerebellar granule cell layer conglutination has been observed during our diagnostic pathology routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Rissi
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ricardo E Mendes
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Claudio S L Barros
- Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
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2
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Coiacetto FJ, Rossi G, Stephens N, Vaughan-Higgins RJ. Gross and histopathological findings in hindlimb paralysis syndrome in wild Carnaby's black cockatoos (Zanda laitirostris). J Comp Pathol 2024; 210:38-46. [PMID: 38552539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the gross and histopathological features of a neurological syndrome in endangered Western Australian Carnaby's black cockatoos (Zanda laitirostris) that was first observed in 2012. The syndrome, named hindlimb paralysis syndrome in Carnaby's cockatoos (CHiPS), is characterized by annual outbreaks of hindlimb paralysis with occasional loss of deep pain and cloacal tone, typically occurring between January and March. Previous limited investigations suggested a possible toxic aetiology. Full gross necropsy and histopathology examinations were performed on 17 CHiPS cases and on 11 control birds for reference. Histopathological examination was carried out on all major organs including brain, spinal cord, brachial plexus, sciatic nerve and wing and hindlimb muscles. Gross and histopathological examinations did not elucidate a definitive cause of the clinical signs seen in CHiPS cases. There were no substantial gross or histopathological changes within the brain, spinal cord, sciatic nerve or brachial plexus that could explain the hindlimb paralysis. The most noteworthy changes were seen in the hindlimb and wing muscles, with a monophasic to polyphasic myopathy present in the hindlimb muscles of 15 of the 17 CHiPS cases and in the wing muscles in 11 of those cases. The cause and significance of the myopathy is unclear and requires further investigation. Based on the above findings, the most likely differential diagnoses include neurotoxicoses (eg, organophosphate, organochlorine and carbamate) and, less likely, myotoxicosis (eg, ionophore toxicosis), nutritional myopathy (eg, vitamin E/selenium deficiency) or botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia J Coiacetto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
| | - Gabriele Rossi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia; Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Nahiid Stephens
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Vaughan-Higgins
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia; Perth Zoo, Veterinary Department, 20 Labouchere Rd, South Perth, Western Australia, 6151, Australia
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3
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Ampuero F, Leacy A, Pham PH, Che S, Jardine C, Nagy E, Delnatte P, Lillie BN, Susta L. Experimental pathogenesis of aquatic bird bornavirus 1 in Pekin ducks. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18094. [PMID: 37872359 PMCID: PMC10593797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquatic bird bornavirus 1 (ABBV-1) is a neurotropic virus that causes persistent infection in the nervous system of wild waterfowl. This study evaluated whether Pekin ducks, the most common waterfowl raised worldwide, are susceptible to ABBV-1 infection and associated disease. Groups of Pekin ducks were inoculated with ABBV-1 through the intracranial (IC; n, 32), intramuscular (IM; n, 30), and choanal (CH; n, 30) routes. Controls (CO; n, 29) received carrier only. At 1, 12, and 21 weeks postinfection (wpi), 7-14 birds were euthanized to assess virus distribution and lesions. Infection rates in the IC and IM groups were over 70%, while only 4 ducks in the CH group became infected. Neurological signs were observed in 8 ducks only, while over 25% of IC and IM birds had encephalitis and/or myelitis. Seroconversion was highest in the IC and IM groups, and mucosal ABBV-1 RNA shedding was most frequent in the IC group (53%). None of the fertile eggs laid during the experiment tested positive for ABBV-1 RNA. This study shows that Pekin ducks are permissive to ABBV-1 infection and partly susceptible to associated disease. While mucosal shedding may be an important route of transmission, congenital infection appears unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ampuero
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alexander Leacy
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Phuc H Pham
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sunoh Che
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Claire Jardine
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Eva Nagy
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Pauline Delnatte
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brandon N Lillie
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Wolfmeier H, Heindl S, Platzl C, Kaser-Eichberger A, Nematian-Ardestani E, Strohmaier C, Pruszak J, Schroedl F. Targeted surface marker screening on neuronal structures in the human choroid. Exp Eye Res 2023; 227:109368. [PMID: 36586549 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While choroidal neuronal control is known to be essential for retinal and ocular health, its mechanisms are not understood. Especially, the local choroidal innervation mediated by intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICN) remains enigmatic. Neuronal functionality depends on the synaptic neurotransmitters and neuroregulatory peptides involved as well as from membrane components presented on the cell surface. Since the neuronal surface molecular expression patterns in the choroid are currently unknown, we sought to determine the presence of various cluster-of-differentiation (CD) antigens in choroidal neuronal structures with a particular focus on ICN. Human choroids were prepared for immunohistochemistry and the pan-neuronal marker PGP9.5 was combined with CD15, CD24, CD29, CD34, CD46, CD49b, CD49e, CD56, CD58, CD59, CD71, CD81, CD90, CD146, CD147, CD151, CD165, CD171, CD184, CD200, CD271 and fluorescence- and confocal laser scanning-microscopy was used for documentation. The following antigens were found to be co-localized in PGP.9.5+ nerve fibers and ICN perikarya: CD29, CD34, CD56, CD81, CD90, CD146, CD147, CD151, CD171, CD200 and CD271, while all other CD markers where not detectable. Whereas CD24- and CD59- immunoreactivity was clearly absent in ICN perikarya, some neural processes of the choroidal stroma displayed CD24 and CD59 immunopositivity. While a multitude of the aforementioned CD-markers were indeed detected in nervous structures of the choroid, the CD24+ and CD59+ nerve fibers most likely have extrinsic origin from cranial ganglia since ICN cell bodies were found to lack both markers. These findings illustrate how the detailed analysis of CD molecules described here opens novel avenues for future functional studies on choroidal innervation and its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wolfmeier
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - S Heindl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - C Platzl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - A Kaser-Eichberger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - E Nematian-Ardestani
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - C Strohmaier
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - J Pruszak
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - F Schroedl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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Stenberg H, Hellman S, Lindström L, Jacobson M, Fossum C, Hayer J, Malmberg M. Congenital tremor and splay leg in piglets – insights into the virome, local cytokine response, and histology. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:348. [PMID: 36109741 PMCID: PMC9479355 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03443-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is a neurotropic virus associated with congenital tremor type A-II. A few experimental studies also indicate an association between APPV and splay leg. The overarching aim of the present study was to provide insights into the virome, local cytokine response, and histology of the CNS in piglets with signs of congenital tremor or splay leg.
