1
|
Chang TMS. Editorial: Innovative medical technology based on artificial cells, including its different configurations. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:1306419. [PMID: 38021437 PMCID: PMC10668123 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2023.1306419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ming Swi Chang
- Artificial Cells & Organs Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu T, Xia B, Chen G. Advances in polymer-based cell encapsulation and its applications in tissue repair. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3325. [PMID: 36651921 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell microencapsulation is a more widely accepted area of biological encapsulation. In most cases, it involves fixing cells in polymer scaffolds or semi-permeable hydrogel capsules, providing the environment for protecting cells, allowing the exchange of nutrients and oxygen, and protecting cells against the attack of the host immune system by preventing the entry of antibodies and cytotoxic immune cells. Hydrogel encapsulation provides a three-dimensional (3D) environment similar to that experienced in vivo, so it can maintain normal cellular functions to produce tissues similar to those in vivo. Embedded cells can be genetically modified to release specific therapeutic products directly at the target site, thereby eliminating the side effects of systemic treatments. Cellular microcarriers need to meet many extremely high standards regarding their biocompatibility, cytocompatibility, immunoseparation capacity, transport, mechanical, and chemical properties. In this article, we discuss the biopolymer gels used in tissue engineering applications and the brief introduction of cell encapsulation for therapeutic protein production. Also, we review polymer biomaterials and methods for preparing cell microcarriers for biomedical applications. At the same time, in order to improve the application performance of cell microcarriers in vivo, we also summarize the main limitations and improvement strategies of cell encapsulation. Finally, the main applications of polymer cell microcarriers in regenerative medicine are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tangfang Lu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Xia
- Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobao Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang W, Wu Z, Gao Z, Wan M, Zhou M, Mao C, Shen J. Artificial Cells: Past, Present and Future. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15705-15733. [PMID: 36226996 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Artificial cells are constructed to imitate natural cells and allow researchers to explore biological process and the origin of life. The construction methods for artificial cells, through both top-down or bottom-up approaches, have achieved great progress over the past decades. Here we present a comprehensive overview on the development of artificial cells and their properties and applications. Artificial cells are derived from lipids, polymers, lipid/polymer hybrids, natural cell membranes, colloidosome, metal-organic frameworks and coacervates. They can be endowed with various functions through the incorporation of proteins and genes on the cell surface or encapsulated inside of the cells. These modulations determine the properties of artificial cells, including producing energy, cell growth, morphology change, division, transmembrane transport, environmental response, motility and chemotaxis. Multiple applications of these artificial cells are discussed here with a focus on therapeutic applications. Artificial cells are used as carriers for materials and information exchange and have been shown to function as targeted delivery systems of personalized drugs. Additionally, artificial cells can function to substitute for cells with impaired function. Enzyme therapy and immunotherapy using artificial cells have been an intense focus of research. Finally, prospects of future development of cell-mimic properties and broader applications are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Jiang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ziyu Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zheng Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Encapsulation Strategies for Pancreatic Islet Transplantation without Immune Suppression. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-021-00190-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
5
|
Santos AP, Chevallier SS, de Haan B, de Vos P, Poncelet D. Impact of electrostatic potential on microcapsule-formation and physicochemical analysis of surface structure: Implications for therapeutic cell-microencapsulation. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:638-647. [PMID: 33541171 DOI: 10.1177/0885328221988979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell-encapsulation is used for preventing therapeutic cells from being rejected by the host. The technology to encapsulate cells in immunoprotective biomaterials, such as alginate, commonly involves application of an electrostatic droplet generator for reproducible manufacturing droplets of similar size and with similar surface properties. As many factors influencing droplet formation are still unknown, we investigated the impact of several parameters and fitted them to equations to make procedures more reproducible and allow optimal control of capsule size and properties. We demonstrate that droplet size is dependent on an interplay between the critical electric potential (Uc,), the needle size, and the distance between the needle and the gelation bath, and that it can be predicted with the equations proposed. The droplet formation was meticulously studied and followed by a high-speed camera. The X-ray photoelectron analysis demonstrated optimal gelation and substitution of sodium with calcium on alginate surfaces while the atomic force microscopy analysis demonstrated a low but considerable variation in surface roughness and low surface stiffness. Our study shows the importance of documenting critical parameters to guarantee reproducible manufacturing of beads with constant and adequate size and preventing batch-to-batch variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Santos
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiologicos, Avenida Belgrano y pasaje Caseros, Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Bart de Haan
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Denis Poncelet
