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Balaraman V, Indran SV, Kim IJ, Trujillo JD, Meekins DA, Shivanna V, Zajac MD, Urbaniak K, Morozov I, Sunwoo SY, Faburay B, Osterrieder K, Gaudreault NN, Wilson WC, Richt JA. Rift Valley Fever Phlebovirus Reassortment Study in Sheep. Viruses 2024; 16:880. [PMID: 38932172 PMCID: PMC11209395 DOI: 10.3390/v16060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) in ungulates and humans is caused by a mosquito-borne RVF phlebovirus (RVFV). Live attenuated vaccines are used in livestock (sheep and cattle) to control RVF in endemic regions during outbreaks. The ability of two or more different RVFV strains to reassort when co-infecting a host cell is a significant veterinary and public health concern due to the potential emergence of newly reassorted viruses, since reassortment of RVFVs has been documented in nature and in experimental infection studies. Due to the very limited information regarding the frequency and dynamics of RVFV reassortment, we evaluated the efficiency of RVFV reassortment in sheep, a natural host for this zoonotic pathogen. Co-infection experiments were performed, first in vitro in sheep-derived cells, and subsequently in vivo in sheep. Two RVFV co-infection groups were evaluated: group I consisted of co-infection with two wild-type (WT) RVFV strains, Kenya 128B-15 (Ken06) and Saudi Arabia SA01-1322 (SA01), while group II consisted of co-infection with the live attenuated virus (LAV) vaccine strain MP-12 and a WT strain, Ken06. In the in vitro experiments, the virus supernatants were collected 24 h post-infection. In the in vivo experiments, clinical signs were monitored, and blood and tissues were collected at various time points up to nine days post-challenge for analyses. Cell culture supernatants and samples from sheep were processed, and plaque-isolated viruses were genotyped to determine reassortment frequency. Our results show that RVFV reassortment is more efficient in co-infected sheep-derived cells compared to co-infected sheep. In vitro, the reassortment frequencies reached 37.9% for the group I co-infected cells and 25.4% for the group II co-infected cells. In contrast, we detected just 1.7% reassortant viruses from group I sheep co-infected with the two WT strains, while no reassortants were detected from group II sheep co-infected with the WT and LAV strains. The results indicate that RVFV reassortment occurs at a lower frequency in vivo in sheep when compared to in vitro conditions in sheep-derived cells. Further studies are needed to better understand the implications of RVFV reassortment in relation to virulence and transmission dynamics in the host and the vector. The knowledge learned from these studies on reassortment is important for understanding the dynamics of RVFV evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velmurugan Balaraman
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (V.B.); (S.V.I.); (J.D.T.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - Sabarish V. Indran
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (V.B.); (S.V.I.); (J.D.T.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - In Joong Kim
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (V.B.); (S.V.I.); (J.D.T.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (V.B.); (S.V.I.); (J.D.T.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - David A. Meekins
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (V.B.); (S.V.I.); (J.D.T.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (V.B.); (S.V.I.); (J.D.T.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - Michelle D. Zajac
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (V.B.); (S.V.I.); (J.D.T.); (S.-Y.S.)
- Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA
| | - Kinga Urbaniak
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (V.B.); (S.V.I.); (J.D.T.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - Igor Morozov
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (V.B.); (S.V.I.); (J.D.T.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - Sun-Young Sunwoo
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (V.B.); (S.V.I.); (J.D.T.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - Bonto Faburay
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (V.B.); (S.V.I.); (J.D.T.); (S.-Y.S.)
- Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (V.B.); (S.V.I.); (J.D.T.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (V.B.); (S.V.I.); (J.D.T.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - William C. Wilson
- Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (V.B.); (S.V.I.); (J.D.T.); (S.-Y.S.)
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Tinto B, Quellec J, Cêtre-Sossah C, Dicko A, Salinas S, Simonin Y. Rift Valley fever in West Africa: A zoonotic disease with multiple socio-economic consequences. One Health 2023; 17:100583. [PMID: 37664171 PMCID: PMC10474305 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus that causes Rift Valley fever (RVF), a zoonotic disease that mainly affects domestic and wildlife ruminants and humans. The first epidemic in North-Western and West Africa occurred in Senegal and Mauritania in 1987, two countries where RVF is now endemic. Slaughterhouse workers, farmers, herders and veterinarians are at high risk of exposure to RVF. Beyond the health threat, RVF is considered to cause major socio-economic problems, specifically in developing countries where livestock farming and trade are important economic activities. Indeed, the mortality rate linked to RVF infection can reach 95-100% in newborns and young animals. In West Africa, livestock production is a key factor for food production and for national economics. Epizootics caused by RVF can therefore have serious socio-economic consequences by impacting multisectoral economics, the psycho-social health of pastoral communities, and food security. Improving prevention strategies against RVF, including vaccination, enhancing knowledge of RVF and correcting any inappropriate behaviors by populations of endemics areas, as well as better monitoring of RVF ecological factors are effective ways to better foresee and control outbreaks of RVF and its socio-economical side-effects in countries at high risk of occurrence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachirou Tinto
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire National de Référence des Fièvres Hémorragiques Virale, Centre MURAZ, Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Jordan Quellec
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Amadou Dicko
- Laboratoire central de référence, Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Ministère de l'Agriculture, des ressources animales et halieutiques du Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sara Salinas
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France
