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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Espada-Rubio S, Agúndez JAG. Oxidative Stress and Migraine. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:8344-8360. [PMID: 38499906 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of migraine is not completely understood, but inflammation and oxidative stress seem to be involved, according to data from an experimental model of the disease. This narrative review summarizes data from studies on oxidative stress markers in migraine patients, case-control association studies on the possible association of candidate genes related to oxidative stress with the risk for migraine, studies showing the presence of oxidative stress in experimental models of migraine, and studies on the efficacy of antioxidant drugs in migraine therapy. Many studies have addressed the value of concentrations of prooxidant and antioxidant substances or the activity of antioxidant enzymes in different tissues (mainly in serum/plasma or in blood cells) as possible biomarkers for migraine, being thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive substances (TBARS) such as malonyl dialdehyde acid (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal, and nitric oxide (this at least during migraine attacks in patients with migraine with aura (MWA) the most reliable. In addition, the possible usefulness of antioxidant treatment is not well established, although preliminary short-term studies suggest a beneficial action of some of them such as Coenzyme Q10 and riboflavin. Both topics require further prospective, multicenter studies with a long-term follow-up period involving a large number of migraine patients and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey, Ronda del Sur 10, 28500, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Hortensia Alonso-Navarro
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey, Ronda del Sur 10, 28500, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Martín
- Universidad de Extremadura, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Silvina Espada-Rubio
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey, Ronda del Sur 10, 28500, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A G Agúndez
- Universidad de Extremadura, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Cáceres, Spain
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Cropper HC, Conway CM, Wyche W, Pradhan AA. Glial activation in pain and emotional processing regions in the nitroglycerin mouse model of chronic migraine. Headache 2024; 64:973-982. [PMID: 38899347 DOI: 10.1111/head.14740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to survey astrocyte and microglial activation across four brain regions in a mouse model of chronic migraine. BACKGROUND Chronic migraine is a leading cause of disability, with higher rates in females. The role of central nervous system neurons and glia in migraine pathophysiology is not fully elucidated. Preclinical studies have shown abnormal glial activation in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis of male rodents. No current reports have investigated glial activation in both sexes in other important brain regions involved with the nociceptive and emotional processing of pain. METHODS The mouse nitroglycerin model of migraine was used, and nitroglycerin (10 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered every other day for 9 days. Prior to injections on days 1, 5, and 9, cephalic allodynia was determined by periorbital von Frey hair testing. Immunofluorescent staining of astrocyte marker, glial fibrillary protein (GFAP), and microglial marker, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), in male and female trigeminal nucleus caudalis, periaqueductal gray, somatosensory cortex, and nucleus accumbens was completed. RESULTS Behavioral testing demonstrated increased cephalic allodynia in nitroglycerin- versus vehicle-treated mice. An increase in the percent area covered by GFAP+ cells in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and nucleus accumbens, but not the periaqueductal gray or somatosensory cortex, was observed in response to nitroglycerin. No significant differences were observed for Iba1 staining across brain regions. We did not detect significant sex differences in GFAP or Iba1 quantification. CONCLUSIONS Immunohistochemical analysis suggests that, at the time point tested, immunoreactivity of GFAP+ astrocytes, but not Iba1+ microglia, changes in response to chronic migraine-associated pain. Additionally, there do not appear to be significant differences between males and females in GFAP+ or Iba1+ cells across the four brain regions analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley C Cropper
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Catherine M Conway
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Whitney Wyche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amynah A Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Ernstsen C, Obelitz-Ryom K, Kristensen DMB, Olesen J, Christensen SL, Guo S. Mechanisms of GTN-induced migraine: Role of NOS isoforms, sGC and peroxynitrite in a migraine relevant mouse model. Cephalalgia 2024; 44:3331024241277542. [PMID: 39314067 DOI: 10.1177/03331024241277542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine research has highlighted the pivotal role of nitric oxide (NO) in migraine pathophysiology. Nitric oxide donors such as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) induce migraine attacks in humans, whereas spontaneous migraine attacks can be aborted by inhibiting NO production. The present study aimed to investigate how GTN triggers migraine through its three nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms (neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS)) via a suspected feed-forward phenomenon. METHODS Migraine-relevant hypersensitivity was induced by repeated injection of GTN in an in vivo mouse model. Cutaneous tactile sensitivity was assessed using von Frey filaments. Signaling pathways involved in this model were dissected using non-selective and selective NOS inhibitors, knockout mice lacking eNOS or nNOS and their wild-type control mice. Also, we tested a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor and a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst (Ntotal = 312). RESULTS Non-selective NOS inhibition blocked GTN-induced hypersensitivity. This response was partially associated with iNOS, and potentially nNOS and eNOS conjointly. Furthermore, we found that the GTN response was largely dependent on the generation of peroxynitrite and partly soluble guanylate cyclase. CONCLUSIONS Migraine-relevant hypersensitivity induced by GTN is mediated by a possible feed-forward phenomenon of NO driven mainly by iNOS but with contributions from other isoforms. The involvement of peroxynitrite adds to the notion that oxidative stress reactions are also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Ernstsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center (TRACE), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Translational Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Karina Obelitz-Ryom
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center (TRACE), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Translational Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - David Møbjerg B Kristensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
- University Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement Et Travail) - UMR_S, 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Jes Olesen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center (TRACE), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Translational Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Sarah Louise Christensen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center (TRACE), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Translational Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Song Guo
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center (TRACE), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Translational Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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Guo S, Christensen SL, Al‐Karagholi MA, Olesen J. Molecular nociceptive mechanisms in migraine: The migraine cascade. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16333. [PMID: 38894592 PMCID: PMC11235602 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review will explore the categorization of migraine-provoking molecules, their cellular actions, site of action and potential drug targets based on the migraine cascade model. METHODS Personal experience and literature. RESULTS Migraine impacts over 1 billion people worldwide but is underfunded in research. Recent progress, particularly through the human and animal provocation model, has deepened our understanding of its mechanisms. This model have identified endogenous neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) that induces controlled migraine-like attacks leading to significant discoveries of their role in migraine. This knowledge led to the development of CGRP-inhibiting drugs; a groundbreaking migraine treatment now accessible globally. Also a PACAP-inhibiting drug was effective in a recent phase II trial. Notably, rodent studies have shed light on pain pathways and the mechanisms of various migraine-inducing substances identifying novel drug targets. This is primarily done by using selective inhibitors that target specific signaling pathways of the known migraine triggers leading to the hypothesized cellular cascade model of migraine. CONCLUSION The model of migraine presents numerous opportunities for innovative drug development. The future of new migraine treatments is limited only by the investment from pharmaceutical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Guo
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Translational Research Center, Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenGlostrupDenmark
- Department of NeurologyZealand University HospitalRoskildeDenmark
| | - Sarah Louise Christensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Translational Research Center, Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenGlostrupDenmark
| | - Mohammad Al‐Mahdi Al‐Karagholi
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Translational Research Center, Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenGlostrupDenmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Translational Research Center, Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenGlostrupDenmark
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van Kraaij SJW, Borghans L, Klaassen ES, Gal P, van der Grond J, Tripp K, Winrow C, Glasser C, Groeneveld GJ. Randomized placebo-controlled crossover study to assess tolerability and pharmacodynamics of zagociguat, a soluble guanylyl cyclase stimulator, in healthy elderly. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 89:3606-3617. [PMID: 37488930 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Dysfunction of nitric oxide-soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signalling is implicated in the pathophysiology of cognitive impairment. Zagociguat is a central nervous system (CNS) penetrant sGC stimulator designed to amplify nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signalling in the CNS. This article describes a phase 1b study evaluating the safety and pharmacodynamic effects of zagociguat. METHODS In this randomized crossover study, 24 healthy participants aged ≥65 years were planned to receive 15 mg zagociguat or placebo once daily for 2 15-day periods separated by a 27-day washout. Adverse events, vital signs, electrocardiograms and laboratory tests were conducted to assess safety. Pharmacokinetics of zagociguat were evaluated in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Pharmacodynamic assessments included evaluation of cerebral blood flow, CNS tests, pharmaco-electroencephalography, passive leg movement and biomarkers in blood, CSF and brain. RESULTS Twenty-four participants were enrolled; 12 participants completed both treatment periods, while the other 12 participants completed only 1 treatment period. Zagociguat was well-tolerated and penetrated the blood-brain barrier, with a CSF/free plasma concentration ratio of 0.45 (standard deviation 0.092) measured 5 h after the last dose of zagociguat on Day 15. Zagociguat induced modest decreases in blood pressure. No consistent effects of zagociguat on other pharmacodynamic parameters were detected. CONCLUSION Zagociguat was well-tolerated and induced modest blood pressure reductions consistent with other sGC stimulators. No clear pharmacodynamic effects of zagociguat were detected. Studies in participants with proven reduced cerebral blood flow or CNS function may be an avenue for further evaluation of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan J W van Kraaij
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Pim Gal