- Oniris Nantes - Site de la Géraudière, Nantes, Pays de la Loire France.,EncapProcess, Suce sur Erdre, Pays de la Loire, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kupikowska-Stobba B, Lewińska D. Polymer microcapsules and microbeads as cell carriers for in vivo biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:1536-1574. [PMID: 32110789 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01337g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymer microcarriers are being extensively explored as cell delivery vehicles in cell-based therapies and hybrid tissue and organ engineering. Spherical microcarriers are of particular interest due to easy fabrication and injectability. They include microbeads, composed of a porous matrix, and microcapsules, where matrix core is additionally covered with a semipermeable membrane. Microcarriers provide cell containment at implantation site and protect the cells from host immunoresponse, degradation and shear stress. Immobilized cells may be genetically altered to release a specific therapeutic product directly at the target site, eliminating side effects of systemic therapies. Cell microcarriers need to fulfil a number of extremely high standards regarding their biocompatibility, cytocompatibility, immunoisolating capacity, transport, mechanical and chemical properties. To obtain cell microcarriers of specified parameters, a wide variety of polymers, both natural and synthetic, and immobilization methods can be applied. Yet so far, only a few approaches based on cell-laden microcarriers have reached clinical trials. The main issue that still impedes progress of these systems towards clinical application is limited cell survival in vivo. Herein, we review polymer biomaterials and methods used for fabrication of cell microcarriers for in vivo biomedical applications. We describe their key limitations and modifications aiming at improvement of microcarrier in vivo performance. We also present the main applications of polymer cell microcarriers in regenerative medicine, pancreatic islet and hepatocyte transplantation and in the treatment of cancer. Lastly, we outline the main challenges in cell microimmobilization for biomedical purposes, the strategies to overcome these issues and potential future improvements in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kupikowska-Stobba
- Laboratory of Electrostatic Methods of Bioencapsulation, Department of Biomaterials and Biotechnological Systems, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dorota Lewińska
- Laboratory of Electrostatic Methods of Bioencapsulation, Department of Biomaterials and Biotechnological Systems, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chang TMS. ARTIFICIAL CELL evolves into nanomedicine, biotherapeutics, blood substitutes, drug delivery, enzyme/gene therapy, cancer therapy, cell/stem cell therapy, nanoparticles, liposomes, bioencapsulation, replicating synthetic cells, cell encapsulation/scaffold, biosorbent/immunosorbent haemoperfusion/plasmapheresis, regenerative medicine, encapsulated microbe, nanobiotechnology, nanotechnology. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:997-1013. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1577885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ming Swi Chang
- Artificial Cells and Organs Research Centre, Departments of Physiology, Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Correia CR, Reis RL, Mano JF. Design Principles and Multifunctionality in Cell Encapsulation Systems for Tissue Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701444. [PMID: 30102458 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation systems are being increasingly applied as multifunctional strategies to regenerate tissues. Lessons afforded with encapsulation systems aiming to treat endocrine diseases seem to be highly valuable for the tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) systems of today, in which tissue regeneration and biomaterial integration are key components. Innumerous multifunctional systems for cell compartmentalization are being proposed to meet the specific needs required in the TERM field. Herein is reviewed the variable geometries proposed to produce cell encapsulation strategies toward tissue regeneration, including spherical and fiber-shaped systems, and other complex shapes and arrangements that better mimic the highly hierarchical organization of native tissues. The application of such principles in the TERM field brings new possibilities for the development of highly complex systems, which holds tremendous promise for tissue regeneration. The complex systems aim to recreate adequate environmental signals found in native tissue (in particular during the regenerative process) to control the cellular outcome, and conferring multifunctional properties, namely the incorporation of bioactive molecules and the ability to create smart and adaptative systems in response to different stimuli. The new multifunctional properties of such systems that are being employed to fulfill the requirements of the TERM field are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara R. Correia
- 3B's Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and BiomimeticsUniversity of MinhoHeadquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine AvePark 4805‐017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and BiomimeticsUniversity of MinhoHeadquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine AvePark 4805‐017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- 3B's Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and BiomimeticsUniversity of MinhoHeadquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine AvePark 4805‐017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Farias C, Lyman R, Hemingway C, Chau H, Mahacek A, Bouzos E, Mobed-Miremadi M. Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Microneedles for Microencapsulated Cell Extrusion. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:E59. [PMID: 30065227 PMCID: PMC6164407 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-hydrogel based therapies offer great promise for wound healing. The specific aim of this study was to assess the viability of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells immobilized in atomized alginate capsules (3.5% (w/v) alginate, d = 225 µm ± 24.5 µm) post-extrusion through a three-dimensional (3D) printed methacrylate-based custom hollow microneedle assembly (circular array of 13 conical frusta) fabricated using stereolithography. With a jetting reliability of 80%, the solvent-sterilized device with a root mean square roughness of 158 nm at the extrusion nozzle tip (d = 325 μm) was operated at a flowrate of 12 mL/min. There was no significant difference between the viability of the sheared and control samples for extrusion times of 2 h (p = 0.14, α = 0.05) and 24 h (p = 0.5, α = 0.05) post-atomization. Factoring the increase in extrusion yield from 21.2% to 56.4% attributed to hydrogel bioerosion quantifiable by a loss in resilience from 5470 (J/m³) to 3250 (J/m³), there was no significant difference in percentage relative payload (p = 0.2628, α = 0.05) when extrusion occurred 24 h (12.2 ± 4.9%) when compared to 2 h (9.9 ± 2.8%) post-atomization. Results from this paper highlight the feasibility of encapsulated cell extrusion, specifically protection from shear, through a hollow microneedle assembly reported for the first time in literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantell Farias
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053-0583, USA.
| | - Roman Lyman
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053-0583, USA.
| | - Cecilia Hemingway
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053-0583, USA.
| | - Huong Chau
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053-0583, USA.
| | - Anne Mahacek
- SCU Maker Lab, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053-0583, USA.
| | - Evangelia Bouzos
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053-0583, USA.
