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Hensel ME, Rodrigues-Hoffmann A, Dray BK, Wilkerson GK, Baze WB, Sulkosky S, Hodo CL. Gastrointestinal tract pathology of the owl monkey ( Aotus spp.). Vet Pathol 2024; 61:316-323. [PMID: 37830482 PMCID: PMC10804813 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231204260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Owl monkeys are small nocturnal new world primates in the genus Aotus that are most used in biomedical research for malaria. Cardiomyopathy and nephropathy are well-described common diseases contributing to their morbidity and mortality; less is known about lesions affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Records from a 14-year period (2008-2022) at the Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research were queried to identify instances of spontaneous gastrointestinal disease that directly contributed to the cause of death from the 235 adult owl monkeys submitted for necropsy. Of the 235, 10.6% (25/235) had gastrointestinal disease listed as a significant factor that contributed to morbidity and mortality. Diagnoses included candidiasis (3/25), gastric bloat (4/25), and intestinal incarceration and ischemia secondary (11/25), which included intussusception (4/25), mesenteric rent (3/25), strangulating lipoma (2/25), intestinal torsion (1/25), and an inguinal hernia (1/25). Intestinal adenocarcinomas affecting the jejunum (4/25) were the most common neoplasia diagnosis. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (1/25) and intestinal lymphoma (2/25) were also diagnosed. This report provides evidence of spontaneous lesions in the species that contribute to morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wally B. Baze
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX
| | | | - Carolyn L. Hodo
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX
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2
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Ohta E. Pathologic characteristics of infectious diseases in macaque monkeys used in biomedical and toxicologic studies. J Toxicol Pathol 2023; 36:95-122. [PMID: 37101957 PMCID: PMC10123295 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2022-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs), which have many advantages in scientific research and are often the only relevant animals to use in assessing the safety profiles and biological or pharmacological effects of drug candidates, including biologics. In scientific or developmental experiments, the immune systems of animals can be spontaneously compromised possibly due to background infection, experimental procedure-associated stress, poor physical condition, or intended or unintended mechanisms of action of test articles. Under these circumstances, background, incidental, or opportunistic infections can seriously can significantly complicate the interpretation of research results and findings and consequently affect experimental conclusions. Pathologists and toxicologists must understand the clinical manifestations and pathologic features of infectious diseases and the effects of these diseases on animal physiology and experimental results in addition to the spectrum of infectious diseases in healthy NHP colonies. This review provides an overview of the clinical and pathologic characteristics of common viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infectious diseases in NHPs, especially macaque monkeys, as well as methods for definitive diagnosis of these diseases. Opportunistic infections that can occur in the laboratory setting have also been addressed in this review with examples of cases of infection disease manifestation that was observed or influenced during safety assessment studies or under experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Ohta
- Global Drug Safety, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai,
Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
- *Corresponding author: E Ohta (e-mail: )
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3
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Ferreira-Machado E, Ervedosa TB, Navas-Suárez PE, Figueiredo KB, de Carvalho ACSR, Takahashi JPF, de Araújo LT, de Jesus IP, de Carvalho J, Sanches T, de Azevedo Fernandes NCC, Guerra JM. Disseminated Mucor indicus infection in a marmoset (Callithrix sp.). J Med Primatol 2023; 52:190-193. [PMID: 36744618 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucormycosis is rarely described in Platyrrhines. Herein, we describe the pathologic and molecular features of a gastric and hepatic infection by Mucor indicus in a marmoset (Callithrix sp.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ferreira-Machado
- Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil.,Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliana Possatto Fernandes Takahashi
- Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | - Julia de Carvalho
- Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Thaís Sanches
- Center for Management and Conservation of Wild Animals (CeMaCAs), The Fauna Division of the Municipal Secretariat for Green and Environment of the Municipality of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Natália Coelho Couto de Azevedo Fernandes
- Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil.,Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Juliana Mariotti Guerra
- Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil.,Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
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4
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Johnson AL, Keesler RI, Lewis AD, Reader JR, Laing ST. Common and Not-So-Common Pathologic Findings of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Rhesus and Cynomolgus Macaques. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:638-659. [PMID: 35363082 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221084634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus and cynomolgus macaques are the most frequently used nonhuman primate (NHP) species for biomedical research and toxicology studies of novel therapeutics. In recent years, there has been a shortage of laboratory macaques due to a variety of competing factors. This was most recently exacerbated by the surge in NHP research required to address the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus 2 pandemic. Continued support of these important studies has required the use of more varied cohorts of macaques, including animals with different origins, increased exposure to naturally occurring pathogens, and a wider age range. Diarrhea and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are the most frequently occurring spontaneous findings in macaques of all origins and ages. The purpose of this review is to alert pathologists and scientists involved in NHP research to these findings and their impact on animal health and study endpoints, which may otherwise confound the interpretation of data generated using macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne D Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - J Rachel Reader