Results
Characterization of the cytokine profile and virome of the brain in piglets with signs of congenital tremor revealed an APPV-associated upregulation of Stimulator of interferon genes (STING). The upregulation of STING was associated with an increased expression of the gene encoding IFN-α but no differential expression was recorded for the genes encoding CXCL8, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, or IL-10. No viral agents or cytokine upregulation could be detected in the spinal cord of piglets with signs of splay leg or in the brain of piglets without an APPV-infection. The histopathological examination showed no lesions in the CNS that could be attributed to the APPV-infection, as no difference between sick and healthy piglets could be seen.
Conclusion
The results from this study provide evidence of an APPV-induced antiviral cytokine response but found no lesions related to the infection nor any support for a common causative agent.
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Bangari DS, Lanigan LG, Goulet F, Siso S, Bolon B. Society of Toxicologic Pathology Neuropathology Interest Group Article: Neuropathologic Findings in Nonhuman Primates Associated With Administration of Biomolecule-Based Test Articles. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:693-711. [PMID: 35695393 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing specificity of novel druggable targets coupled with the complexity of emerging therapeutic modalities for treating human diseases has created a growing need for nonhuman primates (NHPs) as models for translational drug discovery and nonclinical safety assessment. In particular, NHPs are critical for investigating potential unexpected/undesired on-target and off-target liabilities associated with administration of candidate biotherapeutics (nucleic acids, proteins, viral gene therapy vectors, etc.) to treat nervous system disorders. Nervous system findings unique to or overrepresented in NHPs administered biomolecule-based ("biologic") test articles include mononuclear cell infiltration in most neural tissues for all biomolecule classes as well as neuronal necrosis with glial cell proliferation in sensory ganglia for certain viral vectors. Such test article-related findings in NHPs often must be differentiated from procedural effects (e.g., local parenchymal or meningeal reactions associated with an injection site or implanted catheter to administer a test article directly into the central nervous system) or spontaneous background findings (e.g., neuronal autophagy in sensory ganglia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh S Bangari
- Global Discovery Pathology, Translational In-Vivo Models Platform, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Felix Goulet
- Charles River Laboratories, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Silvia Siso
- Translational Imaging and Pathology, Codiak BioSciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Seehusen F, Clark JJ, Sharma P, Bentley EG, Kirby A, Subramaniam K, Wunderlin-Giuliani S, Hughes GL, Patterson EI, Michael BD, Owen A, Hiscox JA, Stewart JP, Kipar A. Neuroinvasion and Neurotropism by SARS-CoV-2 Variants in the K18-hACE2 Mouse. Viruses 2022; 14:1020. [PMID: 35632761 PMCID: PMC9146514 DOI: 10.3390/v14051020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) not only affects the respiratory tract but also causes neurological symptoms such as loss of smell and taste, headache, fatigue or severe cerebrovascular complications. Using transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and pathomorphological features in the CNS following intranasal infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants, as well as after prior influenza A virus infection. Apart from Omicron, we found all variants to frequently spread to and within the CNS. Infection was restricted to neurons and appeared to spread from the olfactory bulb mainly in basally oriented regions in the brain and into the spinal cord, independent of ACE2 expression and without evidence of neuronal cell death, axonal damage or demyelination. However, microglial activation, microgliosis and a mild macrophage and T cell dominated inflammatory response was consistently observed, accompanied by apoptotic death of endothelial, microglial and immune cells, without their apparent infection. Microgliosis and immune cell apoptosis indicate a potential role of microglia for pathogenesis and viral effect in COVID-19 and the possible impairment of neurological functions, especially in long COVID. These data may also be informative for the selection of therapeutic candidates and broadly support the investigation of agents with adequate penetration into relevant regions of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Seehusen
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (F.S.); (S.W.-G.)
| | - Jordan J. Clark
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Parul Sharma
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Eleanor G. Bentley
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Adam Kirby
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Krishanthi Subramaniam
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Sabina Wunderlin-Giuliani
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (F.S.); (S.W.-G.)
| | - Grant L. Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (G.L.H.); (E.I.P.)
| | - Edward I. Patterson
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (G.L.H.); (E.I.P.)
| | - Benedict D. Michael
- Department of Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology and NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK;
- Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre of Excellence in Long-Acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 3NY, UK;
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (F.S.); (S.W.-G.)
