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SEDGHI MASOUD N, IWAIDE S, KOBAYASHI N, NAKAGAWA D, ORITO M, IWAHASHI N, MURAKAMI T. A case report of cryptococcosis in a captive Cape hyrax (Procavia capensis). J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:619-622. [PMID: 38631871 PMCID: PMC11187597 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.24-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis, a globally distributed mycotic disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans or C. gattii, has been extensively studied in various domestic animals and humans. However, non-domestic species have often been overlooked in the literature, with limited attention given to their susceptibility and contribution to the epidemiology of the disease. In this study, a captive two-year-old Cape hyrax in a Japanese zoo exhibited neurological symptoms and torticollis, ultimately succumbing to the infection. Necropsy and pathological analyses, including histopathological techniques and PCR, revealed the presence of C. neoformans in the lungs, cerebrum, and internal auditory canal. While cryptococcosis has been reported in various wild animals globally, this case represents the first documented cryptococcosis in Cape hyrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki SEDGHI MASOUD
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu IWAIDE
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsumi KOBAYASHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tomoaki MURAKAMI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Olivares RWI, Mora KQ, Bass LG, Matamoros VC, Álvarez PP, Herrera FDR, Cortés DSZ. First report of a subcutaneous infection by Cryptococcus neoformans (former Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii) in a cat in Costa Rica. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2535-2540. [PMID: 34185280 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a case report of a feline animal that presented with a skin infection on the neck from which Cryptococcus neoformans (former C. neoformans var. grubii) was isolated and identified. The cat presented two nodular tumors, approximately 2 cm in diameter, raised, solid, with a slightly irregular surface and a reddish color with white areas. Histologically, these tumors corresponded to granulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis with the presence of a large number of intralesional yeasts. From identification with biochemical and spectroscopic techniques of these lesion samples, it was determined that the etiological agent was C. neoformans. There is little information on this variety of Cryptococcus causing subcutaneous infection without involvement of other organs, and the presence of this pathogen in the few reports available has not been reliably determined. This is the first report of a cat affected by C. neoformans in Costa Rica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto W I Olivares
- Servicio de Patología Diagnóstica LAPAVET-ESFA, Cátedra de Patología E Histología, Escuela de Medicina Y Cirugía Veterinaria San Francisco de Asís, Universidad Veritas, Vázquez de Coronado, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Karla Quesada Mora
- Hospital ESFA, Universidad Veritas, Vázquez de Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Laura G Bass
- Servicio de Patología Diagnóstica LAPAVET-ESFA, Cátedra de Patología E Histología, Escuela de Medicina Y Cirugía Veterinaria San Francisco de Asís, Universidad Veritas, Vázquez de Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - Paula Peña Álvarez
- Servicio de Patología Diagnóstica LAPAVET-ESFA, Cátedra de Patología E Histología, Escuela de Medicina Y Cirugía Veterinaria San Francisco de Asís, Universidad Veritas, Vázquez de Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fernando D Robles Herrera
- Servicio de Patología Diagnóstica LAPAVET-ESFA, Cátedra de Patología E Histología, Escuela de Medicina Y Cirugía Veterinaria San Francisco de Asís, Universidad Veritas, Vázquez de Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Diego S Zúñiga Cortés
- Servicio de Patología Diagnóstica LAPAVET-ESFA, Cátedra de Patología E Histología, Escuela de Medicina Y Cirugía Veterinaria San Francisco de Asís, Universidad Veritas, Vázquez de Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
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Brame B, Cain C. Chronic Otitis in Cats: Clinical management of primary, predisposing and perpetuating factors. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:433-446. [PMID: 33896249 PMCID: PMC10741284 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211007072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Chronic otitis can be one of the most frustrating diseases to manage for a small animal practitioner. While it occurs less commonly in the cat than the dog, it is no less challenging. The purpose of this review is to discuss the common and uncommon causes of chronic otitis in the cat within the clinical framework used for diagnosis and treatment. The focus is on diseases that affect the ear canal, rather than those restricted to the pinnae. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Otitis is multifactorial, which complicates management. A common clinical mistake is to focus solely on treating the infection present. Only by addressing all factors will a clinician successfully control chronic otitis. For the purposes of this review, the authors have adopted the established model of separating primary, predisposing and perpetuating causes of otitis. Primary factors are those that directly cause otitis (inflammation); predisposing factors are those that put the patient at risk for development of otitis; and perpetuating factors are those that result in ongoing clinical signs of otitis or that prevent clinical resolution. AUDIENCE This review is aimed at veterinarians who treat cats and particularly those with an interest in feline dermatology and otology. EQUIPMENT While many practitioners rely on a hand-held otoscope, a video-otoscope can be very helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic otitis. EVIDENCE BASE This review presents up-to-date information regarding the diagnosis and treatment of chronic otitis in cats, with emphasis on the most recent peer-reviewed literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Brame