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van der Grond
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ken Tripp
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Chad Glasser
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Geert Jan Groeneveld
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Al-Hassany L, Boucherie DM, Creeney H, van Drie RWA, Farham F, Favaretto S, Gollion C, Grangeon L, Lyons H, Marschollek K, Onan D, Pensato U, Stanyer E, Waliszewska-Prosół M, Wiels W, Chen HZ, Amin FM. Future targets for migraine treatment beyond CGRP. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:76. [PMID: 37370051 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a disabling and chronic neurovascular headache disorder. Trigeminal vascular activation and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of migraine. This knowledge has led to the development of CGRP(-receptor) therapies. Yet, a substantial proportion of patients do not respond to these treatments. Therefore, alternative targets for future therapies are warranted. The current narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiological role of these possible non-CGRP targets in migraine. FINDINGS We covered targets of the metabotropic receptors (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), amylin, and adrenomedullin), intracellular targets (nitric oxide (NO), phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE3) and -5 (PDE5)), and ion channels (potassium, calcium, transient receptor potential (TRP), and acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC)). The majority of non-CGRP targets were able to induce migraine-like attacks, except for (i) calcium channels, as it is not yet possible to directly target channels to elucidate their precise involvement in migraine; (ii) TRP channels, activation of which can induce non-migraine headache; and (iii) ASICs, as their potential in inducing migraine attacks has not been investigated thus far. Drugs that target its receptors exist for PACAP, NO, and the potassium, TRP, and ASIC channels. No selective drugs exist for the other targets, however, some existing (migraine) treatments appear to indirectly antagonize responses to amylin, adrenomedullin, and calcium channels. Drugs against PACAP, NO, potassium channels, TRP channels, and only a PAC1 antibody have been tested for migraine treatment, albeit with ambiguous results. CONCLUSION While current research on these non-CGRP drug targets has not yet led to the development of efficacious therapies, human provocation studies using these targets have provided valuable insight into underlying mechanisms of migraine headaches and auras. Further studies are needed on these alternative therapies in non-responders of CGRP(-receptor) targeted therapies with the ultimate aim to pave the way towards a headache-free future for all migraine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Al-Hassany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Deirdre M Boucherie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah Creeney
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruben W A van Drie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Experimental Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fatemeh Farham
- Department of Headache, Iranian Centre of Neurological Researchers, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Silvia Favaretto
- Headache Center, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cédric Gollion
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Lou Grangeon
- Neurology Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Hannah Lyons
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karol Marschollek
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dilara Onan
- Spine Health Unit, Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Pensato
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Emily Stanyer
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Wietse Wiels
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hui Zhou Chen
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Faisal Mohammad Amin
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Neurorehabilitation/Traumatic Brain Injury, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Lackovic J, Jeevakumar V, Burton M, Price TJ, Dussor G. Peroxynitrite Contributes to Behavioral Responses, Increased Trigeminal Excitability, and Changes in Mitochondrial Function in a Preclinical Model of Migraine. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1627-1642. [PMID: 36697259 PMCID: PMC10008057 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1366-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of a nitric oxide (NO) donor triggers migraine attacks, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are unknown. Reactive nitroxidative species, including NO and peroxynitrite (PN), have been implicated in nociceptive sensitization, and neutralizing PN is antinociceptive. We determined whether PN contributes to nociceptive responses in two distinct models of migraine headache. Female and male mice were subjected to 3 consecutive days of restraint stress or to dural stimulation with the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6. Following resolution of the initial poststimulus behavioral responses, animals were tested for hyperalgesic priming using a normally non-noxious dose of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or dural pH 7.0, respectively. We measured periorbital von Frey and grimace responses in both models and measured stress-induced changes in 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) expression (a marker for PN activity) and trigeminal ganglia (TGs) mitochondrial function. Additionally, we recorded the neuronal activity of TGs in response to the PN generator SIN-1 [5-amino-3-(4-morpholinyl)-1,2,3-oxadiazolium chloride]. We then tested the effects of the PN decomposition catalysts Fe(III)5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl) porphyrin (FeTMPyP) and FeTPPS [Fe(III)5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinato chloride], or the PN scavenger MnTBAP [Mn(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin] against these behavioral, molecular, and neuronal changes. Neutralizing PN attenuated stress-induced periorbital hypersensitivity and priming to SNP, with no effect on priming to dural pH 7.0. These compounds also prevented stress-induced increases in 3-NT expression in both the TGs and dura mater, and attenuated TG neuronal hyperexcitability caused by SIN-1. Surprisingly, FeTMPyP attenuated changes in TG mitochondrial function caused by SNP in stressed males only. Together, these data strongly implicate PN in migraine mechanisms and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting PN.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Among the most reliable experimental triggers of migraine are nitric oxide donors. The mechanisms by which nitric oxide triggers attacks are unclear but may be because of reactive nitroxidative species such as peroxynitrite. Using mouse models of migraine headache, we show that peroxynitrite-modulating compounds attenuate behavioral, neuronal, and molecular changes caused by repeated stress and nitric oxide donors (two of the most common triggers of migraine in humans). Additionally, our results show a sex-specific regulation of mitochondrial function by peroxynitrite following stress, providing novel insight into the ways in which peroxynitrite may contribute to migraine-related mechanisms. Critically, our data underscore the potential in targeting peroxynitrite formation as a novel therapeutic for the treatment of migraine headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lackovic
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080
| | - Vivek Jeevakumar
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080
| | - Michael Burton
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080
| | - Theodore J Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080
| | - Gregory Dussor
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080
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Guo S, Ernstsen C, Hay-Schmidt A, Ashina M, Olesen J, Christensen SL. PACAP signaling is not involved in GTN- and levcromakalim-induced hypersensitivity in mouse models of migraine. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:155. [PMID: 36471250 PMCID: PMC9724374 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonizing drugs represents the most important advance in migraine therapy for decades. However, these new drugs are only effective in 50-60% of patients. Recent studies have shown that the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP38) pathway is independent from the CGRP signaling pathway. Here, we investigate PACAP38 signaling pathways in relation to glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), levcromakalim and sumatriptan. METHODS In vivo mouse models of PACAP38-, GTN-, and levcromakalim-induced migraine were applied using tactile sensitivity to von Frey filaments as measuring readout. Signaling pathways involved in the three models were dissected using PACAP-inhibiting antibodies (mAbs) and sumatriptan. RESULTS We showed that PACAP mAbs block PACAP38 induced hypersensitivity, but not via signaling pathways involved in GTN and levcromakalim. Also, sumatriptan has no effect on PACAP38-induced hypersensitivity relevant to migraine. This is the first study testing the effect of a PACAP-inhibiting drug on GTN- and levcromakalim-induced hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings in our mouse model of migraine using migraine-inducing compounds and anti-migraine drugs, we suggest that PACAP acts via a distinct pathway. Using PACAP38 antagonism may be a novel therapeutic target of interest in a subgroup of migraine patients who do not respond to existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Guo
- grid.475435.4Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, Glostrup 2600 Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Odontology, Faculty of Health, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Ernstsen
- grid.475435.4Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, Glostrup 2600 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Hay-Schmidt
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Odontology, Faculty of Health, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Messoud Ashina
- grid.475435.4Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Human Migraine Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- grid.475435.4Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, Glostrup 2600 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Louise Christensen
- grid.475435.4Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, Glostrup 2600 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bertels Z, Dripps IJ, Shah P, Moye LS, Tipton AF, Siegersma K, Pradhan AA. Delta opioid receptors in Nav1.8 expressing peripheral neurons partially regulate the effect of delta agonist in models of migraine and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN 2022; 12:100099. [PMID: 35859654 PMCID: PMC9289726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2022.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
DOR in Nav1.8 cells do not regulate anti-migraine effects of DOR agonist. DOR in Nav1.8 cells is critical for effect of DOR agonist in peripheral OIH. DOR in Nav1.8 cells is not necessary for effect of DOR agonist in cephalic OIH.
Migraine is one of the most common pain disorders and causes disability in millions of people every year. Delta opioid receptors (DOR) have been identified as a novel therapeutic target for migraine and other headache disorders. DORs are present in both peripheral and central regions and it is unclear which receptor populations regulate migraine-associated effects. The aim of this study was to determine if DOR expressed in peripheral nociceptors regulates headache associated endpoints and the effect of delta agonists within these mouse models. We used a conditional knockout, in which DOR was selectively deleted from Nav1.8 expressing cells. Nav1.8-DOR mice and loxP control littermates were tested in models of chronic migraine-associated allodynia, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, migraine-associated negative affect, and aura. Nav1.8-DOR and loxP mice had comparable effect sizes in all of these models. The anti-allodynic effect of the DOR agonist, SNC80, was slightly diminished in the nitroglycerin model of migraine. Intriguingly, in the OIH model the peripheral effects of SNC80 were completely lost in Nav1.8-DOR mice while the cephalic effects remained intact. Regardless of genotype, SNC80 continued to inhibit conditioned place aversion associated with nitroglycerin and decreased cortical spreading depression events associated with migraine aura. These results suggest that DOR in Nav1.8-expressing nociceptors do not critically regulate the anti-migraine effects of delta agonist; and that brain-penetrant delta agonists would be a more effective drug development strategy.
