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Takahara M. Osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow: recent evolution of pathogenesis, imaging, and treatment modalities. JSES Int 2024; 8:588-601. [PMID: 38707580 PMCID: PMC11064639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology and pathogenesis of osteochondritis dissecans (OCDs) lesions remain controversial. Methods This review presents the recent evolution about the healing, imaging, pathogenesis, and how to treat OCD of the capitellum in overhead athletes. Results Compressive and shear forces to the growing capitellum can cause subchondral separation, leading to OCD, composed of 3 layers: articular fragment, gap, and underlying bone. Subchondral separation can cause ossification arrest (stage IA), followed by cartilage degeneration (stage IB) or delayed ossification (stage IIA), occasionally leading to osteonecrosis (stage IIB) in the articular fragment. Articular cartilage fracture and gap reseparation make the articular fragment unstable. The mean tilting angle of capitellar OCD is 57.6 degrees in throwers. Anteroposterior radiography of the elbow at 45 degrees of flexion (APR45) can increase the diagnostic reliability, showing OCD healing stages, as follows: I) radiolucency, II) delayed ossification, and III) union. Coronal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging with an appropriate tilting angle can also increase the reliability. MRI is most useful to show the instability, although it occasionally underestimates. Sonography contributes to detection of early OCD in adolescent throwers on the field. OCD lesions in the central aspect of the capitellum can be more unstable and may not heal. Cast immobilization has a positive effect on healing for stable lesions. Arthroscopic removal provides early return to sports, although a large osteochondral defect is associated with a poor prognosis. Fragment fixation, osteochondral autograft transplantation, and their hybrid technique have provided better results. Discussion Further studies are needed to prevent problematic complications of capitellar OCD, such as osteoarthritis and chondrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Takahara
- Center for Hand, Elbow, and Sports Medicine, Izumi Orthopaedic Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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Matković A, Ferenc T, Dimnjaković D, Jurjević N, Vidjak V, Matković BR. Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Elbow in Overhead Athletes: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:916. [PMID: 38732330 PMCID: PMC11083537 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14090916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the elbow mainly occurs in overhead athletes (OHAs). This narrative review aimed to comprehensively analyze the epidemiological data, etiological factors, clinical and imaging features, treatment options, and outcomes of OHAs with the diagnosis of elbow OCD. A literature search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science. Individuals with elbow OCD were usually 10-17 years of age with incidence and prevalence varying between studies, depending on the sport activity of the patients. The etiology of OCD lesions is multifactorial, and the main causes are believed to be repetitive trauma, the biomechanical disproportion of the articular surfaces, poor capitellar vascular supply, and inflammatory and genetic factors. Athletes usually presented with elbow pain and mechanical symptoms. The mainstay for the diagnosis of elbow OCD is MRI. The treatment of elbow OCD lesions should be conservative in cases of stable lesions, while various types of surgical treatment are suggested in unstable lesions, depending mainly on the size and localization of the lesion. The awareness of medical practitioners and the timely diagnosis of OCD lesions in OHAs are key to favorable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andro Matković
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.)
| | - Thomas Ferenc
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.)
| | - Damjan Dimnjaković
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Jurjević
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.)
| | - Vinko Vidjak
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Shimizu T, Murata Y, Nakashima H, Nishimura H, Suzuki H, Kawasaki M, Tsukamoto M, Sakai A, Uchida S. Clinical Outcomes and Return-to-Sport Rates following Fragment Fixation Using Hydroxyapatite/Poly-L-Lactate Acid Threaded Pins for Knee Osteochondritis Dissecans: A Case Series. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:232. [PMID: 38667242 PMCID: PMC11048533 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee is an uncommon injury in young active patients. There is currently a lack of knowledge regarding clinical outcomes and return-to-sport rates after fragment fixation surgery using hydroxy appetite poly-L-lactic acid (HA/PLLA) threaded pins for knee OCD among athletes. Our purpose was to investigate the clinical outcomes and return-to-sport rates following osteochondral fragment fixation using HA/PLLA pins for the treatment of knee OCD lesions among athletes. A total of 45 patients were retrospectively reviewed. In total, 31 patients were excluded, and 14 patients were included. Pre- and postoperative patient-reported outcome scores (PROSs), including the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scale (KOOS), were compared. In addition, patients were categorized into four groups according to postoperative sports status: higher, same, lower than preinjury, or unable to return to sports. The mean age was 14.4 years (SD 1.67). All patients were male. All PROSs significantly improved at 6, 12, and 24 months postsurgery compared to presurgery. 50% of the patients returned to sports at the same or higher level after surgery. Fragment fixation using HA/PLLA pins leads to favorable clinical outcome scores and high return-to-sport rates in the treatment of athletes with knee OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Shimizu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu 807-0804, Fukuoka, Japan; (T.S.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (M.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Yoichi Murata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakamatsu Hospital for University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-17-1 Hamamachi, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 807-0024, Fukuoka, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.N.); (H.N.)
| | - Hirotaka Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakamatsu Hospital for University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-17-1 Hamamachi, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 807-0024, Fukuoka, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.N.); (H.N.)
| | - Haruki Nishimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakamatsu Hospital for University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-17-1 Hamamachi, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 807-0024, Fukuoka, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.N.); (H.N.)
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu 807-0804, Fukuoka, Japan; (T.S.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (M.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Makoto Kawasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu 807-0804, Fukuoka, Japan; (T.S.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (M.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Manabu Tsukamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu 807-0804, Fukuoka, Japan; (T.S.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (M.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Akinori Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu 807-0804, Fukuoka, Japan; (T.S.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (M.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Soshi Uchida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakamatsu Hospital for University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-17-1 Hamamachi, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 807-0024, Fukuoka, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.N.); (H.N.)
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van den Bekerom MPJ, de Klerk HH, van Riet R. Update in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum. Shoulder Elbow 2024; 16:24-34. [PMID: 38425733 PMCID: PMC10901169 DOI: 10.1177/17585732231190011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum is debilitating and is a potentially sports career-ending injury in a young and athletic population. Osteochondritis dissecans typically occurs in patients between the ages of 10 and 24 years, and boys are more commonly affected than girls. Conventional radiographs have low diagnostic accuracy, and magnetic resonance imaging (with or without contrast) or computed tomography may aid in accurate diagnosis. The primary indication for non-operative treatment is the presence of an intact cartilage cap on magnetic resonance imaging, indicating a "stable lesion." However, if operative treatment is necessary, various surgical procedures are available when operative treatment for an osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum is considered, including open or arthroscopic removal of loose bodies, with or without microfracturing, fragment fixation, osteochondral autograft transplantation, and osteochondral allograft transplantation. The decision-making process for selecting the appropriate treatment considers factors such as the patient's characteristics, functional limitations, and lesion morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel PJ van den Bekerom
- Amsterdam Shoulder and Elbow Center of Expertise (ASECE), OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub H de Klerk
- Amsterdam Shoulder and Elbow Center of Expertise (ASECE), OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) and Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roger van Riet
- Orthopedic Center Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Monica Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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George A, Holderread BM, Phelps BM, Erwin ER, Singer W, Jack RA. Rehabilitation and return to sport criteria following surgical treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum: a systematic review. JSES Int 2024; 8:355-360. [PMID: 38464452 PMCID: PMC10920138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum is a well-described condition that most commonly affects adolescent throwing athletes and gymnasts. There is no gold standard rehabilitation protocol or timing for return to sport (RTS) after surgical management of OCD of the capitellum. Hypothesis/Purpose The purpose of the study was to identify in the existing literature any criteria used for RTS following surgical treatment of OCD of the capitellum. The hypothesis was that surgeons would utilize length of time rather than functional criteria or performance benchmarks for RTS. Methods Level 1 to 4 studies evaluating athletes who underwent surgery for OCD of the capitellum with a minimum follow-up of 1-year were included. Studies not describing RTS criteria, including less than 1-year follow-up, non-operative management only, and revision procedures were excluded. Each study was analyzed for RTS criteria, RTS rate, RTS timeline, sport played, level of competition, graft source (if utilized), and postoperative rehabilitation parameters. Assessment of bias and methodological quality was performed using the Coleman methodology score and RTS value assessment. Results All studies reported a rehabilitation protocol with immobilization followed by bracing with progressive range of motion. RTS rate was 80.9% (233/288). The majority of studies reported using time-based criteria for RTS (11/15). The most commonly reported timeline was 6 months (range: 3-12 months). Conclusion The overall RTS rate after surgical treatment of capitellar OCD is high with no consensus on RTS criteria. The two most consistent RTS criteria reported in the literature are return of elbow range of motion and healing demonstrated on postoperative imaging. There is a wide range of time to RTS in the literature, which may be sport dependent. Further research is needed to develop functional and performance-based metrics to better standardize RTS criteria and rehabilitation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew George
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics & Sports Medicine Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Brian M Phelps
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics & Sports Medicine Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emily R Erwin
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics & Sports Medicine Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William Singer
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics & Sports Medicine Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert A Jack
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics & Sports Medicine Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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de Klerk HH, Verweij LPE, Sierevelt IN, Priester-Vink S, Hilgersom NFJ, Eygendaal D, van den Bekerom MPJ. Wide Range in Complication Rates Following Elbow Arthroscopy in Adult and Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy 2023; 39:2363-2387. [PMID: 37146664 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform a systematic review of complications associated with elbow arthroscopy in adults and children. METHODS A literature search was performed in the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Studies reporting complications or reoperations after elbow arthroscopy with at least 5 patients were included. Based on the Nelson classification, the severity of complications was categorized as minor or major. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized clinical trials, and nonrandomized trials were assessed using the Methodological Items for Non-randomized Studies (MINORS) tool. RESULT A total of 114 articles were included with 18,892 arthroscopies (16,815 patients). A low risk of bias was seen for the randomized studies and a fair quality for the nonrandomized studies. Complication rates ranged from 0% to 71% (median 3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.8%-3.3%), and reoperation rates from 0% to 59% (median 2%; 95% CI, 1.8%-2.2%). A total of 906 complications were observed, with transient nerve palsies (31%) as the most frequent complication. According to Nelson classification, 735 (81%) complications were minor and 171 (19%) major. Forty-nine studies reported complications in adults and 10 studies in children, showing a complication rate ranging from 0% to 27% (median 0%; 95% CI, 0%-0.4%) and 0% to 57% (median 1%; 95% CI, 0.4%-3.5%), respectively. A total of 125 complications were observed in adults, with transient nerve palsies (23%) as the most frequent complication, and 33 in children, with loose bodies after surgery (45%) as the most frequent complication. CONCLUSIONS Predominantly low-level evidence studies demonstrate varying complication rates (median 3%, range 0%-71%) and reoperation rates (median 2%, range 0%-59%) after elbow arthroscopy. Higher complication rates are observed after more complex surgery. The incidence and type of complications can aid surgeons in patient counseling and refining surgical techniques to further reduce the complication rates. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV; systematic review of Level I-IV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huub H de Klerk