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Balaraman V, Indran SV, Li Y, Meekins DA, Jakkula LUMR, Liu H, Hays MP, Souza-Neto JA, Gaudreault NN, Hardwidge PR, Wilson WC, Weber F, Richt JA. Identification of Host Factors for Rift Valley Fever Phlebovirus. Viruses 2023; 15:2251. [PMID: 38005928 PMCID: PMC10675714 DOI: 10.3390/v15112251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes Rift Valley fever (RVF) in livestock and humans. Currently, there is no licensed human vaccine or antiviral drug to control RVF. Although multiple species of animals and humans are vulnerable to RVFV infection, host factors affecting susceptibility are not well understood. To identify the host factors or genes essential for RVFV replication, we conducted CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening in human A549 cells. We then validated the putative genes using siRNA-mediated knock-downs and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knock-out studies. The role of a candidate gene in the virus replication cycle was assessed by measuring intracellular viral RNA accumulation, and the virus titers were analyzed using plaque assay or TCID50 assay. We identified approximately 900 genes with potential involvement in RVFV infection and replication. Further evaluation of the effect of six genes on viral replication using siRNA-mediated knock-downs revealed that silencing two genes (WDR7 and LRP1) significantly impaired RVFV replication. For further analysis, we focused on the WDR7 gene since the role of the LRP1 gene in RVFV replication was previously described in detail. WDR7 knockout A549 cell lines were generated and used to dissect the effect of WRD7 on a bunyavirus, RVFV, and an orthobunyavirus, La Crosse encephalitis virus (LACV). We observed significant effects of WDR7 knockout cells on both intracellular RVFV RNA levels and viral titers. At the intracellular RNA level, WRD7 affected RVFV replication at a later phase of its replication cycle (24 h) when compared with the LACV replication, which was affected in an earlier replication phase (12 h). In summary, we identified WDR7 as an essential host factor for the replication of two different viruses, RVFV and LACV, both of which belong to the Bunyavirales order. Future studies will investigate the mechanistic role through which WDR7 facilitates phlebovirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velmurugan Balaraman
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sabarish V. Indran
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Yonghai Li
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - David A. Meekins
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Laxmi U. M. R. Jakkula
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Heidi Liu
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Micheal P. Hays
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jayme A. Souza-Neto
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Philip R. Hardwidge
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - William C. Wilson
- Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, 1980 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, FB10—Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Alkan C, Jurado-Cobena E, Ikegami T. Advancements in Rift Valley fever vaccines: a historical overview and prospects for next generation candidates. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:171. [PMID: 37925544 PMCID: PMC10625542 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00769-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes and causes abortion storms, fetal malformations, and newborn animal deaths in livestock ruminants. In humans, RVF can manifest as hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or retinitis. Outbreaks of RVF have been occurring in Africa since the early 20th century and continue to pose a threat to both humans and animals in various regions such as Africa, Madagascar, the Comoros, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. The development of RVF vaccines is crucial in preventing mortality and morbidity and reducing the spread of the virus. While several veterinary vaccines have been licensed in endemic countries, there are currently no licensed RVF vaccines for human use. This review provides an overview of the existing RVF vaccines, as well as potential candidates for future studies on RVF vaccine development, including next-generation vaccines that show promise in combating the disease in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Alkan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Eduardo Jurado-Cobena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- The Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Balaraman V, Indran SV, Li Y, Meekins DA, Jakkula LU, Liu H, Hays MP, Souza-Neto JA, Gaudreault NN, Hardwidge PR, Wilson WC, Weber F, Richt JA. Identification of host factors for Rift Valley Fever Phlebovirus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.28.559935. [PMID: 37808812 PMCID: PMC10557628 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.559935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes Rift Valley fever (RVF) in livestock and humans. Currently, there is no licensed human vaccine or antiviral drug to control RVF. Although multiple species of animals and humans are vulnerable to RVFV infection, host factors affecting susceptibility are not well understood. Methodology To identify the host factors or genes essential for RVFV replication, we conducted a CRISPR-Cas9 knock-out screen in human A549 cells. We then validated the putative genes using siRNA-mediated knockdowns and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout studies, respectively. The role of a candidate gene in the virus replication cycle was assessed by measuring intracellular viral RNA accumulation, and the virus titers by plaque assay or TCID50 assay. Findings We identified approximately 900 genes with potential involvement in RVFV infection and replication. Further evaluation of the effect of six genes on viral replication using siRNA-mediated knockdowns found that silencing two genes (WDR7 and LRP1) significantly impaired RVFV replication. For further analysis, we focused on the WDR7 gene since the role of LRP1 in RVFV replication was previously described in detail. Knock-out A549 cell lines were generated and used to dissect the effect of WRD7 on RVFV and another bunyavirus, La Crosse encephalitis virus (LACV). We observed significant effects of WDR7 knock-out cells on both intracellular RVFV RNA levels and viral titers. At the intracellular RNA level, WRD7 affected RVFV replication at a later phase of its replication cycle (24h) when compared to LACV which was affected an earlier replication phase (12h). Conclusion In summary, we have identified WDR7 as an essential host factor for the replication of two relevant bunyaviruses, RVFV and LACV. Future studies will investigate the mechanistic role by which WDR7 facilitates Phlebovirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velmurugan Balaraman
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Sabarish V. Indran
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Yonghai Li
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - David A. Meekins
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Laxmi U.M.R. Jakkula
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Heidi Liu
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Micheal P. Hays
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jayme A. Souza-Neto
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Philip R. Hardwidge