| | - Maryam Mobed-Miremadi
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053-0583, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- R. Vanholder
- Nephrology Department, University Hospital, Ghent -Belgium
| | - S. Ringoir
- Nephrology Department, University Hospital, Ghent -Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bruni S, Chang T. Encapsulated Hepatocytes for Controlling Hyperbilirubinemia in Gunn Rats. Int J Artif Organs 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/039139889101400407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Bruni
- Artificial Cells and Organs Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mc Gill University, Montreal, Quebec – Canada
| | - T.M.S. Chang
- Artificial Cells and Organs Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mc Gill University, Montreal, Quebec – Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Koebe H, Wick M, Cramer U, Lange V, Schildberg F. Collagen Gel Immobilisation Provides a Suitable Cell Matrix for Long Term Human Hepatocyte Cultures in Hybrid Reactors. Int J Artif Organs 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/039139889401700207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An easy to apply culture technique is presented that protects a monolayer configuration of liver cells within an extracellular matrix. The Immobilising Gel (IG)-Technique not only preserves hepatocyte morphology and supports a variety of differentiated cell functions over long term periods, but also offers higher resistance of IG-culture systems against shear forces of fluids in a hybrid reactor device, as compared to other culture techniques. Human hepatocyte cultures in IG-Technique: DNA-normalised levels for the total production of cholinesterase, albumin, urea and lactate remained high throughout the investigational period (50 days). Glutamic-Pyruvic-Transaminase (GPT) release decreased after peak values during early culture adaptation. Electron Microscopic (EM) findings after the shear forces experiment revealed undisturbed subcellular structures and a preserved intercellular morphology, including bile canaliculi and desmosomes. We conclude that the IG-technique is of considerable advantage as compared to other culture systems, especially in the field of dynamic applications, e.g. hybrid reactors for artificial organ development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H.G. Koebe
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, L.M. University of Munich, Muenchen - Germany
| | - M. Wick
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, L.M. University of Munich, Muenchen - Germany
| | - U. Cramer
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, L.M. University of Munich, Muenchen - Germany
| | - V. Lange
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, L.M. University of Munich, Muenchen - Germany
| | - F.W. Schildberg
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, L.M. University of Munich, Muenchen - Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stange J, Mitzner S. Hepatocyte Encapsulation - Initial Intentions and New Aspects for Its Use in Bioartificial Liver Support. Int J Artif Organs 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/039139889601900107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Stange
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock - Germany
| | - S. Mitzner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock - Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ogoke O, Oluwole J, Parashurama N. Bioengineering considerations in liver regenerative medicine. J Biol Eng 2017; 11:46. [PMID: 29204185 PMCID: PMC5702480 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver disease contributes significantly to global disease burden and is associated with rising incidence and escalating costs. It is likely that innovative approaches, arising from the emerging field of liver regenerative medicine, will counter these trends. Main body Liver regenerative medicine is a rapidly expanding field based on a rich history of basic investigations into the nature of liver structure, physiology, development, regeneration, and function. With a bioengineering perspective, we discuss all major subfields within liver regenerative medicine, focusing on the history, seminal publications, recent progress within these fields, and commercialization efforts. The areas reviewed include fundamental aspects of liver transplantation, liver regeneration, primary hepatocyte cell culture, bioartificial liver, hepatocyte transplantation and liver cell therapies, mouse liver repopulation, adult liver stem cell/progenitor cells, pluripotent stem cells, hepatic microdevices, and decellularized liver grafts. Conclusion These studies highlight the creative directions of liver regenerative medicine, the collective efforts of scientists, engineers, and doctors, and the bright outlook for a wide range of approaches and applications which will impact patients with liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ogechi Ogoke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.,Clinical and Translation Research Center (CTRC), University at Buffalo (State University of New York), 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203 USA
| | - Janet Oluwole
- Clinical and Translation Research Center (CTRC), University at Buffalo (State University of New York), 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Furnas Hall, 907 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| | - Natesh Parashurama
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.,Clinical and Translation Research Center (CTRC), University at Buffalo (State University of New York), 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Furnas Hall, 907 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dixit V, Arthur M, Gitnick G. Repeated Transplantation of Microencapsulated Hepatocytes for Sustained Correction of Hyperbilirubinemia in Gunn Rats. Cell Transplant 2017; 1:275-9. [PMID: 1344300 DOI: 10.1177/096368979200100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies we demonstrated that transplantation of microencapsulated hepatocytes could correct congenital hyperbilirubinemia in Gunn rats for 4 to 6 wks. Reduction in hyperbilirubinemia followed a single transplantation of isolated encapsulated hepatocytes (IEH). After 4 to 6 wks of transplantation IEH gradually lose their functionality. To sustain long-term supplementation of liver function we have investigated the efficacy of monthly IEH transplantations for 6 mo. Hepatocytes, isolated from young Wistar rats, were microencapsulated with a collagen matrix within an alginate-poly L-lysine composite membrane. We transplanted IEH intraperitoneally into homozygous Gunn rats at monthly (4-wk) intervals for 6 mo. Control Gunn rats received intraperitoneal transplantations of empty microcapsules. Total serum bilirubin was measured in the IEH-transplanted and control Gunn rats at weekly intervals for the duration of the 6-month study. A significant (p < 0.01) and sustained decrease (by nearly 50%) in total serum bilirubin levels was observed following monthly IEH transplantations in Gunn rats for the duration of the study. No such decrease in total serum bilirubin levels was seen in the controls. The Gunn rats exhibited good tolerance for the multiple IEH transplantations. Thus, repeated IEH transplantations may be one strategy for providing long-term supplementation of liver function in congenital metabolic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Dixit
- Liver Biosupport and Hepatitis Research Laboratory, UCLA School of Medicine 90024-7019
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dixit V, Piskin E, Arthur M, Denizli A, Tuncel SA, Denkbas E, Gitnick G. Hepatocyte Immobilization on Phema Microcarriers and its Biologically Modified Forms. Cell Transplant 2017; 1:391-9. [PMID: 1344312 DOI: 10.1177/096368979200100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (PHEMA) based microcarriers with different bulk structures were prepared by a phase inversion polymerization technique. PHEMA surfaces were further modified chemically by glow-discharge treatment, and biologically by covalent attachment of fibrinogen and collagen. Hepatocytes were isolated from young male Wistar rats using an in situ portal vein collagenase perfusion technique. Freshly isolated hepatocytes were seeded at 6 × 105 cells/mL and microcarrier concentration was 10 g/L. Stationary microcarrier cultures were carried out in standard (nontissue culture) polystyrene petri dishes in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 37 ± 0.5°C. Cell attachment was followed by light microscopy by taking samples from the culture medium every 30 min. Urea and protein syntheses by microcarrier-attached hepatocytes were determined by standard techniques. Nonswellable (highly cross-linked) hydrophilic PHEMA microcarriers did not support cell attachment and viability. However, swellable (low cross-linked) PHEMA microcarriers (pretreated in FBS) allowed high attachment and cell spreading. PHEMA microcarriers treated in dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA) glow-discharge plasma also improved the cell attachment characteristics of the PHEMA microcarriers. The highest attachment efficiencies (immobilization yields) were observed with the biologically modified PHEMA microcarriers, especially modified with fibronectin. Metabolic activity, as estimated by urea and protein syntheses, was also higher in these microcarriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Dixit