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10
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Olesen J. Personal view: Modelling pain mechanisms of migraine without aura. Cephalalgia 2022; 42:1425-1435. [PMID: 35796522 DOI: 10.1177/03331024221111529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review aims to model migraine nociception. METHODS Personal experience and litterature. RESULTS Genetic and environmental factors in combination decide whether a person suffers from migraine. Endogenous and/or exogenous factors precipitate the individual attacks. Nociception takes place around blood vessels. There is a growing understanding of the molecular pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine from human provocation studies. Rodent models of migraine are necessary to understand the complex interrelation between the many putatively involved molecules and tissues but their relevance for human migraine is uncertain. The crucial element in migraine nociception is a unit consisting of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, perivascular nerve fibers (trigeminal, parasympathetic and sympathetic) and mast cells. Attacks may start outside the brain by humoral or neurogenic activity releasing nociceptive substances around blood vessels. They may also (perhaps more often) start by the brain generating efferent activity in autonomic and somatic nerves. CONCLUSION Human and rodent studies can quickly uncover the "mystery of migraine".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jes Olesen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
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11
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Koroleva KS, Svitko SO, Nurmieva DA, Gafurov OS, Buglinina AD, Sitdikova GF. Effects of Nitric Oxide on the Electrical Activity of the Rat Trigeminal Nerve and Mast Cell Morphology. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Christensen SL, Rasmussen RH, Cour SL, Ernstsen C, Hansen TF, Kogelman LJ, Lauritzen SP, Guzaite G, Styrishave B, Janfelt C, Christensen ST, Aziz Q, Tinker A, Jansen-Olesen I, Olesen J, Kristensen DM. Smooth muscle ATP-sensitive potassium channels mediate migraine-relevant hypersensitivity in mouse models. Cephalalgia 2022; 42:93-107. [PMID: 34816764 DOI: 10.1177/03331024211053570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opening of KATP channels by systemic levcromakalim treatment triggers attacks in migraine patients and hypersensitivity to von Frey stimulation in a mouse model. Blocking of these channels is effective in several preclinical migraine models. It is unknown in what tissue and cell type KATP-induced migraine attacks are initiated and which KATP channel subtype is targeted. METHODS In mouse models, we administered levcromakalim intracerebroventricularly, intraperitoneally and intraplantarily and compared the nociceptive responses by von Frey and hotplate tests. Mice with a conditional loss-of-function mutation in the smooth muscle KATP channel subunit Kir6.1 were given levcromakalim and GTN and examined with von Frey filaments. Arteries were tested for their ability to dilate ex vivo. mRNA expression, western blotting and immunohistochemical stainings were made to identify relevant target tissue for migraine induced by KATP channel opening. RESULTS Systemic administration of levcromakalim induced hypersensitivity but central and local administration provided antinociception respectively no effect. The Kir6.1 smooth muscle knockout mouse was protected from both GTN and levcromakalim induced hypersensitivity, and their arteries had impaired dilatory response to the latter. mRNA and protein expression studies showed that trigeminal ganglia did not have significant KATP channel expression of any subtype, whereas brain arteries and dura mater primarily expressed the Kir6.1 + SUR2B subtype. CONCLUSION Hypersensitivity provoked by GTN and levcromakalim in mice is dependent on functional smooth muscle KATP channels of extracerebral origin. These results suggest a vascular contribution to hypersensitivity induced by migraine triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Christensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke H Rasmussen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanne La Cour
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Ernstsen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas F Hansen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisette Ja Kogelman
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sabrina P Lauritzen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gintare Guzaite
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Janfelt
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren T Christensen
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qadeer Aziz
- The Heart Centre, 4617Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Andrew Tinker
- The Heart Centre, 4617Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Inger Jansen-Olesen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M Kristensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:2450-2460. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Christensen SL, Rasmussen RH, Ernstsen C, La Cour S, David A, Chaker J, Haanes KA, Christensen ST, Olesen J, Kristensen DM. CGRP-dependent signalling pathways involved in mouse models of GTN- cilostazol- and levcromakalim-induced migraine. Cephalalgia 2021; 41:1413-1426. [PMID: 34407650 DOI: 10.1177/03331024211038884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of exact signalling events during migraine attacks is lacking. Various substances are known to trigger migraine attacks in patients and calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonising drugs are effective against migraine pain. Here, we investigated the signalling pathways involved in three different mouse models of provoked migraine and relate them to calcitonin gene-related peptide and other migraine-relevant targets. METHODS In vivo mouse models of glyceryl trinitrate-, cilostazol- and levcromakalim-induced migraine were applied utilising tactile sensitivity to von Frey filaments as measuring readout. Signalling pathways involved in the three models were dissected by use of specific knockout mice and chemical inhibitors. In vivo results were supported by ex vivo wire myograph experiments measuring arterial dilatory responses and ex vivo calcitonin gene-related peptide release from trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal nucleus caudalis from mice. RESULTS Glyceryl trinitrate-induced hypersensitivity was dependent on both prostaglandins and transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1, whereas cilostazol- and levcromakalim-induced hypersensitivity were independent of both. All three migraine triggers activated calcitonin gene-related peptide signalling, as both receptor antagonism and antibody neutralisation of calcitonin gene-related peptide were effective inhibitors of hypersensitivity in all three models. Stimulation of trigeminal ganglia and brain stem tissue samples with cilostazol and levcromakalim did not result in release of calcitonin gene-related peptide, and vasodilation following levcromakalim stimulation was independent of CGRP receptor antagonism. CONCLUSION The mouse models of glyceryl trinitrate-, cilostazol- and levcromakalim- induced migraine all involve calcitonin gene-related peptide signalling in a complex interplay between different cell/tissue types. These models are useful in the study of migraine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Christensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke H Rasmussen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Ernstsen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanne La Cour
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arthur David
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Jade Chaker
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Kristian A Haanes
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, 70590Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Søren T Christensen
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M Kristensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France.,Department of Biology, Section of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jing F, Zou Q, Wang Y, Cai Z, Tang Y. Activation of microglial GLP-1R in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis suppresses central sensitization of chronic migraine after recurrent nitroglycerin stimulation. J Headache Pain 2021; 22:86. [PMID: 34325647 PMCID: PMC8323319 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Central sensitization is considered a critical pathogenic mechanism of chronic migraine (CM). Activation of microglia in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) contributes to this progression. Microglial glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation can alleviate pain; however, whether it is involved in the mechanism of CM has not been determined. Thus, this study aims to investigate the precise role of GLP-1R in the central sensitization of CM. Methods Repeated nitroglycerin injection-treated mice were used as a CM animal model in the experiment. To identify the distribution and cell localization of GLP-1R in the TNC, we performed immunofluorescence staining. Changes in the expression of GLP-1R, Iba-1, PI3K and p-Akt in the TNC were examined by western blotting. To confirm the effect of GLP-1R and PI3K/Akt in CM, a GLP-1R selective agonist (liraglutide) and antagonist (exendin(9–39)) and a PI3K selective antagonist (LY294002) were administered. Mechanical hypersensitivity was measured through von Frey filaments. To investigate the role of GLP-1R in central sensitization, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and c-fos were determined using western blotting and immunofluorescence. To determine the changes in microglial activation, IL-1β and TNF-α were examined by western blotting, and the number and morphology of microglia were measured by immunofluorescence. We also confirmed the effect of GLP-1R on microglial activation in lipopolysaccharide-treated BV-2 microglia. Results The protein expression of GLP-1R was increased in the TNC after nitroglycerin injection. GLP-1R was colocalized with microglia and astrocytes in the TNC and was fully expressed in BV-2 microglia. The GLP-1R agonist liraglutide alleviated basal allodynia and suppressed the upregulation of CGRP, c-fos and PI3K/p-Akt in the TNC. Similarly, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 prevented nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia. In addition, activating GLP-1R reduced Iba-1, IL-1β and TNF-α release and inhibited TNC microglial number and morphological changes (process retraction) following nitroglycerin administration. In vitro, the protein levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglia were also decreased by liraglutide. Conclusions These findings suggest that microglial GLP-1R activation in the TNC may suppress the central sensitization of CM by regulating TNC microglial activation via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10194-021-01302-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jing
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, 400016, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.118 Xingguang Avenue, Liangjiang New Area, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Zou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, No.312 Zhongshan First Road, Yuzhong District, 400013, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, No.312 Zhongshan First Road, Yuzhong District, 400013, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.118 Xingguang Avenue, Liangjiang New Area, 401147, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, No.312 Zhongshan First Road, Yuzhong District, 400013, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, 400016, Chongqing, China.