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - William C. Wilson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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Chapman NS, Hulswit RJG, Westover JLB, Stass R, Paesen GC, Binshtein E, Reidy JX, Engdahl TB, Handal LS, Flores A, Gowen BB, Bowden TA, Crowe JE. Multifunctional human monoclonal antibody combination mediates protection against Rift Valley fever virus at low doses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5650. [PMID: 37704627 PMCID: PMC10499838 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) can cause severe disease in humans and has pandemic potential, yet no approved vaccine or therapy exists. Here we describe a dual-mechanism human monoclonal antibody (mAb) combination against RVFV that is effective at minimal doses in a lethal mouse model of infection. We structurally analyze and characterize the binding mode of a prototypical potent Gn domain-A-binding antibody that blocks attachment and of an antibody that inhibits infection by abrogating the fusion process as previously determined. Surprisingly, the Gn domain-A antibody does not directly block RVFV Gn interaction with the host receptor low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) as determined by a competitive assay. This study identifies a rationally designed combination of human mAbs deserving of future investigation for use in humans against RVFV infection. Using a two-pronged mechanistic approach, we demonstrate the potent efficacy of a rationally designed combination mAb therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S Chapman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ruben J G Hulswit
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jonna L B Westover
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Robert Stass
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Guido C Paesen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Elad Binshtein
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Joseph X Reidy
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Taylor B Engdahl
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Laura S Handal
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Alejandra Flores
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Brian B Gowen
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Schwarz MM, Ganaie SS, Feng A, Brown G, Yangdon T, White JM, Hoehl RM, McMillen CM, Rush RE, Connors KA, Cui X, Leung DW, Egawa T, Amarasinghe GK, Hartman AL. Lrp1 is essential for lethal Rift Valley fever hepatic disease in mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh2264. [PMID: 37450601 PMCID: PMC10348670 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging arbovirus found in Africa. While RVFV is pantropic and infects many cells and tissues, viral replication and necrosis within the liver play a critical role in mediating severe disease. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (Lrp1) is a recently identified host factor for cellular entry and infection by RVFV. The biological significance of Lrp1, including its role in hepatic disease in vivo, however, remains to be determined. Because Lrp1 has a high expression level in hepatocytes, we developed a mouse model in which Lrp1 is specifically deleted in hepatocytes to test how the absence of liver Lrp1 expression affects RVF pathogenesis. Mice lacking Lrp1 expression in hepatocytes showed minimal RVFV replication in the liver, longer time to death, and altered clinical signs toward neurological disease. In contrast, RVFV infection levels in other tissues showed no difference between the two genotypes. Therefore, Lrp1 is essential for RVF hepatic disease in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline M. Schwarz
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Safder S. Ganaie
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Annie Feng
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Griffin Brown
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tenzin Yangdon
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - J. Michael White
- Transgenic, Knockout and Micro-Injection Core, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan M. Hoehl
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia M. McMillen
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rachael E. Rush
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kaleigh A. Connors
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Cui
- Genome Engineering & Stem Cell Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daisy W. Leung
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Takeshi Egawa
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gaya K. Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amy L. Hartman
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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8
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Gitau JK, Macharia RW, Mwangi KW, Ongeso N, Murungi E. Gene co-expression network identifies critical genes, pathways and regulatory motifs mediating the progression of rift valley fever in Bostaurus. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18175. [PMID: 37519716 PMCID: PMC10375796 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the Rift Valley Fever Virus. The disease is a zoonosis that largely affects domestic animals, including sheep, goats, and cattle, resulting in severe morbidity and mortality marked by massive storm abortions. To halt human and livestock deaths due to RVF, the development of efficacious vaccines and therapeutics is a compelling and urgent priority. We sought to identify potential key modules (gene clusters), hub genes, and regulatory motifs involved in the pathogenesis of RVF in Bos taurus that are amenable to inhibition. We analyzed 39 Bos taurus RNA-Seq samples using the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) R package and uncovered significantly enriched modules containing genes with potential pivotal roles in RVF progression. Moreover, regulatory motif analysis conducted using the Multiple Expectation Maximization for Motif Elicitation (MEME) suite identified motifs that probably modulate vital biological processes. Gene ontology terms associated with identified motifs were inferred using the GoMo human database. The gene co-expression network constructed in WGCNA using 5000 genes contained seven (7) modules, out of which four were significantly enriched for terms associated with response to viruses, response to interferon-alpha, innate immune response, and viral defense. Additionally, several biological pathways implicated in developmental processes, anatomical structure development, and multicellular organism development were identified. Regulatory motifs analysis identified short, repeated motifs whose function(s) may be amenable to disruption by novel therapeutics. Predicted functions of identified motifs include tissue development, embryonic organ development, and organ morphogenesis. We have identified several hub genes in enriched co-expressed gene modules and regulatory motifs potentially involved in the pathogenesis of RVF in B. taurus that are likely viable targets for disruption by novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K. Gitau
- University of Nairobi, Biochemistry Department, P.O Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosaline W. Macharia
- University of Nairobi, Biochemistry Department, P.O Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kennedy W. Mwangi
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000, 00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nehemiah Ongeso
- University of Nairobi, Biochemistry Department, P.O Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edwin Murungi
- Kisii University, Department of Medical Biochemistry, P.O Box 408, 40200, Kisii, Kenya
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9
