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Breuer W, Bühler M, Suchowski M, Just F, Neubauer-Juric A, Schumacher M, Hafner-Marx A. [3 cases of abomasitis in calves associated with Sarcina sp. infection]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2023; 51:35-41. [PMID: 36913939 DOI: 10.1055/a-2012-2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
In this case report - to the best knowledge of the authors for the first time in the German-speaking region - 3 calves with ulcerating or emphysematous abomasitis respectively are presented, in which intralesional bacteria of the Sarcina species were identified. The unusual appearance of these bacteria is described, their etiopathogenic relevance discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Breuer
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim
| | - Melanie Bühler
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim
| | - Marcel Suchowski
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim
| | - Frank Just
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim
| | | | - Magdalena Schumacher
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim
| | - Angela Hafner-Marx
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim
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Breuer W, Hafner-Marx A, Kupca A, Feist M, Müller K. Multiple hyperplastic colon polyps in a cow. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2022; 164:801-804. [DOI: 10.17236/sat00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Breuer W, Hafner-Marx A, Pfitzner A, Riehm J, Neubauer-Juric A. [Vetch poisoning in a Bavarian cattle herd - A case report from a pathological perspective]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2022; 50:126-132. [PMID: 35523189 DOI: 10.1055/a-1779-3265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In a herd of 40 cattle of the Holstein-Friesian breed, 6 animals were euthanized for severe pruritus, fever and skin lesions. Pathomorphological examination of 3 animals revealed multisystemic granulomatous inflammation involving multinuclear giant cells. The content of vetch in the feed used and the characteristic histology led to the diagnosis of vetch poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Breuer
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit (LGL), Oberschleißheim
| | - Angela Hafner-Marx
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit (LGL), Oberschleißheim
| | - Annette Pfitzner
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Julia Riehm
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit (LGL), Oberschleißheim
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Singer S, Hoffmann B, Hafner-Marx A, Christian J, Forster F, Schneider K, Knubben-Schweizer G, Neubauer-Juric A. Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 2 infections in Bavaria: an analysis of the current situation - several years after eradicating Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 1. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:149. [PMID: 32448263 PMCID: PMC7245791 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02310-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bavaria, a large federal state in Germany, has been declared free from infections with Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in 2011. To maintain this status the cattle population is monitored for antibodies against BoHV-1 regularly. Several years ago, infrequent but recurrent problems in this sero-surveillance were statistically put into correlation with the presence of antibodies against Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2). In Europe, BoHV-2 is primarily known as the agent causing bovine herpes mammillitis. However, very little information about BoHV-2 infections in Bavaria is available so far. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine BoHV-2 seroprevalences and to detect virus genomes in potential clinical samples. Results 6801 blood sera of healthy cattle from all over Bavaria were tested for antibodies against BoHV-2, revealing an overall seroprevalence of 5.51%. Interestingly, seroprevalences markedly varied between the North and the South of Bavaria, namely from 0.42 to 11.17%. Concurrently, the previously reported relation between the epidemiologically inexplicable sero-reactivities in BoHV-1 ELISAs and the presence of BoHV-2 infections were statistically corroborated in this study. To detect BoHV-2 genomes a fast and sensitive real time PCR was established. Using a multiple PCR strategy, tissue samples from skin lesions at relevant localizations, corresponding lymph nodes, and trigeminal ganglia from 111 animals, as well as nasal swabs from 918 bovines with respiratory symptoms were tested. However, BoHV-2 genomes were not detected in any of these samples. Conclusions BoHV-2 antibodies were found in samples from bovines all over Bavaria, albeit with an explicit South-North-divide. BoHV-2 genomes, however, could not be detected in any of the analyzed samples, indicating that acute clinical cases as well as obvious virus reactivation are relatively rare. Consequently, the future spread of BoHV-2 infections throughout Bavaria, particularly, after eradicating BoHV-1, has to be further monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Singer
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstrasse 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angela Hafner-Marx
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstrasse 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | - Friederike Forster