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
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5
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Dunn RR, Amato KR, Archie EA, Arandjelovic M, Crittenden AN, Nichols LM. The Internal, External and Extended Microbiomes of Hominins. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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6
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Johannigman TA, Gonzalez O, Dutton JW, Kumar S, Dick EJ. Gingival histoplasmosis: An atypical presentation of African histoplasmosis in three baboons (Papio spp). J Med Primatol 2019; 49:47-51. [PMID: 31595520 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gingival lesions as the sole manifestation of African histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii) have never been reported in baboons. Grossly, lesions can be indistinguishable from bacterial ulcerative gingivitis or gingival hyperplasia. Clinical outcomes of primary gingival histoplasmosis in baboons are unknown and may complicate colony management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Johannigman
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas.,The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Olga Gonzalez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - John W Dutton
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shyamesh Kumar
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Edward J Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
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7
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Pecoraro HL, Berg MR, Dozier BL, Martin LD, McEvoy CT, Davies MH, Ducore R. Candida albicans-associated sepsis in a pre-term neonatal rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 2019; 48:186-188. [PMID: 30734326 PMCID: PMC6520160 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Invasive Candida infections (ICI) have been associated with neurodevelopmental impairment or death in human pre-term neonates. Candidiasis in nonhuman primates is seen mostly in immunosuppressed animals, and ICI is not commonly reported. Here, we report a case of Candida albicans-associated ICI in a pre-term neonatal rhesus macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L. Pecoraro
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Medicine (Pecoraro, Berg, Dozier, Martin, Ducore) and Division of Neuroscience (Davies) and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology (McEvoy); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Melissa R. Berg
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Medicine (Pecoraro, Berg, Dozier, Martin, Ducore) and Division of Neuroscience (Davies) and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology (McEvoy); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Brandy L. Dozier
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Medicine (Pecoraro, Berg, Dozier, Martin, Ducore) and Division of Neuroscience (Davies) and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology (McEvoy); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - L. Drew Martin
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Medicine (Pecoraro, Berg, Dozier, Martin, Ducore) and Division of Neuroscience (Davies) and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology (McEvoy); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Cindy T. McEvoy
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Medicine (Pecoraro, Berg, Dozier, Martin, Ducore) and Division of Neuroscience (Davies) and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology (McEvoy); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Michael H. Davies
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Medicine (Pecoraro, Berg, Dozier, Martin, Ducore) and Division of Neuroscience (Davies) and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology (McEvoy); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Rebecca Ducore
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Medicine (Pecoraro, Berg, Dozier, Martin, Ducore) and Division of Neuroscience (Davies) and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology (McEvoy); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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8
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Schulz D, Qablan MA, Profousova-Psenkova I, Vallo P, Fuh T, Modry D, Piel AK, Stewart F, Petrzelkova KJ, Fliegerová K. Anaerobic Fungi in Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Feces: an Adaptation to a High-Fiber Diet? INT J PRIMATOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-018-0052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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9
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Abstract
A 5-yr-old, intact male red ruffed lemur ( Varecia rubra ) presented for evaluation as the result of a 1-wk history of lethargy and hyporexia. Physical examination findings included thin body condition, muffled heart sounds, harsh lung sounds, and liquid brown diarrhea. Complete blood count and serum biochemistry showed an inflammatory leukogram, mild hyponatremia, and mild hypochloremia. Orthogonal trunk radiographs revealed a severe alveolar pattern in the right cranial lung lobes with cardiac silhouette effacement. Thoracic ultrasound confirmed a large, hypoechoic mass in the right lung lobes. Fine-needle aspiration of the lung mass and cytology revealed fungal yeast organisms, consistent with Blastomyces dermatitidis. Blastomyces Quantitative EIA Test on urine was positive. Postmortem examination confirmed systemic blastomycosis involving the lung, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, spleen, kidney, liver, cerebrum, and eye. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of blastomycosis in a prosimian species.
