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Olivier B, Naude J, Mnguni N, Thotse M, Phalandwa P, Ferrao P, Saragas NP. Foot and Ankle Injuries in Elite South African Cricketers: A Descriptive Analysis of Injury Surveillance Data. Indian J Orthop 2023; 57:1592-1599. [PMID: 37766951 PMCID: PMC10519890 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-023-00934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Injury surveillance is an important part of injury risk reduction in the sporting population. This study describes the type, side (dominant or non-dominant), occurrence, impact, activity of onset, and severity of foot and ankle injuries in elite South African male and female cricketers. Methods Foot and ankle injuries sustained by elite cricket players between 2018 and 2021, obtained from the records of Cricket South Africa, were descriptively analysed. Results A total of 104 foot and ankle injuries in 82 players were recorded. The majority (n = 100; 96%) of injuries were on the non-dominant side. Bowling (n = 31; 30%) and fielding (n = 20; 19%) contributed to most injuries. The majority were first-time (n = 83; 80%) and non-impact injuries (n = 62; 60%). Fifty percent (n = 52) of injuries rendered players unable to participate in at least one match or practice session. Lateral ankle ligament injury was the most common injury sustained (n = 36; 35%). Conclusion The findings from this study can inform future researchers and assist healthcare service needs relating to injury risk reduction and management programmes. Effective rehabilitation programmes may reduce the risk of reinjury. Ideally, these programmes need to be role specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Olivier
- Wits Cricket Research Hub for Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Oxford Institute of Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Research, Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Jaco Naude
- The Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Unit, Netcare Linksfield Hospital and the Orthopaedic Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nkazimulo Mnguni
- Wits Cricket Research Hub for Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mmathapelo Thotse
- Wits Cricket Research Hub for Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Prudence Phalandwa
- Wits Cricket Research Hub for Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paulo Ferrao
- The Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Unit, Netcare Linksfield Hospital and the Orthopaedic Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nikiforos P. Saragas
- The Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Unit, Netcare Linksfield Hospital and the Orthopaedic Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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2
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Laroche MA, Chassé É, Théoret D, Lalonde F, Comtois AS. Assessment of Training Load, Sleep, Injuries, and Operational Physical Performance During Basic Military Qualification. Mil Med 2023; 188:e2018-e2025. [PMID: 36355828 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Optimizing training load (TL) and sleep is essential to maximize physical performance and prevent musculoskeletal injuries (MSKIs) for Canadian forces recruits during the 10-week basic military qualification (BMQ) course. The purpose of this study was to assess the TL, sleep duration, the occurrence of MSKIs during the BMQ, and the operation fitness performance during the BMQ. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty Canadian recruits, eight females and 32 males, (age 24 ± 5 years; height 176.4 ± 10.4 cm), were monitored with an accelerometer (GENEActiv) on their wrist between weeks 1 and 9 to evaluate the TL and sleep duration. During weeks 2 and 10, the recruits completed an operational fitness evaluation. Injury surveillance was performed over 10 weeks. RESULTS TL intensity was significantly different (P = 0.0001) from week to week. The weekly average total time of moderate and vigorous physical activity was 189.7 ± 48.1 min and 44.7 ± 15.2 min, respectively. The average sleep duration was 5.4 ± 0.4 h per night and decreased to 4.2 h ± 0.4 during field exercises. A significant difference in sleep duration was observed between recruits with and without a MSKI. The recruits accumulated a total of 95 days under medical restrictions with an average of 3.8 consecutive days. The VO2peak estimated from the Fitness for Operational Requirements of Canadian Armed Forces Employment job-based simulation test significantly improved from weeks 2 to 10 (pre, 47.1 ± 6.3; post: 50.2 ± 5.8; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS TL is of high magnitude and varies from week to week. The reported mean sleep duration per week may perhaps negatively impact the occurrence of MSKI. No significant improvement was detected in operational fitness by the end of the BMQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Andrée Laroche
- Personnel Support Program, Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School, Richelain, QC J0J 1R0, Canada
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Étienne Chassé
- Human Performance Research and Development, Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services, Ottawa, ON K1J 1J7, Canada
| | - Daniel Théoret
- Human Performance Research and Development, Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services, Ottawa, ON K1J 1J7, Canada
| | - François Lalonde
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Alain-Steve Comtois
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
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3
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Epifano DJ, Ryan S, Clarke AC, Huynh M, Anderson H, Middleton KJ. Comparing tibial accelerations between delivery and follow-through foot strikes in cricket pace bowling. Sports Biomech 2022:1-14. [PMID: 36266941 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2136582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Foot strikes of the pace-bowling delivery stride produce large ground reaction forces, which may be linked to injury, yet the biomechanics of the follow-through are unknown. This study assessed tibial accelerations across the delivery and follow-through foot strikes in pace bowlers and evaluated relationships between these measures and five common pace-bowling intensity metrics. Fifteen sub-elite male pace bowlers performed deliveries at warm-up, match, and maximal intensities. Tibial accelerations were measured using tibial-mounted inertial measurement units and recorded at back- and front-foot initial and re-contacts. A trunk-worn global navigation satellite system unit measured PlayerLoad™, run-up speed, and distance. Ball speed and perceived exertion measures were also recorded. A linear mixed model showed statistical significance of prescribed intensities (p < .001) and foot strike for tibial acceleration (p < .001). Tibial accelerations showed positive increases with changes in prescribed intensity (p < .05). The greatest magnitude of tibial acceleration was found at back foot re-contact (mean ± SD; 1139 ± 319 m/s2). Repeated-measures correlations of tibial acceleration between foot contacts were weak (r = 0.2-0.4). The greatest magnitude of tibial acceleration reported at back foot re-contact may have implications for injury incidence, representing an important avenue for future pace bowling research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Epifano
- Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuel Ryan
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthea C Clarke
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Minh Huynh
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harvey Anderson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Kane J Middleton
- Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Walter S, King D, Hume P. New Zealand cricket injury analysis based on 12 years of Accident Compensation Corporation data. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001340. [PMID: 35990761 PMCID: PMC9352978 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesTo provide epidemiological data for cricket injuries in New Zealand.MethodsA retrospective analytical review using epidemiological cricket data obtained from the national Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) for 2005–2016. Injury incidence was calculated per 1000 participants.ResultsThere were 86 562 injuries (77 212 males and 9350 females) during the 12 years with higher injury incidence for males (64.1) than females (36.1). While cricket-related injury claims increased by 42.6%, the injury incidence decreased from 59.0 in 2006 to 42.8 in 2016. The pooled injury rate per 1000 participants was highest for hand/fingers (9.2) and lumbar (8.1) body regions, and for contact (44.7) activities. Players aged 10–20 years were more likely to experience injury.ConclusionsAnalysis of 12 years of ACC cricket-related injury claims showed only minimal reductions in injury incidence over the years. Therefore, cricket-related contact injuries to the hand/fingers and head need to be the focus of injury prevention programmes (eg, via promoting use of protective gear and correct technique), particularly in players aged 10–20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibi Walter
- Faculty of Health, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Doug King
- Traumatic Brain Injury Network (TBIN), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patria Hume
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Sports Performance Research in New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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5
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McGrath JW, Neville J, Stewart T, Lamb M, Alway P, King M, Cronin J. The relationship between bowling intensity and ground reaction force in cricket pace bowlers. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1602-1608. [PMID: 35786386 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2094561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between perceived bowling intensity, ball release speed and ground reaction force (measured by peak force, impulse and loading rate) in male pace bowlers. Twenty participants each bowled 36 deliveries, split evenly across three perceived intensity zones: low = 70% of maximum perceived bowling effort, medium = 85%, and high = 100%. Peak force and loading rate were significantly different across the three perceived intensity zones in the horizontal and vertical directions (Cohen's d range = 0.14-0.45, p < 0.01). When ball release speed increased, peak force and loading rate also increased in the horizontal and vertical directions (ηp2 = 0.04-0.18, p < 0.01). Lastly, bowling at submaximal intensities (i.e., low - medium) was associated with larger decreases in peak horizontal force (7.9-12.3% decrease), impulse (15.8-21.4%) and loading rate (7.4-12.7%) compared to decreases in ball release speed (5.4-8.3%). This may have implications for bowling strategies implemented during training and matches, particularly for preserving energy and reducing injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W McGrath