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
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Giglia G, Agliani G, Lepri E, Baldoni E, Gobbi M, Ceccherelli R, Gröne A, van den Brand JMA, Mandara MT. Neuronal satellitosis is a common finding in the avian brain. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:381-387. [PMID: 35503252 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2073193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPerineuronal or neuronal satellitosis is the term describing the presence of glial cells in the satellite space surrounding the neuronal perikaryon. Confusingly, this finding has been described both as a physiologic and pathologic condition in humans and animals. In animals, neuronal satellitosis has been described in mammals, as well as in avian species. For the latter, authors wondered whether this finding can be expressed in the normal telencephalon of different avian orders and families and whether this pattern in different species shows a specific brain-region association. For these aims, this study explored the presence of neuronal satellitosis in the major areas of the healthy telencephalon in wild avian species of different orders and families, evaluating its grade in different brain regions. Neuronal satellitosis was seen in the Hyperpallium and Mesopallium as areas with the highest grade. Passeriformes showed the highest grade of neuronal satellitosis compared to Diurnal, Nocturnal raptors, and Charadriiformes. To clarify the exact role of neuronal satellitosis in animals without neurological disease further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Giglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.,Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gianfilippo Agliani
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elvio Lepri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Erika Baldoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.,Diagnostic Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Renato Ceccherelli
- Centro Recupero Uccelli Marini e Acquatici (CRUMA), Via delle Sorgenti, 430, 57121 Livorno, Italy
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M A van den Brand
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Teresa Mandara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Snyder JM, Radaelli E, Goeken A, Businga T, Boyden AW, Karandikar NJ, Gibson-Corley KN. Perfusion with 10% neutral-buffered formalin is equivalent to 4% paraformaldehyde for histopathology and immunohistochemistry in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:498-505. [PMID: 35130806 PMCID: PMC9364762 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221075588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Intravascular (IV) perfusion of tissue fixative is commonly used in the field of neuroscience as the central nervous system tissues are exquisitely sensitive to handling and fixation artifacts which can affect downstream microscopic analysis. Both 10% neutral-buffered formalin (NBF) and 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) are used, although IV perfusion with PFA is most commonly referenced. The study objective was to compare the severity of handling and fixation artifacts, semiquantitative scores of inflammatory and neurodegenerative changes, and quantitative immunohistochemistry following terminal IV perfusion of mice with either 10% NBF or 4% PFA in a model of experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). The study included 24 mice; 12 were control animals not immunized and an additional 12 were immunized with PLP139-151 subcutaneously, harvested at day 20, and fixed in the same fashion. Equal numbers (4 per group) were perfused with 10% NBF or 4% PFA, and 4 were immersion-fixed in 10% NBF. NBF-perfused mice had less severe dark neuron artifact than PFA-perfused mice (P < .001). Immersion-fixed animals had significantly higher scores for oligodendrocyte halos, dark neuron artifact, and perivascular clefts than perfusion-fixed animals. Histopathology scores in EAE mice for inflammation, demyelination, and necrosis did not differ among fixation methods. Also, no significant differences in quantitative immunohistochemistry for CD3 and Iba-1 were observed in immunized animals regardless of the method of fixation. These findings indicate that IV perfusion of mice with 10% NBF and 4% PFA are similar and adequate fixation techniques in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Höche J, House RV, Heinrich A, Schliephake A, Albrecht K, Pfeffer M, Ellenberger C. Pathogen Screening for Possible Causes of Meningitis/Encephalitis in Wild Carnivores From Saxony-Anhalt. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:826355. [PMID: 35464387 PMCID: PMC9021439 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.826355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in meninges and/or brain is regularly noticed in red foxes and other wild carnivores during rabies control programs. Despite negative rabies virus (RABV) results, the etiologies of these cases remain unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to provide an overview of the occurrence of pathogens that may cause diseases in the brains of wild carnivores and pose a risk to humans and other animals. In addition to RABV and canine distemper virus (CDV), a variety of pathogens, including members of Flaviviridae, Bornaviridae, Herpesviridae, Circoviridae, as well as bacteria and parasites can also cause brain lesions. In 2016 and 2017, brain samples of 1,124 wild carnivores were examined by direct fluorescent antibody test for RABV as well as (reverse-transcriptase) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of CDV as part of a monitoring program in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Here, we applied similar methods to specifically detect suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1), West Nile virus (WNV), Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1), canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), fox circovirus (FoxCV), and Neospora caninum (N. caninum). Further, bacteriogical examination for the existence of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) and immunohistochemistry of selected cases to detect Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) antigen were performed. Of all pathogens studied, CDV was found most frequently (31.05%), followed by FoxCV (6.80%), CPV-2 (6.41%), T. gondii (4/15; 26.67%), nematode larvae (1.51%), L. monocytogenes (0.3%), and various other bacterial pathogens (1.42%). In 68 of these cases (6.05%), multiple pathogen combinations were present simultaneously. However, RABV, WNV, BoDV-1, SuHV-1, CaHV-1, and N. caninum were not detected. The majority of the histopathological changes in 440 animals were inflammation (320/440; 72.73%), predominantly non-suppurative in character (280/320; 87.50%), and in many cases in combination with gliosis, satellitosis, neuronophagia, neuronal necrosis, and/or vacuolization/demyelination, or in single cases with malacia. Thus, it could be shown that wild carnivores in Saxony-Anhalt are carriers mainly for CDV and sometimes also for other, partly zoonotic pathogens. Therefore, the existing monitoring program should be expanded to assess the spill-over risk from wild carnivores to humans and other animals and to demonstrate the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of these zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Höche