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10
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Zöller M, Silinski S, Ludwig C, Weig M, Mätz-Rensing K, Kaup FJ. Mucocutaneous candidiasis in a mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx). J Comp Pathol 2012; 147:381-5. [PMID: 22300706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.11.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
An adult male mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) suffered from chronic ulceration of the facial and gluteal skin and the oral and nasal mucosa. The ulcers were resistant to therapy and led to deterioration in the general condition of the animal. Microscopical examination revealed a severe, chronic, multifocal, granulomatous and eosinophilic dermatitis and panniculitis. There was also stomatitis and rhinitis with numerous intralesional fungal elements. These organisms were identified by immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, polymerase chain reaction and fungal culture as Candida albicans. Species identification was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. A specific predisposing immunosuppressive factor for the deep chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis was not identified; however, social stress and/or a primary defect in cell-mediated immunity could not be excluded as possible causes for a predisposing immunodeficiency in the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zöller
- German Primate Centre, Pathology Unit, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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11
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Yasuda M, Inoue T, Takakura A, Itoh T. A case of intestinal mucormycosis in a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). J Vet Med Sci 2011; 74:357-9. [PMID: 22020147 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3-year-old female common marmoset was euthanatized because of wasting. Grossly, a perforating lesion was present in the jejunum and hemorrhagic lesions in the cecum and colon. Histopathologically, these gross lesions were a perforated jejunal ulcer and necrotizing colitis, respectively. Necrotizing colitis was characterized by extensive mucosal necrosis along with numerous ribbon-shaped aseptate hyphae. These aseptate hyaline hyphae were positively stained with PAS and GMS, and reacted immunohistochemically with the antibody against the family Mucoraceae. This case was diagnosed as intestinal mucormycosis. This is the first report on mucormycosis in a common marmoset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Yasuda
- ICLAS Monitoring Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210–0821, Japan.
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12
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Lee EJ, Gabor M, Turner M, Ball M, Gabor L. Tonsillitis in a weaner pig associated with Geotrichum candidum. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:175-7. [PMID: 21217055 DOI: 10.1177/104063871102300135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Geotrichum candidum was cultured from the tonsils of a free-ranging weaner pig that was presented with lethargy and inappetence. Histopathology indicated pyogranulomatous tonsillitis with intralesional fungal hyphae and arthrospores. Geotrichosis is a rare, opportunistic mycosis of immunocompromised hosts, usually human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effie J Lee
- State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Department of Industry and Investment, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW, Australia 2568.
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13
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Abstract
In general, veterinary dermatologists do not have extensive clinical experience of nonhuman primate (NHP) dermatoses. The bulk of the published literature does not provide an organized evidence-based approach to the NHP dermatologic case. The veterinary dermatologist is left to extract information from both human and veterinary dermatology, an approach that can be problematic as it forces the clinician to make diagnostic and therapeutic decisions based on two very disparate bodies of literature. A more cohesive approach to NHP dermatology - without relying on assumptions that NHP pathology most commonly behaves similarly to other veterinary and human disease - is required. This review of the dermatology of NHP species includes discussions of primary dermatoses, as well as diseases where dermatologic signs represent a significant secondary component, provides a first step towards encouraging the veterinary community to study and report the dermatologic diseases of nonhuman primates.