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Sport, Manukau Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Paramedicine and Emergency Management, School of Health Care Practice, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jonathon Neville
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tom Stewart
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Human Potential Centre, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matt Lamb
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Peter Alway
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, England
| | - Mark King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - John Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Filbay SR, Bullock GS, Sanchez-Santos MT, Arden NK, Peirce N. A Higher Playing Standard, Bowling, and Intermittent Helmet Use Are Related to a Greater Odds of Injury or Concussion in Cricket. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:e300-e307. [PMID: 34009794 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if playing position, a higher playing standard, and nonhelmet use are related to an increased odds of joint-specific injury and concussion in cricket. DESIGN Cross-sectional cohort. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-eight thousand one hundred fifty-two current or former recreational and high-performance cricketers registered on a national database were invited to participate in the Cricket Health and Wellbeing Study. Eligibility requirements were aged ≥18 years and played ≥1 cricket season. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Main playing position (bowler/batter/all-rounder), playing standard (high-performance/recreational), and helmet use (always/most of the time/occasionally/never). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cross-sectional questionnaire data included cricket-related injury (hip/groin, knee, ankle, shoulder, hand, back) resulting in ≥4 weeks of reduced exercise and self-reported concussion history. Crude and adjusted (adjusted for seasons played) odds ratios and 95% confidence interval (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS Of 2294 participants (59% current cricketers; 97% male; age 52 ± 15 years; played 29 ± 15 seasons; 62% recreational cricketers), 47% reported cricket-related injury and 10% reported concussion. Bowlers had greater odds of hip/groin [odds ratio (95% CI), 1.9 (1.0-3.3)], knee [2.0 (1.4-2.8)], shoulder [2.9 (1.8-4.5)], and back [2.8 (1.7-4.4)] injury compared with batters. High-performance cricketers had greater odds of injury and concussion than recreational cricketers. Wearing a helmet most of the time [2.0 (1.4-3.0)] or occasionally [1.8 (1.3-2.6)] was related to higher odds of self-reported concussion compared with never wearing a helmet. Concussion rates were similar in cricketers who always and never wore a helmet. CONCLUSIONS A higher playing standard and bowling (compared with batting) were associated with greater odds of injury. Wearing a helmet occasionally or most of the time was associated with higher odds of self-reported concussion compared with never wearing a helmet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Filbay
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiotherapy, Centre for Health Exercise and Sports Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Garrett S Bullock
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria T Sanchez-Santos
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel K Arden
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Peirce
- England and Wales Cricket Board, Lord's Cricket Ground, London, United Kingdom ; and
- National Centre For Sports and Exercise Medicine and National Cricket Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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7
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Sclafani S, Frane N, Humphrey TJ, Miceli J, Trasolini R. Increased Regular Season Soft Tissue Injury Rates in National Football League (NFL) Players May Be Associated With the Canceled 2020 NFL Preseason Due to COVID-19. Cureus 2022; 14:e24674. [PMID: 35663690 PMCID: PMC9158490 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study is to evaluate the rates of regular season soft tissue injuries in National Football League (NFL) players during the 2020 season, which had a canceled preseason due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This study retrospectively reviewed the injury rates of the 2020-2021 NFL regular season in comparison to the 2018-2019 NFL regular season using publicly available injury data. The focus of our analysis was comparing the following soft tissue injuries: hamstring, groin, calf, quadriceps, thigh, knee - anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), pectoral, and Achilles. The week of injury occurrence, duration of injury in weeks, position of the injured player, and age of the NFL player at injury were obtained. Injury rates were calculated per 1000 athletic exposures with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A chi-square test and Student's t-test were utilized as appropriate. Results There were 1370 total injuries in the 2018-2019 regular NFL season and 2086 total injuries reported in the 2020-2021 regular NFL season. The total number of injuries per 1000 athletic exposures was significantly higher in the 2020-2021 NFL season compared to the 2018-2019 NFL season (88.57 versus 58.17, p < 0.001). The rates of injuries per 1000 athletic exposures for hamstring (9.98 versus 5.31, p = 0.043), groin (5.56 versus 2.46, p = 0.007), calf (4.08 versus 1.61, p = 0.006), quadriceps (2.00 versus 0.72, p = 0.030), and thigh (1.23 versus 0.30, p = 0.012) injuries were significantly higher in the 2020-2021 regular NFL season compared to the 2018-2019 NFL regular season. Conclusions The 2020-2021 NFL season had a significantly higher incidence of soft tissue injuries compared to the 2018-2019 regular NFL season, which may have been associated with the absent preseason due to the COVID-19 pandemic and an abrupt increase in the athletic workload of players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sclafani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Northwell Health Plainview Hospital, Plainview, USA
| | - Nicholas Frane
- Orthopedic Surgery, The Center for Orthopedic Research and Education (CORE) Institute, Phoenix, USA
| | - Tyler J Humphrey
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Joseph Miceli
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, USA
| | - Robert Trasolini
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Northwell Health Plainview Hospital, Plainview, USA
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8
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Dovbysh T, Reid D, Shackel D. Injury incidence within male elite New Zealand cricket from the early T20 era: 2009-2015. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001168. [PMID: 34868632 PMCID: PMC8606773 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to describe the injury epidemiology of domestic and international level male New Zealand cricketers from seasons 2009–2010 to 2014–2015 across all match formats given the increasing popularity of T20 cricket. Methods Match exposure and injury surveillance data collected prospectively by New Zealand Cricket was analysed using international consensus recommendations for injury surveillance and reporting in cricket. Relationships between playing level, role and injury were statistically analysed. Results A total of 268 elite male New Zealand cricketers from seasons 2009–2010 to 2014–2015 were analysed from the New Zealand Cricket injury surveillance system. Total new match injury incidence rates were 37.0 and 58.0 injuries per 10 000 player hours in domestic and international cricket, respectively. Total new and recurrent match injury incidence in international cricket was approximately 1.7 times higher than domestic cricket (277.6 vs 162.8 injuries per 1000 player days). Injury prevalence rates were 7.6% and 10.0% in domestic and international cricket. The hamstring (8.2%) in domestic cricket and the groin (13.5%) in international cricket were the most injured body sites. Most match days lost in domestic cricket were to the lumbar spine (417 days), and groin in international cricket (152 days). There were statistically significant differences in injury between domestic and international level cricketers (χ2=4.39, p=0.036), and playing role (χ2=42.29, p<0.0001). Conclusions Total injury incidence rates in elite New Zealand cricket increased in 2009–2015 compared with previous data. International-level players and pace bowlers were the most injured individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofei Dovbysh
- School of Clinical Sciences, School of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Duncan Reid
- School of Clinical Sciences, School of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Sports Performance Research Institute of New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.,Active Living and Rehabilitation Aotearoa (ALARA), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dayle Shackel
- High Performance Centre, New Zealand Cricket, Lincoln, New Zealand
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9
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Perrett C, Bussey M, Lamb P. External workload intensity in cricket fast bowlers across maximal and submaximal intensities: Modifying PlayerLoad and IMU location. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:527-533. [PMID: 34796781 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.2003570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Workload is a commonly accepted risk factor for injury among fast bowlers, however many methods exist to characterise workload. Recently, automated intensity-sensitive measures like PlayerLoad have been used to improve the estimation of workload in fast bowlers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether similar variables could be extracted from a single inertial measurement unit (IMU) that highly correlate with intensity, according to release speed. Eight elite and pre-elite bowlers participated in the study, with each bowler bowling one over each at 60%, 80% and 100% intensity and repeating this across two sessions (36 balls per participant). IMUs were placed on the upper-back and non-bowling wrist and maximum PlayerLoad from each delivery (PLmax) was compared to the accumulated value across each delivery (PLacc). The strongest correlation with release speed was with PLacc from the non-bowling wrist (R = 0.74), followed by PLacc from the upper-back (R = 0.65) and PLmax from the upper back (R = 0.60). Consequently, an improved estimation of the intensity at which bowlers are working at could be gained by examining accumulated PlayerLoad values from an IMU on the non-bowling wrist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Perrett