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstrasse 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Katharina Schneider
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstrasse 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Gabriela Knubben-Schweizer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Antonie Neubauer-Juric
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstrasse 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
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Dorn-In S, Körner T, Büttner M, Hafner-Marx A, Müller M, Heurich M, Varadharajan A, Blum H, Gareis M, Schwaiger K. Shedding of Mycobacterium caprae by wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Bavarian alpine regions, Germany. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:308-317. [PMID: 31512795 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The number of natural infections with Mycobacterium caprae in wildlife and in cattle in the Bavarian and Austrian alpine regions has increased over the last decade. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) have been recognized as maintenance reservoir; however, the transmission routes of M. caprae among and from naturally infected red deer are unknown. The unexpected high prevalence in some hot spot regions might suggest an effective indirect transmission of infection. Therefore, this study was undertaken to diagnose the occurrence of M. caprae in faeces and secretions of red deer in their natural habitat. A total of 2,806 red deer hunted in this region during 2014-2016 were included in this study. After pathological examination, organs (lymph nodes, lung, heart), excretions and secretions (faeces, urine, saliva and tonsil swabs) were further investigated by qPCR specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), M. bovis and M. caprae. Samples tested positive by qPCR were processed for culturing of mycobacteria. In total, 55 (2.0%) animals were confirmed positive for M. caprae by pathological examination, PCR and culturing of the affected organ material. With the exception of one sample, all of the secretion and excretion samples were negative for mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). From one red deer, M. caprae could be isolated from the heart sac as well as from the faeces. Whole-genome sequencing confirmed that both strains were clonally related. This is the first confirmation that M. caprae can be shed with the faeces of a naturally infected red deer. However, further studies focusing on a higher number of infected animals, sample standardization and coordinated multiple sampling are necessary to improve the understanding of transmission routes under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samart Dorn-In
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Körner
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Müller
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Heurich
- Department of Conservation and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Ashok Varadharajan
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Breuer W, Hafner-Marx A, Sticklat R. [Melanosis of adipose tissue in a 17-month-old German Fleckvieh bull (Bos taurus)]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2019; 47:121-124. [PMID: 30999353 DOI: 10.1055/a-0866-6421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
At meat inspection of a 17-month-old bull (German Fleckvieh), patchy dark discoloration of various organs and tissue sites was noted that was most prominent in perirenal adipose tissue. Microscopic analysis revealed melanosis, that is a congenital melanocytic dystopia, as the underlying cause. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of melanosis detected in adipose tissue in cattle. We speculate that there is a possible pathogenetic link between obesity and melanosis in the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Breuer
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit
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Breuer W, Hafner-Marx A. [Primary malignant melanoma in the brain of a 7-month-old sheep (Ovis aries f. domestica)]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2017; 45:108-111. [PMID: 28197623 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-160585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A case of malignant melanoma in a sheep's brain is described for the first time. In a 7-month-old sheep that had been euthanized due to ataxia, post-mortem and histopathologic examinations were performed. Both the brain and the calvarium were heavily infiltrated with neoplastic tissue. Metastases were found in the liver and kidneys. Histomorphology confirmed the gross pathologic impression of malignancy. Congenital melanosis, which is regularly present in the meninx of sheep, could have been the origin of the malignant melanoma in the present case. The young age of the animal appears to favour this supposition. This case demonstrates that even in farm animals - including sheep - a neoplasm should be considered as a differential diagnosis in diagnostically doubtful cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Breuer
- Dr. Dr. habil. Wolfram Breuer, Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim, Veterinärstraße 2, 85764 Oberschleißheim, E-Mail:
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Breuer W, Nickeleit V, Metzner M, Knubben-Schweizer G, Hafner-Marx A. Fatal proteinuric kidney disease in a 30-month-old German Fleckvieh heifer caused by unilateral focal segmental glomerulosclerosis subsequent to a non-functional counterpart kidney. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2017; 159:179-184. [PMID: 28248187 DOI: 10.17236/sat00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A case of secondary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in a heifer is presented. A 30-month-old female German Fleckvieh heifer showed deterioration of the general condition, a poor nutritional status, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and renal azotemia. Pathologically, it was diagnosed with unilateral hydronephrosis, and contralateral renal fibrosis with numerous cysts. Histologically, the fibrotic kidney showed FSGS, hyaline reabsorption droplets in proximal tubular epithelial cells, interstitial fibrosis, and tubulointerstitial inflammation. Apart from that, thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) was seen in few renal arteries and meningeal arterioles. Pathogenesis of FSGS secondary to unilateral renal parenchymal loss (hydronephrosis) and TMA is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Breuer
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Section of Pathology, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - V Nickeleit
- University of North Carolina Medical School, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Nephropathology, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - M Metzner
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - G Knubben-Schweizer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - A Hafner-Marx
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Section of Pathology, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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Abstract
Hepatic lipodystrophy in Galloway calves is a fatal liver disease affecting a small proportion of the Galloway breed described in different parts of Europe and North America during the past decades. The clinical findings include a diversity of neurological signs. Clinical pathology findings frequently indicate hepatobiliary disease. Postmortem examination reveals an enlarged, pale yellow, and firm liver. Histologic lesions include hepatic fibrosis, hepatic lipidosis, and bile duct hyperplasia. To date, the etiopathogenesis remains obscure. Infectious causes, intoxications, and a hereditary origin have been considered. We describe hepatic lipodystrophy in Galloway calves from an extensively farmed cow-calf operation in southern Germany. Main clinical findings in 6 calves were consistent with hepatic encephalopathy. Clinical pathology findings in 5 of 6 tested animals revealed increased concentration of total bilirubin (maximum value [MV], 54 μmol/l; reference range [RR], <8.5 μmol/l), direct bilirubin (MV, 20 μmol/l; RR, <3.4 μmol/l), increased activity of gamma glutamyl transferase (MV, 162 U/l; RR, <36 U/l) and glutamate dehydrogenase (MV, 420 U/l; RR, <16 U/l). In addition, activity of glutathione peroxidase was decreased in all tested ( n = 5) animals (MV, 61 U/g hemoglobin [Hb]; RR, >250 U/g Hb). Postmortem examination in 6 calves revealed a firm, diffusely enlarged yellow liver with a finely nodular surface. Histologic lesions included hepatic fibrosis, hepatic lipidosis, and bile duct hyperplasia. Our findings add to the existing data on hepatic lipodystrophy in the Galloway breed and outline a protocol to aid in the diagnosis of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wieland
- 1 Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany.,2 Current address: Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - S Mann
- 1 Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany.,2 Current address: Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - A Hafner-Marx
- 3 Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Office Oberschleissheim, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - A Ignatius
- 4 Bavarian Animal Health Service, Günzburg, Germany
| | - M Metzner
- 1 Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Rinder M, Lang V, Fuchs C, Hafner-Marx A, Bogner KH, Neubauer A, Büttner M, Rinder H. Genetic Evidence for Multi-Event Imports of Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1) into Bavaria, Germany. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:279-82. [PMID: 17459857 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The almost simultaneous initial detections of avian influenza A H5N1 viruses in central Europe in February 2006, at a time devoid of migratory bird activity, raised the question of the origin of these viruses. This report presents molecular data from Europe providing evidence for multiple and spatially overlapping H5N1 introductions into Bavaria, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rinder