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Haustein SV, Kolterman AJ, Sundblad JJ, Fechner JH, Knechtle SJ. Nonhuman primate infections after organ transplantation. ILAR J 2008; 49:209-19. [PMID: 18323582 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.49.2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates, primarily rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), and baboons (Papio spp.), have been used extensively in research models of solid organ transplantation, mainly because the nonhuman primate (NHP) immune system closely resembles that of the human. Nonhuman primates are also frequently the model of choice for preclinical testing of new immunosuppressive strategies. But the management of post-transplant nonhuman primates is complex, because it often involves multiple immunosuppressive agents, many of which are new and have unknown effects. Additionally, the resulting immunosuppression carries a risk of infectious complications, which are challenging to diagnose. Last, because of the natural tendency of animals to hide signs of weakness, infectious complications may not be obvious until the animal becomes severely ill. For these reasons the diagnosis of infectious complications is difficult among post-transplant NHPs. Because most nonhuman primate studies in organ transplantation are quite small, there are only a few published reports concerning infections after transplantation in nonhuman primates. Based on our survey of these reports, the incidence of infection in NHP transplant models is 14%. The majority of reports suggest that many of these infections are due to reactivation of viruses endemic to the primate species, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), polyomavirus, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related infections. In this review, we address the epidemiology, pathogenesis, role of prophylaxis, clinical presentation, and treatment of infectious complications after solid organ transplantation in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke V Haustein
- Division of Organ Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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15
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Berbert ALCV, Faria GG, Gennari-Cardoso ML, Silva MMMD, Mineo JR, Loyola AM. Histological and serological evidence of experimental paracoccidioidomycosis in Calomys callosus (Rodentia: Cricetidae). Int J Exp Pathol 2006; 88:55-62. [PMID: 17244339 PMCID: PMC2517285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2006.00513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The responses of animal experimental models related to the infectivity, virulence and pathogenicity of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is constantly used to develop new perspectives of investigation. The rodent Calomys callosus, Rengger 1830 (Rodentia: Cricetidae) is an indigenous inhabitant of the savannah environment found in the central regions of Brazil. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the histopathological and serological features of C. callosus after inoculation with the Pb18 strain of P. brasiliensis. Furthermore, A/Sn and B10.A mice strains were also tested to compare the results obtained in C. callosus to these well-established experimental models of resistance and susceptibility respectively. In every instance, survival analysis was performed, and histopathological study of the lungs, liver and spleen was employed to investigate tissue involvement, degree of inflammation and fungal presence. Levels of antibodies to P. brasiliensis were measured by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after 4 weeks and at the advanced stage of infection. The mortality rate was proportional to inoculation dose in all groups, but overall it was much superior in C. callosus than in the B10.A-susceptible mice. Macroscopical and microscopical pathological alterations were also more extensive and remarkable for C. callosus, once again proportional to inoculation dose, but more noticeable differences among the studied groups were found with 0.6x10(5) inoculum. In addition, the serological profile of C. callosus was similar to that found for B10.A-susceptible mice. Infection of C. callosus with 0.6x10(8) Pb18 inoculum resulted in more serious illness, and it decreased in severity in proportion to the inoculum dose. This difference was more pronounced in C. callosus, and the clinical, serological and pathological findings in this animal were more intense and precocious compared with the B10.A-susceptible mice. The present results suggest that C. callosus is a potentially alternative experimental animal model for paracoccidioidomycosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alceu L C V Berbert
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia (MG), Brazil
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Liu CH, Chen YT, Wang PJ, Chin SC. Intestinal adenocarcinoma with pancreas and lymph node metastases in a captive cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). J Vet Med Sci 2005; 66:1279-82. [PMID: 15528865 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of intestinal adenocarcinoma with metastases to the pancreas and regional lymph node was found in a 9-year-old, captive female cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) with intermittent diarrhea. At necropsy, the tumor mass was located in the ileo-cecal junction causing circumferential thickening and annular stenosis. Microscopically, the lesions at primary and metastatic sites showed typical features of mucinous adenocarcinoma as seen in humans, including intracellular and extracellular mucin production and characteristic appearance of a signet ring of the tumor cells. The diagnosis was confirmed by histological evaluation, positive cytokeratin immunostain, and mucin production demonstrated by PAS and Alcian blue stain. It is speculated that the development of intestinal carcinoma was partly attributable to the excessive absorption of a diet of refined food, unbalanced nutrition, and the nature of these animals to develop stress easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsuan Liu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Japan
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18
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