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, State Office for Consumer Protection Saxony-Anhalt, Stendal, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jennifer Höche
| | - Robert Valerio House
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, State Office for Consumer Protection Saxony-Anhalt, Stendal, Germany
| | - Anja Heinrich
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, State Office for Consumer Protection Saxony-Anhalt, Stendal, Germany
| | - Annette Schliephake
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, State Office for Consumer Protection Saxony-Anhalt, Stendal, Germany
| | - Kerstin Albrecht
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, State Office for Consumer Protection Saxony-Anhalt, Stendal, Germany
| | - Martin Pfeffer
- Centre of Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christin Ellenberger
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, State Office for Consumer Protection Saxony-Anhalt, Stendal, Germany
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11
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Mountain Lions (Puma concolor) Resist Long-Term Dietary Exposure To Chronic Wasting Disease. J Wildl Dis 2021; 58:40-49. [PMID: 34753180 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
For nearly 18 yr, we evaluated susceptibility of captive mountain lions (Puma concolor) to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in the face of repeated exposure associated with consuming infected cervid carcasses. Three mountain lions with a monomorphic prion protein gene (PRNP) sequence identical to that described previously for the species had access to parts of ≥432 infected carcasses during ≥2,013 feeding occasions, conservatively representing >14,000 kg of infected feed material, during May 2002 to March 2020. The proportion of diet in infected carcass material averaged 43% overall but differed from year to year (minimally 11%-74%). Most infected carcasses were mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus; ∼75%). We observed no clinical signs suggestive of progressive encephalopathy or other neurologic disease over the ∼14.5-17.9 yr between first known exposure and eventual death. Histopathology revealed no spongiform changes or immunostaining suggestive of prion infection in multiple sections of nervous and lymphoid tissue. Similarly, none of 133 free-ranging mountain lion carcasses sampled opportunistically during 2004-2020 showed immunostaining consistent with prion infection in sections of brainstem or lymph node. These findings align with prior work suggesting that CWD-associated prions face strong barriers to natural transmission among species outside the family Cervidae.
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12
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Fumagalli F, Olivari D, Boccardo A, De Giorgio D, Affatato R, Ceriani S, Bariselli S, Sala G, Cucino A, Zani D, Novelli D, Babini G, Magliocca A, Russo I, Staszewsky L, Salio M, Lucchetti J, Maisano AM, Fiordaliso F, Furlan R, Gobbi M, Luini MV, Pravettoni D, Scanziani E, Belloli A, Latini R, Ristagno G. Ventilation With Argon Improves Survival With Good Neurological Recovery After Prolonged Untreated Cardiac Arrest in Pigs. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016494. [PMID: 33289464 PMCID: PMC7955395 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.016494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Ventilation with the noble gas argon (Ar) has shown neuroprotective and cardioprotective properties in different in vitro and in vivo models. Hence, the neuroprotective effects of Ar were investigated in a severe, preclinically relevant porcine model of cardiac arrest. Methods and Results Cardiac arrest was ischemically induced in 36 pigs and left untreated for 12 minutes before starting cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Animals were randomized to 4‐hour post‐resuscitation ventilation with: 70% nitrogen–30% oxygen (control); 50% Ar–20% nitrogen–30% oxygen (Ar 50%); and 70% Ar–30% oxygen (Ar 70%). Hemodynamic parameters and myocardial function were monitored and serial blood samples taken. Pigs were observed up to 96 hours for survival and neurological recovery. Heart and brain were harvested for histopathology. Ten animals in each group were successfully resuscitated. Ninety‐six‐hour survival was 60%, 70%, and 90%, for the control, Ar 50%, and Ar 70% groups, respectively. In the Ar 50% and Ar 70% groups, 60% and 80%, respectively, achieved good neurological recovery, in contrast to only 30% in the control group (P<0.0001). Histology showed less neuronal degeneration in the cortex (P<0.05) but not in the hippocampus, and less reactive microglia activation in the hippocampus (P=0.007), after Ar compared with control treatment. A lower increase in circulating biomarkers of brain injury, together with less kynurenine pathway activation (P<0.05), were present in Ar‐treated animals compared with controls. Ar 70% pigs also had complete left ventricular function recovery and smaller infarct and cardiac troponin release (P<0.01). Conclusions Post‐resuscitation ventilation with Ar significantly improves neurologic recovery and ameliorates brain injury after cardiac arrest with long no‐flow duration. Benefits are greater after Ar 70% than Ar 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fumagalli
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Davide Olivari
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Antonio Boccardo
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital University of Milan Lodi Italy
| | - Daria De Giorgio
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Roberta Affatato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Sabina Ceriani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Simone Bariselli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria University of Milan Italy.,Mouse and Animal Pathology Lab (MAPLab) Fondazione UniMiUniversity of Milan Italy
| | - Giulia Sala
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital University of Milan Lodi Italy
| | - Alberto Cucino
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Davide Zani
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital University of Milan Lodi Italy
| | - Deborah Novelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Giovanni Babini
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Aurora Magliocca
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Ilaria Russo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Lidia Staszewsky
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Monica Salio
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Jacopo Lucchetti
- Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Antonio Marco Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna Lodi Italy
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit Division of Neuroscience Institute of Experimental Neurology - INSpe San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Mario Vittorio Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna Lodi Italy
| | - Davide Pravettoni
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital University of Milan Lodi Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria University of Milan Italy
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria University of Milan Italy.,Mouse and Animal Pathology Lab (MAPLab) Fondazione UniMiUniversity of Milan Italy
| | - Angelo Belloli