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinaerstr. 2, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Petzl W, Günther J, Mühlbauer K, Seyfert HM, Schuberth HJ, Hussen J, Sauter-Louis C, Hafner-Marx A, Zerbe H. Early transcriptional events in the udder and teat after intra-mammary Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus challenge. Innate Immun 2016; 22:294-304. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425916640057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-mammary bacterial infections can result in harmful clinical mastitis or subclinical mastitis with persistent infections. Research during the last decades closely examined the pathophysiology of inflamed udders. Initial events after pathogen perception but before the onset of mastitis have not been examined in vivo. The objective of this study was to develop a mastitis model in cows by monitoring initial transcriptional pathogen-specific host response before clinical signs occur. We applied a short-term infection model to analyse transcripts encoding chemokines, cytokines and antimicrobial molecules in the teat cistern (TC) and lobulo-alveolar parenchyma (LP) up to 3 h after challenge with E. and Staphylococcus aureus. Both pathogens elicited an immune reaction by 1 h after challenge. Escherichia coli induced all analysed factors ( CCL20, CXCL8, TNF, IL6, IL12B, IL10, LAP, S100A9); however, S. aureus failed to induce IL12B, IL10, LAP and S100A9 expression. The E. coli-induced up-regulation was 25–105 times greater than that after S. aureus challenge. Almost all the responses were restricted to the TC. The short-term mastitis model demonstrates that a divergent pathogen-specific response is generated during the first h. It confirms that the first transcripts are generated in the TC prior to a response in the LP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Petzl
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulance and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Günther
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Mühlbauer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulance and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Seyfert
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | | | - Jamal Hussen
- Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulance and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Angela Hafner-Marx
- Bavarian Authority for Health and Food Safety, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Holm Zerbe
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulance and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
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12
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Breuer W, Stoll A, Hörmansdorfer S, Knubben-Schweizer G, Hafner-Marx A, Deischl K. [Nasal, pulmonary, and abomasal aspergillosis (Aspergillus fumigatus) in a calf]. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2016; 157:407-11. [PMID: 26753360 DOI: 10.17236/sat00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a case of nasal aspergillosis in a 17-days old calf (German Fleckvieh): it had been admitted moribund to the Clinic for Ruminants of the University of Munich, and died after a short time. Pathologically, the calf was diagnosed with purulent-necrotizing rhinitis, necrotizing pneumonia, and diphtheroid-necrotizing abomasitis. Histologically, fungal elements were found in all the localizations mentioned before, and mycologically, Aspergillus fumigatus was cultured from nasal cavity. Pathogenesis is discussed.
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Kupca AM, Rettinger A, Zimmermann P, Hörmansdorfer S, Konrad R, Hafner-Marx A. [Severe purulent and necrotizing glossitis in a fallow deer (Dama dama) due to an infection with the involvement of Mannheimia granulomatis]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2015; 128:285-288. [PMID: 26281440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Post mortem examination of a young fallow deer (Dama dama) revealed a severe purulent and necrotizing glossitis as well as a multifocal necrotizing and ulcerative rumenitis and typhlitis. The animal was cachectic. Mannheimia (M.) sp. was isolated from the tongue lesions and identified as M. granulomatis by MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA sequencing. Mycosis and BVDV infection were excluded. Few publications are dealing with similar macroscopic findings associated with the isolation of M. granulomatis in cattle and roe deer. Therefore, M. granulomatis should also be taken into consideration when such lesions occur in other ruminants. Based on our findings in case of gross pathological lesions of the tongue of ruminants a Mannheimia granulomatis-infection should be investigated as well as the possible role of Fusobacterium necrophorum, Actinobacillus lignieresii or Actinomyces bovis.
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Breuer W, Moser H, De Souza-Pilz M, Lüschow D, Hafner-Marx A, Deischl K, Hafez HM. [Amyloidosis in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo f. domestica)--a case report]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2014; 127:227-232. [PMID: 24881274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
High prevalence of leg disorders in fattening meat turkey farm was observed. Four birds as well as tracheal and joint swabs were submitted to the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority in Oberschleissheim and to the Institute of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin. At the post-mortem, all birds showed an inflammation of the hock joints (intertarsal joint). The histopatholical investigations revealed a chronic inflammation of the joint and amyloid deposits in the joints in two cases as well as in different tissues (liver, spleen and kidneys) in another two cases. Using polymerase chain reaction, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale-DNA could be detected in the examined tracheal and joint swabs. On the other hand, Mycoplasma gallisepticum- and Mycoplasma synoviae-DNA could not be detected. A causal correlation between the detected infectious agent and amyloidosis in relation to the leg disorders were discussed.