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16
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Guo Z, Czerpaniak K, Zhang J, Cao YQ. Increase in trigeminal ganglion neurons that respond to both calcitonin gene-related peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in mouse models of chronic migraine and posttraumatic headache. Pain 2021; 162:1483-1499. [PMID: 33252452 PMCID: PMC8049961 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A large body of animal and human studies indicates that blocking peripheral calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) signaling pathways may prevent migraine episodes and reduce headache frequency. To investigate whether recurring migraine episodes alter the strength of CGRP and PACAP signaling in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons, we compared the number of TG neurons that respond to CGRP and to PACAP (CGRP-R and PACAP-R, respectively) under normal and chronic migraine-like conditions. In a mouse model of chronic migraine, repeated nitroglycerin (NTG) administration significantly increased the number of CGRP-R and PACAP-R neurons in TG but not dorsal root ganglia. In TG neurons that express endogenous αCGRP, repeated NTG led to a 7-fold increase in the number of neurons that respond to both CGRP and PACAP (CGRP-R&PACAP-R). Most of these neurons were unmyelinated C-fiber nociceptors. This suggests that a larger fraction of CGRP signaling in TG nociceptors may be mediated through the autocrine mechanism, and the release of endogenous αCGRP can be enhanced by both CGRP and PACAP signaling pathways under chronic migraine condition. The number of CGRP-R&PACAP-R TG neurons was also increased in a mouse model of posttraumatic headache (PTH). Interestingly, low-dose interleukin-2 treatment, which completely reverses chronic migraine-related and PTH-related behaviors in mouse models, also blocked the increase in both CGRP-R and PACAP-R TG neurons. Together, these results suggest that inhibition of both CGRP and PACAP signaling in TG neurons may be more effective in treating chronic migraine and PTH than targeting individual signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Katherine Czerpaniak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jintao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Present address: Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
| | - Yu-Qing Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Levine A, Vanderah TW, Largent-Milnes TM. An underrepresented majority: A systematic review utilizing allodynic criteria to examine the present scarcity of discrete animal models for episodic migraine. Cephalalgia 2021; 41:404-416. [PMID: 33131303 PMCID: PMC10443224 DOI: 10.1177/0333102420966984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing evidence differentiating episodic and chronic migraine, little work has determined how currently utilized animal models of migraine best represent each distinct disease state. AIM In this review, we seek to characterize accepted preclinical models of migraine-like headache by their ability to recapitulate the clinical allodynic features of either episodic or chronic migraine. METHODS From a search of the Pu bMed database for "animal models of migraine", "headache models" and "preclinical migraine", we identified approximately 80 recent (within the past 20 years) publications that utilized one of 10 different models for migraine research. Models reviewed fit into one of the following categories: Dural KCl application, direct electrical stimulation, nitroglycerin administration, inflammatory soup injection, CGRP injection, medication overuse, monogenic animals, post-traumatic headache, specific channel activation, and hormone manipulation. Recapitulation of clinical features including cephalic and extracephalic hypersensitivity were evaluated for each and compared. DISCUSSION Episodic migraineurs comprise over half of the migraine population, yet the vast majority of current animal models of migraine appear to best represent chronic migraine states. While some of these models can be modified to reflect episodic migraine, there remains a need for non-invasive, validated models of episodic migraine to enhance the clinical translation of migraine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Levine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Todd W Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
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Bertels Z, Witkowski WD, Asif S, Siegersma K, van Rijn RM, Pradhan AA. A non-convulsant delta-opioid receptor agonist, KNT-127, reduces cortical spreading depression and nitroglycerin-induced allodynia. Headache 2021; 61:170-178. [PMID: 33326598 PMCID: PMC8082730 DOI: 10.1111/head.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine if the non-convulsant delta-opioid receptor (DOR) agonist, KNT-127, could inhibit migraine-associated endpoints. BACKGROUND The DOR has been identified as a therapeutic target for migraine. However, the development of delta agonists is limited as some ligands have seizurogenic properties, which may be related to their ability to induce receptor internalization. While both pro- and non-convulsant delta agonists can reduce migraine-associated allodynia, only the proconvulsant agonist, SNC80, has been shown to decrease cortical spreading depression (CSD). It is unclear if the ability of delta agonists to modulate cortical activity is related to the same signaling mechanisms that produce proconvulsant effects. METHODS The effects of the non-convulsant delta agonist, KNT-127, were examined. Repetitive CSD was induced in female C57BL6/J (n = 6/group) mice by continuous application of KCl and the effect of KNT-127/vehicle (Veh) on both local field potentials and optical intrinsic signals was determined. To assess the effect of KNT-127 on established chronic migraine-associated pain, male and female C57BL6/J mice were treated with nitroglycerin (NTG; 10 mg/kg, ip) every other day for 9 days and tested with KNT-127 (5 mg/kg, sc) or Veh on day 10 (n = 6/group). DOR-enhanced green fluorescent protein mice (n = 4/group) were used to confirm the internalization properties of KNT-127 in the trigeminal ganglia, trigeminal nucleus caudalis, and somatosensory cortex. RESULTS KNT-127 inhibited CSD events (t(10) = 3.570, p = 0.0051). In addition, this delta agonist also reversed established cephalic allodynia in the NTG model of chronic migraine (F(1, 20) = 12.80, p < 0.01). Furthermore, KNT-127 caused limited internalization of DOR in key migraine processing regions. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the antimigraine effects of DOR agonists can be separated from their proconvulsant effects. This data provides valuable information for the continued development of delta agonists for the treatment of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Asif
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | | | - Richard M van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University
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Tzeng HR, Lee MT, Fan PC, Knutson DE, Lai TH, Sieghart W, Cook J, Chiou LC. α6GABA A Receptor Positive Modulators Alleviate Migraine-like Grimaces in Mice via Compensating GABAergic Deficits in Trigeminal Ganglia. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:569-585. [PMID: 33111258 PMCID: PMC8116449 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00951-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is caused by hyperactivity of the trigeminovascular system, where trigeminal ganglia (TG) play an important role. This hyperactivity might originate from an underfunctional GABAergic system in TG. To investigate this possibility, we adapted a mouse model of migraine by inducing migraine-like grimaces in male mice via repeated injections of nitroglycerin (NTG, 10 mg/kg, i.p.), once every 2 days, for up to 5 sessions. Migraine-like facial pain scores were measured using the mouse grimace scale. Repeated NTG treatments in mice caused significant increases in migraine-like grimaces that were aborted and prevented by two anti-migraine agents sumatriptan and topiramate, respectively. After 5 sessions of NTG injections, the GABA-synthesizing enzyme, 65-kDa glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65), but not the GABA transporter 1 (GAT1) or the α6 subunit-containing GABAA receptors (α6GABAARs), was downregulated in mouse TG tissues. Taking advantage of the unaffected TG α6GABAAR expression in NTG-treated mice, we demonstrated that an α6GABAAR-selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM), DK-I-56-1, exhibited both abortive and prophylactic effects, comparable to those of sumatriptan and topiramate, respectively, in this migraine-mimicking mouse model. The brain-impermeable furosemide significantly prevented the effects of DK-I-56-1, suggesting its peripheral site of action, likely via preventing α6GABAAR modulation in TG. Results suggest that a decreased GABA synthesis caused by the reduced GAD65 expression in TG contributes to the trigeminovascular activation in this repeated NTG-induced migraine-mimicking model and that the unaltered α6GABAARs in TG are potential targets for migraine treatment. Thus, α6GABAAR-selective PAMs are potential anti-migraine agents for both abortive and preventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ruei Tzeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Pharmacology College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ming Tatt Lee
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pi-Chuan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Werner Sieghart
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - James Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Pharmacology College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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Chachlaki K, Prevot V. Nitric oxide signalling in the brain and its control of bodily functions. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5437-5458. [PMID: 31347144 PMCID: PMC7707094 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a versatile molecule that plays key roles in the development and survival of mammalian species by endowing brain neuronal networks with the ability to make continual adjustments to function in response to moment-to-moment changes in physiological input. Here, we summarize the progress in the field and argue that NO-synthetizing neurons and NO signalling in the brain provide a core hub for integrating sensory- and homeostatic-related cues, control key bodily functions, and provide a potential target for new therapeutic opportunities against several neuroendocrine and behavioural abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Chachlaki
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainJean‐Pierre Aubert Research Centre, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
- CHU LilleFHU 1,000 days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainJean‐Pierre Aubert Research Centre, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
- CHU LilleFHU 1,000 days for HealthLilleFrance
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Harriott AM, Chung DY, Uner A, Bozdayi RO, Morais A, Takizawa T, Qin T, Ayata C. Optogenetic Spreading Depression Elicits Trigeminal Pain and Anxiety Behavior. Ann Neurol 2020; 89:99-110. [PMID: 33016466 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cortical spreading depression (SD) is an intense depolarization underlying migraine aura. Despite the weight of evidence linking SD to the pain phase of migraine, controversy remains over a causal role of SD in cephalgia because of the invasive nature of previous SD induction methods. To overcome this problem, we used a novel minimally invasive optogenetic SD induction method and examined the effect of SD on behavior. METHODS Optogenetic SD was induced as a single event or repeatedly every other day for 2 weeks. End points, including periorbital and hindpaw mechanical allodynia, mouse grimace, anxiety, and working memory, were examined in male and female mice. RESULTS A single SD produced bilateral periorbital mechanical allodynia that developed within 1 hour and resolved within 2 days. Sumatriptan prevented periorbital allodynia when administered immediately after SD. Repeated SDs also produced bilateral periorbital allodynia that lasted 4 days and resolved within 2 weeks after the last SD. In contrast, the hindpaw withdrawal thresholds did not change after repeated SDs suggesting that SD-induced allodynia was limited to the trigeminal region. Moreover, repeated SDs increased mouse grimace scores 2 days after the last SD, whereas a single SD did not. Repeated SDs also increased thigmotaxis scores as a measure of anxiety. In contrast, neither single nor repeated SDs affected visuospatial working memory. We did not detect sexual dimorphism in any end point. INTERPRETATION Altogether, these data show a clinically congruent causal relationship among SD, trigeminal pain, and anxiety behavior, possibly reflecting SD modulation of hypothalamic, thalamic, and limbic mechanisms. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:99-110.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Harriott