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce
Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christine Cain
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce
Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Cryptococcus Infection in Captive Callitrichids in the United Kingdom. J Comp Pathol 2021; 183:1-8. [PMID: 33714426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is widely reported in North America and Australia but considered rare in the UK. Disease is mainly caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii and affects animals and humans. Cases of cryptococcosis have been described in non-human primates, including a few in the Callitrichidae family. Six captive callitrichids from five zoological facilities in the UK were diagnosed with cryptococcosis on post-mortem examination over a 13-year period. Histological examination revealed intralesional yeast bodies consistent with Cryptococcus spp in lung, brain, lymph nodes, larynx, salivary gland and ears. C. neoformans was confirmed in two cases by culture and by culture and polymerase chain reaction (28S rRNA gene), respectively. This case series is the first report of Cryptococcus spp in captive callitrichids in the UK and reinforces the need to include this fungal disease in the differential diagnosis of sick callitrichids in zoo settings.
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Almendros A, Muguiro DH, Hill FI, Barrs VR. First case of feline cryptococcosis in Hong Kong, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. Med Mycol Case Rep 2020; 29:8-11. [PMID: 32477859 PMCID: PMC7251313 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A nine-year-old domestic short hair cat was presented for a nasal planum mass, nasal discharge, hyporexia and weight loss. On physical examination nasal proliferative and ulcerative lesions and submandibular lymphadenopathy were identified. Cytology, histopathology, fungal culture, antigen serology and MALDI-TOF confirmed cryptococcal rhinitis with regional mandibular lymph node involvement due to Cryptococcus neoformans infection. This is the first reported case of cryptococcosis in a feline patient in Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Almendros
- CityU Veterinary Medical Center, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniela H Muguiro
- CityU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fraser I Hill
- CityU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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Balamayooran G, Atkins HM, Whitlow CT, Aycock ST, Nader MA, Cline JM, Caudell DL. Labyrinthitis Ossificans in a Cynomolgus Macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Comp Med 2018; 68:239-242. [PMID: 29650059 PMCID: PMC6008717 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-17-000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Labyrinthitis is inflammation of the membranous and bony labyrinth of the inner ear. Typical portals of entry includehematogenous spread from the cochlear vasculature, passage of otitis media pathogens through the round window, and mostcommonly, meningogenic spread from the subarachnoid space. The sequela of chronic inner ear inflammation is labyrinthitisossificans, in which inner ear structures are replaced by fibrous and osseous tissues. Labyrinthitis in humans has been reportedconcurrently with infection due to various viruses (for example, varicella-zoster, measles, mumps) and bacteria (for example,Treponema pallidum, Streptococcus pneumoniae) and may be associated with vertebrobasilar ischemia and meningitis. Profoundsensorineural hearing loss is a common, serious complication of this disease. Here, we report a case of labyrinthitisossificans in a cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) with a potential infectious etiology. Historically, this animal hadan indwelling femoral intravenous catheter for more than 4 y. He presented with a right-sided head tilt and incoordinationof 2 mo duration. The macaque was treated with NSAID and antibiotics, which corrected the incoordination but not the headtilt. MRI revealed right-sided labyrinthitis, and euthanasia was elected due to clinical signs that were refractory to treatment.Gross pathology was unremarkable, but histopathology revealed chronic labyrinthitis ossificans with local fibroplasia andvestibuloauditory neuritis. We describe here the clinical features, imaging, and histologic lesions of labyrinthitis in a macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael A Nader
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Möstl K, Addie DD, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Something old, something new: Update of the 2009 and 2013 ABCD guidelines on prevention and management of feline infectious diseases. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:570-82. [PMID: 26101308 PMCID: PMC11148927 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15588448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW The ABCD has published 34 guidelines in two Special Issues of the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (JFMS): the first in July 2009 (Volume 11, Issue 7, pages 527-620) and the second in July 2013 (Volume 15, Issue 7, pages 528-652). The present article contains updates and new information on 18 of these (17 disease guidelines and one special article 'Prevention of infectious diseases in cat shelters'). For detailed information, readers are referred to the guidelines published in the above-mentioned JFMS Special Issues.