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital University of Milan Lodi Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria University of Milan Italy
| | - Roberto Latini
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ristagno
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation University of Milan Italy
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13
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Eckstein C, Tinoco H, Coelho C, Lima P, Rocha C, Santos R. Cutaneous metastatic melanoma in a Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) - case report. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT A male 15-year-old captive Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) developed pelvic limb hypermetry over the past 10 years. Recently, an ulcerated black nodule located caudally to the right ear was observed. The animal was submitted to surgery for removing the tumor, but died during anesthetic recovery. At necropsy, another infiltrative nodule was observed caudally to the right ear. Histologically, both nodules corresponded to melanocytic neoplasia, varying from heavily pigmented to amelanotic, with metastasis to mediastinal lymph nodes, spleen and lung. Lipofuscinosis and corpora amylacea were histologically observed in the central nervous system. Macroscopic and histologic findings confirmed the diagnosis of skin metastatic melanoma in a captive adult Siberian tiger.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Eckstein
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - H.P. Tinoco
- Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - C.M. Coelho
- Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - P.A. Lima
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - R.L. Santos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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14
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Sinnott DM, Woolard KD, Heller M, Affolter VK. Congenital intradural melanoma surrounding the spinal cord of a nine‐day‐old Saanen goat. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devinn M Sinnott
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching HospitalUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Meera Heller
- Department of Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Verena K Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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15
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Crawford LK, Caterina MJ. Functional Anatomy of the Sensory Nervous System: Updates From the Neuroscience Bench. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 48:174-189. [PMID: 31554486 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319869011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The simple tripartite classification of sensory neurons as A-beta, A-delta, and C fibers fails to convey the complexity of the neurons that encode stimuli as diverse as the texture of a surface, the location of a pinprick, or the direction of hair movement as a breeze moves across the skin. It has also proven to be inadequate when investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying pain, which can encompass any combination of chemical, tactile, and thermal modalities. Beginning with a brief overview of visceral and sensory neuroanatomy, this review expands upon sensory innervation of the skin as a prime example of the heterogeneity and complexity of the somatosensory nervous system. Neuroscientists have characterized defining features of over 15 subtypes of sensory neurons that innervate the skin of the mouse. This has enabled the study of cell-specific mechanisms of pain, which suggests that diverse sensory neuron subtypes may have distinct susceptibilities to toxic injury and different roles in pathologic mechanisms underlying altered sensation. Leveraging this growing body of knowledge for preclinical trials and models of neurotoxicity can vastly improve our understanding of peripheral nervous system dysfunction, advancing the fields of toxicologic pathology and neuropathology alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTasha K Crawford
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael J Caterina
- Neurosurgery Pain Research Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Pastor M, Basas J, Vairo C, Gainza G, Moreno-Sastre M, Gomis X, Fleischer A, Palomino E, Bachiller D, Gutiérrez FB, Aguirre JJ, Esquisabel A, Igartua M, Gainza E, Hernandez RM, Gavaldà J, Pedraz JL. Safety and effectiveness of sodium colistimethate-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (SCM-NLC) against P. aeruginosa: in vitro and in vivo studies following pulmonary and intramuscular administration. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 18:101-111. [PMID: 30849549 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The usefulness of nanotechnology to increase the bioavailability of drugs and decrease their toxicity may be a tool to deal with multiresistant P. aeruginosa (Mr-Pa) respiratory infections. We describe the preparation and the in vivo efficacy and safety of sodium colistimethate-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (SCM-NLC) by the pulmonary and intramuscular routes. Nanoparticles showed 1-2 mg/L minimum inhibitory concentration against eight extensively drug-resistant P. aeruginosa strains. In vivo, SCM-NLC displayed significantly lower CFU/g lung than the saline and similar to that of the free SCM, even the dose in SCM-NLC group was lower than free SCM. There was no tissue damage related to the treatments. Biodistribution assessments showed a mild systemic absorption after nebulization and a notorious absorption after IM route. Altogether, it could be concluded that SCM-NLC were effective against P. aeruginosa in vivo, not toxic and distribute efficiently to the lung and liver after pulmonary or intramuscular administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pastor
- BioPraxis Research AIE, R&D Department, Miñano (Araba), Spain
| | - Jana Basas
- Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Vairo
- BioPraxis Research AIE, R&D Department, Miñano (Araba), Spain; NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), School of Pharmacy, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Garazi Gainza
- BioPraxis Research AIE, R&D Department, Miñano (Araba), Spain
| | - María Moreno-Sastre
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), School of Pharmacy, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Xavier Gomis
- Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aarne Fleischer
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC/IMEDEA), Esporles, Spain
| | - Esther Palomino
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC/IMEDEA), Esporles, Spain
| | - Daniel Bachiller
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC/IMEDEA), Esporles, Spain
| | | | - Jose Javier Aguirre
- BioPraxis Research AIE, R&D Department, Miñano (Araba), Spain; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hospital Universitario de Álava (HUA), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Amaia Esquisabel
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), School of Pharmacy, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Manoli Igartua
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), School of Pharmacy, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Eusebio Gainza