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Vascular Division, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Headache and Neuropathic Pain Division, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Y Chung
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aylin Uner
- Baskent University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Andreia Morais
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Tsubasa Takizawa
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tao Qin
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Vascular Division, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Dripps IJ, Bertels Z, Moye LS, Tipton AF, Siegersma K, Baca SM, Kieffer BL, Pradhan AA. Forebrain delta opioid receptors regulate the response of delta agonist in models of migraine and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17629. [PMID: 33077757 PMCID: PMC7573615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta opioid receptor (DOR) agonists have been identified as a promising novel therapy for headache disorders. DORs are broadly expressed in several peripheral and central regions important for pain processing and mood regulation; and it is unclear which receptors regulate headache associated symptoms. In a model of chronic migraine-associated pain using the human migraine trigger, nitroglycerin, we observed increased expression of DOR in cortex, hippocampus, and striatum; suggesting a role for these forebrain regions in the regulation of migraine. To test this hypothesis, we used conditional knockout mice with DORs deleted from forebrain GABAergic neurons (Dlx-DOR), and investigated the outcome of this knockout on the effectiveness of the DOR agonist SNC80 in multiple headache models. In DOR loxP controls SNC80 blocked the development of acute and chronic cephalic allodynia in the chronic nitroglycerin model, an effect that was lost in Dlx-DOR mice. In addition, the anti-allodynic effects of SNC80 were lost in a model of opioid induced hyperalgesia/medication overuse headache in Dlx-DOR conditional knockouts. In a model reflecting negative affect associated with migraine, SNC80 was only effective in loxP controls and not Dlx-DOR mice. Similarly, SNC80 was ineffective in the cortical spreading depression model of migraine aura in conditional knockout mice. Taken together, these data indicate that forebrain DORs are necessary for the action of DOR agonists in relieving headache-related symptoms and suggest that forebrain regions may play an important role in migraine modulation.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Benzamides/therapeutic use
- Cortical Spreading Depression/drug effects
- Cortical Spreading Depression/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- GABAergic Neurons/drug effects
- GABAergic Neurons/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/chemically induced
- Hyperalgesia/drug therapy
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Migraine Disorders/chemically induced
- Migraine Disorders/drug therapy
- Migraine Disorders/metabolism
- Nitroglycerin
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Prosencephalon/drug effects
- Prosencephalon/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Dripps
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor Street (MC 912), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Zachariah Bertels
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor Street (MC 912), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Laura S Moye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor Street (MC 912), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Alycia F Tipton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor Street (MC 912), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kendra Siegersma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor Street (MC 912), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Serapio M Baca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Amynah A Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor Street (MC 912), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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23
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Ernstsen C, Christensen SL, Olesen J, Kristensen DM. No additive effect of combining sumatriptan and olcegepant in the GTN mouse model of migraine. Cephalalgia 2020; 41:329-339. [PMID: 33059476 DOI: 10.1177/0333102420963857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite recent advances in migraine treatment there is a need for therapies with higher clinical efficacy and/or fewer side effects. Triptans (5-HT1B/1D/1F agonists) are essential in the present treatment regime and gepants (CGRP-receptor antagonists) are recognized as effective in acute migraine treatment. Triptans and gepants have different mechanisms of action and here we tested the hypothesis that a combination of these drugs (sumatriptan and olcegepant) would result in an additive effect. METHODS Using the validated glyceryl trinitrate mouse model of migraine, we initially tested dose-response relationships of sumatriptan (0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 mg/kg IP) and olcegepant (0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 mg/kg IP) to find suitable high and low doses. Subsequently, we performed a combination study of the two drugs with a low and a high dose. All experiments were vehicle (placebo) controlled and blinded. RESULTS Sumatriptan significantly reduced glyceryl trinitrate-induced allodynia (F(4,54) = 13.51, p < 0.0001) at all doses. Olcegepant also reduced glyceryl trinitrate-induced allodynia (F(4,53) = 16.11, p < 0.0001) with the two higher doses being significantly effective. Combining 0.50 mg/kg olcegepant with 0.1 or 0.6 mg/kg sumatriptan did not have any improved effect compared to either drug alone (p > 0.50 on all days) in our mouse model. CONCLUSION Combining olcegepant and sumatriptan did not have an additive effect compared to single-drug treatment in this study. Triptan-gepant combinations will therefore most likely not improve migraine treatment. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary, and combinations should also be examined in patients with migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Ernstsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Sarah L Christensen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - David M Kristensen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark.,University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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24
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Bertels Z, Pradhan AAA. Emerging Treatment Targets for Migraine and Other Headaches. Headache 2020; 59 Suppl 2:50-65. [PMID: 31291018 DOI: 10.1111/head.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a complex disorder that is characterized by an assortment of neurological and systemic effects. While headache is the most prominent feature of migraine, a host of symptoms affecting many physiological functions are also observed before, during, and after an attack. Furthermore, migraineurs are heterogeneous and have a wide range of responses to migraine therapies. The recent approval of calcitonin gene-related-peptide based therapies has opened up the treatment of migraine and generated a renewed interest in migraine research and discovery. Ongoing advances in migraine research have identified a number of other promising therapeutic targets for this disorder. In this review, we highlight emergent treatments within the following biological systems: pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptdie, 2 non-mu opioid receptors that have low abuse liability - the delta and kappa opioid receptors, orexin, and nitric oxide-based therapies. Multiple mechanisms have been identified in the induction and maintenance of migraine symptoms; and this divergent set of targets have highly distinct biological effects. Increasing the mechanistic diversity of the migraine tool box will lead to more treatment options and better patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah Bertels
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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25
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Targowska-Duda KM, Ozawa A, Bertels Z, Cippitelli A, Marcus JL, Mielke-Maday HK, Zribi G, Rainey AN, Kieffer BL, Pradhan AA, Toll L. NOP receptor agonist attenuates nitroglycerin-induced migraine-like symptoms in mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108029. [PMID: 32278976 PMCID: PMC7243257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is an extraordinarily prevalent and disabling headache disorder that affects one billion people worldwide. Throbbing pain is one of several migraine symptoms including sensitivity to light (photophobia), sometimes to sounds, smell and touch. The basic mechanisms underlying migraine remain inadequately understood, and current treatments (with triptans being the primary standard of care) are not well tolerated by some patients. NOP (Nociceptin OPioid) receptors, the fourth member of the opioid receptor family, are expressed in the brain and periphery with particularly high expression known to be in trigeminal ganglia (TG). The aim of our study was to further explore the involvement of the NOP receptor system in migraine. To this end, we used immunohistochemistry to examine NOP receptor distribution in TG and trigeminal nucleus caudalus (TNC) in mice, including colocalization with specific cellular markers, and used nitroglycerin (NTG) models of migraine to assess the influence of the selective NOP receptor agonist, Ro 64-6198, on NTG-induced pain (sensitivity of paw and head using von Frey filaments) and photophobia in mice. Our immunohistochemical studies with NOP-eGFP knock-in mice indicate that NOP receptors are on the majority of neurons in the TG and are also very highly expressed in the TNC. In addition, Ro 64-6198 can dose dependently block NTG-induced paw and head allodynia, an effect that is blocked by the NOP antagonist, SB-612111. Moreover, Ro 64-6198, can decrease NTG-induced light sensitivity in mice. These results suggest that NOP receptor agonists should be futher explored as treatment for migraine symptoms. This article is part of the special issue on Neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Targowska-Duda
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States; Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Akihiko Ozawa
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Zachariah Bertels
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrea Cippitelli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Jason L Marcus
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Hanna K Mielke-Maday
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Gilles Zribi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Amanda N Rainey
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, Dep. of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
| | - Amynah A Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lawrence Toll
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States.