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Bermúdez-Méndez E, Angelino P, van Keulen L, van de Water S, Rockx B, Pijlman GP, Ciuffi A, Kortekaas J, Wichgers Schreur PJ. Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Intense Host-Pathogen Dispute Compromising Homeostasis during Acute Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0041523. [PMID: 37306574 PMCID: PMC10308945 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00415-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) (family Phenuiviridae) can cause severe disease, and outbreaks of this mosquito-borne pathogen pose a significant threat to public and animal health. Yet many molecular aspects of RVFV pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. Natural RVFV infections are acute, characterized by a rapid onset of peak viremia during the first days post-infection, followed by a rapid decline. Although in vitro studies identified a major role of interferon (IFN) responses in counteracting the infection, a comprehensive overview of the specific host factors that play a role in RVFV pathogenesis in vivo is still lacking. Here, the host in vivo transcriptional profiles in the liver and spleen tissues of lambs exposed to RVFV are studied using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology. We validate that IFN-mediated pathways are robustly activated in response to infection. We also link the observed hepatocellular necrosis with severely compromised organ function, which is reflected as a marked downregulation of multiple metabolic enzymes essential for homeostasis. Furthermore, we associate the elevated basal expression of LRP1 in the liver with RVFV tissue tropism. Collectively, the results of this study deepen the knowledge of the in vivo host response during RVFV infection and reveal new insights into the gene regulation networks underlying pathogenesis in a natural host. IMPORTANCE Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted pathogen capable of causing severe disease in animals and humans. Outbreaks of RVFV pose a significant threat to public health and can result in substantial economic losses. Little is known about the molecular basis of RVFV pathogenesis in vivo, particularly in its natural hosts. We employed RNA-seq technology to investigate genome-wide host responses in the liver and spleen of lambs during acute RVFV infection. We show that RVFV infection drastically decreases the expression of metabolic enzymes, which impairs normal liver function. Moreover, we highlight that basal expression levels of the host factor LRP1 may be a determinant of RVFV tissue tropism. This study links the typical pathological phenotype induced by RVFV infection with tissue-specific gene expression profiles, thereby improving our understanding of RVFV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Bermúdez-Méndez
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Angelino
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucien van Keulen
- Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra van de Water
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Gorben P. Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Ciuffi
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen Kortekaas
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Wichgers Schreur
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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10
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Zhu X, Guan Z, Fang Y, Zhang Y, Guan Z, Li S, Peng K. Rift Valley Fever Virus Nucleoprotein Triggers Autophagy to Dampen Antiviral Innate Immune Responses. J Virol 2023; 97:e0181422. [PMID: 36939341 PMCID: PMC10134837 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01814-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne bunyavirus that causes severe and potentially fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans. Autophagy is a self-degradative process that can restrict viral replication at multiple infection steps. In this study, we evaluated the effects of RVFV-triggered autophagy on viral replication and immune responses. Our results showed that RVFV infection triggered autophagosome formation and induced complete autophagy. Impairing autophagy flux by depleting autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5), ATG7, or sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) or treatment with autophagy inhibitors markedly reduced viral RNA synthesis and progeny virus production. Mechanistically, our findings demonstrated that the RVFV nucleoprotein (NP) C-terminal domain interacts with the autophagy receptor SQSTM1 and promotes the SQSTM1-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 B (LC3B) interaction and autophagy. Deletion of the NP C-terminal domain impaired the interaction between NP and SQSTM1 and its ability to trigger autophagy. Notably, RVFV-triggered autophagy promoted viral infection in macrophages but not in other tested cell types, including Huh7 hepatocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, suggesting cell type specificity of this mechanism. It was further revealed that RVFV NP-triggered autophagy dampens antiviral innate immune responses in infected macrophages to promote viral replication. These results provide novel insights into the mechanisms of RVFV-triggered autophagy and indicate the potential of targeting the autophagy pathway to develop antivirals against RVFV. IMPORTANCE We showed that RVFV infection induced the complete autophagy process. Depletion of the core autophagy genes ATG5, ATG7, or SQSTM1 or pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy in macrophages strongly suppressed RVFV replication. We further revealed that the RVFV NP C-terminal domain interacted with SQSTM1 and enhanced the SQSTM1/LC3B interaction to promote autophagy. RVFV NP-triggered autophagy strongly inhibited virus-induced expression of interferon-stimulated genes in infected macrophages but not in other tested cell types. Our study provides novel insights into the mechanisms of RVFV-triggered autophagy and highlights the potential of targeting autophagy flux to develop antivirals against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenqiong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shufen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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11
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Experimental Infection of Domestic Pigs ( Sus scrofa) with Rift Valley Fever Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020545. [PMID: 36851759 PMCID: PMC9964260 DOI: 10.3390/v15020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift valley fever (RVF), caused by the RVF virus (RVFV), is a vector-borne zoonotic disease that primarily affects domestic ruminants. Abortion storms and neonatal deaths characterise the disease in animals. Humans develop flu-like symptoms, which can progress to severe disease. The susceptibility of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) to RVFV remains unresolved due to conflicting experimental infection results. To address this, we infected two groups of pregnant sows, neonates and weaners, each with a different RVFV isolate, and a third group of weaners with a mixture of the two viruses. Serum, blood and oral, nasal and rectal swabs were collected periodically, and two neonates and a weaner from group 1 and 2 euthanised from 2 days post infection (DPI), with necropsy and histopathology specimens collected. Sera and organ pools, blood and oronasorectal swabs were tested for RVFV antibodies and RNA. Results confirmed that pigs can be experimentally infected with RVFV, although subclinically, and that pregnant sows can abort following infection. Presence of viral RNA in oronasorectal swab pools on 28 DPI suggest that pigs may shed RVFV for at least one month. It is concluded that precautions should be applied when handling pig body fluids and carcasses during RVF outbreaks.