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Melanie Bussey
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Peter Lamb
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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10
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McGrath JW, Neville J, Stewart T, Clinning H, Thomas B, Cronin J. Quantifying cricket fast bowling volume, speed and perceived intensity zone using an Apple Watch and machine learning. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:323-330. [PMID: 34758701 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1993640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and machine learning models could accurately measure bowling volume (BV), ball release speed (BRS), and perceived intensity zone (PIZ). Forty-four male pace bowlers wore a high measurement range, research-grade IMU (SABELSense) and a consumer-grade IMU (Apple Watch) on both wrists. Each participant bowled 36 deliveries, split into two different PIZs (Zone 1 = 70-85% of maximum bowling effort, Zone 2 = 100% of maximum bowling effort). BRS was measured using a radar gun. Four machine learning models were compared. Gradient boosting models had the best results across all measures (BV: F-score = 1.0; BRS: Mean absolute error = 2.76 km/h; PIZ: F-score = 0.92). There was no significant difference between the SABELSense and Apple Watch on the same hand when measuring BV, BRS, and PIZ. A significant improvement in classifying PIZ was observed for IMUs located on the dominant wrist. For all measures, there was no added benefit of combining IMUs on the dominant and non-dominant wrists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W McGrath
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Manukau Institute of Technology School of Sport, Auckland, New Zealand.,Paramedicine and Emergency Management, School of Health Care Practice, Aut University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jonathon Neville
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tom Stewart
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Human Potential Centre, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - John Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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11
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Bullock GS, Perera N, Murray A, Orchard J, Arden NA, Filbay SR. The relationship between cricket participation, health and wellbeing: A scoping review. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:401-410. [PMID: 34734400 DOI: 10.1055/a-1686-6632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Summarising and synthesising the evidence on cricket health and wellbeing can help inform cricket stakeholders and navigate future research directions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cricket participation, health and wellbeing at all ages and playing standards, and identify research gaps in the existing literature. A scoping review was performed from inception to March, 2020. Studies were included if they assessed a construct related to health and/or wellbeing in cricketers, available in English. 219 articles were eligible. Injury incidence per 1,000 player exposures ranged from 1.8-5.7 injuries. 48% of former cricketers experienced persistent joint pain. However, former cricketers reported greater physical activity levels and mental-components of quality of life compared to the general population. Heat injury/illness and skin cancer are concerns and require further research. Cricket participation is associated with an inherent injury risk, which may have negative implications for musculoskeletal health in later life. However, cricket participation is associated with high quality of life which can persist after retirement. Gaps in the literature include prospective studies on health and wellbeing of cricketers, female cricketers, injury prevention strategies, and the impact of cricket participation on metabolic health and lifetime physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Scott Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States.,Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Nirmala Perera
- Sport Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, Australia
| | - Andrew Murray
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, University of Edinburgh Institute for Sport Physical Education and Health Sciences, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - John Orchard
- Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nigel A Arden
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Stephanie R Filbay
- Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne Department of Physiotherapy, Melbourne, Australia
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12
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Constable M, Wundersitz D, Bini R, Kingsley M. Quantification of the demands of cricket bowling and the relationship to injury risk: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:109. [PMID: 34507613 PMCID: PMC8431903 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bowling in cricket is a complex sporting movement which, despite being well characterised, still produces a significant number of injuries each year. Fast bowlers are more likely to be injured than any other playing role. Frequency, duration, intensity and volume of bowling, which have been generalised as measurements of workload, are thought to be risk factors for injuries. Injury rates of fast bowlers have not reduced in recent years despite the implementation of various workload monitoring practices. OBJECTIVE To identify the variables used to quantify frequency, intensity, time and volume of bowling; and evaluate relationships between these variables and injury risk. METHODS Six online databases were systematically searched for studies on fast bowling that included terms related to workload. Population characteristics, variables relating to demand and their relationship to standardised definitions of physical activity were extracted from all included studies. RESULTS Bowling workload is typically quantified through measures of frequency, duration, or indirect intensity, with few studies reporting on bowling volume. CONCLUSIONS When reported on, volume was often described using imprecise or insufficient measures of intensity. There is a need to develop more appropriate measures of intensity during bowling and improve the quality of evidence to inform on bowling programme management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Constable
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Wundersitz
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Bini
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Kingsley
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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13
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Kiely N, Pickering Rodriguez L, Watsford M, Reddin T, Hardy S, Duffield R. The influence of technique and physical capacity on ball release speed in cricket fast-bowling. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2361-2369. [PMID: 34096462 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1933349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationships between physical capacity, bowling technique and ball speed in 20 fast-bowlers. Technique factors correlated with ball speed were; bowling action duration (r = -0.639, p = 0.002), run-up velocity (r = 0.616, p = 0.004), back foot contact (BFC) time (r = -0.608, p = 0.004), front foot contact (FFC)-ball release (BR) duration (r = -0.602, p = 0.005), delivery stride phase acceleration (r = -0.582, p = 0.007), delivery stride duration (r = -0.547, p = 0.012), time of peak horizontal braking force (r = -0.538, p=0.014), peak pelvis COM velocity (BFC-BR) (r = 0.469, p = 0.037) and peak vertical GRF time (r = -0.461, p = 0.041). Physical capacities were; 10-30 m split (r = -0.554, p = 0.011), 30 m sprint (r = -0.482, p = 0.031) and IMTP (r = 0.471, p = 0.036). Stepwise regression showed bowling action duration and 10-30 m split explained 54% (p = 0.001) of ball speed variation. Ball speed was associated with faster run-ups, shorter BFC times and abrupt FFC GRF application. Coaches should also consider sprint speed and lower-body strength as important modifiable factors for fast-bowlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Kiely
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sport Science and Sports Medicine Department, Cricket New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Mark Watsford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Reddin
- Sport Science and Sports Medicine Department, Cricket New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Hardy
- Sport Science and Sports Medicine Department, Cricket New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
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14
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Slowik R, Morris C, Hoch M, Uhl T. Identifying Risk Factors of Upper Extremity Injuries in Collegiate Baseball Players: A Pilot Study. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:797-806. [PMID: 34123531 PMCID: PMC8169003 DOI: 10.26603/001c.24146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive pitching places tremendous forces on the shoulder and elbow which can lead to upper extremity (UE) or lower extremity (LE) overuse injuries. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate pre-season physical measurements in collegiate baseball players and track in-season baseball throwing volume to determine which factors may predict throwing overuse injuries. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective Cohort study. METHODS Baseline preseason mobility, strength, endurance, and perception of function were measured in 17 collegiate baseball pitchers. Participants were then followed during the course of the season to collect rate of individual exposure, estimated pitch volume, and rating of perceived exertion in order to determine if changes in workload contributed to risk of injury using an Acute-to-Chronic Workload ratio (ACWR). RESULTS Participants developing an injury had greater shoulder internal rotator strength (p=0.04) and grip strength in a neutral position (p=0.03). A significant relationship was identified between ACWR and UE injuries (p <0.001). Athletes with an ACWR above or below 33% were 8.3 (CI95 1.8-54.1) times more likely to suffer a throwing overuse injury occurring to the upper or lower extremity in the subsequent week. CONCLUSION ACWR change in a positive or negative direction by 33% was the primary predictor of subsequent injury. This finding may assist sports medicine clinicians by using this threshold when tracking pitch volume to ensure a safe progression in workload during a baseball season to reduce the risk of sustaining overuse upper or lower extremity injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3b.