- Liver Biosupport and Hepatitis Research Laboratory, UCLA School of Medicine 90024-7019
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hara J, Tottori J, Anders M, Dadhwal S, Asuri P, Mobed-Miremadi M. Trehalose effectiveness as a cryoprotectant in 2D and 3D cell cultures of human embryonic kidney cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:609-616. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2016.1167698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared Hara
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Jordan Tottori
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Megan Anders
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Smritee Dadhwal
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Prashanth Asuri
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Llacua A, de Haan BJ, Smink SA, de Vos P. Extracellular matrix components supporting human islet function in alginate-based immunoprotective microcapsules for treatment of diabetes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1788-96. [PMID: 26990360 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the pancreas, extracellular matrix (ECM) components play an import role in providing mechanical and physiological support, and also contribute to the function of islets. These ECM-connections are damaged during islet-isolation from the pancreas and are not fully recovered after encapsulation and transplantation. To promote the functional survival of human pancreatic islets, we tested different ECMs molecules in alginate-encapsulated human islets. These were laminin derived recognition sequences, IKVAV, RGD, LRE, PDSGR, collagen I sequence DGEA (0.01 - 1.0 mM), and collagen IV (50 - 200 µg/mL). Interaction with RGD and PDSGR promoted islet viability and glucose induced insulin secretion (GIIS) when it was applied at concentrations ranging from 0.01 - 1.0 mM (p < 0.05). Also the laminin sequence LRE contributed to enhanced GIIS but only at higher concentrations of 1 mM (p < 0.05). Collagen IV also had beneficial effects but only at 50 µg/ml and no further improvement was observed at higher concentrations. IKVAV and DGEA had no effects on human islets. Synergistic effects were observed by adding Collagen(IV)-RGD, Collagen(IV)-LRE, and Collagen(IV)-PDSGR to encapsulated human islets. Our results demonstrate the potential of specific ECM components in support of functional survival of human encapsulated and free islet grafts. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1788-1796, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Llacua
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, RB, 9700, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J de Haan
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, RB, 9700, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra A Smink
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, RB, 9700, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, RB, 9700, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gurruchaga H, Saenz del Burgo L, Ciriza J, Orive G, Hernández RM, Pedraz JL. Advances in cell encapsulation technology and its application in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1251-67. [PMID: 25563077 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1001362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell encapsulation technology has improved enormously since it was proposed 50 years ago. The advantages offered over other alternative systems, such as the prevention of repetitive drug administration, have triggered the use of this technology in multiple therapeutic applications. AREAS COVERED In this article, improvements in cell encapsulation technology and strategies to overcome the drawbacks that prevent its use in the clinic have been summarized and discussed. Different studies and clinical trials that have been performed in several therapeutic applications have also been described. EXPERT OPINION The authors believe that the future translation of this technology from bench to bedside requires the optimization of diverse aspects: i) biosafety, controlling and monitoring cell viability; ii) biocompatibility, reducing pericapsular fibrotic growth and hypoxia suffered by the graft; iii) control over drug delivery; iv) and the final scale up. On the other hand, an area that deserves more attention is the cryopreservation of encapsulated cells as this will facilitate the arrival of these biosystems to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haritz Gurruchaga
- University of the Basque Country, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, NanoBioCel Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006 , Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huang P, Zhang L, Gao Y, He Z, Yao D, Wu Z, Cen J, Chen X, Liu C, Hu Y, Lai D, Hu Z, Chen L, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Ma X, Pan G, Wang X, Hui L. Direct reprogramming of human fibroblasts to functional and expandable hepatocytes. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:370-84. [PMID: 24582927 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The generation of large numbers of functional human hepatocytes for cell-based approaches to liver disease is an important and unmet goal. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to hepatic lineages could offer a solution to this problem but so far has only been achieved with mouse cells. Here, we generated human induced hepatocytes (hiHeps) from fibroblasts by lentiviral expression of FOXA3, HNF1A, and HNF4A. hiHeps express hepatic gene programs, can be expanded in vitro, and display functions characteristic of mature hepatocytes, including cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and biliary drug clearance. Upon transplantation into mice with concanavalin-A-induced acute liver failure and fatal metabolic liver disease due to fumarylacetoacetate dehydrolase (Fah) deficiency, hiHeps restore the liver function and prolong survival. Collectively, our results demonstrate successful lineage conversion of nonhepatic human cells into mature hepatocytes with potential for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ludi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yimeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhiying He
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dan Yao
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhitao Wu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jin Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaotao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Changcheng Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yiping Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongmei Lai
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhenlei Hu
- Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Li Chen
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guoyu Pan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Hepatoscience Incorporation, 4062 Fabian Way, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - Lijian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Transplantation of Encapsulated Pancreatic Islets as a Treatment for Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Adv Med 2014; 2014:429710. [PMID: 26556410 PMCID: PMC4590955 DOI: 10.1155/2014/429710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Encapsulation of pancreatic islets has been proposed and investigated for over three decades to improve islet transplantation outcomes and to eliminate the side effects of immunosuppressive medications. Of the numerous encapsulation systems developed in the past, microencapsulation have been studied most extensively so far. A wide variety of materials has been tested for microencapsulation in various animal models (including nonhuman primates or NHPs) and some materials were shown to induce immunoprotection to islet grafts without the need for chronic immunosuppression. Despite the initial success of microcapsules in NHP models, the combined use of islet transplantation (allograft) and microencapsulation has not yet been successful in clinical trials. This review consists of three sections: introduction to islet transplantation, transplantation of encapsulated pancreatic islets as a treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and present challenges and future perspectives.