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26
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Zhang J, Czerpaniak K, Huang L, Liu X, Cloud ME, Unsinger J, Hotchkiss RS, Li D, Cao YQ. Low-dose interleukin-2 reverses behavioral sensitization in multiple mouse models of headache disorders. Pain 2020; 161:1381-1398. [PMID: 32028334 PMCID: PMC7230033 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Headache disorders are highly prevalent and debilitating, with limited treatment options. Previous studies indicate that many proinflammatory immune cells contribute to headache pathophysiology. Given the well-recognized role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in maintaining immune homeostasis, we hypothesized that enhancing Treg function may be effective to treat multiple headache disorders. In a mouse model of chronic migraine, we observed that repeated nitroglycerin (NTG, a reliable trigger of migraine in patients) administration doubled the number of CD3 T cells in the trigeminal ganglia without altering the number of Treg cells, suggesting a deficiency in Treg-mediated immune homeostasis. We treated mice with low-dose interleukin-2 (ld-IL2) to preferentially expand and activate endogenous Treg cells. This not only prevented the development of NTG-induced persistent sensitization but also completely reversed the established facial skin hypersensitivity resulting from repeated NTG administration. The effect of ld-IL2 was independent of mouse sex and/or strain. Importantly, ld-IL2 treatment did not alter basal nociceptive responses, and repeated usage did not induce tolerance. The therapeutic effect of ld-IL2 was abolished by Treg depletion and was recapitulated by Treg adoptive transfer. Furthermore, treating mice with ld-IL2 1 to 7 days after mild traumatic brain injury effectively prevented as well as reversed the development of behaviors related to acute and chronic post-traumatic headache. In a model of medication overuse headache, Ld-IL2 completely reversed the cutaneous hypersensitivity induced by repeated administration of sumatriptan. Collectively, this study identifies ld-IL2 as a promising prophylactic for multiple headache disorders with a mechanism distinct from the existing treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510510
| | - Katherine Czerpaniak
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Present address: Department of Anesthesiology, New York University Langone Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Megan E Cloud
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jacqueline Unsinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Richard S Hotchkiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daizong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yu-Qing Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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27
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Christensen SL, Ernstsen C, Olesen J, Kristensen DM. No central action of CGRP antagonising drugs in the GTN mouse model of migraine. Cephalalgia 2020; 40:924-934. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102420914913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IntroductionClinically, calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonising drugs are recognized as effective in migraine treatment, but their site of action is debated. Only a small fraction of these compounds pass the blood-brain barrier and accesses the central nervous system. Regardless, it has been argued that the central nervous system is the site of action. Here, we test this hypothesis by bypassing the blood-brain barrier through intracerebroventricular injection of calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonising drugs.MethodsWe used the glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) mouse model, which is well validated by its response to specific migraine drugs. The calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist olcegepant and the calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody ALD405 were administered either intraperitoneally or intracerebroventricularly. The outcome measure was cutaneous mechanical allodynia.ResultsMice given olcegepant intraperitoneally + GTN on day 1 had a mean 50% withdrawal threshold of 1.2 g in contrast to mice receiving placebo + GTN, which had a threshold of 0.3 g ( p < 0.001). Similarly, in the ALD405 + GTN group, mice had thresholds of 1.2 g versus 0.2 g in the placebo + GTN group ( p < 0.001). However, both drugs were ineffective when delivered intracerebroventricularly, as control and active groups had identical mechanical sensitivity thresholds, 0.2 g versus 0.1 g and 0.1 g versus 0.1 g for olcegepant and ALD405, respectively ( p > 0.99 in both cases).DiscussionThe site of action of olcegepant and of the monoclonal antibody ALD405 is outside the blood-brain barrier in this mouse model of migraine. It is likely that these results can be generalised to all gepants and all antibodies and that the results are relevant for human migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Christensen
- Danish Headache Center, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Ernstsen
- Danish Headache Center, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- Danish Headache Center, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - David M Kristensen
- Danish Headache Center, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) – UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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28
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Wen W, Chen H, Fu K, Wei J, Qin L, Pan T, Xu S. Fructus Viticis methanolic extract attenuates trigeminal hyperalgesia in migraine by regulating injury signal transmission. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:85-94. [PMID: 31853276 PMCID: PMC6909769 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine, characterized by hyperalgesia of the trigeminovascular system, is a severe condition that leads to severe reductions in the quality of life. Upon external stimulation, the levels of various neurotransmitters, including aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), are significantly altered; this directly or indirectly promotes trigeminal hypersensitivity. Fructus Viticis is a Traditional Chinese Medicine with analgesic properties to provide efficient relief of migraine. In the present study, the underlying mechanisms of the analgesic effect of Fructus Viticis methanolic extract were assessed in rats with nitroglycerin-induced migraine. The plasma levels of the neurotransmitters calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP), as well as the amount of c-fos immunoreactive cells (c-fos IR cells) in the brain, were detected. The analgesic effect was obvious, as Fructus Viticis methanolic extract ameliorated migraine-like behaviours in nitroglycerin-induced rats. The levels of 5-HT, GABA and NE in the brain of migraine model rats was lower compared with that of control rats, whereas opposite observations were made in the contents of excitatory amino acids. Pre-treatment with Fructus Viticis methanolic extract elevated the levels of 5-HT, GABA and NE, and also lowered the levels of excitatory amino acids, including Glu and Asp. In addition, treatment with Fructus Viticis methanolic extract lowered the plasma levels of CGRP and SP and decreased the c-fos IR cells in the brainstem. The present study provided a further scientific basis for the anti-migraine effects of Fructus Viticis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China.,Institute of Materia Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Huan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China.,Institute of Materia Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Kun Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Second Affiliated Chengdu Clinical College of Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P.R. China
| | - Jiangping Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China.,Institute of Materia Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China.,Institute of Materia Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Ting Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China.,Institute of Materia Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Shijun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China.,Institute of Materia Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
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29
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Harriott AM, Strother LC, Vila-Pueyo M, Holland PR. Animal models of migraine and experimental techniques used to examine trigeminal sensory processing. J Headache Pain 2019; 20:91. [PMID: 31464579 PMCID: PMC6734323 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-019-1043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Migraine is a common debilitating condition whose main attributes are severe recurrent headaches with accompanying sensitivity to light and sound, nausea and vomiting. Migraine-related pain is a major cause of its accompanying disability and can encumber almost every aspect of daily life. Main body Advancements in our understanding of the neurobiology of migraine headache have come in large from basic science research utilizing small animal models of migraine-related pain. In this current review, we aim to describe several commonly utilized preclinical models of migraine. We will discuss the diverse array of methodologies for triggering and measuring migraine-related pain phenotypes and highlight briefly specific advantages and limitations therein. Finally, we will address potential future challenges/opportunities to refine existing and develop novel preclinical models of migraine that move beyond migraine-related pain and expand into alternate migraine-related phenotypes. Conclusion Several well validated animal models of pain relevant for headache exist, the researcher should consider the advantages and limitations of each model before selecting the most appropriate to answer the specific research question. Further, we should continually strive to refine existing and generate new animal and non-animal models that have the ability to advance our understanding of head pain as well as non-pain symptoms of primary headache disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Harriott
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren C Strother
- Headache Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Marta Vila-Pueyo
- Headache Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Philip R Holland
- Headache Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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30
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A Chinese Prescription Chuanxiong Chatiao San for Migraine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2301680. [PMID: 31467571 PMCID: PMC6699287 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2301680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds Chuanxiong Chatiao san (CXCT) is a famous Chinese classical prescription. It has a favorable effect in treating migraine. It is reported that CXCT combined with Western conventional medicine (WCM) could increase the therapeutic efficacy on migraine. The purpose of this paper is to systematically assess the clinical efficacy, safety, and some indexes of CXCT for migraine. Methods PubMed, Embase Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, the Cochrane Library, and the CBM were searched from January 2000 to February 2019. We made a detailed record of outcome measurements. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Results A total of 3307 patients were included in the 37 articles. Meta-analysis showed that CXCT significantly increased the total efficiency rate (TER), compared with Western medicine treatment (WMC) (P < 0.00001). When CXCT is combined with WMC, the result showed that P < 0.00001. CXCT was significantly reduced the adverse events (AEs) compared with WMC (P < 0.00001). The levels of VAS, number of migraine episodes (NE), and time of headache duration (TD) were significantly reduced (P < 0.00001). Platelet function and blood rheology level were improved via a significantly decrease in 5-HT and β-EP (P < 0.00001). Other indicators such as substance P, CGRP high-cut viscosity, low-cut viscosity, plasma viscosity, and fibrinogen were significantly reduced (P < 0.00001). Conclusion Our findings provide evidence that CXCT and CXCT combined with WMC have higher efficacy in the treatment of migraine compared with WCM alone. Methodological quality was generally low, so the conclusion of this paper has some limitations and it has to be carefully evaluated.