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12
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Gerken KN, Ndenga BA, Owuor KO, Winter CA, Seetah K, LaBeaud AD. Leveraging livestock movements to urban slaughterhouses for wide-spread Rift Valley fever virus surveillance in Western Kenya. One Health 2022; 15:100457. [PMID: 36532672 PMCID: PMC9754961 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an economically devastating, zoonotic arbovirus endemic across Africa with potential to cause severe disease in livestock and humans. Viral spread is primarily driven by movement of domestic ruminants and there is a high potential for transboundary spread. Despite influx of livestock to urban areas in response to the high demand for meat and animal products, RVFV has not been detected in any urban center. The objectives of this study were to determine the feasibility of assessing risk of RVFV introduction to urban Kisumu, Kenya, by testing slaughtered livestock for RVFV exposure and mapping livestock origins. Blood was collected from cattle, sheep, and goats directly after slaughter and tested for anti-RVFV IgG antibodies. Slaughterhouse businessmen responded to a questionnaire on their individual animals' origin, marketplace, and transport means. Thereafter, we mapped livestock flow from origin to slaughterhouse using participatory methods in focus group discussions with stakeholders. Qualitative data on route choice and deviations were spatially integrated into the map. A total of 304 blood samples were collected from slaughtered livestock in October and November 2021. Most (99%) of animals were purchased from 28 different markets across eight counties in Western Kenya. The overall RVFV seroprevalence was 9% (19% cattle, 3% in sheep, and 7% in goats). Migori County bordering Tanzania had the highest county-level seroprevalence (34%) and 80% of all seropositive cattle were purchased at the Suba Kuria market in Migori County. Road quality and animal health influenced stakeholders' decisions for choice of transport means. Overall, this proof-of-concept study offers a sampling framework for RVFV that can be locally implemented and rapidly deployed in response to regional risk. This system can be used in conjunction with participatory maps to improve active livestock surveillance and monitoring of RVFV in Western Kenya, and these methods could be extrapolated to other urban centers or livestock diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Nicole Gerken
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Corresponding author at: LaBeaud Research Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Biomedical Innovation BMI Building, 2 Floor, Room 2400, 1291 Welch Road, Stanford, CA -, USA.
| | | | - Kevin Omondi Owuor
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Krish Seetah
- Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, USA
| | - Angelle Desiree LaBeaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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13
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Rift Valley Fever Virus Non-Structural Protein S Is Associated with Nuclear Translocation of Active Caspase-3 and Inclusion Body Formation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112487. [PMID: 36366585 PMCID: PMC9698985 DOI: 10.3390/v14112487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) causes Rift Valley fever (RVF), an emerging zoonotic disease that causes abortion storms and high mortality rates in young ruminants as well as severe or even lethal complications in a subset of human patients. This study investigates the pathomechanism of intranuclear inclusion body formation in severe RVF in a mouse model. Liver samples from immunocompetent mice infected with virulent RVFV 35/74, and immunodeficient knockout mice that lack interferon type I receptor expression and were infected with attenuated RVFV MP12 were compared to livers from uninfected controls using histopathology and immunohistochemistry for RVFV nucleoprotein, non-structural protein S (NSs) and pro-apoptotic active caspase-3. Histopathology of the livers showed virus-induced, severe hepatic necrosis in both mouse strains. However, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence revealed eosinophilic, comma-shaped, intranuclear inclusions and an intranuclear (co-)localization of RVFV NSs and active caspase-3 only in 35/74-infected immunocompetent mice, but not in MP12-infected immunodeficient mice. These results suggest that intranuclear accumulation of RVFV 35/74 NSs is involved in nuclear translocation of active caspase-3, and that nuclear NSs and active caspase-3 are involved in the formation of the light microscopically visible inclusion bodies.
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14
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Michaely LM, Rissmann M, Keller M, König R, von Arnim F, Eiden M, Rohn K, Baumgärtner W, Groschup M, Ulrich R. NSG-Mice Reveal the Importance of a Functional Innate and Adaptive Immune Response to Overcome RVFV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020350. [PMID: 35215938 PMCID: PMC8880686 DOI: 10.3390/v14020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease caused by RVF Phlebovirus (RVFV). The RVFV MP-12 vaccine strain is known to exhibit residual virulence in the case of a deficient interferon type 1 response. The hypothesis of this study is that virus replication and severity of lesions induced by the MP-12 strain in immunocompromised mice depend on the specific function of the disturbed pathway. Therefore, 10 strains of mice with deficient innate immunity (B6-IFNARtmAgt, C.129S7(B6)-Ifngtm1Ts/J, B6-TLR3tm1Flv, B6-TLR7tm1Aki, NOD/ShiLtJ), helper T-cell- (CD4tm1Mak), cytotoxic T-cell- (CD8atm1Mak), B-cell- (Igh-Jtm1DhuN?+N2), combined T- and B-cell- (NU/J) and combined T-, B-, natural killer (NK) cell- and macrophage-mediated immunity (NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1WjI/SzJ (NSG) mice) were subcutaneously infected with RVFV MP-12. B6-IFNARtmAgt mice were the only strain to develop fatal disease due to RVFV-induced severe hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis. Notably, no clinical disease and only mild multifocal hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis were observed in NSG mice, while immunohistochemistry detected the RVFV antigen in the liver and the brain. No or low virus expression and no lesions were observed in the other mouse strains. Conclusively, the interferon type 1 response is essential for early control of RVFV replication and disease, whereas functional NK cells, macrophages and lymphocytes are essential for virus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Mathias Michaely
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Rissmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (M.K.); (R.K.); (F.v.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Markus Keller
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (M.K.); (R.K.); (F.v.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Rebecca König
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (M.K.); (R.K.); (F.v.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Felicitas von Arnim
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (M.K.); (R.K.); (F.v.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (M.K.); (R.K.); (F.v.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-953-8620; Fax: +49-511-953-8675
| | - Martin Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (M.K.); (R.K.); (F.v.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary-Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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15