Collapse
|
22
|
Uygun BE, Yarmush ML. Engineered liver for transplantation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:893-9. [PMID: 23791465 PMCID: PMC3783566 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation is the only definitive treatment for end stage liver failure and the shortage of donor organs severely limits the number of patients receiving transplants. Liver tissue engineering aims to address the donor liver shortage by creating functional tissue constructs to replace a damaged or failing liver. Despite decades of work, various bottoms-up, synthetic biomaterials approaches have failed to produce a functional construct suitable for transplantation. Recently, a new strategy has emerged using whole organ scaffolds as a vehicle for tissue engineering. This technique involves preparation of these organ scaffolds via perfusion decellularization with the resulting scaffold retaining the circulatory network of the native organ. This important phenomenon allows for the construct to be repopulated with cells and to be connected to the blood torrent upon transplantation. This opinion paper presents the current advances and discusses the challenges of creating fully functional transplantable liver grafts with this whole liver engineering approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basak E Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children in Boston, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA, Phone: 1-617-371-4879, Fax: 617-573-9471
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children in Boston and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, Phone: 1-617-371-4882, Fax: 617-573-9471
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
An ovarian cell microcapsule system simulating follicle structure for providing endogenous female hormones. Int J Pharm 2013; 455:312-9. [PMID: 23867984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to create a microcapsule system simulating native follicle structure by introducing microcarrier culture to microencapsulation for providing endogenous female hormones. Granulosa and theca cells of rat follicles were isolated. Granulosa cells were grown on microcarriers and enclosed together with theca cells in alginate-chitosan-alginate microcapsules. The cell viability and female hormone secretion were investigated in vitro. The microcapsules were transplanted to ovariectomized rats and the serum levels of estradiol and progesterone were measured for 60 days. The microencapsulated granulosa cells growing on microcarriers exhibited enhanced viability and promoted secreting ability of estradiol and progesterone compared with those without the microcarriers. Co-microencapsulation of granulosa cells and theca cells markedly elevated estradiol secretion in vitro. Transplantation of co-microencapsulated granulosa cells on microcarriers and theca cells maintained serum estradiol and progesterone at normal levels for 60 days. Microcarrier cell culture has been proved to be an effective method to enhance the viability of granulosa cells in microcapsules. Moreover, the transplantation of microcapsules enclosing granulosa cells on microcarriers and theca cells may be promising to provide endogenous female hormones for menopausal syndrome treatment.
Collapse
|
24
|
Sayyar B, Dodd M, Marquez-Curtis L, Janowska-Wieczorek A, Hortelano G. Cell-matrix Interactions of Factor IX (FIX)-engineered human mesenchymal stromal cells encapsulated in RGD-alginate vs. Fibrinogen-alginate microcapsules. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 42:102-9. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2013.794354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
25
|
Sittadjody S, Saul JM, Joo S, Yoo JJ, Atala A, Opara EC. Engineered multilayer ovarian tissue that secretes sex steroids and peptide hormones in response to gonadotropins. Biomaterials 2013; 34:2412-20. [PMID: 23274068 PMCID: PMC3557586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although hormone replacement therapy is an option for the loss of ovarian function, hormone delivery through pharmacological means results in various clinical complications. The present study was designed to deliver sex steroids by a functional construct fabricated using encapsulation techniques. Theca and granulosa cells isolated from ovaries of 21-day old rats were encapsulated in multilayer alginate microcapsules to recapitulate the native follicular structure. Cells encapsulated in two other schemes were used as controls to assess the importance of the multilayer structure. The endocrine functions of the encapsulated cells were assessed in vitro for a period of 30 days. Encapsulated cells showed sustained viability during long-term in vitro culture with those encapsulated in multilayer capsules secreting significantly higher and sustained concentrations of 17 β-estradiol (E(2)) than the two other encapsulation schemes (p < 0.05, n = 6) in response to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In addition, cells in the multilayer microcapsules also secreted activin and inhibin in vitro. In contrast, when granulosa and theca cells were cultured in 2D culture, progesterone (P(4)) secretion increased while E(2) secretion decreased over a 30-day period. In summary, we have designed a multilayer engineered ovarian tissue that secretes sex steroids and peptide hormones and responds to gonadotropins, thus demonstrating the ability to recapitulate native ovarian structure ex vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sivanandane Sittadjody
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Justin M. Saul
- Department of Chemical and Paper Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056
| | - Sunyoung Joo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - James J. Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Emmanuel C. Opara
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, Tel: 336-713-1297, Fax: 336-713-7290
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Artificial Cells. Biomater Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-087780-8.00071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
|
27
|
Acarregui A, Murua A, Pedraz JL, Orive G, Hernández RM. A Perspective on Bioactive Cell Microencapsulation. BioDrugs 2012; 26:283-301. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03261887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
28
|
Wieland M, Fussenegger M. Reprogrammed cell delivery for personalized medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1477-87. [PMID: 22721864 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In most approaches, personalized medicine requires time- and cost-intensive characterization of an individual's genetic background in order to achieve the best-adapted therapy. For this purpose, cell-based drug delivery offers a promising alternative. In particular, synthetic biology has introduced the vision of cells being programmable therapeutic production facilities that can be introduced into patients. This review highlights the progress made in synthetic biology-based cell engineering toward advanced drug delivery entities. Starting from basic one-input responsive transcriptional or post-transcriptional gene control systems, the field has reached a level on which cells can be engineered to detect cancer cells, to obtain control over T-cell proliferation, and to restore blood glucose homeostasis upon blue light illumination. Furthermore, a cellular implant was developed that detects blood urate level disorders and acts accordingly to restore homeostasis while another cellular implant was engineered as an artificial insemination device that releases bull sperm into bovine ovarian only during ovulation time by recording endogenous luteinizing hormone levels. Soon, the field will reach a stage at which cells can be reprogrammed to detect multiple metabolic parameters and self-sufficiently treat any disorder connected to them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wieland
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Bioengineering (D-BSSE), Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bugaj LJ, Schaffer DV. Bringing next-generation therapeutics to the clinic through synthetic biology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:355-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
30
|
Ausländer S, Wieland M, Fussenegger M. Smart medication through combination of synthetic biology and cell microencapsulation. Metab Eng 2012; 14:252-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
31
|
de Haan BJ, Rossi A, Faas MM, Smelt MJ, Sonvico F, Colombo P, de Vos P. Structural surface changes and inflammatory responses against alginate-based microcapsules after exposure to human peritoneal fluid. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 98:394-403. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
32
|
Highlights and trends in cell encapsulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 670:1-4. [PMID: 20384213 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5786-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The exciting developments in the field of drug delivery have already had an enormous impact on medical technology, facilitating the administration of many drugs and improving the pharmacokinetics of many others. The past few years have also seen several firsts, including the design of novel tissue engineered approaches, intriguing advances in the fields of biomaterials and cell therapy and the improvements in the fabrication of more refined and tailored micro and nanocarriers for protein and drug delivery. The sinergy of some of these promising fields have fuelled the progress of cell encapsulation technology, a relatively old concept pioneered 60 years ago. The ability to combine cells and polymer scaffolds to create "living cell medicines" that provide long-term drug delivery has opened new doors in the use of allografts. In fact, transplanted cells may be isolated from the host's immune system by embedding them in a permeable device that controls the outward and inward diffusion of molecules and cells. As a result of this, the requirement for immunosuppresant drugs can be eliminated or at least reduced. At present, the burgeoning number of cutting edge discoveries is leading to the design ofbiomimetic and biodegradable microcarriers that can easily combined with stem cells. The latter will improve the protection and transport of the cells to the target injured tissue and then promote cell integration and consequently tissue repair or regeneration. In the present reviews, we discussed the state of the art in the field of cell encapsulation technology. This book describes the most relevant aspects of the design and development of cell-loaded microcapsules. Some of the most interesting therapeutic applications of this technology are presented as are some of the limitations, future challenges and directions in the field.