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15
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McGrath J, Neville J, Stewart T, Clinning H, Cronin J. Can an inertial measurement unit (IMU) in combination with machine learning measure fast bowling speed and perceived intensity in cricket? J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1402-1409. [PMID: 33480328 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1876312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether an inertial measurement unit (IMU), in combination with machine learning, could accurately predict two indirect measures of bowling intensity through ball release speed (BRS) and perceived intensity zone (PIZ). One IMU was attached to the thoracic back of 44 fast bowlers. Each participant bowled 36 deliveries at two different PIZ zones (Zone 1 = 24 deliveries at 70% to 85% of maximum perceived bowling effort; Zone 2 = 12 deliveries at 100% of maximum perceived bowling effort) in a random order. IMU data (sampling rate = 250 Hz) were downsampled to 125 Hz, 50 Hz, and 25 Hz to determine if model accuracy was affected by the sampling frequency. Data were analysed using four machine learning models. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare the mean absolute error (MAE) and accuracy scores (separately) across the four models and four sampling frequencies. Gradient boosting models were shown to be the most consistent at measuring BRS (MAE = 3.61 km/h) and PIZ (F-score = 88%) across all sampling frequencies. This method could be used to measure BRS and PIZ which may contribute to a better understanding of overall bowling load which may help to reduce injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph McGrath
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Sport, Manukau Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Paramedicine and Emergency Management, School of Health Care Practice, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jonathon Neville
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tom Stewart
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Human Potential Centre, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - John Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Vescovi
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education Graduate School of Exercise Science University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, CANADA
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17
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Bliss A, Ahmun R, Jowitt H, Scott P, Jones TW, Tallent J. Variability and physical demands of international seam bowlers in one-day and Twenty20 international matches across five years. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 24:505-510. [PMID: 33288447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify and compare the match demands and variability of international One-Day (ODI) with Twenty20 (T20) cricket matches and to compare ODI match demands when competing home and away. DESIGN Single cohort, longitudinal observation. METHODS Thirteen international male seam bowlers across 204matches (ODI=160; T20=44) were investigated over five-years (2015-2019). Using global positioning sensors and accelerometers, physical demands were quantified using distance covered at different velocities and the number of entries into high and low intensity acceleration and deceleration bands. Variability was quantified using coefficient of variation (CV) and smallest worthwhile change. RESULTS Significantly greater (p<0.05) match demands were found for all physical variables relative to minutes played for T20 against ODI matches, except for distance covered 20-25kmh-1 which was greater for ODI. Distance covered between 0-7km∙h-1 showed no significance difference (p=0.60). The number of moderate decelerations (2-4m∙s2) were greater (p=0.04) away compared to home in ODI. All other variables showed no significance. Relative to minutes played, decelerations ≤4m∙s2 (within-player ODI CV=75.5%. T20=72.0%) accelerations >4m∙s2 (within-player ODI CV=79.2%. T20 CV=77.2%. Between-player ODI CV=84.7%. T20=38.8%) and distance covered >25kmh-1 (within-player ODI CV=65.5%. T20=64.1%) showed the greatest variability. CONCLUSIONS Players are exposed to different physical demands in ODI Vs T20 matches, but not for home Vs away ODI matches. Practitioners should be aware of the large variability in high-speed/intensity accelerations and decelerations across matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bliss
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Thomas W Jones
- Department of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jamie Tallent
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
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18
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West SW, Williams S, Cazzola D, Kemp S, Cross MJ, Stokes KA. Training Load and Injury Risk in Elite Rugby Union: The Largest Investigation to Date. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:731-739. [PMID: 33291182 DOI: 10.1055/a-1300-2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Training load monitoring has grown in recent years with the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) widely used to aggregate data to inform decision-making on injury risk. Several methods have been described to calculate the ACWR and numerous methodological issues have been raised. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between the ACWR and injury in a sample of 696 players from 13 professional rugby clubs over two seasons for 1718 injuries of all types and a further analysis of 383 soft tissue injuries specifically. Of the 192 comparisons undertaken for both injury groups, 40% (all injury) and 31% (soft tissue injury) were significant. Furthermore, there appeared to be no calculation method that consistently demonstrated a relationship with injury. Some calculation methods supported previous work for a "sweet spot" in injury risk, while a substantial number of methods displayed no such relationship. This study is the largest to date to have investigated the relationship between the ACWR and injury risk and demonstrates that there appears to be no consistent association between the two. This suggests that alternative methods of training load aggregation may provide more useful information, but these should be considered in the wider context of other established risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W West
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Cazzola
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Kemp
- Medical Services, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London,United Kingdom
| | | | - Keith A Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.,Medical Services, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, United Kingdom
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19
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How Has Workload Been Defined and How Many Workload-Related Exposures to Injury Are Included in Published Sports Injury Articles? A Scoping Review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020; 50:538-548. [PMID: 32998614 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2020.9766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe how workload-related exposure variables have been defined in sports injury articles, and to identify the number of workload-related exposure variables included in comparative analyses. DESIGN Scoping review. LITERATURE SEARCH PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus were systematically searched on March 13, 2020. Two reviewers independently screened the retrieved literature and selected articles for inclusion. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA Prospective cohort studies using workload-related variables as the primary exposure to sports injury were eligible for inclusion. DATA SYNTHESIS The type (eg, distance, balls bowled) and construct of workload-related exposure variables (eg, acute-chronic workload ratio) were extracted and summarized in frequency tables. RESULTS A total of 648 articles were identified, and 45 were eligible for inclusion. Workload definition differed greatly, as sports- and workload-related exposure variables could be, but were not limited to, distance, balls bowled, session rating of perceived exertion, accelerations, soreness, and sleep. Within and across articles, authors used different constructs for workload-related exposure variables. For example, distance was represented as total distance, distance per week, distance per 2 weeks, and acute-chronic workload ratio. The number of workload-related exposure variables included in comparative analyses ranged from 1 to 336. CONCLUSION Studies used different definitions of workload-related exposure variables. The number of workload-related exposure variables in a single study ranged from 1 to 336. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(10):538-548. doi:10.2519/jospt.2020.9766.
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20
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Moreno-Pérez V, Prieto J, Del Coso J, Lidó-Micó JE, Fragoso M, Penalva FJ, Reid M, Pluim BM. Association of acute and chronic workloads with injury risk in high-performance junior tennis players. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1215-1223. [PMID: 32877321 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1819435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the association and predictive ability of several markers of internal workload on risk of injury in high-performance junior tennis players. Fifteen young, high-level tennis players (9 males, 6 females; age: 17.2 ± 1.1 years; height: 178.5 ± 8.7 cm; mass: 68.1 ± 4.8 kg) participated in this investigation. Data on injury epidemiology and internal workload during training were obtained for one competitive season. The session-rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) was used to calculate internal workload markers in absolute (acute workload and chronic workload for 2-weeks, 3-weeks and 4-weeks) and relative terms (acute:chronic workload ratios [ACWR] for 2-weeks, 3-weeks and 4-weeks). Associations and diagnostic power for predicting tennis injuries were examined through generalised estimating equations and receiver operating characteristics analyses. During the season, a total of 40 injuries were recorded, corresponding to 3.5 injuries per 1000 h of tennis practice. The acute workload was highly associated with injury incidence (P=0.04), as injury risk increased by 1.62 times (95% CI: 1.01-2.62) for every increase of 1858.7 arbitrary units (AU) of the workload during the most recent training week. However, acute workload was a poor predictor of injury, and associations between injury and internal workload markers were weak (all P>0.05). These findings demonstrate an association between high values of acute workload and the risk of injury in high-level tennis players. However, a high acute workload is only one of the many factors associated with injury, and by itself, has low predictive ability for injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Moreno-Pérez
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain.,Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, San Joan, Spain
| | - Jaime Prieto
- Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Fragoso
- Performance Department, Altur Tennis Academy, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Machar Reid
- Game Insight Group, Tennis Australia, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Babette M Pluim
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Medical Department, Royal Netherlands Lawn Tennis Association (KNLTB), Amstelveen, Netherlands
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21
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Zemková E, Kováčiková Z, Zapletalová L. Is There a Relationship Between Workload and Occurrence of Back Pain and Back Injuries in Athletes? Front Physiol 2020; 11:894. [PMID: 32792989 PMCID: PMC7394240 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The back is subjected to a great deal of strain in many sports. Up to 20% of all sports injuries involve an injury to the lower back or neck. Repetitive or high impact loads (e.g., running, gymnastics, skiing) and weight loading (e.g., weightlifting) affect the lower back. Rotation of the torso (e.g., golf, tennis) causes damage to both, the lumbar and thoracic spine. The cervical spine is most commonly injured in contact sports (e.g., boxing, football). One of the factors that increases the odds of injuries in athletes is excessive and rapid increases in training loads. In spite of currently emerging evidence on this issue, little is known about the balance between physiological loading on the spine and athletic performance, versus overloading and back pain and/or injury in athletes. This scoping review aims (i) to map the literature that addresses the association between the training load and the occurrence of back pain and/or injury, especially between the Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR) and back problems in athletes of individual and team sports, and (ii) to identify gaps in existing literature and propose future research on this topic. A literature search of six electronic databases (i.e., MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, SportDiscus, and CINAHL) was conducted. A total of 48 research articles met the inclusion criteria. Findings identified that fatigue of the trunk muscles induced by excessive loading of the spine is one of the sources of back problems in athletes. In particular, high training volume and repetitive motions are responsible for the high prevalence rates. The most influential are biomechanical and physiological variations underlying the spine, though stress-related psychological factors should also be considered. However, limited evidence exists on the relationship between the ACWR and back pain or non-contact back injuries in athletes from individual and team sports. This may be due to insufficiently specified the acute and chronic time window that varies according to sport-specific schedule of competition and training. More research is therefore warranted to elucidate whether ACWR, among other factors, is able to identify workloads that could increase the risk of back problems in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Medical Rehabilitation, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kováčiková
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ludmila Zapletalová
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Medical Rehabilitation, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
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22