- Amsterdam Shoulder and Elbow Center of Expertise (ASECE), OLVG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) and Groningen University, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Lukas P E Verweij
- Amsterdam Shoulder and Elbow Center of Expertise (ASECE), OLVG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Academic Center for Evidence-Based Sports Medicine (ACES), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Inger N Sierevelt
- Specialized Centre for Orthopedic Research and Education (SCORE), Xpert Clinics, Orthopedic Department, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, Spaarne Gasthuis Academie, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Priester-Vink
- Medical Library, Department of Research and Epidemiology, OLVG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nick F J Hilgersom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Denise Eygendaal
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michel P J van den Bekerom
- Amsterdam Shoulder and Elbow Center of Expertise (ASECE), OLVG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Ahmed AF, Alzobi OZ, Hantouly AT, Toubasi A, Farsakoury R, Alkhelaifi K, Zikria B. Complications of Elbow Arthroscopic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221137863. [PMID: 36479463 PMCID: PMC9720815 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221137863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elbow arthroscopic surgery has been popularized and has made significant progress during the past 3 decades. The elbow joint is relatively small and is in close proximity to many neurovascular structures. These factors make elbow arthroscopic surgery technically demanding and liable to complications. PURPOSE To evaluate the rate of complications after elbow arthroscopic surgery. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed to perform this systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched up to July 2021. All clinical studies that reported complications after elbow arthroscopic surgery were included; a total of 1208 articles were initially found. Case reports, reviews, abstracts, imaging studies, technique studies, nonclinical studies, and those not reporting postoperative complications were excluded. Complication rates were pooled across studies and reported as percentages. Complications were expressed as weighted proportions with 95% CIs. RESULTS A total of 95 studies (14,289 elbows) were included in the meta-analysis. The overall weighted complication rate was 11.0% (95% CI, 8.8%-13.5%), with postoperative stiffness being the most commonly encountered complication (4.5% [95% CI, 2.1%-7.6%]; 158/8818 procedures). The second most encountered complication was the need for subsequent surgery with a weighted proportion of 4.1% (95% CI, 2.9%-5.6%; 177/8853 procedures) followed by nerve injury with a weighted proportion of 3.4% (95% CI, 2.6%-4.3%; 267/13,725 procedures). The ulnar nerve was the most commonly injured nerve (2.6% [95% CI, 1.9%-3.4%]; 123/6290 procedures). CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that elbow arthroscopic surgery is a relatively safe procedure with low complication rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz F. Ahmed
- Division of Shoulder and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Osama Z. Alzobi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ashraf T. Hantouly
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ammar Toubasi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rana Farsakoury
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Bashir Zikria
- Division of Shoulder and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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Wiktor Ł, Tomaszewski R. Evaluation of Osteochondritis Dissecans Treatment with Bioabsorbable Implants in Children and Adolescents. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11185395. [PMID: 36143038 PMCID: PMC9505433 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11185395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This is the first systematic review concerning the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans with the use of bioabsorbable implants. The study was done as a comprehensive review to identify important factors affecting the results of OCD treatment in children and adolescents; (2) Methods: We searched electronic bibliographic databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge until May 2022. This systematic review was performed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and PICO (Patients, Interventions, Comparisons, Outcomes) guidelines; (3) Results: We identified 2662 original papers of which 11 were found to be eligible for further analysis. The study group included a total of 164 OCD lesions in 158 patients. In 94.86% of postoperative cases, there was complete healing or local improvement on follow-up CT or MRI scans. The great majority of patients achieved a good clinical effect. Out of 164 OCD lesions, 10 did not heal (6.09%); (4) Conclusions: Surgical treatment of stable and unstable OCD in children with the use of bioabsorbable implants facilitates a high rate of healing and a good clinical outcome; treatment of juvenile OCD is associated with a better outcome compared to adult OCD; the use of bioabsorbable implants for the treatment of humeral capitellum OCD is associated with a more frequent incidence of synovitis (18.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Wiktor
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Upper Silesian Children’s Health Centre, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, ZSM Hospital, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-606357016
| | - Ryszard Tomaszewski
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Upper Silesian Children’s Health Centre, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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Tsukamoto N, Mae T, Hirabayashi K, Matsushita Y, Baba S, Komiya N, Hayashida M. Isolated trochlea osteochondral fracture of the distal humerus in a 6-year-old patient surgically fixed using biodegradable pins: A case study with over 3 years of follow-up. Trauma Case Rep 2022; 40:100666. [PMID: 35677802 PMCID: PMC9168688 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcr.2022.100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated humeral trochlea fracture, particularly in skeletally immature children, is extremely rare. The exact mechanism of this injury remains unknown because the humeral trochlea is embraced within the olecranon fossa without any muscular or ligamentous attachment. We report the treatment of a 6-year-old boy who sustained an isolated trochlea osteochondral fracture when he fell with his elbow in a flexed position while skateboarding. The patient had a history of lateral condyle fracture of the ipsilateral humerus one year previously. At the diagnosis, computed tomography (CT) revealed a small bony fragment displaced anteromedially from the superior border of the trochlea with lifting of its lateral border. Ultrasonography confirmed instability of the fractured segment. At the time of surgery, the anterior trochlea surface fracture formed a hinged fracture line on its proximal and medial border. The fracture was anatomically reduced and fixed using biodegradable pins. Postoperatively, the involved elbow showed a sufficient functional recovery to a normal level without complications during 3 years of observation, although the biodegradable pins remained radiographically in place with partial degradation. The laterally opened avulsed fragment on primary CT clearly depicted the mechanism of injury: the impact entered from the lateral side of the elbow and progressed from the longitudinal ridge of the coronoid process onto the sulcus of the trochlea to shear off the anteromedial portion of the trochlea in a medial direction. The use of biodegradable pins for fixing a trochlea fracture in a skeletally immature patient provided favorable fracture healing; however, close observation is necessary until the completion of skeletal growth because of the lack of sufficient information on the long-term prognosis of trochlea fracture, especially when treated using biodegradable implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Tsukamoto
- Corresponding author at: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Trauma Center, Saga-ken Medical Centre Koseikan, Nakabaru 400, Kase-machi, Saga City, Saga 849-8571, Japan.
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Sayani J, Plotkin T, Burchette DT, Phadnis J. Treatment Strategies and Outcomes for Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:4018-4029. [PMID: 33886390 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimum management of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum is a widely debated subject. PURPOSE To better understand the efficacy of different surgical modalities and nonoperative treatment of OCD as assessed by radiological and clinical outcomes and return to sports. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS A systematic review of all treatment studies published between January 1975 and June 2020 was performed following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A total of 76 clinical studies, including 1463 patients, were suitable for inclusion. Aggregate analysis and subgroup analysis of individual patient data were performed to compare the functional and radiographic outcomes between the various nonoperative and surgical treatment options for capitellar OCD. A unified grading system (UGS; grades 1-4) was developed from existing validated classification systems to allow a comparison of patients with similar-grade OCD lesions in different studies according to their treatment. Patient-level data were available for 352 patients. The primary outcome measures of interest were patient-reported functional outcome, range of motion (ROM), and return to sports after treatment. The influences of the capitellar physeal status, location of the lesion, and type of sports participation were also assessed. Each outcome measure was evaluated according to the grade of OCD and treatment method (debridement/microfracture, fragment fixation, osteochondral autograft transplantation [OATS], or nonoperative treatment). RESULTS No studies reported elbow scores or ROM for nonoperatively treated patients. All surgical modalities resulted in significantly increased postoperative ROM and elbow scores for stable (UGS grades 1 and 2) and unstable lesions (UGS grades 3 and 4). There was no significant difference in the magnitude of improvement or overall scores according to the type of surgery for stable or unstable lesions. Return to sports was superior with nonoperative treatment for stable lesions, whereas surgical treatment was superior for unstable lesions. Patients with an open capitellar physis had superior ROM for stable and unstable lesions, but there was no correlation with lesion location and the outcomes of OATS versus fragment fixation for high-grade lesions. CONCLUSION Nonoperative treatment was similar in outcomes to surgical treatment for low-grade lesions, whereas surgical treatment was superior for higher grade lesions. There is currently insufficient evidence to support complex reconstructive techniques for high-grade lesions compared with microfracture/debridement alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joideep Phadnis
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospital, Brighton, UK.,Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
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11
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A high rate of children and adolescents return to sport after surgical treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2021; 29:4041-4066. [PMID: 33620512 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-021-06489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the return to sport rates following surgical management of ostechondritis dissecans of the elbow. METHODS The databases EMBASE, PubMed, and MEDLINE were searched for relevant literature from database inception until August 2020 and studies were screened by two reviewers independently and in duplicate for studies reporting rates of return to sport following surgical management of posterior shoulder instability. A meta-analysis of proportions was used to combine the rates of return to sport using a random effects model. A risk of bias assessment was performed for all included studies using the MINORS score. RESULTS Overall, 31 studies met inclusion criteria and comprised of 548 patients (553 elbows) with a median age of 14 (range 10-18.5) and a median follow-up of 39 months (range 5-156). Of the 31 studies included, 14 studies (267 patients) had patients who underwent open stabilization, 11 studies (152 patients) had patients who underwent arthroscopic stabilization, and 6 studies (129 patients) had patients who underwent arthroscopic-assisted stabilization. The pooled rate of return to any level of sport was 97.6% (95% CI 94.8-99.5%, I2 = 32%). In addition, the pooled rate of return to the preinjury level was 79.1% (95% CI 70-87.1%, I2 = 78%). Moreover, the pooled rate of return to sport rate at the competitive level was 86.9% (95% CI 77.3-94.5%, I2 = 64.3%), and the return to sport for overhead athletes was 89.4% (95% CI 82.5-95.1%, I2 = 59%). The overall return to sport after an arthroscopic procedure was 96.4% (95% CI 91.3-99.6%, I2 = 1%) and for an open procedure was 97.8% (95% CI 93.7-99.9%, I2 = 46%). All functional outcome scores showed improvement postoperatively and the most common complication was revision surgery for loose body removal (19 patients). CONCLUSION Surgical management of osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow resulted in a high rate of return to sport, including in competitive and overhead athletes. Similar rates of return to sport were noted across both open and arthroscopic procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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Abstract
This review presents the current understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and how to diagnose and treat osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) at the elbow joint followed by an analysis of particular characteristics and outcomes of the treatment. OCD is seen in patients with open growth plates (juvenile OCD [JOCD] and in adults [AOCD] with closed growth plates [adult OCD). The etiology at smaller joints remains as unclear as for the knee. Mechanical factors (throwing activities [capitulum] seem to play an important role. Clinical symptoms are unspecific. Thus, imaging techniques are most important for the diagnosis. In low-grade and stable lesions, treatment involves rest and different degrees of immobilization until healing. When surgery is necessary, the procedure depends on the OCD stage and on the state of the cartilage. With intact cartilage, retrograde procedures are favorable while with damaged cartilage, several techniques are used. Techniques such as drilling and microfracturing produce a reparative cartilage while other techniques reconstruct the defect with osteochondral grafts or cell-based procedures such as chondrocyte implantation. There is a tendency toward better results when reconstructive procedures for both the bone and cartilage are used. In addition, comorbidities at the joint have to be treated. Severe grades of osteoarthritis are rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Bruns
- Wilhelmsburger Krankenhaus Groß-Sand, Hamburg, Germany,Juergen Bruns, Wilhelmsburger Krankenhaus Gross-Sand, Groß Sand 3, Hamburg, 21107, Germany.