Collapse
|
33
|
Artificial cell microencapsulated stem cells in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and cell therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 670:68-79. [PMID: 20384219 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5786-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells, especially isolated from bone marrow, have been extensively investigated in recent years. Studies focus on their multiple plasticity oftransdifferentiating into various cell lineages and on their potential in cellular therapy in regenerative medicine. In many cases, there is the need for tissue engineering manipulation. Among the different approaches of stem cells tissue engineering, microencapsulation can immobilize stem cells to provide a favorable microenvironment for stem cells survival and functioning. Furthermore, microencapsulated stem cells are immunoisolated after transplantation. We show that one intraperitoneal injection of microencapsulated bone marrow stem cells can prolong the survival of liver failure rat models with 90% of the liver removed surgically. In addition to transdifferentiation, bone marrow stem cells can act as feeder cells. For example, when coencapsulated with hepatocytes, stem cells can increase the viability and function of the hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
|
34
|
Chiu CT, Chang WC, Wang YJ. Microspheres of Collagen/β-TCP with an Open Network Fibrillar Structure Strengthened by Chitosan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 35:309-17. [PMID: 17573629 DOI: 10.1080/10731190701378626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel method of preparing collagen/beta-tricalcium phosphate microspheres with chitosan as the mechanical strength enhancer has been developed in this study. The process involved firstly droplet formation by discharging a mixture of collagen, beta-tricalcium phosphates and alginate into an aqueous solution of CaCl(2) by extruding through an air jet-syringe at 4 degrees C. The gel beads thus formed were collected and subsequently coated with chitosan to stabilize the surface of gel bead. Collagen within the gel beads was then reconstituted while the entrapped alginate was liquefied and drained by incubating in phosphate buffer at 37 degrees C. Microspheres comprised of fibrillar collagen and well-dispersed beta-tricalcium phosphate particulates were obtained by this process. And the mechanical strength of these microspheres was significantly enhanced by chitosan coating. These chitosan-coated collagen/beta-tricalcium phosphate microspheres have an open fibrillar network structure with a great potential for future application as biodegradable bone grafting materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Tung Chiu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chang TM. Artificial Cell Including Blood Substitute and Biomicroencapsulation: from Ideas to Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10731199409117661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
36
|
Xu YQ, Liu ZC. Therapeutic potential of adult bone marrow stem cells in liver disease and delivery approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:101-12. [PMID: 18481229 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-008-9019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) are two main subtypes of bone marrow stem cells. Extensive studies have been carried out to investigate the therapeutic potential of BMSCs in liver disease. A number of animal and human studies demonstrated that either HSCs or MSCs could be applied to therapeutic purposes in certain liver diseases. The diseased liver may recruit migratory stem cells, particularly from the bone marrow, to generate hepatocyte-like cells either by transdifferentiation or cell fusion. Transplantation of BMSCs has therapeutic effects of restoration of liver mass and function, alleviation of fibrosis and correction of inherited liver diseases. There are still controversial results over the potential effects of BMSCs on liver diseases, and some of the discrepancies are thought to be lied in the differences of experimental protocols, differences in individual research laboratory, and the uncertainties of the techniques employed. Several potential approaches for BMSCs delivery in liver diseases have been proposed in animal studies and human trials. BMSCs can be delivered via intraportal vein, systemic infusion, intraperitoneal, intrahepatic, intrasplenic. The optimal stem cells delivery should be easy to perform, less invasive and traumatic, minimum side effects, and with high cells survival rate. In this review, we focus on the up-to-date evidence of therapeutic effects of BMSCs on liver disease, the characteristics of various delivery approaches, and the considerations for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You Qing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Literature Alerts. J Microencapsul 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048709021819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
38
|
Prokop A, Hunkeler D, DiMari S, Haralson MA, Wang TG. Water Soluble Polymersfor Immunoisolation I: Complex Coacervation and Cytotoxicity. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-69682-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
39
|
|
40
|
de Vos P, de Haan BJ, Kamps JAAM, Faas MM, Kitano T. Zeta‐potentials of alginate‐PLL capsules: A predictive measure for biocompatibility? J Biomed Mater Res A 2006; 80:813-9. [PMID: 17058213 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alginate-poly-L-lysine (PLL) microencapsulation of cells is a promising approach to prevent rejection in the absence of immunosuppression. Clinical application, however, is hampered by insufficient insight in factors influencing biocompatibility of the capsules. By now, it has been accepted that not only the chemical composition of the materials applied but also other factors contribute to bioincompatibility. The zeta-potential serves as a measure for the electrical charge of the surface and has been shown to be a predictive value for the interfacial reactions between the biomaterial and the surrounding tissue in other applications. In the present study, we have assessed the streaming potential of alginate-PLL capsules composed of either low-, intermediate-, or high-guluronic (G) alginate to calculate the zeta-potential. The zeta-potentials of the capsules were compared to the biological response against the capsules at 4 weeks after implantation in the rat. We show that high-G and low-G alginates provoke a more severe response in the rat than capsules prepared of intermediate-G alginate. This correlates with a higher zeta-potential of the high-G and low-G alginates and by a change in zeta-potential at lower pH. These lower pH-levels are common directly after implantation as the consequence of a host-response associated with mandatory surgery. Our results suggest that we should not only consider the capsule properties under physiological circumstances to explain bioincompatibility but also the capsule features during common pathophysiological situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Biology, Division of Immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