- BioPraxis Research AIE, R&D Department, Miñano (Araba), Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Hernandez
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), School of Pharmacy, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Joan Gavaldà
- Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), School of Pharmacy, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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17
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Caisberger F, Pejchal J, Misik J, Kassa J, Valis M, Kuca K. The benefit of combinations of oximes for the ability of antidotal treatment to counteract sarin-induced brain damage in rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:35. [PMID: 29954446 PMCID: PMC6022407 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of our study was to compare the ability of two combinations of oximes (HI-6 + trimedoxime and HI-6 + K203) with atropine to counteract acute sarin-induced brain damage with the efficacy of antidotal treatment involving single oxime (HI-6) and atropin using in vivo methods. Methods Brain damage and neuroprotective effects of antidotal treatment were evaluated in rats poisoned with sarin at a sublethal dose (108 μg/kg i.m.; 90% LD50) using histopathological, Fluoro-Jade B and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) analysis 24 h after sarin administration. Results Both combinations of oximes reduce the number of rats that died before the end of experiment compared to non-treated sarin poisoning and sarin poisoning treated with HI-6 and atropine. In the case of treatment of sarin poisoning with HI-6 in combination with K203, all rats survived till the end of experiment. HI-6 with atropine was able to reduce sarin-induced brain damage, however, both combinations were slightly more effective. Conclusions The oxime HI-6 in combination with K203 and atropine seems to be the most effective. Thus, both tested oxime combinations bring a small benefit in elimination of acute sarin-induced brain damage compared to single oxime antidotal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Caisberger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Misik
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. .,Biomedical Research Center, Uiversity Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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18
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Becker K, Cana A, Baumgärtner W, Spitzbarth I. p75 Neurotrophin Receptor: A Double-Edged Sword in Pathology and Regeneration of the Central Nervous System. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:786-801. [PMID: 29940812 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818781930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75NTR is a major neurotrophin receptor involved in manifold and pleiotropic functions in the developing and adult central nervous system (CNS). Although known for decades, its entire functions are far from being fully elucidated. Depending on the complex interactions with other receptors and on the cellular context, p75NTR is capable of performing contradictory tasks such as mediating cell death as well as cell survival. In parallel, as a prototype marker for certain differentiation stages of Schwann cells and related CNS aldynoglial cells, p75NTR has recently gained increasing notice as a marker for cells with proposed regenerative potential in CNS diseases, such as demyelinating disease and traumatic CNS injury. Besides its pivotal role as a marker for transplantation candidate cells, recent studies in canine neuroinflammatory CNS conditions also highlight a spontaneous endogenous occurrence of p75NTR-positive glia, which potentially play a role in Schwann cell-mediated CNS remyelination. The aim of the present communication is to review the pleiotropic functions of p75NTR in the CNS with a special emphasis on its role as an immunohistochemical marker in neuropathology. Following a brief illustration of the expression of p75NTR in neurogenesis and in developed neuronal populations, the implications of p75NTR expression in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are addressed. A special focus is put on the role of p75NTR as a cell marker for specific differentiation stages of Schwann cells and a regeneration-promoting CNS population, collectively referred to as aldynoglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Becker
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armend Cana
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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19
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Romano MC, Loynachan AT, Bolin DC, Bryant UK, Kennedy L, Filigenzi MS, Puschner B, Poppenga RH, Gaskill CL. Fatal bromethalin intoxication in 3 cats and 2 dogs with minimal or no histologic central nervous system spongiform change. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:642-645. [PMID: 29717638 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718775463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of the neurotoxic rodenticide bromethalin has steadily increased since 2011, resulting in an increased incidence of bromethalin intoxications in pets. Presumptive diagnosis of bromethalin toxicosis relies on history of possible rodenticide exposure coupled with compatible neurologic signs or sudden death, and postmortem examination findings that eliminate other causes of death. Diagnosis is confirmed by detecting the metabolite desmethylbromethalin (DMB) in tissues. In experimental models, spongiform change in white matter of the central nervous system (CNS) is the hallmark histologic feature of bromethalin poisoning. We describe fatal bromethalin intoxication in 3 cats and 2 dogs with equivocal or no CNS white matter spongiform change, illustrating that the lesions described in models can be absent in clinical cases of bromethalin intoxication. Cases with history and clinical signs compatible with bromethalin intoxication warrant tissue analysis for DMB even when CNS lesions are not evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Romano
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Romano, Loynachan, Bolin, Bryant, Kennedy, Gaskill).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Filigenzi, Puschner, Poppenga)
| | - Alan T Loynachan
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Romano, Loynachan, Bolin, Bryant, Kennedy, Gaskill).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Filigenzi, Puschner, Poppenga)
| | - Dave C Bolin
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Romano, Loynachan, Bolin, Bryant, Kennedy, Gaskill).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Filigenzi, Puschner, Poppenga)
| | - Uneeda K Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Romano, Loynachan, Bolin, Bryant, Kennedy, Gaskill).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Filigenzi, Puschner, Poppenga)
| | - Laura Kennedy
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Romano, Loynachan, Bolin, Bryant, Kennedy, Gaskill).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Filigenzi, Puschner, Poppenga)
| | - Mike S Filigenzi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Romano, Loynachan, Bolin, Bryant, Kennedy, Gaskill).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Filigenzi, Puschner, Poppenga)
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Romano, Loynachan, Bolin, Bryant, Kennedy, Gaskill).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Filigenzi, Puschner, Poppenga)