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Wieland M, Weber BK, Hafner-Marx A, Sauter-Louis C, Bauer J, Knubben-Schweizer G, Metzner M. A controlled trial on the effect of feeding dietary chestnut extract and glycerol monolaurate on liver function in newborn calves. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:190-200. [PMID: 24605953 PMCID: PMC7167178 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Beginning in the fall of 2010, an increasing and alarming number of cases of calves suffering from liver dystrophy were reported in the south of Germany. An epidemiological investigation was carried out by the authors between November 2010 and July 2011, leading to the implication of a commercial dietary supplement as the potential cause for this outbreak. The components of this product were first tested in a cell culture model and two of them (dietary chestnut extract and glycerol monolaurate) showed a cytotoxic effect. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the effect of supplemental feeding of both components alone or in combination on liver function in newborn calves on a commercial dairy farm. Ten calves were enrolled in each of the three treatment groups and the control group (group O) following a blocked design. Treatment consisted of supplementation with chestnut extract at 0.02% of birth body mass (BM) (group C), supplementation with glycerol monolaurate at 0.006% of BM (group G) or a combined treatment (group CG) for five consecutive days. The effect of treatments on liver function was evaluated clinically and by measurement of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities as well as the determination of the concentrations of glucose, L‐lactate and total bilirubin in serum. There was a significant increase in GLDH and AST activities and a significant decrease in glucose concentration in treatment groups C and CG compared with the control group (p ≤ 0.035), whereas no difference was shown for group G. Survival was significantly decreased in groups C (p = 0.029) and CG (p = 0.001) compared with both group G and the control group. These results suggest that dietary chestnut extract in an amount of 0.02% of BM alone or in combination has a toxic effect on liver function in newborn calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wieland
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - B K Weber
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - A Hafner-Marx
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - C Sauter-Louis
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - J Bauer
- Institute of Animal Hygiene, Technische Universität, München, Germany
| | - G Knubben-Schweizer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - M Metzner
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Metzner M, Wieland M, Rademacher G, Weber BK, Hafner-Marx A, Langenmayer MC, Ammer H, Klee W. [High incidence of jaundice in young calves in Southern Germany]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2012; 40:283-292. [PMID: 23076757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Between September, 2010, and August, 2011, a series of cases of jaundice of unknown origin in young calves was detected in a number of farms in Southern Germany. This paper describes the syndrome on the basis of 57 cases, and the approach taken to discover the cause. MATERIAL AND METHODS The clinical course of the disease is described in 19 patients. Using a case definition (calves aged 1-3 weeks, total serum bilirubin > 20 µmol/l and/or serum glutamate dehydrogenase [GLDH] activity >50U/l and/or autopsy findings with striking liver pathology [jaundice, liver dystrophy, cirrhosis]), 36 farms were included in an epidemiological survey. In a feeding trial, two batches of a dietary supplement feed, previously used in diseased calves on farms, were fed at the dosage recommendations of the manufacturer to four clinically healthy calves over 5days. Four other calves served as controls. The calves were clinically monitored daily, and blood samples were investigated using clinical chemistry and haematology. RESULTS Clinical examination revealed behavioural alterations (weakness, tonic-clonic seizures and bawling just before death), recumbency, jaundice and discolouration of faeces. In less severe cases without clinical signs, there was an increase in serum bilirubin concentration and/or GLDH activity. In the epidemiological survey of affected farms, the feeding of a diet supplement feed was registered in 54 of 57 cases. The feeding of two batches of that diet supplement feed to four clinically healthy calves resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in bilirubin and lactate concentrations, as well as the GLDH activity in serum, but without serious impairment of the general condition, whereas in control calves, no comparable changes were observed. CONCLUSION The results of the epidemiological survey and the feeding trial suggest a causal involvement of a dietary supplement feed. The toxic principle is unknown. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Knowledge of the clinical picture and the probable feed-related context is important to detect this disease early. The suspected dietary supplement feed has been taken off the market, but with other products similar problems may arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Metzner
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleißheim.