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Demartini C, Greco R, Zanaboni AM, Sances G, De Icco R, Borsook D, Tassorelli C. Nitroglycerin as a comparative experimental model of migraine pain: From animal to human and back. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 177:15-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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He W, Long T, Pan Q, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Qin G, Chen L, Zhou J. Microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation mediates IL-1β release and contributes to central sensitization in a recurrent nitroglycerin-induced migraine model. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:78. [PMID: 30971286 PMCID: PMC6456991 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Central sensitization is an important mechanism of chronic migraine (CM) and is related to the inflammatory response of microglia. The NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome may regulate the inflammatory process of microglia in several neurological diseases, but its role in CM is largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the precise role of microglial NLRP3 in CM. Methods An experimental CM mouse model was established by repeated intraperitoneal (i.p) injection with nitroglycerin (NTG). We evaluated the expression levels of NLRP3 and its downstream interleukin (IL)-1β protein in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC; which is a central area relevant to migraine pain) at different time points. To further examine the effects of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway on central sensitization of CM, we examined MCC950, an NLRP3 inflammasome-specific inhibitor, and IL-1ra, an IL-1β antagonist, whether altered NTG-induced mechanical hyperalgesia of the periorbital area and hind paw. The effect of MCC950 and IL-1ra on c-Fos, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in the TNC were also analyzed. The cell localization of NLRP3 and IL-1β in the TNC was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. Results Repeated NTG administration induced acute and chronic mechanical hyperalgesia and increased expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β. Blockade of NLRP3 or IL-1β reduced NTG-induced hyperalgesia, and this effect was accompanied by a significant inhibition of the NTG-induced increase in p-ERK, c-Fos and CGRP levels in the TNC. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that NLRP3 and IL-1β were mainly expressed in microglia in the TNC, and the IL-1β receptor, IL-1R, was mainly expressed in neurons in the TNC. Conclusions These results indicate that NLRP3 activation in the TNC participates in the microglial-neuronal signal by mediating the inflammatory response. This process contributes to the central sensitization observed in CM. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1459-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Long
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dunke Zhang
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangcheng Qin
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixue Chen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Animal models have provided a growing body of information about the pathophysiology of headaches and novel therapeutic targets. In recent years, experiments in awake animals have gained attention as more relevant headache models. Pain can be assessed in animals using behavioral alterations, which includes sensory-discriminative, affective-emotional and cognitive aspects. Spontaneous behavioral alterations such as increased grooming, freezing, eye blinking, wet dog shake and head shake and decreased locomotion, rearing, food or water consumption observed during pain episodes are oftentimes easy to translate into clinical outcomes, but are giving little information about the localization and modality of the pain. Evoked pain response such as tactile and thermal hypersensitivity measures are less translatable but gives more insight into mechanisms of action. Mechanical allodynia is usually assessed with von Frey monofilaments and dynamic aesthesiometer, and thermal allodynia can be evaluated with acetone evaporation test and Hargreaves’ test in animal models. Anxiety and depression are the most frequent comorbid diseases in headache disorders. Anxiety-like behaviors are evaluated with the open-field, elevated plus-maze or light/dark box tests. Interpretation of the latter test is challenging in migraine models, as presence of photophobia or photosensitivity can also be measured in light/dark boxes. Depressive behavior is assessed with the forced-swim or tail suspension tests. The majority of headache patients complain of cognitive symptoms and migraine is associated with poor cognitive performance in clinic-based studies. Cluster headache and tension type headache patients also exhibit a reversible cognitive dysfunction during the headache attacks. However, only a limited number of animal studies have investigated cognitive aspects of headache disorders, which remains a relatively unexplored aspect of these pathologies. Thus, the headache field has an excellent and growing selection of model systems that are likely to yield exciting advances in the future.
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Garthwaite J. NO as a multimodal transmitter in the brain: discovery and current status. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:197-211. [PMID: 30399649 PMCID: PMC6295412 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NO operates throughout the brain as an intercellular messenger, initiating its varied physiological effects by activating specialized GC-coupled receptors, resulting in the formation of cGMP. In line with the widespread expression of this pathway, NO participates in numerous different brain functions. This review gives an account of the discovery of NO as a signalling molecule in the brain, experiments that originated in the search for a mysterious cGMP-stimulating factor released from central neurones when their NMDA receptors were stimulated, and summarizes the subsequent key steps that helped establish its status as a central transmitter. Currently, various modes of operation are viewed to underlie its diverse behaviour, ranging from very local signalling between synaptic partners (in the orthograde or retrograde directions) to a volume-type transmission whereby NO synthesized by multiple synchronous sources summate spatially and temporally to influence intermingled neuronal or non-neuronal cells, irrespective of anatomical connectivity. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Nitric Oxide 20 Years from the 1998 Nobel Prize. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Garthwaite
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical ResearchUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Moye LS, Novack ML, Tipton AF, Krishnan H, Pandey SC, Pradhan AA. The development of a mouse model of mTBI-induced post-traumatic migraine, and identification of the delta opioid receptor as a novel therapeutic target. Cephalalgia 2019; 39:77-90. [PMID: 29771142 PMCID: PMC6472897 DOI: 10.1177/0333102418777507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic headache is the most common and long-lasting impairment observed following mild traumatic brain injury, and frequently has migraine-like characteristics. The mechanisms underlying progression from mild traumatic brain injury to post-traumatic headache are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to develop a mouse model of post-traumatic headache and identify mechanisms and novel targets associated with this disorder. METHODS We combined the closed head weight-drop method and the nitroglycerin chronic migraine model. To induce mild traumatic brain injury, a weight was dropped onto intact crania of mildly anesthetized mice, and mechanical responses to chronic-intermittent administration of nitroglycerin, a human migraine trigger, were determined at multiple time points post-injury. RESULTS Low dose nitroglycerin (0.1 mg/kg) evoked acute periorbital and hind paw allodynia in both mild traumatic brain injury and sham animals. However, only mild traumatic brain injury mice developed chronic hypersensitivity to low dose nitroglycerin. Migraine medications, sumatriptan and topiramate, inhibited post-traumatic headache-associated allodynia. In addition, the delta opioid receptor agonist, SNC80, also blocked post-traumatic headache-associated allodynia. Finally, we examined the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide within this model and found that it was increased in trigeminal ganglia two weeks post-mild traumatic brain injury. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we have established a mouse model of post-traumatic headache and identified the delta opioid receptor as a novel therapeutic target for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Moye
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Madeline L Novack
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alycia F Tipton
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Harish Krishnan
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Subhash C Pandey
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, USA
- 2 Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics UIC Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, USA
- 3 Jesse Brown Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amynah Aa Pradhan
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, USA
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Hollas MA, Ben Aissa M, Lee SH, Gordon-Blake JM, Thatcher GRJ. Pharmacological manipulation of cGMP and NO/cGMP in CNS drug discovery. Nitric Oxide 2019; 82:59-74. [PMID: 30394348 PMCID: PMC7645969 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of small molecule modulators of NO/cGMP signaling for use in the CNS has lagged far behind the use of such clinical agents in the periphery, despite the central role played by NO/cGMP in learning and memory, and the substantial evidence that this signaling pathway is perturbed in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. The NO-chimeras, NMZ and Nitrosynapsin, have yielded beneficial and disease-modifying responses in multiple preclinical animal models, acting on GABAA and NMDA receptors, respectively, providing additional mechanisms of action relevant to synaptic and neuronal dysfunction. Several inhibitors of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterases (PDE) have replicated some of the actions of these NO-chimeras in the CNS. There is no evidence that nitrate tolerance is a phenomenon relevant to the CNS actions of NO-chimeras, and studies on nitroglycerin in the periphery continue to challenge the dogma of nitrate tolerance mechanisms. Hybrid nitrates have shown much promise in the periphery and CNS, but to date only one treatment has received FDA approval, for glaucoma. The potential for allosteric modulation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) in brain disorders has not yet been fully explored nor exploited; whereas multiple applications of PDE inhibitors have been explored and many have stalled in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hollas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Manel Ben Aissa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Sue H Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Jesse M Gordon-Blake
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA.
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Jeong H, Moye LS, Southey BR, Hernandez AG, Dripps I, Romanova EV, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV, Pradhan AA, Rodriguez-Zas SL. Gene Network Dysregulation in the Trigeminal Ganglia and Nucleus Accumbens of a Model of Chronic Migraine-Associated Hyperalgesia. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:63. [PMID: 30618656 PMCID: PMC6305622 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological agent nitroglycerin (NTG) elicits hyperalgesia and allodynia in mice. This model has been used to study the neurological disorder of trigeminovascular pain or migraine, a debilitating form of hyperalgesia. The present study validates hyperalgesia in an established mouse model of chronic migraine triggered by NTG and advances the understanding of the associated molecular mechanisms. The RNA-seq profiles of two nervous system regions associated with pain, the trigeminal ganglia (TG) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc), were compared in mice receiving chronic NTG treatment relative to control (CON) mice. Among the 109 genes that exhibited an NTG treatment-by-region interaction, solute carrier family 32 (GABA vesicular transporter) member 1 (Slc32a1) and preproenkephalin (Penk) exhibited reversal of expression patterns between the NTG and CON groups. Erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 (Erbb4) and solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter) member 2 (Slc1a2) exhibited consistent differential expression between treatments across regions albeit at different magnitude. Period circadian clock 1 (Per1) was among the 165 genes that exhibited significant NTG treatment effect. Biological processes disrupted by NTG in a region-specific manner included adaptive and innate immune responses; whereas glutamatergic and dopaminergic synapses and rhythmic process were disrupted in both regions. Regulatory network reconstruction highlighted the widespread role of several transcription factors (including Snrnp70, Smad1, Pax6, Cebpa, and Smpx) among the NTG-disrupted target genes. These results advance the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of hyperalgesia that can be applied to therapies to ameliorate chronic pain and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonsoo Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Laura S. Moye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bruce R. Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alvaro G. Hernandez
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Isaac Dripps
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Elena V. Romanova