| | - Robert H Poppenga
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Romano, Loynachan, Bolin, Bryant, Kennedy, Gaskill).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Filigenzi, Puschner, Poppenga)
| | - Cynthia L Gaskill
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Romano, Loynachan, Bolin, Bryant, Kennedy, Gaskill).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Filigenzi, Puschner, Poppenga)
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20
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Breuer W, Hafner-Marx A. [Primary malignant melanoma in the brain of a 7-month-old sheep (Ovis aries f. domestica)]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2017; 45:108-111. [PMID: 28197623 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-160585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A case of malignant melanoma in a sheep's brain is described for the first time. In a 7-month-old sheep that had been euthanized due to ataxia, post-mortem and histopathologic examinations were performed. Both the brain and the calvarium were heavily infiltrated with neoplastic tissue. Metastases were found in the liver and kidneys. Histomorphology confirmed the gross pathologic impression of malignancy. Congenital melanosis, which is regularly present in the meninx of sheep, could have been the origin of the malignant melanoma in the present case. The young age of the animal appears to favour this supposition. This case demonstrates that even in farm animals - including sheep - a neoplasm should be considered as a differential diagnosis in diagnostically doubtful cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Breuer
- Dr. Dr. habil. Wolfram Breuer, Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim, Veterinärstraße 2, 85764 Oberschleißheim, E-Mail:
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21
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Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J. Temporal Sequence of Autolysis in the Cerebellar Cortex of the Mouse. J Comp Pathol 2016; 154:323-8. [PMID: 27156898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the temporal sequence of post-mortem changes in the cerebellar cortical granular and Purkinje cell layers of mice kept at a constant ambient temperature for up to 4 weeks. Nuclei of granule cell microneurons became pyknotic early after death, increasing progressively until, by 7 days, widespread nuclear lysis resulted in marked cellular depletion of the granular layer. Purkinje cells were relatively unaltered until about 96 h post mortem, at which time there was shrinkage and multivacuolation of the amphophilic cytoplasm, nuclear hyperchromasia and, sometimes, a perinuclear clear space. By 7 days, Purkinje cells had hypereosinophilic cytoplasm and frequent nuclear pyknosis. By 2 weeks after death, Purkinje cells showed homogenization, the cytoplasm being uniformly eosinophilic, progressing to a 'ghost-like' appearance in which the cytoplasm had pale eosinophilic staining with indistinct cell boundaries, and nuclei often absent. The results of this study could assist in differentiating post-mortem autolysis from ante-mortem lesions in the cerebellar cortex and determining the post-mortem interval. Moreover, this information could be useful when interpreting brain lesions in valuable mice found dead unexpectedly during the course of biomedical experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Finnie
- SA Pathology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases and Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - P C Blumbergs
- SA Pathology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases and Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J Manavis
- SA Pathology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases and Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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22
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Youssef SA, Capucchio MT, Rofina JE, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Nakayama H, Head E. Pathology of the Aging Brain in Domestic and Laboratory Animals, and Animal Models of Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:327-48. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815623997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
According to the WHO, the proportion of people over 60 years is increasing and expected to reach 22% of total world’s population in 2050. In parallel, recent animal demographic studies have shown that the life expectancy of pet dogs and cats is increasing. Brain aging is associated not only with molecular and morphological changes but also leads to different degrees of behavioral and cognitive dysfunction. Common age-related brain lesions in humans include brain atrophy, neuronal loss, amyloid plaques, cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy, vascular mineralization, neurofibrillary tangles, meningeal osseous metaplasia, and accumulation of lipofuscin. In aging humans, the most common neurodegenerative disorder is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which progressively impairs cognition, behavior, and quality of life. Pathologic changes comparable to the lesions of AD are described in several other animal species, although their clinical significance and effect on cognitive function are poorly documented. This review describes the commonly reported age-associated neurologic lesions in domestic and laboratory animals and the relationship of these lesions to cognitive dysfunction. Also described are the comparative interspecies similarities and differences to AD and other human neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy, and the spontaneous and transgenic animal models of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Youssef
- Department of Pathobiology, Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M. T. Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Torino University, Torino, Italy
| | - J. E. Rofina
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J. K. Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H. Nakayama
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E. Head
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, UK, USA
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23
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury constitutes a significant proportion of cases requiring forensic examination, and it encompasses (1) blunt, nonmissile head injury, especially involving motor vehicle accidents, and (2) penetrating, missile injury produced by a range of high- and lower-velocity projectiles. This review examines the complex pathophysiology and biomechanics of both types of neurotrauma and assesses the macroscopic and histologic features of component lesions, which may be used to determine the cause and manner of death resulting from an intentional assault or accident. Estimation of the survival time postinjury by pathologic examination is also important where malicious head injury is suspected, in an attempt to ascertain a time at which the traumatic event might have been committed, thereby evaluating the authenticity of statements made by the alleged perpetrator.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Finnie
- SA Pathology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases and School of Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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24