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Chau MM, Klimstra MA, Wise KL, Ellermann JM, Tóth F, Carlson CS, Nelson BJ, Tompkins MA. Osteochondritis Dissecans: Current Understanding of Epidemiology, Etiology, Management, and Outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2021; 103:1132-1151. [PMID: 34109940 PMCID: PMC8272630 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.20.01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
➤ Osteochondritis dissecans occurs most frequently in the active pediatric and young adult populations, commonly affecting the knee, elbow, or ankle, and may lead to premature osteoarthritis. ➤ While generally considered an idiopathic phenomenon, various etiopathogenetic theories are being investigated, including local ischemia, aberrant endochondral ossification of the secondary subarticular physis, repetitive microtrauma, and genetic predisposition. ➤ Diagnosis is based on the history, physical examination, radiography, and advanced imaging, with elbow ultrasonography and novel magnetic resonance imaging protocols potentially enabling early detection and in-depth staging. ➤ Treatment largely depends on skeletal maturity and lesion stability, defined by the presence or absence of articular cartilage fracture and subchondral bone separation, as determined by imaging and arthroscopy, and is typically nonoperative for stable lesions in skeletally immature patients and operative for those who have had failure of conservative management or have unstable lesions. ➤ Clinical practice guidelines have been limited by a paucity of high-level evidence, but a multicenter effort is ongoing to develop accurate and reliable classification systems and multimodal decision-making algorithms with prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Chau
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mikhail A Klimstra
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kelsey L Wise
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jutta M Ellermann
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ferenc Tóth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Cathy S Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- TRIA Orthopedic Center, Bloomington, Minnesota
| | - Marc A Tompkins
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- TRIA Orthopedic Center, Bloomington, Minnesota
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Gouveia K, Zhang K, Kay J, Memon M, Simunovic N, Garrigues GE, Pollock JW, Ayeni OR. The Use of Elbow Arthroscopy for Management of the Pediatric Elbow: A Systematic Review of Indications and Outcomes. Arthroscopy 2021; 37:1958-1970.e1. [PMID: 33539972 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2021.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this review was to systematically examine the literature surrounding elbow arthroscopy for pediatric patients and to assess indications, functional outcomes, and complication rates. METHODS This systematic review was carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. EMBASE, PubMed, and MEDLINE were searched for relevant literature from inception until December 2019, and studies were screened by 2 reviewers independently and in duplicate for those investigating elbow arthroscopy in a pediatric population (<18 years). Editorials, review articles, and case reports were excluded. Demographic data and data on surgical indications, treatment outcomes, and complications were recorded. A methodological quality assessment was performed for all included studies using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies. RESULTS Overall, 19 studies, all of level IV evidence, were identified with a total of 492 patients (513 elbows). The patient population was 22.3% female with a mean age of 14.0 years (range, 4.0-15.7) and a mean follow-up time of 33.0 months (range, 7.4-96 months). Twelve studies (263 patients) exclusively recruited patients with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), although other indications for elbow arthroscopy included arthrofibrosis (50 patients), elbow fracture (37 patients), medial ulnar collateral ligament injury (31 patients), and posterior impingement (17 patients). All 13 reporting studies showed a significant improvement in the elbow flexion-extension arc, and 4 of 5 that reported a functional outcome score before and after surgery demonstrating a significant improvement. Last, the overall complication rates ranged from 0% to 23.8%, with a total of 8 instances of neurological injury (5 ulnar, 2 radial, 1 unspecified), all being transient and resolving within 3 to 6 months. CONCLUSION Although elbow arthroscopy is primarily being performed for OCD in children and adolescents, there is evidence surrounding several other potential indications. Case series published to date have demonstrated significant improvements in functional outcomes and low rates of major complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, systematic review of level IV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Gouveia
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kailai Zhang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Kay
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muzammil Memon
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Simunovic
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grant E Garrigues
- Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - J W Pollock
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olufemi R Ayeni
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Looney AM, Rigor PD, Bodendorfer BM. Evaluation and management of elbow injuries in the adolescent overhead athlete. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211003362. [PMID: 33996078 PMCID: PMC8072106 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211003362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increased interest in youth sports, the burden of overhead throwing elbow injuries accompanying early single-sport focus has steadily risen. During the overhead throwing motion, valgus torque can reach and surpass Newton meters (N m) during the late cocking and early acceleration phases, which exceeds the tensile strength (22.7–33 N m) of the ulnar collateral ligament. While the ulnar collateral ligament serves as the primary valgus stabilizer between and degrees of elbow flexion, other structures about the elbow must contribute to stability during throwing. Depending on an athlete’s stage of skeletal maturity, certain patterns of injury are observed with mechanical failures resulting from increased medial laxity, lateral-sided compression, and posterior extension shearing forces. Together, these injury patterns represent a wide range of conditions that arise from valgus extension overload. The purpose of this article is to review common pathologies observed in the adolescent overhead throwing athlete in the context of functional anatomy, osseous development, and throwing mechanics. Operative and non-operative management and their associated outcomes will be discussed for these injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Looney
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paolo D Rigor
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Blake M Bodendorfer
- Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Kiyomatsu H, Takeba J, Imai H, Fujibuchi T, Inoue T, Jono A, Hino K, Miura H. Treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum with a fragment fixation method using absorbable pins. JSES Int 2021; 5:564-570. [PMID: 34136872 PMCID: PMC8178622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothesis This study aimed to investigate the results, indications, and limitations of absorbable pin fixation for osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum in the separation stage. Methods This study included 35 patients (mean age, 14.0 years). Patients were divided into two groups: Group A included those who obtained complete union within 6 months and Group B included those who did not observe complete union within 6 months. The clinical findings were compared between the groups. Results There were 26 and 6 patients in Groups A and B, respectively. Two patients did not obtain complete union. Clinical outcomes improved after the procedure. In univariate analysis, delayed union was associated with larger major diameter (P = .0004) and more depth (P = .03) of the osteochondral fragment measured by computed tomography, the presence of osteosclerosis in the subchondral bed on X-ray imaging (P = .003), and the presence of comminution of subchondral bone on ultrasound imaging (P = .01). In multivariate analysis, there was a significant difference only in the major diameter of the osteochondral fragment (P = .03). Receiver operating characteristic curves analysis shows that if the major diameter of the osteochondral fragment is 11 mm or less, 85% of patients achieve complete union of the osteochondral fragments within 6 months. Conclusion Absorbable pin fixation may be considered for the osteochondral fragments with major diameter of 11 mm or less and should not be considered for patients who demonstrate osteosclerosis in the subchondral bed or comminution of subchondral bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kiyomatsu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon-City, Ehime, 791-0295 JAPAN
| | - Jun Takeba
- Department of Aeromedical Services for Emergency and Trauma Care, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon-City, Ehime, 791-0295 JAPAN
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon-City, Ehime, 791-0295 JAPAN
| | - Taketsugu Fujibuchi
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon-City, Ehime, 791-0295 JAPAN
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon-City, Ehime, 791-0295 JAPAN
| | - Akihiro Jono
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon-City, Ehime, 791-0295 JAPAN
| | - Kazunori Hino
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon-City, Ehime, 791-0295 JAPAN
| | - Hiromasa Miura
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon-City, Ehime, 791-0295 JAPAN
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Harbrecht A, Hackl M, Leschinger T, Wegmann K, Seybold D, Müller LP. Radial head fractures with interposed capitellar cartilage fragment-hindrance to bone healing-a case series. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2021; 141:1615-1624. [PMID: 33877448 PMCID: PMC8354868 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-021-03895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radial head fractures account for the majority of bony elbow injuries. The individual treatment options have been described in detail. In some cases, however, an unusual concomitant injury occurs, which can significantly impede primary osteosynthesis and healing. This concomitant injury can be an interposing cartilaginous capitellar fragment. METHODS This retrospective study describes four cases of trapped cartilage fragments of the capitellum that compromised primary osteosynthesis or primary conservative healing of a radial head fracture. Radiological imaging, function and pain level are presented pre- and postoperatively (mean follow-up 9.25 months). RESULTS None of the four cases showed preoperative evidence of an incarcerated cartilage fragment of the capitellum. They all showed limited elbow range of motion. CT examinations were performed in all cases. In each case, the cartilage fragment was first sighted upon surgery, subsequently removed and the fractures treated with ORIF. Mean follow-up was of 9.25 months. All fractures healed, with excellent function and low pain scores. CONCLUSIONS This study presents rare cases of a trapped humeral cartilage fragment in radial head fractures. Radiological imaging including CT scans cannot reliably detect this concomitant injury. Therefore, this problem becomes apparent and treatable only during surgery. A high degree of suspicion is necessary especially in patients with minimally displaced fractures associated with limited elbow motion and a gap at the fracture site as treating these injuries conservatively may lead to poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Harbrecht
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Center for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Hackl
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Center for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Leschinger
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Center for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kilian Wegmann
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Center for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dominik Seybold
- grid.412471.50000 0004 0551 2937Department of General and Trauma Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars P. Müller