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Rift Valley Fever Virus Propagates in Human Villous Trophoblast Cell Lines and Induces Cytokine mRNA Responses Known to Provoke Miscarriage. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112265. [PMID: 34835071 PMCID: PMC8625252 DOI: 10.3390/v13112265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a prioritised disease that has been listed by the World Health Organization for urgent research and development of counteraction. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) can cause a cytopathogenic effect in the infected cell and induce hyperimmune responses that contribute to pathogenesis. In livestock, the consequences of RVFV infection vary from mild symptoms to abortion. In humans, 1–3% of patients with RVFV infection develop severe disease, manifested as, for example, haemorrhagic fever, encephalitis or blindness. RVFV infection has also been associated with miscarriage in humans. During pregnancy, there should be a balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators to create a protective environment for the placenta and foetus. Many viruses are capable of penetrating that protective environment and infecting the foetal–maternal unit, possibly via the trophoblasts in the placenta, with potentially severe consequences. Whether it is the viral infection per se, the immune response, or both that contribute to the pathogenesis of miscarriage remains unknown. To investigate how RVFV could contribute to pathogenesis during pregnancy, we infected two human trophoblast cell lines, A3 and Jar, representing normal and transformed human villous trophoblasts, respectively. They were infected with two RVFV variants (wild-type RVFV and RVFV with a deleted NSs protein), and the infection kinetics and 15 different cytokines were analysed. The trophoblast cell lines were infected by both RVFV variants and infection caused upregulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression for interferon (IFN) types I–III and inflammatory cytokines, combined with cell line-specific mRNA expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and interleukin (IL)-10. When comparing the two RVFV variants, we found that infection with RVFV lacking NSs function caused a hyper-IFN response and inflammatory response, while the wild-type RVFV suppressed the IFN I and inflammatory response. The induction of certain cytokines by RVFV infection could potentially lead to teratogenic effects that disrupt foetal and placental developmental pathways, leading to birth defects and other pregnancy complications, such as miscarriage.
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16
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Ganaie SS, Schwarz MM, McMillen CM, Price DA, Feng AX, Albe JR, Wang W, Miersch S, Orvedahl A, Cole AR, Sentmanat MF, Mishra N, Boyles DA, Koenig ZT, Kujawa MR, Demers MA, Hoehl RM, Moyle AB, Wagner ND, Stubbs SH, Cardarelli L, Teyra J, McElroy A, Gross ML, Whelan SPJ, Doench J, Cui X, Brett TJ, Sidhu SS, Virgin HW, Egawa T, Leung DW, Amarasinghe GK, Hartman AL. Lrp1 is a host entry factor for Rift Valley fever virus. Cell 2021; 184:5163-5178.e24. [PMID: 34559985 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic pathogen with pandemic potential. RVFV entry is mediated by the viral glycoprotein (Gn), but host entry factors remain poorly defined. Our genome-wide CRISPR screen identified low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (mouse Lrp1/human LRP1), heat shock protein (Grp94), and receptor-associated protein (RAP) as critical host factors for RVFV infection. RVFV Gn directly binds to specific Lrp1 clusters and is glycosylation independent. Exogenous addition of murine RAP domain 3 (mRAPD3) and anti-Lrp1 antibodies neutralizes RVFV infection in taxonomically diverse cell lines. Mice treated with mRAPD3 and infected with pathogenic RVFV are protected from disease and death. A mutant mRAPD3 that binds Lrp1 weakly failed to protect from RVFV infection. Together, these data support Lrp1 as a host entry factor for RVFV infection and define a new target to limit RVFV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safder S Ganaie
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Madeline M Schwarz
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia M McMillen
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David A Price
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Annie X Feng
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph R Albe
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shane Miersch
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony Orvedahl
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aidan R Cole
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Monica F Sentmanat
- Genome Engineering and iPSC Center (GEiC), Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nawneet Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Devin A Boyles
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zachary T Koenig
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Kujawa
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew A Demers
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ryan M Hoehl
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Austin B Moyle
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicole D Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah H Stubbs
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lia Cardarelli
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joan Teyra
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anita McElroy
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John Doench
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Cui
- Genome Engineering and iPSC Center (GEiC), Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tom J Brett
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Current address: Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Takeshi Egawa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Amy L Hartman
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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17
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Anthony T, van Schalkwyk A, Romito M, Odendaal L, Clift SJ, Davis AS. Vaccination with Rift Valley fever virus live attenuated vaccine strain Smithburn caused meningoencephalitis in alpacas. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:777-781. [PMID: 34041966 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211015294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic, viral, mosquito-borne disease that causes considerable morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. In June 2018, 4 alpaca inoculated subcutaneously with live attenuated RVF virus (RVFV) Smithburn strain exhibited pyrexia, aberrant vocalization, anorexia, neurologic signs, and respiratory distress. One animal died the evening of inoculation, and 2 at ~20 d post-inoculation. Concern regarding potential vaccine strain reversion to wild-type RVFV or vaccine-induced disease prompted autopsy of the latter two. Macroscopically, both alpacas had severe pulmonary edema and congestion, myocardial hemorrhages, and cyanotic mucous membranes. Histologically, they had cerebral nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis with perivascular cuffing, multifocal neuronal necrosis, gliosis, and meningitis. Lesions were more severe in the 4-mo-old cria. RVFV antigen and RNA were present in neuronal cytoplasm, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization (ISH) respectively, and cerebrum was also RVFV positive by RT-rtPCR. The virus clustered in lineage K (100% sequence identity), with close association to Smithburn sequences published previously (identity: 99.1-100%). There was neither evidence of an aberrant immune-mediated reaction nor reassortment with wild-type virus. The evidence points to a pure infection with Smithburn vaccine strain as the cause of the animals' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Anthony
- Provincial Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Western Cape Government, Capetown, South Africa
| | - Antoinette van Schalkwyk
- South Africa Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Marco Romito
- South Africa Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Lieza Odendaal
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Sarah J Clift
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - A Sally Davis
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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18