de Vos P, Faas MM, Strand B, Calafiore R. Alginate-based microcapsules for immunoisolation of pancreatic islets. Biomaterials 2006; 27:5603-17. [PMID: 16879864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of microencapsulated cells is proposed as a therapy for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases since it allows for transplantation of endocrine cells in the absence of undesired immunosuppression. The technology is based on the principle that foreign cells are protected from the host immune system by an artificial membrane. In spite of the simplicity of the concept, progress in the field of immunoisolation has been hampered for many years due to biocompatibility issues. During the last years important advances have been made in the knowledge of the characteristics and requirements capsules have to meet in order to provide optimal biocompatibility and survival of the enveloped tissue. Novel insight shows that not only the capsules material but also the enveloped cells should be hold responsible for loss of a significant portion of the immunoisolated cells and, thus, failure of the grafts on the long term. Microcapsules without cells can be produced as such that they remain free of any significant foreign body response for prolonged periods of time in both experimental animals and humans. New approaches in which newly discovered inflammatory responses are silenced bring the technology of transplantation of immunoisolated cells close to clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Biology, University Hospital of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Miller AO, Menozzi FD, Dubois D. Microbeads and anchorage-dependent eukaryotic cells: the beginning of a new era in biotechnology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 39:73-95. [PMID: 2554694 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0051952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Modern methods for the mass cultivation of anchorage-dependent mammalian cells started with the advent of microcarrier technology. Largely for reasons pertaining to their mode of preparation and ease of cultivation, 150-230 microns microbeads have been overwhelmingly adopted and the technology around them developed. To meet high biomass, macroporous microbeads have been developed. Also, the chemistry of the microsupport has been adapted in order to afford better protection of fragile cells to mechanical wear while simultaneously reorienting their differentiation towards the sought aims (production of cytokines, enzymes etc. ...). Future progress depends upon solutions being brought to problems inherent to this new technology (maintenance of steady state conditions of growth etc. ...) as well as to requirements arising from animal cell culture in general (biosensors, bioreactor's design etc. ...). Besides such technical implementations, biology at large is also expected to benefit from the advent of microcarriers in fields as diverse as the preparation of metaphasic chromosomes in bulk, toxicity testing, organ reconstitution following cell transplantation etc.
Collapse
|
43
|
Liu ZC, Chang TMS. Transdifferentiation of bioencapsulated bone marrow cells into hepatocyte-like cells in the 90% hepatectomized rat model. Liver Transpl 2006; 12:566-72. [PMID: 16496278 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Under specific conditions, bone marrow cells can transdifferentiate into a variety of cell types including hepatocytes. In this study, bioencapsulated bone marrow cells were transplanted intraperitoneally into 90% hepatectomized rats. We then followed the transdifferentiation of the bone marrow cells and the effect of this on liver regeneration in this liver failure model. Bone marrow cells isolated from Wistar rats were bioencapsulated using alginate-polylysine-alginate method. These bioencapsulated bone marrow cells were transplanted intraperitoneally into 90% hepatectomized Wistar rats. Blood chemistry, HGF, liver weight, and survival of the recipient rats were evaluated. Histology and immunocytochemistry were used to analyze the bioencapsulated cells before and 14 days after transplantation. Unlike free bone marrow cells, transplantation of bioencapsulated bone marrow cells improved the survival of 90% hepatectomized rats and improved the blood chemistry with an efficacy similar to that of bioencapsulated hepatocytes or free hepatocytes transplantation. Some bioencapsulated bone marrow cells expressed hepatocytes markers of cytokeratins 8, cytokeratins 18, albumin, and AFP after 2 weeks of transplantation. These results suggest that syngeneic bioencapsulated bone marrow cells can transdifferentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in the peritoneal cavity of 90% hepatectomized rats and increased the survival rates of these rats. In conclusion, these findings suggest the potential for a new alternative to hepatocyte transplantation for cellular therapy of acute liver failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zun Chang Liu
- Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chang Liu Z, Chang TMS. Coencapsulation of hepatocytes and bone marrow cells: In vitro and in vivo studies. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2006; 12:137-51. [PMID: 17045194 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(06)12005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioencapsulation of cells is one of the many areas of artificial cells being extensively investigated by centers around the world. This includes the bioencapsulation of hepatocytes. A number of methods have been developed to maintain the specific function and phenotype of the bioencapsulated hepatocytes for in vitro and in vivo applications. These include supplementation of factors in the culture medium; use of appropriate substrates and the co-cultivation of hepatocytes with other type of cells, the so called "feeder cells". These feeder cells can be of liver origin or non-liver origin. We have recently studied the role of bone marrow cells in the maintenance of hepatocytes viability and phenotype by using the coculture of hepatocytes with bone marrow cells (nucleated cells including stem cells), and the coencapsulation of hepatocytes with bone marrow stem cells. This way, the hepatocytes viability and specific function can be maintained significantly longer. In vivo studies of both syngeneic and xenogeneic transplantation show that the hepatocytes viability can be maintained longer when coencapsulated with bone marrow cells. Transplantation of coencapsulated hepatocytes and bone marrow cells enhances the ability of the hepatocytes in correcting congenital hyperbilirubinmia in Gunn rats. Both in vitro and in vivo studies show that bone marrow cells can enhance the viability and phenotype maintenance of hepatocytes. Thus, bone marrow cells play an important role as a new type of feeder cells for bioencapsulated hepatocytes for the cellular therapy of liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zun Chang Liu