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Stanislav S. Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amynah A. Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Kaufmann D, Brennan KC. The Effects of Chronic Stress on Migraine Relevant Phenotypes in Male Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:294. [PMID: 30283302 PMCID: PMC6156251 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a disabling neurological disorder affecting 12% of the world’s population. Stress is a major reported trigger and exacerbator of migraine. We evaluated the effects of two chronic stress paradigms on migraine relevant phenotypes in male C57Bl/6 mice. Methods: Fifty six mice were used in a 14 day social defeat stress (SDS) and twenty three mice were used in a 40 day chronic variable stress (CVS) paradigm. Anxiety measures were evaluated using the open field and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. Migraine relevant phenotypes were evaluated using the nitroglycerin (NTG) and cortical spreading depression (CSD) models. Results: Stress sensitive SDS mice and chronically stressed CVS mice showed decreased exploration in the open field and reduced time spent in the open arms of the EPM compared to controls. Stress sensitive and resilient SDS mice had increased serum corticosterone levels, and stressed mice in the CVS paradigm had decreased weight gain compared to controls, providing combined behavioral and physiological evidence of a stress response. In the CVS paradigm but not the SDS paradigm, the stressed group showed a significant decrease in baseline mechanical withdrawal threshold compared to controls. All groups showed a significant reduction in withdrawal threshold after treatment with NTG, but the reduction was not larger in SDS or CVS than in controls. Interestingly, stress resilient SDS mice showed a rapid recovery from NTG effects that was not seen in other groups. No difference in CSD frequency or velocity was seen between stress and control mice in either stress paradigms. Conclusion: We observed distinct effects of stress on generalized pain response, migraine relevant pain, and migraine relevant excitability. CVS but not SDS was associated with a reduced mechanical withdrawal threshold, consistent with a generalized pain response to chronic stress. Neither SDS nor CVS exacerbated phenotypes considered specifically relevant to migraine - withdrawal to NTG, and susceptibility to CSD. However, the significantly reduced response of stress resilient mice to the NTG stimulus may represent a specific migraine-resistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Kaufmann
- Headache Physiology Lab, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - K C Brennan
- Headache Physiology Lab, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Long T, He W, Pan Q, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Liu C, Liu Q, Qin G, Chen L, Zhou J. Microglia P2X4 receptor contributes to central sensitization following recurrent nitroglycerin stimulation. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:245. [PMID: 30165876 PMCID: PMC6117935 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism underlying migraine chronification remains unclear. Central sensitization may account for this progression. The microglia P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) plays a pivotal role in the central sensitization of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, but there is no information about P2X4R in migraine. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the precise role of microglia P2X4R in chronic migraine (CM). METHODS We used an animal model with recurrent intermittent administration of nitroglycerin (NTG), which closely mimics CM. NTG-induced basal and acute mechanical hypersensitivity were evaluated using the von Frey filament test. Then, we detected Iba1 immunoreactivity (Iba1-IR) and P2X4R expression in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC). To understand the effect of microglia and P2X4R on central sensitization of CM, we examined whether minocycline, an inhibitor of microglia activation, and 5-BDBD, a P2X4R antagonist, altered NTG-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. In addition, we also evaluated the effect of 5-BDBD on c-Fos and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression within the TNC. RESULTS Chronic intermittent administration of NTG resulted in acute and chronic basal mechanical hyperalgesia, accompanied with microglia activation and upregulation of P2X4R expression. Minocycline significantly decreased basal pain hypersensitivity but did not alter acute NTG-induced hyperalgesia. Minocycline also reduced microglia activation. 5-BDBD completely blocked the basal and acute hyperalgesia induced by NTG. This effect was associated with a significant inhibition of the NTG-induced increase in c-Fos protein and CGRP release in the TNC. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that blocking microglia activation may have an effect on the prevention of migraine chronification. Moreover, we speculate that the P2X4R may be implicated in the microglia-neuronal signal in the TNC, which contributes to the central sensitization of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Long
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Guangcheng Qin
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixue Chen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Mason BN, Russo AF. Vascular Contributions to Migraine: Time to Revisit? Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:233. [PMID: 30127722 PMCID: PMC6088188 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is one of the most prevalent and disabling neurovascular disorders worldwide. However, despite the increase in awareness and research, the understanding of migraine pathophysiology and treatment options remain limited. For centuries, migraine was considered to be a vascular disorder. In fact, the throbbing, pulsating quality of the headache is thought to be caused by mechanical changes in vessels. Moreover, the most successful migraine treatments act on the vasculature and induction of migraine can be accomplished with vasoactive agents. However, over the past 20 years, the emphasis has shifted to the neural imbalances associated with migraine, and vascular changes have generally been viewed as an epiphenomenon that is neither sufficient nor necessary to induce migraine. With the clinical success of peripherally-acting antibodies that target calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor for preventing migraine, this neurocentric view warrants a critical re-evaluation. This review will highlight the likely importance of the vasculature in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca N Mason
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Andrew F Russo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Long-Term Depression Induced by Optogenetically Driven Nociceptive Inputs to Trigeminal Nucleus Caudalis or Headache Triggers. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7529-7540. [PMID: 30054391 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3032-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral trigeminovascular pathway mediates orofacial and craniofacial pain and projects centrally to the brainstem trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNc). Sensitization of this pathway is involved in many pain conditions, but little is known about synaptic plasticity at its first central synapse. We have taken advantage of optogenetics to investigate plasticity selectively evoked at synapses of nociceptive primary afferents onto TNc neurons. Based on immunolabeling in the trigeminal ganglia, TRPV1-lineage neurons comprise primarily peptidergic and nonpeptidergic nociceptors. Optical stimulation of channelrhodopsin-expressing axons in the TRPV1/ChR2 mouse in TNc slices thus allowed us to activate a nociceptor-enriched subset of primary afferents. We recorded from lamina I/II neurons in acutely prepared transverse TNc slices, and alternately stimulated two independent afferent pathways, one with light-activated nociceptive afferents and the other with electrically-activated inputs. Low-frequency optical stimulation induced robust long-term depression (LTD) of optically-evoked EPSCs, but not of electrically-evoked EPSCs in the same neurons. Blocking NMDA receptors or nitric oxide synthase strongly attenuated LTD, whereas a cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist had no effect. The neuropeptide PACAP-38 or the nitric oxide donors nitroglycerin or sodium nitroprusside are pharmacologic triggers of human headache. Bath application of any of these three compounds also persistently depressed optically-evoked EPSCs. Together, our data show that LTD of nociceptive afferent synapses on trigeminal nucleus neurons is elicited when the afferents are activated at frequencies consistent with the development of central sensitization of the trigeminovascular pathway.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Animal models suggest that sensitization of trigeminovascular afferents plays a major role in craniofacial pain syndromes including primary headaches and trigeminal neuralgia, yet little is known about synaptic transmission and plasticity in the brainstem trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNc). Here we used optogenetics to selectively drive a nociceptor-enriched population of trigeminal afferents while recording from superficial laminae neurons in the TNc. Low-frequency optical stimulation evoked robust long-term depression at TRPV1/ChR2 synapses. Moreover, application of three different headache trigger drugs also depressed TRPV1/ChR2 synapses. Synaptic depression at these primary afferent synapses may represent a newly identified mechanism contributing to central sensitization during headache.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic migraine (CM) is a recalcitrant subtype of migraine which causes high degrees of disability, poor treatment responses, and frequent recurrences in sufferers. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development and chronification of migraine attacks remain incompletely understood. A validated animal model could help to decipher the pathogenic mechanism of the disease, facilitating the development of possible therapeutic strategies for CM. In this review, we aimed to summarize current animal models of CM and discuss the validity of these models. RECENT FINDINGS Several methods have been available to induce recurrent headache-like behaviors or biochemical changes in rodents, including repeated dural application of inflammatory soup, chronic systemic infusion of nitroglycerin, repeated administration of acute migraine abortive treatment to simulate medication overuse headache, or genetic modification. These models exhibit some features that are believed to be associated with migraine; however, none of the model can recapitulate all the clinical phenotypes found in humans and each has its own weakness. The complex features of CM increase the difficulty of constructing a proper animal model. Nonetheless, currently available models are valid to certain degrees. Future directions might consider simulating the spontaneity and chronicity of migraine by combining known genetic substrates and allostatic loads into the same model.
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Childers KC, Garcin ED. Structure/function of the soluble guanylyl cyclase catalytic domain. Nitric Oxide 2018; 77:53-64. [PMID: 29702251 PMCID: PMC6005667 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Soluble guanylyl cyclase (GC-1) is the primary receptor of nitric oxide (NO) in smooth muscle cells and maintains vascular function by inducing vasorelaxation in nearby blood vessels. GC-1 converts guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP) into cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP), which acts as a second messenger to improve blood flow. While much work has been done to characterize this pathway, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how NO binding to the heme domain leads to a large increase in activity at the C-terminal catalytic domain. Recent structural evidence and activity measurements from multiple groups have revealed a low-activity cyclase domain that requires additional GC-1 domains to promote a catalytically-competent conformation. How the catalytic domain structurally transitions into the active conformation requires further characterization. This review focuses on structure/function studies of the GC-1 catalytic domain and recent advances various groups have made in understanding how catalytic activity is regulated including small molecules interactions, Cys-S-NO modifications and potential interactions with the NO-sensor domain and other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Childers
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baltimore, USA
| | - Elsa D Garcin
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baltimore, USA.
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small gaseous signaling molecule that has important biological effects. It has been heavily implicated in migraine; and the NO donor, nitroglycerin, has been used extensively as a human migraine trigger. Correspondingly, a number of components of the NO signaling cascade have been shown to be upregulated in migraine patients. NO is endogenously produced in the body by NO synthase (NOS), of which there are three isoforms: neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS). Based on the accumulating evidence that endogenous NO regulation is altered in migraine pathogenesis, global and isoform-selective inhibitors of NOS have been targeted for migraine drug development. This review highlights the evidence for the role of NO in migraine and focuses on the use of NOS inhibitors for the treatment of this disorder. In addition, we discuss other molecules within the NO signaling pathway that may be promising therapeutic targets for migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amynah A Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor Street (MC 912), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Zachariah Bertels
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor Street (MC 912), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Simon Akerman
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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