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Rift Valley fever virus detection in susceptible hosts with special emphasis in insects. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9822. [PMID: 33972596 PMCID: PMC8110843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV, Phenuiviridae) is an emerging arbovirus that can cause potentially fatal disease in many host species including ruminants and humans. Thus, tools to detect this pathogen within tissue samples from routine diagnostic investigations or for research purposes are of major interest. This study compares the immunohistological usefulness of several mono- and polyclonal antibodies against RVFV epitopes in tissue samples derived from natural hosts of epidemiologic importance (sheep), potentially virus transmitting insect species (Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti) as well as scientific infection models (mouse, Drosophila melanogaster, C6/36 cell pellet). While the nucleoprotein was the epitope most prominently detected in mammal and mosquito tissue samples, fruit fly tissues showed expression of glycoproteins only. Antibodies against non-structural proteins exhibited single cell reactions in salivary glands of mosquitoes and the C6/36 cell pellet. However, as single antibodies exhibited a cross reactivity of varying degree in non-infected specimens, a careful interpretation of positive reactions and consideration of adequate controls remains of critical importance. The results suggest that primary antibodies directed against viral nucleoproteins and glycoproteins can facilitate RVFV detection in mammals and insects, respectively, and therefore will allow RVFV detection for diagnostic and research purposes.
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19
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Odendaal L, Davis AS, Venter EH. Insights into the Pathogenesis of Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Based on Virus Tropism and Tissue Lesions of Natural Rift Valley Fever. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040709. [PMID: 33923863 PMCID: PMC8073615 DOI: 10.3390/v13040709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) infects humans and a wide range of ungulates and historically has caused devastating epidemics in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Lesions of naturally infected cases of Rift Valley fever (RVF) have only been described in detail in sheep with a few reports concerning cattle and humans. The most frequently observed lesion in both ruminants and humans is randomly distributed necrosis, particularly in the liver. Lesions supportive of vascular endothelial injury are also present and include mild hydropericardium, hydrothorax and ascites; marked pulmonary congestion and oedema; lymph node congestion and oedema; and haemorrhages in many tissues. Although a complete understanding of RVF pathogenesis is still lacking, antigen-presenting cells in the skin are likely the early targets of the virus. Following suppression of type I IFN production and necrosis of dermal cells, RVFV spreads systemically, resulting in infection and necrosis of other cells in a variety of organs. Failure of both the innate and adaptive immune responses to control infection is exacerbated by apoptosis of lymphocytes. An excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine response leads to microcirculatory dysfunction. Additionally, impairment of the coagulation system results in widespread haemorrhages. Fatal outcomes result from multiorgan failure, oedema in many organs (including the lungs and brain), hypotension, and circulatory shock. Here, we summarize current understanding of RVF cellular tropism as informed by lesions caused by natural infections. We specifically examine how extant knowledge informs current understanding regarding pathogenesis of the haemorrhagic fever form of RVF, identifying opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieza Odendaal
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- Correspondence: (L.O.); (A.S.D.)
| | - A Sally Davis
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Correspondence: (L.O.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Estelle H Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Discipline Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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20
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van Schalkwyk A, Gwala S, Schuck KN, Quan M, Davis AS, Romito M, Odendaal L. Retrospective phylogenetic analyses of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from the 2011 Rift Valley fever outbreak in South Africa, through sequencing of targeted regions. J Virol Methods 2020; 287:114003. [PMID: 33164863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The last major Rift Valley fever outbreak in South Africa was between 2008 and 2011. Viruses isolated between 2008 and 2010 were phylogenetically assigned to Lineage C, Lineage K and the novel lineage H. The 2011 outbreaks occurred primarily in the Eastern, Western and Northern Cape provinces, with no sequence data or phylogenetic relationship published. Samples from these outbreaks were submitted to the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, for immunohistochemical confirmation of Rift Valley fever phlebovirus presence. These samples were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and stored at the Pathology section for several years. This study describes a modified extraction method used to obtain RNA from the FFPE samples, as well as the primer combinations used to phylogenetically classify them as belonging to the novel lineage H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute. Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Sipho Gwala
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kaitlyn N Schuck
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine. Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Melvyn Quan
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anne Sally Davis
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine. Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Marco Romito
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute. Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lieza Odendaal
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
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21
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Webster JD, Solon M, Gibson-Corley KN. Validating Immunohistochemistry Assay Specificity in Investigative Studies: Considerations for a Weight of Evidence Approach. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:829-840. [PMID: 32975488 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820960132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a fundamental molecular technique that provides information on protein expression in the context of spatial localization and tissue morphology. IHC is used in all facets of pathology from identifying infectious agents or characterizing tumors in diagnostics, to characterizing cellular and molecular processes in investigative and experimental studies. Confidence in an IHC assay is primarily driven by the degree to which it is validated. There are many approaches to validate an IHC assay's specificity including bioinformatics approaches using published protein sequences, careful design of positive and negative tissue controls, use of cell pellets with known target protein expression, corroboration of IHC findings with western blots and other analytical methods, and replacement of the primary antibody with an appropriate negative control reagent. Each approach has inherent strengths and weaknesses, and the thoughtful use of these approaches provides cumulative evidence, or a weight of evidence, to support the IHC assay's specificity and build confidence in a study's conclusions. Although it is difficult to be 100% confident in the specificity of any IHC assay, it is important to consider how validation approaches provide evidence to support or to question the specificity of labeling, and how that evidence affects the overall interpretation of a study's results. In this review, we discuss different approaches for IHC antibody validation, with an emphasis on the characterization of antibody specificity in investigative studies. While this review is not prescriptive, it is hoped that it will be thought provoking when considering the interpretation of IHC results.