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Center for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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Allahabadi S, Bryant JK, Mittal A, Pandya NK. Outcomes of Arthroscopic Surgical Treatment of Osteochondral Lesions of the Elbow in Pediatric and Adolescent Athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120963054. [PMID: 33225011 PMCID: PMC7658530 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120963054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteochondral injuries of the elbow are limiting and affect the ability of pediatric and adolescent athletes to participate in sports. Purpose: To report short- and midterm outcomes on athletes undergoing microfracture or fragment fixation of osteochondral elbow lesions and evaluate the effects thereof on sporting activity. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This was a retrospective study analyzing patients who underwent surgical treatment via microfracture or fragment fixation for osteochondral elbow lesions. Patients were treated at a single institution by a single surgeon between 2012 and 2019. Diagnosis was confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging, and patients were indicated for surgery after having persistent symptoms despite trialing rest, immobilization, and/or activity restriction for at least 3 months. Demographic data including sports of choice were collected preoperatively. Imaging and intraoperative findings were documented, and any complications were noted. Range of motion (ROM) was compared pre- to postoperatively. Return-to-sport evaluation included the ability to play the preoperative sport of choice. Results: In total, 23 patients (25 elbows) were included with a mean follow-up of 23.5 months (range, 6-60.3 months) and a mean age of 13.8 years. Of 25 lesions, 20 (80%) were on the athlete’s dominant side. There was significant improvement from pre- to postoperative ROM, including extension (mean ± SD, 6.4° ± 5.3° to 0.04° ± 0.2°; P < .00001), flexion (129.2° ± 10.6° to 138.6° ± 4.4°; P = .00013), and arc of ROM (122.6° ± 13.2° to 138.6° ± 4.4°; P < .00001). Mean lesion size was 81.9 ± 59.3 mm2 (range, 15-225 mm2). All elbows demonstrated radiographic healing postoperatively. Mean time to release to sport was 4.48 ± 1.38 months (range, 2.5-8 months). Six (26.1%) patients changed or stopped their preoperative sporting activity, including 2 of 4 gymnasts and 4 of 11 baseball players. Conclusion: Arthroscopic technique with lesion debridement and microfracture or fixation appears safe and results in radiographic healing; however, with these techniques, there remains a high rate of inability to return to sport in patients involved in higher-demand upper extremity activity, such as baseball and gymnastics. Further treatment strategies, including cartilage restoration procedures, may be warranted in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Allahabadi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jessica K Bryant
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ashish Mittal
- San Francisco Orthopedic Residency Program, St Mary's Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nirav K Pandya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Zeilinger MG, Autenrieth C, Remmel K, Schuh A, Hammon M, Schraml A, Uder M, Rompel O. Bioabsorbable Unsintered Hydroxyapatite/Poly-l-Lactic Acid Pin Fixation of Osteochondritis Dissecans in Adolescents: Initial Experiences. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ORTHOPADIE UND UNFALLCHIRURGIE 2020; 160:183-189. [PMID: 33233012 DOI: 10.1055/a-1289-0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to retrospectively evaluate the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes of u-HA/PLLA pin (u-HA/PLLA: hydroxyapatite/poly-L-lactic acid) pin fixation of unstable osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions of the knee. METHODS Seven adolescent patients (four females and three males) with arthroscopically unstable OCD lesions of the knee were included. The mean age at diagnosis was 13.1 years. Clinical results were evaluated preoperatively and during follow-up using the Ogilvie-Harris score (0 - 15 points). MRI scans were performed preoperatively and during follow-up, with results evaluated using the Dipaola classification (grades 1 - 4). Mean follow-up time was 29 months. RESULTS The median Ogilvie-Harris score improved from 13 points (range: 10 - 14 points) to 15 points (range: 13 - 15 points). Separately, the median Dipaola score improved from 3 points (range: 2 - 4 points) to 1 point (range: 1 - 4 points). No complications such as infection, synovitis, or intra-articular adhesion were observed. CONCLUSIONS Initial experiences using bioabsorbable u-HA/PLLA pins for the refixation of unstable OCD lesions in adolescents in the knee are promising, and MRI provides excellent monitoring of healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kerstin Remmel
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Cnopf Children's Hospital, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schuh
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Neumarkt Regional Hospital, Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz, Germany
| | - Matthias Hammon
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annemarie Schraml
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Cnopf Children's Hospital, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Rompel
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Bexkens R, Simeone FJ, Eygendaal D, van den Bekerom MPJ, Oh LS. Interobserver reliability of the classification of capitellar osteochondritis dissecans using magnetic resonance imaging. Shoulder Elbow 2020; 12:284-293. [PMID: 32782483 PMCID: PMC7400717 DOI: 10.1177/1758573218821151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM (1) To determine the interobserver reliability of magnetic resonance classifications and lesion instability criteria for capitellar osteochondritis dissecans lesions and (2) to assess differences in reliability between subgroups. METHODS Magnetic resonance images of 20 patients with capitellar osteochondritis dissecans were reviewed by 33 observers, 18 orthopaedic surgeons and 15 musculoskeletal radiologists. Observers were asked to classify the osteochondritis dissecans according to classifications developed by Hepple, Dipaola/Nelson, Itsubo, as well as to apply the lesion instability criteria of DeSmet/Kijowski and Satake. Interobserver agreement was calculated using the multirater kappa (k) coefficient. RESULTS Interobserver agreement ranged from slight to fair: Hepple (k = 0.23); Dipaola/Nelson (k = 0.19); Itsubo (k = 0.18); DeSmet/Kijowksi (k = 0.16); Satake (k = 0.12). When classifications/instability criteria were dichotomized into either a stable or unstable osteochondritis dissecans, there was more agreement for Hepple (k = 0.52; p = .002), Dipaola/Nelson (k = 0.38; p = .015), DeSmet/Kijowski (k = 0.42; p = .001) and Satake (k = 0.41; p < .001). Overall, agreement was not associated with the number of years in practice or the number of osteochondritis dissecans cases encountered per year (p > .05). CONCLUSION One should be cautious when assigning grades using magnetic resonance classifications for capitellar osteochondritis dissecans. When making treatment decisions, one should rather use relatively simple distinctions (e.g. stable versus unstable osteochondritis dissecans; lateral wall intact versus not intact), as these are more reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rens Bexkens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Rens Bexkens, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 175 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - F. Joseph Simeone
- Department of Radiology Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denise Eygendaal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | | | - Luke S Oh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Logli AL, Leland DP, Bernard CD, Sanchez-Sotelo J, Morrey ME, O'Driscoll SW, Krych AJ, Wang Z, Camp CL. Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions of the Elbow: A Systematic Review of Osteochondral Graft Reconstruction Options. Arthroscopy 2020; 36:1747-1764. [PMID: 32035172 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically evaluate the outcomes and complications of osteochondral autograft transfer (OAT) and osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) for the surgical treatment of capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). METHODS A literature search was conducted across 3 databases (PubMed, Cochrane, and CINAHL [Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature]) from database inception through December 2019 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Individual study quality was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies scale. Studies were published between 2005 and 2019. RESULTS Eighteen studies consisting of 446 elbow OCD lesions treated with OAT surgery were included. There was a single OCA study eligible for inclusion. Patient ages ranged from 10 to 45 years. Of the OAT studies, 4 used autologous costal grafts whereas the remainder used autografts from the knee. Outcome measures were heterogeneously reported. A significant improvement in Timmerman-Andrews scores from preoperatively to postoperatively was reported in 9 of 10 studies. Return-to-play rates to the preinjury level of competitive play ranged from 62% to 100% across 16 studies. Significant improvement in motion, most often extension, was noted in most studies. Reported complication, reoperation, and failure rates ranged from 0% to 11%, 0% to 26%, and 0% to 20%, respectively. When used, knee autografts resulted in low donor-site morbidity (Lysholm scores, 70-100). CONCLUSIONS OAT surgery for large, unstable OCD lesions of the capitellum reliably produced good outcomes, few complications, and a high rate of return to competitive play. Complications are relatively uncommon, and donor-site morbidity is low. Less is known about the performance of OCA given the paucity of available literature. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, systematic review of Level II to IV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Logli
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Devin P Leland
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Mark E Morrey
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Shawn W O'Driscoll
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Aaron J Krych
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Zhen Wang
- Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Christopher L Camp
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A..
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Long-Term Outcomes of Arthroscopic Debridement With or Without Drilling for Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum in Adolescent Baseball Players: A ≥10-Year Follow-Up Study. Arthroscopy 2020; 36:1273-1280. [PMID: 32001276 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of arthroscopic debridement for capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in adolescent baseball players. METHODS This retrospective study evaluated clinical outcomes of arthroscopic debridement for capitellar OCD in adolescent baseball players seen between 2003 and 2006. Inclusion criteria were at least 10 years of follow-up after surgery. Exclusion criteria were previous elbow surgery and age <12 years or >19 years. Patients were examined for presence of pain, inflammation (effusion), and range of motion. Outcome measures were determined using Timmerman/Andrews scores. Defect severity on preoperative radiographs was classified into 3 grades: small, moderate, and large. Return to baseball, pre- and postoperative range of motion and Timmerman/Andrews elbow score were evaluated according to defect severity. RESULTS Twenty-three elbows of 23 baseball players (mean age, 14.7 [range, 13-17] years) underwent arthroscopic debridement for capitellar OCD. Mean follow-up duration was 11.5 (range, 10-13) years. Twenty patients (87%) returned to competitive baseball at their preoperative level; of these, 15 were non-pitchers and returned to the same position but only 1 of 5 pitchers returned to playing pitcher. One patient with a large defect and drilling underwent reoperation 11 years after the initial operation. Mean change in extension was 4.3° and that in flexion was 3.7°. Timmerman/Andrews score improved significantly from 160 (95% confidence interval 146.7-173.3) to 195 (95% confidence interval 185.2-204.8) at the most recent follow-up (P ˂ .0001). Osteochondral defects detected on preoperative radiographs were small in 10 patients, moderate in 7, and large in 6. There was no significant between-group difference in extension, flexion, or Timmerman/Andrews score preoperatively or at the most recent follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Arthroscopic debridement with or without drilling allowed return to play in adolescent baseball players for positions other than pitchers. Long-term outcomes are likely durable regardless of lesion size. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, Case series.