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McLeod G, O'Connor S, Morgan D, Kountouris A, Finch CF, Fortington LV. Prospective reporting of injury in community-level cricket: A systematic review to identify research priorities. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:1028-1043. [PMID: 32553446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cricket is a popular sport enjoyed worldwide. Injuries in cricket are not well understood at community level but are important to understand for prevention to ensure the game continues to be enjoyed safely. This systematic review was designed to assess the quality of data collection and reporting, and to summarise the injury data, in studies of community cricket players. DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS Nine databases were searched to November 2018 using the terms "cricket*" and "injur*". A nine-item critical appraisal and three-item likelihood-of-bias evaluation was conducted on included studies. Data completeness was evaluated against recommendations in the international cricket consensus statement for recording/reporting injury and the Australian Sports Injury Data Dictionary (ASIDD). Descriptive injury data (n,%) are presented in tabular format for different subgroups (activity, position, population). RESULTS Thirteen studies were included, of which eight were rated as unclear, one as high and three having a low likelihood-of-bias. The mean score for completeness of data against the consensus statement was 3.5/10 (95%C.I. 2.8-4.2). The mean score for completeness of data against the ASIDD was 4.4/6 (95%C.I. 3.9-5.0). Bruising and inflammation was the most common injury in junior cricket. Stress fractures were most common in studies of bowlers. Where studies included all activities, batting accounted for most injuries (7-49%). CONCLUSIONS The included studies inconsistently addressed recommended items for injury surveillance in community sport and cricket. Most studies focused on junior levels or adolescent bowlers, with bruising/inflammation and stress fractures being most common, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geordie McLeod
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
| | - Siobhán O'Connor
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Ireland
| | - Damian Morgan
- Federation Business School, Federation University Australia, Australia
| | - Alex Kountouris
- Sports Science & Sports Medicine Manager, Cricket Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline F Finch
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
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23
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Bowling loads and injury risk in male first class county cricket: Is ‘differential load’ an alternative to the acute-to-chronic workload ratio? J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:569-573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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24
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Fuller M, Moyle GM, Hunt AP, Minett GM. Injuries during transition periods across the year in pre-professional and professional ballet and contemporary dancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 44:14-23. [PMID: 32339996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To consider the association of injuries with transition periods in the dance year, i.e., when dancers return at the start of the year, and when they transition from rehearsal to performance periods. METHODS Six electronic databases were searched to November 2019. All English language peer-reviewed studies, of any study design investigating ballet and contemporary pre-professional and professional dance populations were included. Only those studies reporting on the timing of injury were included. RESULTS Fifteen cohort and two case-series studies were included. A meta-analysis of seven studies revealed the rate of injuries to be significantly higher for the second and third months (1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.11-2.08; 1.26; 95%CI:1.07-1.48 respectively) after the return to dance. Two further studies report more injuries up to Week 13 of the year. One study showed an increase in injured dancers at three and four weeks after transition from rehearsals to a performance season. Four studies show an increase in injuries at performance times. CONCLUSIONS Meta-analyses of seven studies shows the second and third months after returning to dance have a significantly higher rate of injuries. More research is needed to quantify training loads in dance. Practitioners should be cognisant of the higher injury rates during periods of transition and consider modifying load, as it is a potential contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fuller
- School of Creative Practice, Creative Industries Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.
| | - G M Moyle
- School of Creative Practice, Creative Industries Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - A P Hunt
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - G M Minett
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
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25
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Reid MJ, Alva A, Thompson SM, Dhawan RT, Jones MH, Williams AM. Fast Bowler's knee - anteromedial articular impingement. J Exp Orthop 2020; 7:20. [PMID: 32270302 PMCID: PMC7142198 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-020-00237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a series of impingement lesions found on the anterior aspect of the medial femoral condyle in international cricketers. METHODS Seven international level fast bowlers presented to our clinic with knee pain in the lead leg between 2005 and 2013. The mean age of the patients was 26.7 years (20-29 years). In all patients a careful history and examination was undertaken followed by appropriate investigations. Conservative management and arthroscopic surgery were performed on these cases. We aimed for a pain free quiet knee with resolved oedema on MRI and return to sport. RESULTS MRI images showed oedema in the medial femoral condyle in all patients and 4 patients also had associated cartilage loss. These 4 patients underwent arthroscopic surgery whereas the other 3 were less symptomatic and were managed conservatively. All patients returned to international cricket at an average of 6 months in the non-operative group and 8 months in the operative group. CONCLUSION Anterior impingement of the anteromedial femoral condyle can be a potentially serious lesion in the fast bowler. A strong index of suspicion regarding this lesion has to be exercised when a fast bowler attends with knee pain and effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Reid
- Cairns Hospital, 165 The Esplanade, Cairns City, QLD 4870 Australia
- James Cook University, 1 James Cook Dr, Townsville City, QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Avinash Alva
- Fortius Clinic, 17 Fitzhardinge Street, London, W1H 6EQ UK
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH UK
| | - Simon M. Thompson
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH UK
| | - Ranju T. Dhawan
- Radiology Department, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, The Bays South Wharf Road St Mary’s Hospital, London, W2 1NY UK
- Hybrid Imaging, Wellington Hospital, Wellington Place, London, NW8 9PY UK
| | - Mary H. Jones
- Fortius Clinic, 17 Fitzhardinge Street, London, W1H 6EQ UK
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Christie CJ, Barnard DV, Pote L, Munro CE. Workload Monitoring in Team Sports: Using Elite Cricket as an Example. Indian J Orthop 2020; 54:271-274. [PMID: 32399145 PMCID: PMC7205960 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-020-00085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Workload monitoring is used to assess athlete preparedness to ensure that they are optimally prepared for competition. Although many workload studies have been done, most are delimited to individual sport athletes and endurance athletes. There is also controversy regarding which measures and in what combinations they should be used. There is a paucity of literature on workload monitoring in team sports such as cricket. Cricket is an interesting and complex sport which has dimensions of many other sports (team and individual) and was the focus of this broad, narrative review. The review highlights the unique demands of the sport and why consideration of the sport in question is important. It further identifies that most of the workload research has been done on fast bowlers with debate surrounding optimal workloads. It calls for research in specific areas and importantly on other player positions considering their unique demands and identifies what can be used currently by practitioners in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice J. Christie
- Department of Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Devon Vernon Barnard
- Department of Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Lee Pote
- Department of Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Catherine E. Munro
- Department of Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Jowitt HK, Durussel J, Brandon R, King M. Auto detecting deliveries in elite cricket fast bowlers using microsensors and machine learning. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:767-772. [PMID: 32100623 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1734308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cricket fast bowlers are at a high risk of injury occurrence, which has previously been shown to be correlated to bowling workloads. This study aimed to develop and test an algorithm that can automatically, reliably and accurately detect bowling deliveries. Inertial sensor data from a Catapult OptimEye S5 wearable device was collected from both national and international level fast bowlers (n = 35) in both training and matches, at various intensities. A machine-learning based approach was used to develop the algorithm. Outputs were compared with over 20,000 manually recorded events. A high Matthews correlation coefficient (r = 0.945) showed very good agreement between the automatically detected bowling deliveries and manually recorded ones. The algorithm was found to be both sensitive and specific in training (96.3%, 98.3%) and matches (99.6%, 96.9%), respectively. Rare falsely classified events were typically warm-up deliveries or throws preceded by a run. Inertial sensors data processed by a machine-learning based algorithm provide a valid tool to automatically detect bowling events, whilst also providing the opportunity to look at performance metrics associated with fast bowling. This offers the possibility to better monitor bowling workloads across a range of intensities to mitigate injury risk potential and maximise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Jowitt
- England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Raphael Brandon
- England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mark King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Zaremski JL, Zeppieri G, Tripp BL. Sport Specialization and Overuse Injuries in Adolescent Throwing Athletes: A Narrative Review. J Athl Train 2020; 54:1030-1039. [PMID: 31633409 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-333-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A significant number of adolescent athletes throughout the world participate in various throwing-dominant sports, including but not limited to baseball, cricket, handball, softball, track and field throwing events, and water polo. Due to the unique stresses placed on the throwing arm and entire body in these sports, a robust volume of literature has highlighted concerns about sport specialization in these athletes and an associated increased risk of injury, particularly to the dominant shoulder and elbow, with sport specialization. This review will highlight the evidence-based literature for this athletic niche, focusing on risk factors for injury, national and international organizations' recommendations for limiting overuse injuries, principles of conditioning and rehabilitative programs, and potential future areas of research to curb the growing incidence of throwing-related injuries among adolescent throwing athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Zaremski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Divisions of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine, & Research, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Giorgio Zeppieri
- Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine Institute, Physical Therapy, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Brady L Tripp
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville
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Is there an association between external workload and lower-back injuries in cricket fast bowlers? A systematic review. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 41:71-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Panagodage Perera NK, Kountouris A, Kemp JL, Joseph C, Finch CF. The incidence, prevalence, nature, severity and mechanisms of injury in elite female cricketers: A prospective cohort study. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1014-1020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Callaghan SJ, Lockie RG, Andrews WA, Yu W, Chipchase RF, Nimphius S. The Effects of an Eight over Cricket Bowling Spell upon Pace Bowling Biomechanics and Performance within Different Delivery Lengths. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E200. [PMID: 31480269 PMCID: PMC6783939 DOI: 10.3390/sports7090200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pace bowlers must often perform extended bowling spells with maximal ball release speed (BRS) while targeting different delivery lengths when playing a multi-day match. This study investigated the effect of an eight over spell upon pace bowling biomechanics and performance at different delivery lengths. Nine male bowlers (age = 18.8 ± 1.7 years) completed an eight over spell, while targeting different lengths (short: 7-10 m, good: 4-7 m, full: 0-4 m from the batter's stumps, respectively) in a randomized order. Trunk, knee and shoulder kinematics and ground reaction forces at front foot contact (FFC), as well as run-up velocity and BRS were measured. Paired sample t-tests (p ≤ 0.01), Hedges' g effect sizes, and statistical parametrical mapping were used to assess differences between mean variables from the first and last three overs. No significant differences (p = 0.05-0.98) were found in any discrete or continuous variables, with the magnitude of difference being trivial-to-medium (g = 0.00-0.73) across all variables. Results suggest pace bowlers sustain BRS through a single eight over spell while tolerating the repeatedly high whole-body biomechanical loads as suggested by maintaining the kinematics or technique at the assessed joints during FFC. Practically, the findings are advantageous for bowling performance and support current bowling load monitoring practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Callaghan
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Warren A Andrews
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia
| | - Walter Yu
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Robert F Chipchase
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia.