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Wieland M, Rademacher G, Weber BK, Hafner-Marx A, Langenmayer MC, Ammer H, Klee W, Metzner M. Häufung von Ikterus bei jungen Kälbern in Süddeutschland. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1623129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand: Zwischen September 2010 und August 2011 traten in süddeutschen Rinderbetrieben mehrere Fälle unklarer Hepatopathien bei jungen Kälbern auf. Beschrieben werden die Kasuistik von 57 Fällen und der beschrittene Weg zur Ursachenklärung. Material und Methoden: Der klinische Verlauf der Erkrankung wird anhand von 19 Patienten dargestellt. Eine epidemiologische Erhebung nach Falldefinition (Alter der Tiere 1–3 Wochen, Gesamtbilirubinkonzentration > 20 μmol/l und/oder Glutamatdehydrogenase-[GLDH-]Aktivität > 50 U/l und/oder auffälliger Leberbefund [Ikterus, Leberdystrophie, Leberzirrhose] in der Sektion) umfasste 36 Betriebe. In einem Fütterungsversuch wurden zwei Chargen eines zuvor in betroffenen Betrieben eingesetzten Diätergänzungsfuttermittels nach Herstellerangabe an vier klinisch gesunde Kälber über 5 Tage verfüttert. Vier weitere Kälber dienten als Kontrollen. Täglich erfolgte eine klinische, klinisch-chemische und hämatologische Untersuchung. Ergebnisse: Bei klinisch manifester Erkrankung treten Verhaltensauffälligkeiten (Mattigkeit, tonisch-klonische Krämpfe, Klagen kurz vor dem Verenden), Festliegen, Ikterus und auffällig heller Kot auf. In weniger stark ausgeprägten Fällen ohne klinische Symptomatik bestehen eine erhöhte Serum-Bilirubinkonzentration und/oder GLDH-Aktivität. Die Befragung in betroffenen Betrieben ergab in 54 von 57 Fällen als Gemeinsamkeit den Einsatz eines Diätergänzungsfuttermittels. Im Fütterungsversuch zeigten Versuchskälber eine signifikante (p < 0,05) Erhöhung von Bilirubin- und L-Laktat-Konzentration sowie GLDH-Aktivität im Serum ohne schwerwiegende Beeinträchtigung des Allgemeinbefindens. Bei den Kontrolltieren fehlten vergleichbare Veränderungen. Schlussfolgerung: Epidemiologische Erhebung und Fütterungsversuch deuten auf eine ursächliche Beteiligung eines Diätergänzungsfuttermittels hin. Das toxische Prinzip ist bisher unbekannt. Klinische Relevanz: Die Kenntnis des klinischen Bildes und der vermutlich fütterungsbedingten Zusammenhänge ist wichtig, um die Krankheit rechtzeitig zu erkennen. Das Diätergänzungsfuttermittel wurde vom Markt genommen, doch könnte die Verfütterung vergleichbar zusammen gesetzter Produkte ähnliche Krankheitserscheinungen hervorrufen.
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Petzl W, Günther J, Pfister T, Sauter-Louis C, Goetze L, von Aulock S, Hafner-Marx A, Schuberth HJ, Seyfert HM, Zerbe H. Lipopolysaccharide pretreatment of the udder protects against experimental Escherichia coli mastitis. Innate Immun 2011; 18:467-77. [PMID: 21990573 DOI: 10.1177/1753425911422407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as LPS can cause an immune refractory state in mammals known as endotoxin tolerance (ET), resulting in a decreased inflammatory response after pathogen contact. This ET concept was used to reduce the severity of an experimentally-induced clinical mastitis. Cows were pretreated with 1 µg LPS per udder quarter and challenged 72 h (group L72EC) or 240 h (group L240EC) later with 500 CFU Escherichia coli. Pretreated animals showed no leukopenia after challenge, no (L72EC), or only slightly (L240EC), elevated body temperature and significantly reduced systemic and local clinical scores compared with cows that were not pretreated. Whereas an increase of milk somatic cell count after the E. coli challenge was abrogated in L72EC animals, it was significantly delayed in the L240EC group. In both pretreated groups the bacterial load in milk was markedly reduced. Based on the expression of inflammation-related genes in lobulo-alveolar mammary tissue, the tolerizing effect of LPS pretreatment is based on the inhibited up-regulation of inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL8, CCL20) and anti-inflammatory genes (IL-10, IRAK-M). These findings indicate that the concept of ET may be usefully applied as mastitis prophylaxis facilitating a rapid response to microbial infection and avoiding dysregulated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Petzl
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulance and Heard Management, Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