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Chen E, Pandya NK. Failure of Surgery for Osteochondral Injuries of the Elbow in the Pediatric and Adolescent Population. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2020; 13:50-57. [PMID: 31950429 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-020-09606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With an increase in single-sport specialization, elbow injuries have become increasingly common in the pediatric and adolescent population. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum frequently requires intervention yet can be difficult to treat given high patient activity demands. The purpose of this paper is to review treatment options, understand failure rates, and provide strategies for successful revision surgery. RECENT FINDINGS Patients at high risk for the development of this condition are involved in high-demand upper extremity activity such as baseball or gymnastics. Treatment options include non-operative management, drilling, fixation, loose body removal/microfracture, osteochondral autograft, and osteochondral allograft. Cartilage preservation procedures (i.e., osteochondral autograft) have a significant advantage in terms of clinical and radiographic healing compared with fixation or microfracture. Capitellar OCD lesions afflict a large number of adolescent athletes today and will likely continue increasing in number from sports-related injuries. It is critical to recognize and treat these lesions in a timely and appropriate fashion to optimize clinical outcomes. When faced with failure of healing, surgeons must critically analyze reasons for failure including post-operative compliance, return to high-demand sporting activity, fixation of non-viable fragments, utilization of microfracture, alignment, and concomitant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chen
- San Francisco Orthopedic Residency Program, 450 Stanyan Street, San Francisco, CA, 94117, USA
| | - Nirav K Pandya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California San Francisco, 747 52nd Street, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA.
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Matsuura T, Iwame T, Iwase J, Sairyo K. Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum :Review of the Literature. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2020; 67:217-221. [PMID: 33148891 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.67.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum is a leading cause of elbow disability in adolescent baseball players. Previous studies have not found an association of player position with capitellar OCD. Elbow pain and a longer playing history might be related to progression of capitellar OCD but do not in themselves increase the risk of development of the condition. The cause of capitellar OCD is likely to include a combination of repetitive microtrauma and internal factors, such as ischemia and genetic predisposition. A combination of radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography have aided our understanding of the pathology of capitellar OCD. Screening using ultrasonography enables early detection and provides an opportunity for successful conservative treatment. Treatment has conventionally included both operative and nonoperative measures based on the stage and size of the lesion, skeletal maturity, subjective symptoms, and structural integrity of the cartilage. Early-stage lesions respond better to nonoperative treatment than those in more advanced stages. Operative indications include persistent symptoms despite nonoperative treatment, symptomatic loose bodies, and displacement or detachment of fragments. J. Med. Invest. 67 : 217-221, August, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Matsuura
- Department of Orthopedics, Tokuhshima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Iwame
- Department of Orthopedics, Tokuhshima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Jyoji Iwase
- Department of Orthopedics, Tokuhshima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Sairyo
- Department of Orthopedics, Tokuhshima University, Tokushima, Japan
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25
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Ueki M, Moriya K, Yoshizu T, Tsubokawa N, Kouda H, Endo N. Closed-Wedge Osteotomy of the Distal Humerus for Treating Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum in Young Patients. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119876247. [PMID: 31696130 PMCID: PMC6820184 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119876247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even in patients with an open capitellar physis, nonsurgical treatment for advanced-stage osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum often yields poor outcomes. However, surgical methods for such patients are controversial. At our institution, we have consistently performed closed-wedge osteotomy of the distal humerus to treat advanced-stage OCD of the capitellum, regardless of the OCD grade or condition of the capitellar physis. Purpose To clarify the clinical and radiological results and determine the influence of the capitellar physis on closed-wedge osteotomy for advanced-stage OCD of the capitellum in young patients. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods A total of 32 patients with OCD of the humeral capitellum were treated surgically with closed-wedge osteotomy. Of these, 17 patients with more than 2-year follow-up were available for an evaluation. The mean patient age was 11.8 years (range, 11-12 years), and the mean follow-up period was 70.1 months (range, 25-184 months). The clinical assessment included range of motion, elbow pain, and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) and Timmerman-Andrews scores. The radiological assessment at the final examination included cross-bridging of the physis, size and fishtail deformity of the distal part of the humerus, size of the radial head, healing of the OCD lesion, and osteoarthritis. Results The mean range of motion and JOA and Timmerman-Andrews scores improved significantly after surgery; 13 patients were completely pain free. In 11 patients with an open capitellar physis, metaphyseal-epiphyseal, cross-bridging was observed in 1 patient. A fishtail deformity of the distal part of the humerus was not observed. Healing of the OCD lesion was defined as excellent in 9 patients, good in 3, fair in 3, and poor in 2. In 3 of the 5 patients in whom healing was described as fair or poor, there was a lesion of the lateral widespread type with osteoarthritis before surgery. Moderate osteoarthritic changes were evident in 2 patients. Conclusion Closed-wedge osteotomy for the treatment of advanced-stage OCD of the capitellum in young patients can provide satisfactory clinical and radiological results. However, fair and poor outcomes were found in lateral widespread-type cases with osteoarthritis before surgery. We believe that patients in whom osteoarthritic changes have not yet appeared are eligible for closed-wedge osteotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ueki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Uonuma Kikan Hospital, Minamiuonuma, Japan
| | - Koji Moriya
- Niigata Hand Surgery Foundation, Niigata, Japan
| | | | | | - Hisao Kouda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan
| | - Naoto Endo
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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26
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Matsuura T, Hashimoto Y, Kinoshita T, Nishino K, Nishida Y, Takigami J, Katsuda H, Shimada N. Donor Site Evaluation After Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation for Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:2836-2843. [PMID: 31503508 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519871064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT) for capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) requires harvesting of tissue from the asymptomatic knee joint. However, donor site morbidity (DSM) in such cases remains unclear. PURPOSE To evaluate DSM and postoperative radiographic findings in patients undergoing OAT for advanced capitellar OCD. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS Eighty-six juvenile athletes underwent OAT for advanced capitellar OCD. The 2000 International Knee Documentation Committee subjective score, rate of return to sports, and symptoms in the donor knee were assessed at a mean follow-up of 86 months (range, 28-185 months). Additionally, 49 of the 86 patients were assessed by radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of the knee donor site. DSM was defined according to the usual criterion (persistent symptoms for >1 year or the need for subsequent intervention) and a stricter criterion (the presence of any symptoms, such as effusion, patellofemoral complaints, crepitation, unspecified disturbance, stiffness, pain/instability during activities, and osteoarthritic change). The stricter criterion was also used to allocate patients into a DSM group and a no-DSM group. RESULTS Two and 11 patients were determined to have DSM according to the usual and stricter criteria, respectively. All patients returned to the competitive level of their sports. The mean International Knee Documentation Committee score was 99.0. MRI findings showed abnormal signal intensity in 17 patients (35%) and hypertrophic changes in 11 patients (22%) at the donor harvest sites. The MOCART (magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue) score was higher in the no-DSM group (mean, 68.2) than in the DSM group (mean, 52.9) (P = .027). CONCLUSION OAT for juvenile athletes with advanced capitellar OCD provided good clinical outcomes. The DSM rate was relatively low (2.3%) with the usual criterion but high (12.8%) with the stricter criterion. MRI showed an abnormal signal intensity and hypertrophy in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsuura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shimada Hospital, Shimada, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hashimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Kinoshita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nishino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junsei Takigami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shimada Hospital, Shimada, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shimada Hospital, Shimada, Japan
| | - Nagakazu Shimada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shimada Hospital, Shimada, Japan
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27
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Retrograde Intramedullary Absorbable Pin Fixation for Intraarticular Fracture of the Metacarpal Head. JOURNAL OF HAND SURGERY GLOBAL ONLINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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28
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Comparison of Antiaging Effects on Rat Skin of Cog Thread and Poly-L-Lactic Acid Thread. Dermatol Surg 2019; 45:438-445. [PMID: 30608294 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000001717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polydioxanone Cog thread and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) thread have been used clinically for lifting and antiaging purposes. However, the histological changes in tissue and the efficacy of these 2 different types of thread have not been compared. OBJECTIVE This study used hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Masson's trichrome staining, and electron microscopy (EM) to compare the results associated with the use of Cog thread and PLLA thread in rat skin. METHODS Thirty female rats were divided into 3 groups of 10 rats each: a control group; a Cog group; and a PLLA group. Biopsy specimens obtained at 1, 3, and 6 months were examined using H&E, MT, and EM. RESULTS Although significant increases were observed in dermal thickness and the numbers of fibroblasts in the PLLA group compared with the control group within the first month (p: .019), there were no significant differences between the Cog and control groups during this period (p: .245). Dermal thickness (p: .002) and numbers of fibroblasts (p: .001) were similar in samples obtained from the PLLA and Cog groups at 3 and 6 months, and both groups showed significantly improved outcomes compared with the control group. CONCLUSION Poly-L-lactic acid and Cog sutures were effective in facial rejuvenation; both increased dermis thickness and stimulated collagen production.