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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Alway P, Brooke-Wavell K, Langley B, King M, Peirce N. Incidence and prevalence of lumbar stress fracture in English County Cricket fast bowlers, association with bowling workload and seasonal variation. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2019; 5:e000529. [PMID: 31205746 PMCID: PMC6540320 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since much of the previous epidemiological research into lumbar stress fracture was conducted, there has been a marked increase in the amount of cricket being played. The aims were to determine the incidence and prevalence of lumbar stress fracture in English County Cricket fast bowlers between 2010 and 2016, determine the association with match bowling workload and observe seasonal variation in workload and injury. METHODS Lumbar stress fracture incidence and prevalence rates were calculated using new international methods for epidemiology in 368 professional English fast bowlers from 2010 to 2016. Workload variables were compared between lumbar stress fracture case and non-injured control groups, before entry in a logistic regression. RESULTS Fifty-seven lumbar stress fractures (mean age 22.81) were reported. Injury was most common in July and September. Match incidence was 0.16 lumbar stress fractures per 10 000 deliveries, annual incidence was 2.46 lumbar stress fractures per 100 fast bowlers and annual prevalence of lumbar stress fractures was 1.67% of squad days. Significant workload variables were observed between cases and controls. A peak 7-day workload of greater than 234 deliveries significantly increased the odds of sustaining a lumbar stress fracture 11-fold compared with bowling fewer than 197 deliveries. CONCLUSION Lumbar stress fractures are common in young fast bowlers possibly due to immaturity of the lumbar spine. The condensed early and late-season schedule may be causing periods of overuse, resulting in an increase in incidence of lumbar stress fracture. Reduction of workload in young fast bowlers is needed to reduce incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Alway
- SSEHS, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Ben Langley
- Science and Medicine, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mark King
- SSEHS, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Nicholas Peirce
- Science and Medicine, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, UK
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Warren A, Dale S, McCaig S, Ranson C. Injury profiles in elite women's T20 cricket. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:775-779. [PMID: 30827845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To Describe the injury incidence and prevalence during two years of a professional women's T20 cricket tournament. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Injuries were recorded prospectively for 68 matches during a professional women's T20 tournament in 2016 and 2017. There were six teams of 15 players. Participants were female, aged between 16-38 years (mean 23.4±4.8). Time-loss and non time-loss incidence and prevalence were calculated for match days, region, skill group, mode and activity at time of injury. RESULTS The greatest incidence occurred in the shoulder (1.8 injuries per 100 match days), lower back (1.7 injuries per 100 match days) and knee (1.7 injuries per 100 match days). The highest time-loss prevalence occurred in hand (1.7%), head/face (0.8%) and thigh (0.6%). All head injuries were concussion. Catching related injuries caused the most time-loss (2.5% prevalence) and throwing related shoulder injury had the highest incidence (2.3 injuries per 100 match days). Gradual onset injuries had the highest overall incidence (7.9 injuries per 100 match days). CONCLUSIONS In elite female T20 cricket, time-loss injuries, particularly impact/traumatic injuries are most likely to occur during fielding, suggesting pitch side support and trauma training is a priority. The high incidence of gradual onset injuries, particularly throwing related shoulder pain, indicates that managing workload and ensuring physical preparedness is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Warren
- England & Wales Cricket Board, National Cricket Performance Centre, Loughborough University, UK.
| | - S Dale
- Science and Medicine Department, England & Wales Cricket Board, UK
| | - S McCaig
- Science and Medicine Department, English Institute of Sport, UK
| | - C Ranson
- Science and Medicine Department, English Institute of Sport, UK
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Nielsen RO, Bertelsen ML, Ramskov D, Møller M, Hulme A, Theisen D, Finch CF, Fortington LV, Mansournia MA, Parner ET. Time-to-event analysis for sports injury research part 1: time-varying exposures. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:61-68. [PMID: 30413422 PMCID: PMC6317442 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'How much change in training load is too much before injury is sustained, among different athletes?' is a key question in sports medicine and sports science. To address this question the investigator/practitioner must analyse exposure variables that change over time, such as change in training load. Very few studies have included time-varying exposures (eg, training load) and time-varying effect-measure modifiers (eg, previous injury, biomechanics, sleep/stress) when studying sports injury aetiology. AIM To discuss advanced statistical methods suitable for the complex analysis of time-varying exposures such as changes in training load and injury-related outcomes. CONTENT Time-varying exposures and time-varying effect-measure modifiers can be used in time-to-event models to investigate sport injury aetiology. We address four key-questions (i) Does time-to-event modelling allow change in training load to be included as a time-varying exposure for sport injury development? (ii) Why is time-to-event analysis superior to other analytical concepts when analysing training-load related data that changes status over time? (iii) How can researchers include change in training load in a time-to-event analysis? and, (iv) Are researchers able to include other time-varying variables into time-to-event analyses? We emphasise that cleaning datasets, setting up the data, performing analyses with time-varying variables and interpreting the results is time-consuming, and requires dedication. It may need you to ask for assistance from methodological peers as the analytical approaches presented this paper require specialist knowledge and well-honed statistical skills. CONCLUSION To increase knowledge about the association between changes in training load and injury, we encourage sports injury researchers to collaborate with statisticians and/or methodological epidemiologists to carefully consider applying time-to-event models to prospective sports injury data. This will ensure appropriate interpretation of time-to-event data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Ramskov
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College Northern Denmark, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Merete Møller
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Adam Hulme
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, Faculty of Arts, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Theisen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Caroline F Finch
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren Victoria Fortington
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erik Thorlund Parner
- Section for Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Cummins C, Welch M, Inkster B, Cupples B, Weaving D, Jones B, King D, Murphy A. Modelling the relationships between volume, intensity and injury-risk in professional rugby league players. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:653-660. [PMID: 30651223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to: (a) identify the association between external-workloads and injury-risk in the subsequent week; and (b) understand the effectiveness of workload variables in establishing injury-risk. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Workload and injury data (soft-tissue) were collected from forty-eight professional male rugby league players. Load variables included duration (min), total distance (m), relative distance (mmin-1), high speed distance ([m]>20kmh-1), very-high speed distance ([m]>25kmh-1), acceleration and deceleration efforts (count) and PlayerLoad (Arbitrary Unit: AU). Cumulative two-, three- and four-weekly loads; Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR); Mean-Standard Deviation Workload Ratio (MSWR) and strain values were calculated and divided into three equally-sized bins (low, moderate and high). Generalised Estimating Equations analysed relationships between workload variables and injury probability in the subsequent week. RESULTS Injury-risk increased alongside increases in the ACWR for duration, total distance and PlayerLoad. Conversely, injury-risk decreased (Area Under Curve: 0.569-0.585) with increases in the four-weekly duration, total distance, accelerations, decelerations and PlayerLoad. For relative distance, high four-weekly workloads (high: >60mmin-1) demonstrated a positive association with injury-risk, whilst high two-weekly loads (high: >82 mmin-1) were negatively associated. CONCLUSIONS A range of external workload metrics and summary statistics demonstrate either positive or negative associations with injury-risk status. Such findings provide the framework for the development of decision-support systems in which external workload metrics (e.g. total or high speed distance) can be uniquely and routinely monitored across a range of summary statistics (i.e. cumulative weekly loads and ACWR) in order to optimise player performance and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloe Cummins
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Australia; Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, United Kingdom.