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Friedrich A, Büttner M, Rademacher G, Klee W, Weber BK, Müller M, Carlin A, Assad A, Hafner-Marx A, Sauter-Louis CM. Ingestion of colostrum from specific cows induces Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia (BNP) in some calves. BMC Vet Res 2011; 7:10. [PMID: 21333009 PMCID: PMC3050708 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2006, cases of haemorrhagic diathesis in young calves have been observed with a much higher incidence than previously known. The syndrome, now uniformly called Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia (BNP), is characterized by multiple (external and internal) haemorrhages, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia, and bone marrow depletion. Although various infectious and toxicological causes of bleeding disorders in calves have been ruled out, the aetiology of BNP remains unknown. However, field observations have led to the hypothesis that the aetiological principle may be transmitted to calves via colostrum.The objective of the present study was to verify whether ingestion of colostrum from dams of known BNP calves can elicit signs of BNP and typical haematological findings in conveniently selected neonatal calves. Six such calves received one feeding of colostrum (or a mixture of colostrum batches) from dams of known BNP calves. As controls, another six conveniently selected calves from herds which had never had a BNP case received one feeding of colostrum from their own dams. Haematological and clinical parameters were monitored. RESULTS One of the six experimental calves never showed any haematological, clinical or pathological evidence of BNP. In the other five calves, thrombocyte and leukocyte counts dropped within a few hours following ingestion of colostrum. Of those, three calves developed clinical signs of BNP, their post-mortem examination revealed bone marrow depletion. Of the remaining two calves, a pair of mixed twins, marked thrombocytopenia and recurrent leukocytopenia was evident in one, in which only slight changes in the bone marrow were detected, while in the other thrombocyte counts dropped, but rebounded later, and no bone marrow changes were noted. Thrombocyte counts of the experimental calves were statistically significantly lower than those of the control calves at 2 hours post ingestion of colostrum and at every sampling point between 9 hours and 8 days postcolostral. Leucocyte counts of the experimental calves were statistically significantly lower than those of control calves at 2 hours post ingestion of colostrum and 3-7 days postcolostral. CONCLUSIONS BNP can be induced in some calves by ingestion of colostrum from cows that have given birth to BNP calves.
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Lang V, Rinder M, Hafner-Marx A, Rabl S, Bogner KH, Neubauer-Juric A, Büttner M. Avian influenza A virus monitoring in wild birds in Bavaria: occurrence and heterogeneity of H5 and N1 encoding genes. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 57:e184-94. [PMID: 20298489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2010.01326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To define avian influenza virus prevalence in wild birds in Bavaria, 12,930 tracheal, cloacal swabs or tissue samples from various waterfowl species were screened between January 2006 and December 2007. In 291 (2.3%) birds, genomes of influenza A viruses were detected by reverse transcription real-time PCR (rRT-PCR) targeting the matrix protein genes. Furthermore, solitary H5 hemagglutinin or N1 neuraminidase encoding genes were identified in 35 (0.3%) apparently healthy birds; whereas highly pathogenic (HPAI) H5N1 virus genomes were only diagnosed in dead wild birds (n = 93; 0.7%) found across this federal state region. In this study, multiple import events for H5N1 viruses were confirmed during 2006 and 2007. In addition, our findings argue against an existing HPAI H5N1 reservoir in aquatic birds in Bavaria. By contrast, phylogenetic analyses of the H5 or N1 sequences of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses revealed a marked diversity and multiple genetic lineages. This diversity of LPAI H5 and N1 subtype components indicates the existence of LPAI HA and NA gene pools which differ from the Bavarian HPAI H5N1. Moreover, the hemagglutinin amino acid differences between LPAI H5 viruses of a western European genotypic lineage observed in wild birds suggest a continuous evolution of LPAI viruses in Bavaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lang
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Hafner-Marx A, Büttner M. Die Blauzungenkrankheit – eine neue Tierseuche in Mitteleuropa. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-008-0372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Roczek A, Forster C, Raschel H, Hörmansdorfer S, Bogner KH, Hafner-Marx A, Lepper H, Dobler G, Büttner M, Sing A. Severe course of rat bite-associated Weil's disease in a patient diagnosed with a new Leptospira-specific real-time quantitative LUX-PCR. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:658-663. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with global distribution, caused by spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira. Transmission of Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, the causative agent of Weil's disease, to humans usually results from exposure to the urine of infected, but mostly asymptomatic, rodents, either by direct contact or indirectly through contaminated soil or water. Although regarded as a re-emerging infectious disease, human leptospirosis is probably underdiagnosed due to its often unspecific clinical appearance and difficulties in culturing leptospires. Therefore, more rapid and specific diagnostic procedures are needed. Here we describe a novel real-time quantitative PCR system developed for the accurate and fast diagnosis of pathogenic Leptospira spp. Its usefulness in the management of a patient with rat bite-associated multiorgan failure is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Roczek