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29
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Logli AL, Bernard CD, O'Driscoll SW, Sanchez-Sotelo J, Morrey ME, Krych AJ, Camp CL. Osteochondritis dissecans lesions of the capitellum in overhead athletes: a review of current evidence and proposed treatment algorithm. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2019; 12:1-12. [PMID: 30645727 PMCID: PMC6388572 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-019-09528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW To review the most recent literature on osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions of the capitellum in overhead athletes and describe a treatment algorithm based on current best evidence and surgeon experience. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research has included larger cohort studies with longer follow-up as well as quality systematic reviews and meta-analyses. These studies have focused on understanding how lesion characteristics such as size, location, and appearance on advanced imaging can predict treatment success. Current literature continues to support nonoperative management for stable lesions. Operative intervention is generally required for unstable lesions and treatment strategies are largely dictated by lesion size and location: debridement or reparative techniques for small lesions while larger lesions or those in high-stress locations are better served by bone and/or cartilage restoration procedures. There has been a rising interest in the use of allograft materials and cell-based therapies. Overhead athletes are uniquely predisposed to capitellar OCD due to the nature of forces applied to the radiocapitellar joint during repeated activity in the overhead position. Despite improvements in operative techniques, successful use of alternative graft materials, and a better understanding of how lesion characteristics influence results, there is still much to learn about this challenging disorder. Future research should focus on comparing operative techniques, refining their indications, and further developing a reliable treatment algorithm that best serves the overhead athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Logli
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Christopher D Bernard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Shawn W O'Driscoll
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Joaquin Sanchez-Sotelo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Mark E Morrey
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Aaron J Krych
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Christopher L Camp
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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30
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Morizane K, Shikinami Y, Fujibayashi S, Goto K, Otsuki B, Kawai T, Shimizu T, Matsuda S. Implantable composite devices of unsintered hydroxyapatite and poly-l-lactide with dispersive marbling morphology to enhance in vivo bioactivity and bioresorbability. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 97:698-706. [PMID: 30678958 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A bone fixation device made of unsintered hydroxyapatite (u-HA) particles uniformly dispersed in a poly-l-lactide matrix and reinforced by compressive forging (uniformly dispersed composite; UDC) has been clinically applied in several fields. However, it has reported some foreign body reactions over a long implantation period due to its slow bioresorbability. To further enhance its bioresorbability, we developed devices comprising a fibrous assembly of poly-l-lactide only three-dimensionally intertwined with particulate hydroxyapatite/poly-l-lactide composite. The biological behavior of the proposed material, provisionally referred to as complementarily reinforced composite (CRC), was compared with that of UDC in vivo. Cylindrical rods of UDC and CRC with 3.2-mm diameters were inserted bilaterally into the intramedullary distal femurs of 32 male Japanese white rabbits. Eight rabbits were euthanized at four, eight, 12, and 25 weeks after insertion. There were no significant differences between the mechanical properties of UDC and CRC over time. However, the results from histological analyses, surface characterization, radiological analyses, and push-out mechanical testing substantiated CRC's superior affinity to bone and enhanced bioactivity and bioresorbability in comparison with UDC. These characteristics were attributed to the dispersive marbling morphology produced by the CRC material's successive connectivity of u-HA particles throughout the PLLA matrix, which would accelerate PLLA hydrolysis degradation by H2O intrusion and enhance the bioactivity of u-HA particles exposed on the interface soon after implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Morizane
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Shikinami
- Shikinami Yasuo Institute, 14 4F Lty932 1-1-1 Oji, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Fujibayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Goto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Bungo Otsuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kawai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Shimizu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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31
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Bexkens R, van Bergen CJA, van den Bekerom MPJ, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Eygendaal D. Decreased Defect Size and Partial Restoration of Subchondral Bone on Computed Tomography After Arthroscopic Debridement and Microfracture for Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:2954-2959. [PMID: 30141965 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518790455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthroscopic debridement and microfracture are considered the primary surgical treatment for capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Healing of the subchondral bone plays an essential role in cartilage repair, while lack of healing is related to the development of osteoarthritis. To date, it is unknown to what extent healing of the subchondral bone occurs after this technique in the elbow. PURPOSE To analyze defect size changes and subchondral bone healing with computed tomography (CT) after arthroscopic debridement and microfracture for advanced capitellar OCD. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS Between 2009 and 2016, 67 patients underwent arthroscopic debridement and microfracture for advanced capitellar OCD. Fifty-four patients (81% follow-up rate) with CT scans were included (mean ± SD: preoperative, 4.0 ± 1.7 months; postoperative, 29 ± 9.0 months). OCD defect size was assessed by measuring the largest diameter in 3 directions: medial-lateral direction (coronal plane) and anterior-posterior direction and depth (both in sagittal plane). Healing of the OCD was divided into 3 categories: good-complete osseous union or ossification; fair-incomplete osseous union or ossification but improved; poor-no changes between pre- and postoperative scans. Postoperative clinical outcome was assessed with the Oxford Elbow Score (OES) at the same time as the postoperative CT scan. RESULTS There were 30 female and 24 male patients (age, 15.7 ± 3.2 years). Defect size decreased ( P < .001) in all 3 directions (medial-lateral × anterior-posterior × depth) at 29 ± 9.0 months: preoperatively, 7.9 ± 2.8 × 8.0 ± 3.2 × 4.1 ± 1.5 mm; postoperatively, 3.5 ± 3.3 × 4.0 ± 3.5 × 1.6 ± 1.4 mm. Healing of the subchondral bone was graded as good in 19 defects (35%), fair in 27 (50%), and poor in 8 (15%). The mean postoperative OES score was 40 ± 8.4. Neither postoperative defect size nor healing grade correlated with the OES ( P > .05). CONCLUSION Arthroscopic debridement and microfracture for advanced capitellar OCD result in improved (ie, decreased) defect size at a mean follow-up of 29 months, both in width and in depth. Healing of the subchondral bone was either good or fair in 85%. Interestingly, CT findings did not correlate with clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rens Bexkens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Michel P J van den Bekerom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shoulder and Elbow Unit, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gino M M J Kerkhoffs
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Academic Center for Evidence-Based Sports Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Denise Eygendaal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Johnson CC, Roberts SM, Mintz D, Fabricant PD, Hotchkiss R, Daluiski A. A matched quantitative computed tomography analysis of 3 surgical approaches for osteochondral reconstruction of the capitellum. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2018; 27:1762-1769. [PMID: 29941304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The location of capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions in the sagittal plane guides the surgical approach used for autologous osteochondral transplantation. We sought to compare the capitellar region accessible for orthogonal graft placement through 3 approaches: (1) posterior anconeus-split approach; (2) lateral approach with lateral collateral ligament (LCL) preservation (LCL-preserving lateral approach); and (3) lateral approach with LCL release (LCL-sacrificing lateral approach). METHODS The 3 approaches were sequentially performed on 9 cadaveric elbows: posterior anconeus-split approach, LCL-preserving lateral approach, and LCL-releasing lateral approach. The extent of perpendicular access was delineated with Kirschner wires. Each specimen underwent computed tomography. The accessible region was quantified as degrees on the capitellum and converted into time on a clock, where 0° corresponds to the 12-o'clock position. Generalized estimating equation modeling was used to investigate for significant within-specimen, between-approach differences. RESULTS The LCL-preserving and LCL-sacrificing lateral approaches provided more anterior perpendicular access than the posterior anconeus-split approach (mean, 0° vs 83°; P < .001). The posterior anconeus-split approach provided more posterior perpendicular access (mean, 215.0°; P < .001) than the LCL-preserving (mean, 117°; P < .001) and LCL-sacrificing (mean, 145°; P < .001) lateral approaches. The LCL-sacrificing lateral approach provided more posterior exposure than the LCL-preserving lateral approach (mean, 145° vs 117°; P < .001). The mean arc of visualization was greater for the LCL-sacrificing lateral approach than for the LCL-preserving lateral approach (145° vs 117°, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS A capitellar OCD lesion can be perpendicularly accessed from a posterior anconeus-split approach if it is posterior to 83° (2:46 clock-face position). A laterally based approach may be required for lesions anterior to this threshold. These data inform clinical decisions regarding the appropriate surgical approach for any OCD lesion.
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Uchida S, Shimizu Y, Yukizawa Y, Suzuki H, Pascual-Garrido C, Sakai A. Arthroscopic Management for Acetabular Rim Stress Fracture and Osteochondritis Dissecans in the Athlete With Hip Dysplasia. Arthrosc Tech 2018; 7:e533-e539. [PMID: 29868431 PMCID: PMC5984351 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-articular lesions are common in patients with acetabular hip dysplasia. Rim stress fractures (RSFs) have also been described in patients with acetabular hip dysplasia. This lesion is believed to be a result of an unfused secondary ossification center or a stress fracture that could be caused by repetitive impingement of an abnormal-shaped femoral head-neck junction. In addition, osteochondritis dissecans of the acetabulum is a rare condition that can also result from impingement and has been described in patients with hip dysplasia. Here, we describe an arthroscopic technique for internal fixation of osteochondritis dissecans of the acetabulum and concomitant RSF associated with hip dysplasia in a rhythmic gymnast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshi Uchida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakamatsu Hospital for the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan,Address correspondence to Soshi Uchida, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Wakamatsu hospital for the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-17-1, Hamamachi Wakamatsu Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0024, Japan.