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22
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Odendaal L, Clift SJ, Fosgate GT, Davis AS. Ovine Fetal and Placental Lesions and Cellular Tropism in Natural Rift Valley Fever Virus Infections. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:791-806. [PMID: 32885745 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820954549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) causes abortion storms and a wide variety of outcomes for both ewes and fetuses. Sheep fetuses and placenta specimens were examined during the 2010-2011 River Valley fever (RVF) outbreak in South Africa. A total of 72 fetuses were studied of which 58 were confirmed positive for RVF. Placenta specimens were available for 35 cases. Macroscopic lesions in fetuses were nonspecific and included marked edema and occasional hemorrhages in visceral organs. Microscopically, multifocal hepatic necrosis was present in 48 of 58 cases, and apoptotic bodies, foci of liquefactive hepatic necrosis (primary foci), and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in hepatocytes were useful diagnostic features. Lymphocytolysis was present in all lymphoid organs examined with the exception of thymus and Peyer's patches, and pyknosis or karyorrhexis was often present in renal glomeruli. The most significant histologic lesion in the placenta was necrosis of trophoblasts and endothelial cells in the cotyledonary and intercotyledonary chorioallantois. Immunolabeling for RVFV was most consistent in trophoblasts of the cotyledon or caruncle. Other antigen-positive cells included hepatocytes, renal tubular epithelial, juxtaglomerular and extraglomerular mesangial cells, vascular smooth muscle, endothelial and adrenocortical cells, cardiomyocytes, Purkinje fibers, and macrophages. Fetal organ samples for diagnosis must minimally include liver, kidney, and spleen. From the placenta, the minimum recommended specimens for histopathology include the cotyledonary units and caruncles from the endometrium, if available. The diagnostic investigation of abortion in endemic areas should always include routine testing for RVFV, and a diagnosis during interepidemic periods might be missed if only limited specimens are available for examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieza Odendaal
- 56410University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sarah J Clift
- 56410University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - A Sally Davis
- 56410University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.,5308Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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23
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Batista L, Jouvion G, Simon-Chazottes D, Houzelstein D, Burlen-Defranoux O, Boissière M, Tokuda S, do Valle TZ, Cumano A, Flamand M, Montagutelli X, Panthier JJ. Genetic dissection of Rift Valley fever pathogenesis: Rvfs2 locus on mouse chromosome 11 enables survival to early-onset hepatitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8734. [PMID: 32457349 PMCID: PMC7250886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65683-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of mice with Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) reproduces major pathological features of severe human disease, notably the early-onset hepatitis and delayed-onset encephalitis. We previously reported that the Rvfs2 locus from the susceptible MBT/Pas strain reduces survival time after RVFV infection. Here, we used BALB/cByJ (BALB) mice congenic for Rvfs2 (C.MBT-Rvfs2) to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms impacted by Rvfs2. Clinical, biochemical and histopathological features indicated similar liver damage in BALB and C.MBT-Rvfs2 mice until day 5 after infection. However, while C.MBT-Rvfs2 mice succumbed from acute liver injury, most BALB mice recovered and died later of encephalitis. Hepatocytes of BALB infected liver proliferated actively on day 6, promoting organ regeneration and recovery from liver damage. By comparison with C.MBT-Rvfs2, BALB mice had up to 100-fold lower production of infectious virions in the peripheral blood and liver, strongly decreased RVFV protein in liver and reduced viral replication in primary cultured hepatocytes, suggesting that the BALB Rvfs2 haplotype limits RVFV pathogenicity through decreased virus replication. Moreover, bone marrow chimera experiments showed that both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells are required for the protective effect of the BALB Rvfs2 haplotype. Altogether, these results indicate that Rvfs2 controls critical events which allow survival to RVFV-induced hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Batista
- Mouse Functional Genetics, Institut Pasteur, UMR3738, CNRS, Paris, 75015, France.,Sorbonne Université, IFD, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Gregory Jouvion
- Experimental Neuropathology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Physiopathologie des Maladies Génétiques d'Expression Pédiatrique, APHP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, UF de Génétique Moléculaire, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Dominique Simon-Chazottes
- Mouse Functional Genetics, Institut Pasteur, UMR3738, CNRS, Paris, 75015, France.,Mouse Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Denis Houzelstein
- Mouse Functional Genetics, Institut Pasteur, UMR3738, CNRS, Paris, 75015, France
| | | | | | - Satoko Tokuda
- Mouse Functional Genetics, Institut Pasteur, UMR3738, CNRS, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Tania Zaverucha do Valle
- Mouse Functional Genetics, Institut Pasteur, UMR3738, CNRS, Paris, 75015, France.,Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Ana Cumano
- Lymphopoiesis, Institut Pasteur, U668, INSERM, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Marie Flamand
- Structural Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Xavier Montagutelli
- Mouse Functional Genetics, Institut Pasteur, UMR3738, CNRS, Paris, 75015, France. .,Mouse Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France.
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