| | - Mitchell Welch
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Australia
| | | | - Balin Cupples
- Vodafone Warriors, New Zealand; Sydney School of Education and Social Work, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Dan Weaving
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, United Kingdom; Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Australia; Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, United Kingdom; Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club, United Kingdom; Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union club, United Kingdom; The Rugby Football League, United Kingdom
| | - Doug King
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Australia; Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Faculty of Health and Environment Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - Aron Murphy
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Australia
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McGrath JW, Neville J, Stewart T, Cronin J. Cricket fast bowling detection in a training setting using an inertial measurement unit and machine learning. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:1220-1226. [PMID: 30543315 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1553270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fast bowlers are at a high risk of overuse injuries. There are specific bowling frequency ranges known to have negative or protective effects on fast bowlers. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) can classify movements in sports, however, some commercial products can be too expensive for the amateur athlete. As a large number of the world's population has access to an IMU (e.g. smartphones), a system that works on a range of different IMUs may increase the accessibility of automated workload monitoring in sport. Seventeen elite fast bowlers in a training setting were used to train and/or validate five machine learning models by bowling and performing fielding drills. The accuracy of machine learning models trained using data from all three bowling phases (pre-delivery, delivery and post-delivery) were compared to those trained using only the delivery phase at a sampling rate of 250 Hz. Next, models were trained using data down-sampled to 125 Hz, 50 Hz, and 25 Hz to mimic results from lower specification sensors. Models trained using only the delivery phase showed similar accuracy (> 95%) to those trained using all three bowling phases. When delivery-phase data were down-sampled, the accuracy was maintained across all models and sampling frequencies (>96%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W McGrath
- a Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand , AUT University , Auckland , New Zealand.,b Manukau Institute of Technology, School of Sport , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Jonathon Neville
- a Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand , AUT University , Auckland , New Zealand.,c School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences , AUT University , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Tom Stewart
- a Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand , AUT University , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - John Cronin
- a Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand , AUT University , Auckland , New Zealand
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Edwards T, Spiteri T, Piggott B, Haff GG, Joyce C. A Narrative Review of the Physical Demands and Injury Incidence in American Football: Application of Current Knowledge and Practices in Workload Management. Sports Med 2018; 48:45-55. [PMID: 28948583 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The sport of American football (AmF) exposes athletes to high-velocity movements and frequent collisions during competition and training, placing them at risk of contact and non-contact injury. Due to the combative nature of the game, the majority of injuries are caused by player contact; however, a significant number are also non-contact soft-tissue injuries. The literature suggests that this mechanism of injury can be prevented through workload monitoring and management. The recent introduction of microtechnology into AmF allows practitioners and coaches to quantify the external workload of training and competition to further understand the demands of the sport. Significant workload differences exist between positions during training and competition; coupling this with large differences in anthropometric and physical characteristics between and within positions suggests that the training response and physiological adaptations will be highly individual. Effective athlete monitoring and management allows practitioners and coaches to identify how athletes are coping with the prescribed training load and, subsequently, if they are prepared for competition. Several evidence-based principles exist that can be adapted and applied to AmF and could decrease the risk of injury and optimise athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Edwards
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, 33 Phillimore Street, Fremantle, WA, 6959, Australia.
| | - Tania Spiteri
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, 33 Phillimore Street, Fremantle, WA, 6959, Australia
| | - Benjamin Piggott
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, 33 Phillimore Street, Fremantle, WA, 6959, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Christopher Joyce
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, 33 Phillimore Street, Fremantle, WA, 6959, Australia
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Kountouris A, Sims K, Beakley D, Saw AE, Orchard J, Rotstein A, Cook JL. MRI bone marrow oedema precedes lumbar bone stress injury diagnosis in junior elite cricket fast bowlers. Br J Sports Med 2018; 53:1236-1239. [PMID: 30425044 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lumbar bone stress injury ('bone stress injury') is common in junior fast bowlers. The repetitive loading of cricket fast bowling may cause bone marrow oedema (BMO), detectable on MRI, before the bowler suffers from symptomatic bone stress injury. We investigated the temporal relationship between BMO, bone stress injury, along with bowling workload correlates, in elite junior fast bowlers throughout a cricket season. METHODS 65 junior fast bowlers were prospectively monitored for one 8-month cricket season. For research purposes, participants had up to six MRI scans at set times in the season; findings were withheld from them and their clinicians. Standard practices for bowling workload monitoring and injury diagnosis were followed. RESULTS 15 (23%) participants developed bone stress injury during the study. All 15 of these participants had BMO detected on at least one of the preceding MRI scans, including the scan immediately prior to diagnosis. The risk of BMO progressing to bone stress injury during the season was greatest for participants with BMO present 2 weeks prior to the national championship tournament (period of high load) (RR=18.9, OR=44.8). Both bone stress injury and BMO were associated with bowling a higher percentage of days in training and having a shorter bowling break during the season. The number of balls bowled and acute-to-chronic workload were not associated with imaging abnormalities or injury. CONCLUSION The presence of BMO on MRI in asymptomatic junior cricket fast bowlers confers a very high risk for bone stress injury. The risk may be managed by MRI screening and monitoring bowling frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kountouris
- Cricket Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin Sims
- Cricket Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Anna E Saw
- Cricket Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Orchard
- Cricket Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Rotstein
- Victoria House Medical Imaging, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jill L Cook
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Vescovi JD, Klas A. Accounting for the warm-up: describing the proportion of total session demands in women’s field hockey – Female Athletes in Motion (FAiM) study. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1525980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Vescovi
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, Graduate School of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Klas
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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40
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Soomro N, Strasiotto L, Sawdagar T, Lyle D, Mills D, Ferdinands R, Sanders R. Cricket Injury Epidemiology in the Twenty-First Century: What is the Burden? Sports Med 2018; 48:2301-2316. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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The Relationship Between Training Load and Injury in Athletes: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 48:1929-1961. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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42
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Jones CM, Griffiths PC, Mellalieu SD. Training Load and Fatigue Marker Associations with Injury and Illness: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Sports Med 2018; 47:943-974. [PMID: 27677917 PMCID: PMC5394138 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Coaches, sport scientists, clinicians and medical personnel face a constant challenge to prescribe sufficient training load to produce training adaption while minimising fatigue, performance inhibition and risk of injury/illness. Objective The aim of this review was to investigate the relationship between injury and illness and longitudinal training load and fatigue markers in sporting populations. Methods Systematic searches of the Web of Science and PubMed online databases to August 2015 were conducted for articles reporting relationships between training load/fatigue measures and injury/illness in athlete populations. Results From the initial 5943 articles identified, 2863 duplicates were removed, followed by a further 2833 articles from title and abstract selection. Manual searching of the reference lists of the remaining 247 articles, together with use of the Google Scholar ‘cited by’ tool, yielded 205 extra articles deemed worthy of assessment. Sixty-eight studies were subsequently selected for inclusion in this study, of which 45 investigated injury only, 17 investigated illness only, and 6 investigated both injury and illness. This systematic review highlighted a number of key findings, including disparity within the literature regarding the use of various terminologies such as training load, fatigue, injury and illness. Athletes are at an increased risk of injury/illness at key stages in their training and competition, including periods of training load intensification and periods of accumulated training loads. Conclusions Further investigation of individual athlete characteristics is required due to their impact on internal training load and, therefore, susceptibility to injury/illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Jones
- Research Centre in Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8QQ, Wales, UK.