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Siak MK, Paul A, Drees R, Arthur I, Burrows AK, Tebb AJ, Malik R. Otogenic meningoencephalomyelitis due to Cryptococcus gattii(VGII) infection in a cat from Western Australia. JFMS Open Rep 2015; 1:2055116915585022. [PMID: 28491355 PMCID: PMC5362871 DOI: 10.1177/2055116915585022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 7-year-old spayed domestic longhair cat from Perth, Western Australia, presented with left-sided head tilt, dysphonia, head shaking, inappetence and weight loss. A polypoid lesion had previously been removed from the external ear canal. Otitis media with extension into the external ear canal was suspected and investigated using video-otoscopy and computed tomography examination. Invasive disease with extension from the middle ear to the base of the skull, and intracranial extension into the caudal fossa and cranial cervical vertebral canal was detected. Cytology of external ear canal exudate showed capsulated budding yeasts and Cryptococcus gattii VGII was cultured. Treatment with amphotericin B infusions and oral fluconazole was prescribed, with nutritional support via oesophagostomy tube. The cat clinically recovered 12 months after treatment commenced. Relevance and novel information This case report describes the successful medical treatment of otogenic meningoencephalomyelitis due to C gattii (VGII) infection in a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng K Siak
- Animal Dermatology Clinic Perth, Murdoch Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanada Paul
- Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Randi Drees
- Vet CT Specialists, St John’s Innovation Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian Arthur
- Mycology Laboratory, PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia (QEII Medical Centre), Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda K Burrows
- Animal Dermatology Clinic Perth, Murdoch Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anna J Tebb
- Western Australian Veterinary Emergency and Specialty, Success, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Pennisi MG, Hartmann K, Lloret A, Ferrer L, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hosie MJ, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Möstl K, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Cryptococcosis in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:611-8. [PMID: 23813826 PMCID: PMC11148960 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13489224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Cryptococcosis is worldwide the most common systemic fungal disease in cats; it is caused by the Cryptococcus neoformans- Cryptococcus gattii species complex, which includes eight genotypes and some subtypes (strains) with varying geographical distribution, pathogenicity and antimicrobial susceptibility. Cats acquire the infection from a contaminated environment. The prognosis is favourable in most cases, provided a diagnosis is obtained sufficiently early and prolonged treatment is maintained. INFECTION Basidiospores are the infectious propagules of Cryptococcus species as they penetrate the respiratory system and induce primary infection. Asymptomatic colonisation of the respiratory tract is more common than clinical disease. Avian guanos, particularly pigeon droppings, offer favourable conditions for the reproduction of C neoformans. Both Cryptococcus species are associated with decaying vegetation. DISEASE SIGNS Cryptococcosis caused by C neoformans or C gattii is indistinguishable clinically. The disease can present in nasal, central nervous system (which can derive from the nasal form or occur independently), cutaneous and systemic forms. DIAGNOSIS An easy and reliable test for cryptococcosis diagnosis is antigen detection in body fluids. Only isolation and polymerase chain reaction allow identification of the species genotype. DISEASE MANAGEMENT Amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole have all been used to treat cats. Surgical excision of any nodules in the skin, nasal or oral mucosa assists recovery. Continued treatment is recommended until the antigen test is negative. PREVENTION Efficient preventive measures have not been demonstrated. Vaccines are not available.
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