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Baumgärtner W. Combatting the Myth of Neuropathology. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:994-7. [PMID: 26542276 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815600501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Baumgärtner
- Center of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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25
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Junginger J, Hansmann F, Herder V, Lehmbecker A, Peters M, Beyerbach M, Wohlsein P, Baumgärtner W. Pathology in Captive Wild Felids at German Zoological Gardens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130573. [PMID: 26086731 PMCID: PMC4472349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study provides an overview on spontaneous diseases occurring in 38 captive wild felids submitted for necropsy by German zoological gardens between 2004 and 2013. Species included 18 tigers, 8 leopards, 7 lions, 3 cheetahs and 2 cougars with an age ranging from 0.5 to 22 years. Renal lesions, predominantly tubular alterations (intra-tubular concrements, tubular degeneration, necrosis, intra-tubular cellular debris, proteinaceous casts, dilated tubuli) followed by interstitial (lympho-plasmacytic inflammation, fibrosis, metastatic-suppurative inflammation, eosinophilic inflammation) and glomerular lesions (glomerulonephritis, glomerulosclerosis, amyloidosis) were detected in 33 out of 38 animals (87%). Tumors were found in 19 of 38 felids (50%) with 12 animals showing more than one neoplasm. The tumor prevalence increased with age. Neoplasms originated from endocrine (11), genital (8), lympho-hematopoietic (5) and alimentary organs (4) as well as the mesothelium (3). Most common neoplasms comprised uterine/ovarian leiomyomas (5/2), thyroid adenomas/adenocarcinoma (5/1), pleural mesotheliomas (3), hemangiosarcomas (2) and glossal papillomas (2). Inflammatory changes were frequently encountered in the intestine and the lung. Two young animals displayed metastatic mineralization suggestive of a vitamin D- or calcium intoxication. One tiger exhibited degenerative white matter changes consistent with an entity termed large felid leukoencephalomyelopathy. Various hyperplastic, degenerative and inflammatory changes with minor clinical significance were found in several organs. Summarized, renal lesions followed by neoplastic changes as well as inflammatory changes in lung and gastrointestinal tract represent the most frequent findings in captive wild felids living in German zoological gardens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Junginger
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Martin Peters
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Westphalia, Arnsberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Martin Beyerbach
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- * E-mail:
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26
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Lashley VD, Roe WD, Kenyon PR, Thompson KG. Perinatal lamb mortality: an assessment of gross, histological and immunohistochemical changes in the central nervous system. N Z Vet J 2014; 62:160-6. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2013.875980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Williams JH, Mentoor JDL, Van Wilpe E, Venter M. Comparative pathology of neurovirulent lineage 1 (NY99/385) and lineage 2 (SPU93/01) West Nile virus infections in BALBc mice. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:140-51. [PMID: 24513801 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813520246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathology in mice infected with neurovirulent South African lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) strains has not previously been described. Three- to 4-month-old male BALBc mice were infected with South African neurovirulent lineage 2 (SPU93/01) or lineage 1 (NY385/99) WNV strains and the gross and microscopic central nervous system (CNS) and extra-CNS pathology of both investigated and compared. Mice infected with both lineages showed similar illness, paralysis, and death from days 7 to 11 postinfection (PI). Two survivors of each lineage were euthanized on day 21 PI. WNV infection was confirmed by nested real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of tissues, mostly brain, in the majority of mice euthanized sick or that died and in 1 healthy lineage 2 survivor. Gross lesions caused by both lineages were identical and included marked gastric and proximal small intestinal fluid distension as described in a previous mouse study, but intestinal microscopic lesions differed. CNS lesions were subtle. Immunohistochemical (IHC)-positive labeling for WNV E protein was found in neurons multifocally in the brain of 3 lineage 1-infected and 3 lineage 2-infected mice from days 9 to 11 PI, 4 of these including brainstem neurons, and of cecal myenteric ganglion neurons in 1 lineage 2-infected day 8 PI mouse. Findings supported hypotheses in hamsters that gastrointestinal lesions are likely of brainstem origin. Ultrastructurally, virus-associated cytoplasmic vesicular or crystalline structures, or amorphous structures, were found to label IHC positive in control-positive avian cardiomyocytes and mouse thalamic neurons, respectively, and WNV-like 50-nm particles, which were scarce, did not label.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Williams
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - J D L Mentoor
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - E Van Wilpe
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - M Venter
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
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28
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Jahns H, Fast C. A histopathological study of bovine ganglia. J Comp Pathol 2014; 150:234-44. [PMID: 24456750 PMCID: PMC7094613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.11.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and sixty-eight ganglia from 54 cattle aged 10 days to 10 years were examined microscopically. Samples from six autonomic ganglia and one sensory ganglion were represented. Thirteen animals were clinically normal and 41 were submitted for post-mortem examination. Neuronal vacuolation, spheroid formation, lipofuscin accumulation and central chromatolysis were observed sporadically and were of varying magnitude. Neuronal vacuolation and spheroid formation were not age-related changes, while lipofuscin accumulation was more common in older animals and central chromatolysis was more common in younger cattle. Non-suppurative inflammation and neuronophagia were also common findings (23 out of 54 animals, 42.6%) in autonomic ganglia that did not contain herpesvirus DNA as determined by polymerase chain reaction. Renaut bodies, features of peripheral nerves, were most commonly noted in the vagus. None of the histopathological findings were related to any particular disease in which loss of autonomic nervous system function might be expected. Furthermore, all changes were as common in clinically normal animals as in animals with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jahns
- Pathobiology Section, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - C Fast
- Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
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