| | - Peter C Griffiths
- Research Centre in Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8QQ, Wales, UK
| | - Stephen D Mellalieu
- Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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43
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Zaremski JL, Zeppieri G, Jones DL, Tripp BL, Bruner M, Vincent HK, Horodyski M. Unaccounted Workload Factor: Game-Day Pitch Counts in High School Baseball Pitchers-An Observational Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2018; 6:2325967118765255. [PMID: 29662911 PMCID: PMC5894908 DOI: 10.1177/2325967118765255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Throwing injuries are common in high school baseball. Known risk factors include excessive pitch counts, year-round pitching, and pitching with arm pain and fatigue. Despite the evidence, the prevalence of pitching injuries among high school players has not decreased. One possibility to explain this pattern is that players accumulate unaccounted pitch volume during warm-up and bullpen activity, but this has not yet been examined. Hypotheses: Our primary hypothesis was that approximately 30% to 40% of pitches thrown off a mound by high school pitchers during a game-day outing are unaccounted for in current data but will be revealed when bullpen sessions and warm-up pitches are included. Our secondary hypothesis was that there is wide variability among players in the number of bullpen pitches thrown per outing. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Researchers counted all pitches thrown off a mound during varsity high school baseball games played by 34 high schools in North Central Florida during the 2017 season. Results: We recorded 13,769 total pitches during 115 varsity high school baseball starting pitcher outings. The mean ± SD pitch numbers per game were calculated for bullpen activity (27.2 ± 9.4), warm-up (23.6 ±8.0), live games (68.9 ±19.7), and total pitches per game (119.7 ± 27.8). Thus, 42.4% of the pitches performed were not accounted for in the pitch count monitoring of these players. The number of bullpen pitches thrown varied widely among players, with 25% of participants in our data set throwing fewer than 22 pitches and 25% throwing more than 33 pitches per outing. Conclusion: In high school baseball players, pitch count monitoring does not account for the substantial volume of pitching that occurs during warm-up and bullpen activity during the playing season. These extra pitches should be closely monitored to help mitigate the risk of overuse injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Zaremski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,University of Florida Health Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Institute Rehabilitation, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Giorgio Zeppieri
- University of Florida Health Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Institute Rehabilitation, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Deborah L Jones
- University of Florida Health Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Institute Rehabilitation, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brady L Tripp
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle Bruner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Heather K Vincent
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,University of Florida Sports Performance Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - MaryBeth Horodyski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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44
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The Relationship Between Variables in Wearable Microtechnology Devices and Cricket Fast-Bowling Intensity. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:135-139. [PMID: 28488918 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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Warren A, Williams S, McCaig S, Trewartha G. High acute:chronic workloads are associated with injury in England & Wales Cricket Board Development Programme fast bowlers. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:40-45. [PMID: 28757380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Warren
- England & Wales Cricket Board, National Cricket Performance Centre, Loughborough University, UK.
| | - S Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, UK
| | - S McCaig
- Science and Medicine Department, England & Wales Cricket Board, UK
| | - G Trewartha
- Department for Health, University of Bath, UK
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46
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Orchard JW, Kountouris A, Sims K. Risk factors for hamstring injuries in Australian male professional cricket players. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2017; 6:271-274. [PMID: 30356627 PMCID: PMC6189243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injuries to the hamstring are relatively common in professional cricketers (as they are in many team sports) and have increased in incidence in the "T20 era" (introduction of 20-over matches) of cricket since 2006. METHODS This study analyzed incidence of hamstring injury in the various elite male match types over a 20-year period (1995-1996 to 2014-2015 seasons). Risk factors for hamstring strain were assessed using a multivariate logistic regression analysis technique. RESULTS There were 276 match time-loss hamstring injuries recorded over a 20-year period at the Australian state or national player level, of which 170 occurred in one of 40,145 player match sets. The overall rate of match onset rate was 22.5 hamstring injuries per 1000 team days. Fast bowling onset injuries were the highest subcategory at a rate of 10.9 injuries per 1000 team days, although batting onset injuries were particularly common in 50-over (one day) international matches. Significant risk factors in logistic regression analysis, in addition to hamstring injury history, were being a fast bowler relative risk (RR) 2.5 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-4.5) and playing a match in Australia RR 2.3 (95%CI: 1.3-3.9). CONCLUSION Fast bowlers suffer more hamstring injuries than other playing roles in cricket, particularly in First Class (multi-day) cricket. Batsmen are more likely to get injured in 50-over (one day) cricket. Playing in Australia (compared to overseas venues) leads to increased risk of hamstring injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Orchard
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Cricket Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | | | - Kevin Sims
- Cricket Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
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47
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to monitor training load accurately in professional sports is proving vital for athlete preparedness and injury prevention. While numerous monitoring techniques have been developed to assess the running demands of many team sports, these methods are not well suited to throwing-dominant sports that are infrequently linked to high running volumes. Therefore, other techniques are required to monitor the differing demands of these sports to ensure athletes are adequately prepared for competition. OBJECTIVE To investigate the different methodologies used to quantitatively monitor training load in throwing-dominant sports. METHODS A systematic review of the methods used to monitor training load in throwing-dominant sports was conducted using variations of terms that described different load-monitoring techniques and different sports. Studies included in this review were published prior to June 2015 and were identified through a systematic search of four electronic databases including Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Medline and SPORTDiscus. Only full-length peer-reviewed articles investigating workload monitoring in throwing-dominant sports were selected for review. RESULTS A total of 8098 studies were initially retrieved from the four databases and 7334 results were removed as they were either duplicates, review articles, non-peer-reviewed articles, conference abstracts or articles written in languages other than English. After screening the titles and abstracts of the remaining papers, 28 full-text papers were reviewed, resulting in the identification of 20 articles meeting the inclusion criteria for monitoring workloads in throwing-dominant sports. Reference lists of selected articles were then scanned to identify other potential articles, which yielded one additional article. Ten articles investigated workload monitoring in cricket, while baseball provided eight results, and handball, softball and water polo each contributed one article. Results demonstrated varying techniques used to monitor workload and purposes for monitoring workload, encompassing the relationship between workload and injury, individual responses to workloads, the effect of workload on subsequent performance and the future directions of workload-monitoring techniques. CONCLUSION This systematic review highlighted a number of simple and effective workload-monitoring techniques implemented across a variety of throwing-dominant sports. The current literature placed an emphasis on the relationship between workload and injury. However, due to differences in chronological and training age, inconsistent injury definitions and time frames used for monitoring, injury thresholds remain unclear in throwing-dominant sports. Furthermore, although research has examined total workload, the intensity of workload is often neglected. Additional research on the reliability of self-reported workload data is also required to validate existing relationships between workload and injury. Considering the existing disparity within the literature, it is likely that throwing-dominant sports would benefit from the development of an automated monitoring tool to objectively assess throwing-related workloads in conjunction with well-established internal measures of load in athletes.
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48
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Lu D, Howle K, Waterson A, Duncan C, Duffield R. Workload profiles prior to injury in professional soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1339120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donna Lu
- Sport & Exercise Discipline Group, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kieran Howle
- Sport & Exercise Discipline Group, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adam Waterson
- High Performance Department, Western Sydney Wanderers Football Club, Sydney, Australia
| | - Craig Duncan
- High Performance Department, Western Sydney Wanderers Football Club, Sydney, Australia
- Medical Services, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- Sport & Exercise Discipline Group, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Medical Services, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, Australia
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49
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Stares J, Dawson B, Peeling P, Heasman J, Rogalski B, Drew M, Colby M, Dupont G, Lester L. Identifying high risk loading conditions for in-season injury in elite Australian football players. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 21:46-51. [PMID: 28601588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine different timeframes for calculating acute to chronic workload ratio (ACWR) and whether this variable is associated with intrinsic injury risk in elite Australian football players. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Internal (session rating of perceived exertion: sRPE) and external (GPS distance and sprint distance) workload and injury data were collected from 70 players from one AFL club over 4 seasons. Various acute (1-2 weeks) and chronic (3-8 weeks) timeframes were used to calculate ACWRs: these and chronic load categories were then analysed to determine the injury risk in the subsequent month. Poisson regression with robust errors within a generalised estimating equation were utilised to determine incidence rate ratios (IRR). RESULTS Altering acute and/or chronic timeframes did not improve the ability to detect high injury risk conditions above the commonly used 1:4 week ACWR. Twenty-seven ACWR/chronic load combinations were found to be "high risk conditions" (IRR>1, p<0.05) for injury within 7 days. Most (93%) of these conditions occurred when chronic load was low or very low and ACWR was either low (<0.6) or high (>1.5). Once a high injury risk condition was entered, the elevated risk persisted for up to 28 days. CONCLUSIONS Injury risk was greatest when chronic load was low and ACWR was either low or high. This heightened risk remained for up to 4 weeks. There was no improvement in the ability to identify high injury risk situations by altering acute or chronic time periods from 1:4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Stares
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia; West Coast Eagles Football Club, Australia.
| | - Brian Dawson
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia; West Coast Eagles Football Club, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia; Western Australian Institute of Sport, Australia
| | | | | | - Michael Drew
- Department of Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Australia
| | - Marcus Colby
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia; West Coast Eagles Football Club, Australia
| | | | - Leanne Lester
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia
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50
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Schaefer A, O’dwyer N, Ferdinands RE, Edwards S. Consistency of kinematic and kinetic patterns during a prolonged spell of cricket fast bowling: an exploratory laboratory study. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:679-690. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1330548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Schaefer
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
| | - Nicholas O’dwyer
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - René E.D Ferdinands
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Suzi Edwards
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
- School of Environment & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia
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