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakamatsu Hospital for the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan,Are-x Medical Group, Oyamadai Orthopaedic Sports Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Yukizawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakamatsu Hospital for the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Are-x Medical Group, Oyamadai Orthopaedic Sports Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cecilia Pascual-Garrido
- Adult Reconstruction–Adolescent and Young Adult Hip Service, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, U.S.A
| | - Akinori Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
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Griffith TB, Kercher J, Clifton Willimon S, Perkins C, Duralde XA. Elbow Injuries in the Adolescent Thrower. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2018; 11:35-47. [PMID: 29442213 PMCID: PMC5825338 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-018-9457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With an increasing rate of adolescent elbow injuries, especially in throwing athletes, the purpose of this review is to investigate the current literature regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and non-operative and operative outcomes of medial epicondyle fractures, ulnar collateral ligament repair, osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow, and olecranon stress fractures. RECENT FINDINGS Acceptable outcomes with both non-operative and operative treatments of medial epicondyle fractures have been reported, with surgical indications continuing to evolve. Unstable osteochondritis dissecans lesions, especially in patients with closed growth plates, require operative fixation, and emerging open and arthroscopic techniques including lesion debridement, marrow stimulation, autograft transfer, and allograft transplantation are described with good outcomes. Ulnar collateral repair has emerged as an exciting treatment option for an avulsion of either end of the ligament in young throwing athletes, with faster rehabilitation times than traditional ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction. Olecranon stress fractures are increasing in prevalence, and when a non-operative treatment course is unsuccessful, athletes have a high return-to-play rate after percutaneous cannulated screw placement. With proper indications, non-operative and operative treatment modalities are reported with a high return-to-play and acceptable clinical outcomes for common elbow injuries, including medial epicondyle fractures, ulnar collateral ligament repair, osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow, and olecranon stress fractures, in adolescent throwing athletes. Further research is needed to better define treatment algorithms, surgical indications, and outcomes.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports injuries are common in pediatric and adolescent patients and the evaluation and treatment of these injuries continues to evolve. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive appraisal of the most recent literature, highlighting updates on sports-related upper extremity injuries in pediatric patients. METHODS An electronic search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases was performed for keywords related to pediatric overhead athletes, osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum, medial epicondyle fractures, shoulder instability, and clavicle fractures. Search results were filtered by publication date to yield articles published electronically or in print on or after January 1, 2013 to May 30, 2017. Papers were selected based on expert opinion and consensus by the authors and included if deemed to have contributed important findings to the above topics. RESULTS A total of 51 articles were deemed to have contributed significant findings to the literature: 11 overhead athlete, 9 OCD of the capitellum, 6 medial epicondyle fractures, 17 shoulder instability, and 8 clavicle fractures. The level of evidence for most studies was either Level III or IV. CONCLUSIONS Overuse and traumatic conditions of the pediatric elbow including UCL tear, capitellar OCD, and medial epicondyle fractures represent a significant portion of injuries in the overhead athlete. Research in the prevention and treatment of primary and recurrent shoulder instability in young athletes continues to evolve. The operative treatment of clavicle fractures in adolescents has been increasing without a commensurate increase in the level of evidence supporting such treatment. Advances have been made in the treatment of sports-related upper extremity injuries in pediatric patients, however, high-level, comparative outcomes research in many areas is lacking and this review may help inform topics for future study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV-Literature review.
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Lu Y, Li YJ, Guo SY, Zhang HL. Is there any difference between open and arthroscopic treatment for osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the humeral capitellum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2018; 42:601-607. [DOI: 10.1007/s00264-018-3768-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hip arthroscopy enables classification and treatment of precollapse subchondral insufficiency fracture of the femoral head associated intra-articular pathology. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018; 26:2527-2535. [PMID: 28942460 PMCID: PMC6061709 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-017-4722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to investigate (1) the clinical, radiographic and arthroscopic presentation of patients with subchondral insufficiency fracture of the femoral head (SIFFH) and (2) the outcomes following arthroscopic treatment with internal fixation using hydroxyapatite poly-lactate acid (HA/PLLA) threaded pins and concomitant arthroscopic treatment of associated findings. METHODS Nine patients (median age 49.0 years, range 43-65, five female and four male patients) with SIFFH who underwent arthroscopic treatment with labral repair, capsular closure and internal fixation of SIFFH using HA/PLLA pins were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria were adult patients with precollapse SIFFH with minimum 1-year follow-up (median follow-up 30.0 months, range 12-56). RESULTS Acetabular labral tears were observed in all patients. The median BMI was 24.3 kg/m2 (range 20.1-31.8). Clinical presentations and radiographic measurements demonstrated mixed type FAI in six patients, borderline developmental dysplasia in two patients and pincer type FAI in one patient. The median MHHS significantly improved from preoperatively (67.1, range 36.3-78.0) to post-operatively (96.8, range 82.5-100; p = 0.001). The median NAHS significantly improved from preoperatively (34.0, range 17-63) to post-operatively (78.0 range 61-80; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION SIFFH is associated with bony deformities and labral tears. Precollapse SIFFH can be treated with bioabsorbable pin stabilization of unstable lesions and treatment of associated intra-capsular pathology in those with stable lesions as determined by a new arthroscopic classification system with promising early outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Matsuura T, Hashimoto Y, Nishino K, Nishida Y, Takahashi S, Shimada N. Comparison of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes Between Central and Lateral Lesions After Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation for Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Humeral Capitellum. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:3331-3339. [PMID: 28968135 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517730358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies have reported satisfactory results after osteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT) for central lesions of unstable osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the elbow. However, the outcomes after OAT for lateral lesions remain unclear. HYPOTHESIS The clinical outcomes of OAT would be better for central lesions than for lateral lesions. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS The authors retrospectively evaluated 103 juvenile athletes (mean age, 13.2 years; range, 11-16 years) who underwent OAT for symptomatic OCD of the humeral capitellum from 2003 to 2014. Sixteen patients were excluded because they did not fit the inclusion criteria. The final cohort of 87 patients was divided by lesion type into central lesion (n = 43) and lateral lesion (n = 44) groups. When possible, a single large plug was created for grafting and trimmed to reconstruct the rounded joint surface. The clinical, radiographic, and magnetic resonance imaging outcomes were evaluated for each group at a mean follow-up of 43 months (range, 24-100 months). RESULTS There were no significant differences in the age, sex, height, weight, duration of symptoms, follow-up time, preoperative range of motion, or Timmerman and Andrews score between the 2 groups. The preoperative osteoarthritic changes (0 of 43 for central vs 5 of 44 cases for lateral; P = .023), mean lesion size (12.2 ± 2.9 vs 18.2 ± 7.0 mm; P < .001), and graft number (1.6 vs 2.8; P < .001) were significantly greater in the lateral group versus the central group. The mean range of extension (2.3° ± 5.4° vs -3.2° ± 8.7°; P < .001) and Timmerman and Andrews score (194 vs 185; P = .006) at the final follow-up were significantly better for patients in the central group. More patients in the lateral group had postoperative radial head subluxation (0 of 43 vs 6 of 44; P = .012) and osteoarthritic changes (1 of 43 vs 9 of 44; P = .008). The mean MOCART score showed no significant differences between the groups (78.0 ± 15.7 vs 72.6 ± 20.9; P = .181). The rate of return to sports at the previous level was 100% in the central group and 86% in the lateral group ( P = .012). CONCLUSION The clinical and radiographic outcomes after OAT associated with unstable OCD of the humeral capitellum were better for central lesions than for lateral lesions. However, satisfactory outcomes and a high rate of return to sports were obtained for unstable lateral lesions after OAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsuura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shimada Hospital, Habikino, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hashimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nishino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nagakazu Shimada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shimada Hospital, Habikino, Japan
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Bexkens R, Oosterhoff JH, Tsai TY, Doornberg JN, van den Bekerom MPJ, Eygendaal D, Oh LS. Osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum: lesion size and pattern analysis using quantitative 3-dimensional computed tomography and mapping technique. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2017; 26:1629-1635. [PMID: 28478896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goals of this study were to evaluate the reliability of a quantitative 3-dimensional computed tomography (Q3DCT) technique for measurement of the capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) surface area, to analyze OCD distribution using a mapping technique, and to investigate associations between Q3DCT lesion quantification and demographic characteristics and/or clinical examination findings. METHODS We identified patients with capitellar OCD who presented to our orthopedic sports medicine practice between January 2001 and January 2016 and who had undergone a preoperative computed tomography scan (slice thickness ≤1.25 mm). A total of 17 patients with a median age of 15 years (range, 12-23 years) were included in this study. Three-dimensional polygon models were reconstructed after osseous structures were marked in 3 planes. Surface areas of the OCD lesion as well as the capitellum were measured. Observer agreement was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Heat maps were created to visualize OCD distribution. RESULTS Measurements of the OCD surface area showed almost perfect intraobserver agreement (ICC, 0.99; confidence interval [CI], 0.98-0.99) and interobserver agreement (ICC, 0.93; CI, 0.86-0.97). Measurements of the capitellar surface area also showed almost perfect intraobserver agreement (ICC, 0.97;CI, 0.91-0.99) and interobserver agreement (ICC, 0.86; CI, 0.46-0.96). The median OCD surface area was 101 mm2 (range, 49-217 mm2). On the basis of OCD heat mapping, the posterolateral zone of the capitellum was most frequently affected. OCDs in which the lateral wall was involved were associated with larger lesion size (P = .041), longer duration of symptoms (P = .030), and worse elbow extension (P = .013). CONCLUSIONS The ability to quantify the capitellar OCD surface area and lesion location in a reliable manner using Q3DCT and a mapping technique should be considered when detailed knowledge of lesion size and location is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rens Bexkens
- Sports Medicine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacobien H Oosterhoff
- Sports Medicine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tsung-Yuan Tsai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Job N Doornberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michel P J van den Bekerom
- Shoulder and Elbow Unit, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Eygendaal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Luke S Oh