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Veterinärstraße 2, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Christian Forster
- Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Medizinische Klinik 4, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heribert Raschel
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Veterinärstraße 2, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Hörmansdorfer
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Veterinärstraße 2, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Bogner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Veterinärstraße 2, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Angela Hafner-Marx
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Veterinärstraße 2, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Hans Lepper
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Veterinärstraße 2, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Gerhard Dobler
- Institute of Microbiology of the Bundeswehr, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Veterinärstraße 2, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Sing
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Veterinärstraße 2, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
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Dieckhoff B, Puhlmann J, Büscher K, Hafner-Marx A, Herbach N, Bannert N, Büttner M, Wanke R, Kurth R, Denner J. Expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) in melanomas of Munich miniature swine (MMS) Troll. Vet Microbiol 2007; 123:53-68. [PMID: 17418507 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are integrated in the genome of all pig breeds. Since some of them are able to infect human cells, they might represent a risk for xenotransplantation using pig cells or organs. However, the expression and biological role of PERVs in healthy pigs as well as in porcine tumours is largely unknown. Since we and others have recently shown overexpression of a human endogenous retrovirus, HERV-K, in human melanomas, we studied the expression of PERVs in melanomas of selectively bred Munich miniature swine (MMS) Troll. This breeding herd of MMS Troll is characterised by a high prevalence of melanomas, which histologically resemble various types of cutaneous melanomas in humans. Several genetic factors have been defined when studying inheritance of melanomas and melanocytic nevi in MMS Troll. Here we show that the polytropic PERV-A and PERV-B as well as the ecotropic PERV-C are present in the genome of all melanoma bearing MMS Troll investigated. Most interestingly, in the spleen, but not in other organs, recombinant PERV-A/C proviruses were found. PERV expression was found elevated in melanomas when compared to normal skin and viral proteins were expressed in melanomas and pulmonary metastasis-derived melanoma cell cultures. During passaging of these cells in vitro the expression of PERV mRNA and protein increased and virus particles were released as shown by RT activity in the supernatant and by electron microscopy. Genomic RNA of PERV-A, -B and -C were found in pelleted virus particles. Although PERV expression was elevated in melanomas and pulmonary metastasis-derived cell cultures, the function of the virus in tumour development is still unclear.
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Palzer A, Ritzmann M, Hafner-Marx A, Wolf G, Heinritzi K. [Detection of Haemophilus parasuis and Mycoplasma hyorhinis in swine and association of those pathogens with clinical and pathological-anatomic findings]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2006; 113:227-30. [PMID: 16856608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In routine diagnostic it is difficult to detect a Haemophilus parasuis infection causing a polyserositis. In the presented study, a detection method by means of PCR, from collective swabs of the serosal surfaces from animals, with and without fibrinous serositis, was investigated. A significant association was detected between post mortal findings of fibrinous serositis and molecular biological detection of Haemophilus parasuis and Mycoplasma hyorhinis. However, no significant association existed between cultural detection of Haemophilus parasuis in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and pathological-anatomical ascertainable fibrinous serositis. A significant association between Haemophilus parasuis and Mycoplasma hyorhinis could be determined in the animals that were included in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Palzer
- Klinik für Schweine der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
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