- Sports Medicine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Bexkens R, van den Ende KIM, Ogink PT, van Bergen CJA, van den Bekerom MPJ, Eygendaal D. Clinical Outcome After Arthroscopic Debridement and Microfracture for Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:2312-2318. [PMID: 28520461 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517704842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various surgical treatment techniques have been developed to treat capitellar osteochondritis dissecans; however, the optimal technique remains the subject of ongoing debate. PURPOSE To evaluate clinical outcomes after arthroscopic debridement and microfracture for advanced capitellar osteochondritis dissecans. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS Between 2008 and 2015, the authors followed 77 consecutive patients (81 elbows) who underwent arthroscopic debridement and microfracture, and loose body removal if needed, for advanced capitellar osteochondritis dissecans. Seventy-one patients (75 elbows) with a minimum follow-up of 1 year were included. The mean age was 16 years (SD, ±3.3 years; range, 11-26 years) and the mean follow-up length was 3.5 years (SD, ±1.9 years; range, 1-8.2 years). Based on CT and/or MRI results, 71 lesions were classified as unstable and 4 as stable. Clinical elbow outcome (pain, function, and social-psychological effect) was assessed using the Oxford Elbow Score (OES) at final follow-up (OES range, 0-48). Range of motion and return to sports were recorded. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of postoperative OES. RESULTS Intraoperatively, there were 3 grade 1 lesions, 2 grade 2 lesions, 10 grade 3 lesions, 1 grade 4 lesion, and 59 grade 5 lesions. The mean postoperative OES was 40.8 (SD, ±8.0). An open capitellar physis was a predictor of better elbow outcome (5.8-point increase; P = .025), as well as loose body removal/grade 4-5 lesions (6.9-point increase; P = .0020) and shorter duration of preoperative symptoms (1.4-point increase per year; P = .029). Flexion slightly improved from 134° to 139° ( P < .001); extension deficit slightly improved from 8° to 3° ( P < .001). Pronation ( P = .47) and supination did not improve ( P = .065). Thirty-seven patients (55%) returned to their primary sport at the same level, and 5 patients (7%) returned to a lower level. Seventeen patients (25%) did not return to sport due to elbow-related symptoms, and 10 patients (13%) did not return due to non-elbow-related reasons. No complications were recorded. CONCLUSION Arthroscopic debridement and microfracture for advanced capitellar osteochondritis dissecans provide good clinical results, especially in patients with open growth plate, loose body removal, and shorter duration of symptoms. However, only 62% of patients in this study returned to sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rens Bexkens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Paul T Ogink
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Michel P J van den Bekerom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shoulder and Elbow Unit, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Denise Eygendaal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Trofa DP, Gancarczyk SM, Lombardi JM, Makhni EC, Popkin CA, Ahmad CS. Visualization of the Capitellum During Elbow Arthroscopy: A Comparison of 3 Portal Techniques. Orthop J Sports Med 2017; 5:2325967117712228. [PMID: 28680895 PMCID: PMC5476331 DOI: 10.1177/2325967117712228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a debilitating condition of unknown etiology for which various arthroscopic treatments are available. Prior data suggest that greater than 75% of the capitellum can be visualized arthroscopically through a dual lateral portal approach. However, there is no literature assessing arthroscopic visualization of the capitellum via alternative portals. Purpose: To determine the percentage of capitellum visualized using the dual lateral, distal ulnar and soft spot, and posterolateral and soft spot portal configurations in a cadaver model. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Arthroscopy was performed on 12 fresh-frozen cadaver elbows, 4 for each of the following approaches: dual lateral, distal ulna, and posterolateral. Electrocautery was used to mark the most anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral points seen on the capitellum. The radiocapitellar joint was subsequently exposed through an extensile posterior dissection, and the surface anatomy was reconstructed using the Microscribe 3D digitizing system. Using Rhinoceros software, the percentage of capitellum surface area visualized by each approach was determined. Results: The mean percentage of capitellum visualized for the dual lateral, distal ulna, and posterolateral approaches was approximately 68.8%, 66.3%, and 63.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the percentage of capitellum seen among approaches (P = .68). On average, 66.5% of the capitellum was visible through these 3 arthroscopic approaches to the elbow. Conclusion: Approximately 66.5% of the capitellum is visualized through the popularized posterior arthroscopic portals, with no significant differences found between the 3 investigated approaches. Clinical Relevance: As determined in this cadaveric model investigation, each portal technique provides equivalent visualization for capitellar OCD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Trofa
- Department of Orthopaedics, New York Presbyterian, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie M Gancarczyk
- Department of Orthopaedics, New York Presbyterian, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph M Lombardi
- Department of Orthopaedics, New York Presbyterian, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eric C Makhni
- Department of Orthopaedics, Henry Ford Hospital and Wayne State University, West Bloomfield, Michigan, USA
| | - Charles A Popkin
- Department of Orthopaedics, New York Presbyterian, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher S Ahmad
- Department of Orthopaedics, New York Presbyterian, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Oshiba H, Itsubo T, Ikegami S, Nakamura K, Uchiyama S, Kato H. Results of Bone Peg Grafting for Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans in Adolescent Baseball Players. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:3171-3178. [PMID: 27514737 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516658038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone peg grafting (BPG) has been advocated for early-stage humeral capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (COCD). However, the clinical and radiological results of BPG, along with its indications, have not been described in detail. HYPOTHESIS COCD classified as International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) I or II in adolescent baseball players can be treated successfully by BPG. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4 METHODS: Eleven male baseball players (age range at surgery, 13-16 years) who underwent BPG for COCD were enrolled in this study. No improvement had been seen in any patient after 6 months of preoperative nonthrowing observation. During surgery, 2 to 5 bone pegs were inserted into the COCD lesion after confirmation of lesion stability to the bony floor. All patients were directly evaluated at 12 and 24 months after surgery by physical findings, radiological prognosis, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS Of the 11 patients, 10 could return to comparable baseball ability levels within 12 months. The Timmerman-Andrews score improved significantly from a mean ± SD of 171.8 ± 12.1 preoperatively to 192.3 ± 6.5 at the final observation. Radiological healing of the lesions was determined as complete in 8 patients and partial in 3. Patients possessing a centrally positioned lesion or a lesion <75% of the size of the capitellum tended most strongly to achieve complete radiological healing, while growth plate status appeared unrelated to outcome. The mean Henderson MRI score improved from 6.3 ± 1.5 to 4.8 ± 1.6 at 12 and 24 months after BPG, respectively. MRI findings also suggested that remodeling of COCD lesions had continued to up to 24 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION BPG enabled 91% of COCD patients with ICRS OCD I or II to return to preoperative baseball abilities within 12 months. Integration of the grafted site may continue until at least 24 months postoperatively. An ICRS OCD I or II lesion with central positioning and/or occupying <75% of the size of the capitellum in the coronal plane is a good indication for BPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Oshiba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Marunouchi Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Toshiro Itsubo
- Sports Medicine Center, Aizawa Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shota Ikegami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakamura
- Orthopaedic Surgery, North Alps Medical Center, Azumi Hospital, Ikedamachi, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Uchiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Abstract
Capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) can be a significant problem in adolescent overhead athletes. The cause is likely multifactorial secondary to repetitive stresses, biomechanical mismatch, and a tenuous vascular supply of the capitellum. Recent literature reveals that the prevalence is likely higher than previously thought. This, in conjunction with increased levels of athletic competition in children at younger ages, has fed the recent interest in this topic. The literature continues to show that non-operative treatment is still successful for stable lesions. Unstable lesions, therefore, have been the focus of the new literature regarding operative management and outcomes. The aim of this paper is to provide a summary of current literature and an up-to-date approach to the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W. Churchill
- />Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007 USA
| | - Julianne Munoz
- />Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH-1122, 10032 New York, NY USA
| | - Christopher S. Ahmad
- />Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH-1122, 10032 New York, NY USA
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Westermann RW, Hancock KJ, Buckwalter JA, Kopp B, Glass N, Wolf BR. Return to Sport After Operative Management of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Orthop J Sports Med 2016; 4:2325967116654651. [PMID: 27482526 PMCID: PMC4954549 DOI: 10.1177/2325967116654651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is commonly managed surgically in symptomatic adolesent throwers and gymnasts. Little is known about the impact that surgical technique has on return to sport. PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical outcomes and return-to-sport rates after operative management of OCD lesions in adolescent athletes. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS The PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus (EBSCO), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were queried for studies evaluating outcomes and return to sport after surgical management of OCD of the capitellum. Two independent reviewers conducted a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies reporting patient outcomes with return-to-sport data and minimum 6-month follow-up were included in the review. RESULTS After review, 24 studies reporting outcomes in 492 patients (mean age ± SD, 14.3 ± 0.9 years) were analyzed. The overall return-to-sport rate was 86% at a mean 5.6 months. Return to the highest preoperative level of sport was most common after osteochondral autograft procedures (94%) compared with debridement and marrow stimulation procedures (71%) or OCD fixation surgery (64%). Elbow range of motion improved by 15.9° after surgery. The Timmerman-Andrews subjective and objective scores significantly improved after surgery. Complications were low (<5%), with 2 cases of donor site morbidity after osteoarticular autograft transfer (OAT) autograft harvest. The most common indications for reoperation were repeat debridement/loose body removal. CONCLUSION A high rate of return to sport was observed after operative management of capitellar OCD. Patients were more likely to return to their highest level of preoperative sport after OAT autograft compared with debridement or fixation. Significant improvements in elbow range of motion and patient outcomes are seen with low complication rates after OCD surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Westermann
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation and UI Sports Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kyle J. Hancock
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation and UI Sports Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Joseph A. Buckwalter
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation and UI Sports Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Benjamin Kopp
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation and UI Sports Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Natalie Glass
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation and UI Sports Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Brian R. Wolf
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation and UI Sports Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Fresh Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation for the Treatment of Unstable Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum in the Elbow. TECHNIQUES IN SHOULDER AND ELBOW SURGERY 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/bte.0000000000000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Takeba J, Takahashi T, Watanabe S, Imai H, Kikuchi S, Umakoshi K, Matsumoto H, Ohshita M, Miura H, Aibiki M. Short-term clinical results of arthroscopic osteochondral fixation for elbow osteochondritis dissecans in teenaged baseball players. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2015; 24:1749-56. [PMID: 26480880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports regarding arthroscopic fixation of the osteochondral fragments for elbow osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) are few. This study assessed the clinical outcomes of arthroscopic fixation of unstable osteochondral fragments by using absorbable pins over a postoperative period of at least 1 year. METHODS The patients were 13 adolescent baseball players with a mean age of 14 years (range, 12-16 years) who underwent OCD of primary lesions at International Cartilage Repair Society grades III and IV. The patients were evaluated by using validated outcome measures at a mean follow-up period of 24 months (range, 12-50 months). RESULTS The mean (standard deviation) score in the disability/symptom section of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand improved from 12.4 (6.0) before the surgery to 0.5 (1.2) after the surgery, and the sports section improved from 74.5 (25.4) to 1.4 (5.2). The mean (standard deviation) extension improved from -11° (10.8) to -2° (3.9; P < .001). The mean (SD) flexion improved from 129° (11.6) to 137° (5.6; P = .040). All patients were able to resume playing baseball, and 9 (69%) resumed playing at the same position as before their injuries. CONCLUSIONS The clinical results of arthroscopic osteochondral fragment fixation in the teenaged baseball players with elbow OCD, albeit obtained over only a short period, were favorable. This arthroscopic treatment enables repair of lesions and is considered appropriate for unstable OCD during the adolescent growth spurt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takeba
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | | | - Seiji Watanabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kensuke Umakoshi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | | | - Muneaki Ohshita
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Miura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mayuki Aibiki
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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