- Artificial Cells & Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Liu ZC, Chang TMS. Transplantation of bioencapsulated bone marrow stem cells improves hepatic regeneration and survival of 90% hepatectomized rats: a preliminary report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 33:405-10. [PMID: 16317959 DOI: 10.1080/10731190500289834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We transplanted bioencapsulated bone marrow stem cells intraperitoneally into 90% hepatectomized rats and found that this increases both the rates of hepatic regeneration and survival of the animals. Bone marrow cells isolated from Wistar rats were bioencapsulated using alginate-polylysine-alginate method. These bioencapsulated bone marrow cells were transplanted intraperitoneally into 90% hepatectomized syngeneic wistar rats. Control groups included 90% hepatectomized group receiving intraperitoneal injection of either empty microcapsules or free bone marrow cells. Unlike the control groups, transplantation of bioencapsulated bone marrow cells improved the survival of 90% hepatectomized rats, with an efficacy similar to that of bioencapsulated hepatocytes or free hepatocytes. These results suggest that syngeneic bioencapsulated bone marrow stem cells can increase the survival rates of 90% hepatectomized rats. We also discuss the potential for a new alternative to hepatocyte transplantation for cellular therapy of acute liver failure. In particular, bone marrow stem cells can be obtained from the same patient with no immunorejection, whereas in hepatocyte transplant, immunosuppressant will be needed to prevent immunorejection of the donor hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zun Chang Liu
- Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shen F, Li AA, Gong YK, Somers S, Potter MA, Winnik FM, Chang PL. Encapsulation of Recombinant Cells with a Novel Magnetized Alginate for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:971-84. [PMID: 16076255 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Implanting recombinant cells encapsulated in alginate microcapsules to express therapeutic proteins has been proven effective in treating several mouse models of human diseases (neurological disorders, dwarfism, hemophilia, lysosomal storage disease, and cancer). In anticipation of clinical application, we have reported the synthesis and characterization of a magnetized ferrofluid alginate that potentially allows tracking of these microcapsules in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We now report the properties of these ferrofluid microcapsules important for applications in gene therapy. When a mouse myoblast cell line was encapsulated in these microcapsules, it showed similar viability as in regular unmodified alginate capsules, both in vitro and in vivo, in mice. The permeability of these magnetized microcapsules, a critical parameter for immunoisolation devices, was comparable to that of classic alginate in the transit of various recombinant molecules of various molecular masses (human factor IX, 65 kDa; murine IgG, 150 kDa; and beta-glucuronidase, 300 kDa). When followed by MRI in vitro and in vivo, the ferrofluid microcapsules remained intact and visible for extended periods, allowing quantitative monitoring of microcapsules. At autopsy, the ferrofluid microcapsules were mostly free within the intraperitoneal cavities, with no overt inflammatory response. Serological analyses demonstrated a high level of biocompatibility comparable to that of unmodified alginate. In conclusion, ferrofluid-enhanced alginate microcapsules are comparable to classic alginate microcapsules in permeability and biocompatibility. Their visibility and stability to MRI monitoring permitted qualitative and quantitative tracking of the implanted microcapsules without invasive surgery. These properties are important advantages for the application of immunoisolation devices in human gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Shen F, Li AA, Gong YK, Somers S, Potter MA, Winnik FM, Chang PL. Encapsulation of Recombinant Cells with a Novel Magnetized Alginate for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Hum Gene Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.ft-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
48
|
Abstract
Polymeric artificial cells have the potential to be used for a wide variety of therapeutic applications, such as the encapsulation of transplanted islet cells to treat diabetic patients. Recent advances in biotechnology, molecular biology, nanotechnology and polymer chemistry are now opening up further exciting possibilities in this field. However, it is also recognized that there are several key obstacles to overcome in bringing such approaches into routine clinical use. This review describes the historical development and principles behind polymeric artificial cells, the present state of the art in their therapeutic application, and the promises and challenges for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ming Swi Chang
- Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Departments of Physiology, Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655, Drummond Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1H6.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Shen F, Li AA, Cornelius RM, Cirone P, Childs RF, Brash JL, Chang PL. Biological properties of photocrosslinked alginate microcapsules. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2005; 75:425-34. [PMID: 16035031 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An alternative form of gene therapy using recombinant cell lines delivering therapeutic products encapsulated in alginate hydrogel has proven effective in treating many murine models. The lack of long-term capsule stability has led to a new strategy to reinforce the microcapsules with a photopolymerized interpenetrating covalent network of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) and sodium acrylate. Here the properties for potential application in gene therapy are reported. In assessing potential toxicity of the unpolymerized residues, HPLC showed that even after 1 week of washing, no toxic monomers could be detected. Their ability to sustain cell growth was monitored with growth of the encapsulated cells in vitro and in vivo. Although the initial photopolymerization caused significant cell damage, the cells were able to recover normal growth rates thereafter. After implanting into mice, the NVP-modified capsules showed a high level of biocompatibility as measured by hematological and biochemical functional tests. There was also no difference in the amount and type of plasma proteins adsorbing to the NVP-modified and the classical alginate capsules, thus indicating their similar biological compatibility. Both in vitro and in vivo tests confirmed that the NVP-modified capsules were more resistant to osmotic stress than the alginate microcapsules. Furthermore, when applied to the treatment of a murine model of human cancer by delivering encapsulated cells secreting angiostatin, the NVP-modified microcapsules suppressed tumor growth as successfully as the regular alginate microcapsules. In conclusion, the covalently modified microcapsules have shown a high level of biocompatibility, safety, increase in stability, and clinical efficacy for use as immunoisolation devices in gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Chang TMS. Artificial cell bioencapsulation in macro, micro, nano, and molecular dimensions: keynote lecture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 32:1-23. [PMID: 15027798 DOI: 10.1081/bio-120028665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Artificial cells now ranges from macro-dimensions, to micron-dimensions, to nano-dimensions, and to molecular dimensions. Those in the macro-dimensions are suitable for use in the bioencapsulation of cells, tissues, microorganisms, and bioreactants. Those in the micron-dimensions are suitable for the bioencapsulation of enzymes, microorganisms, peptides, drugs, vaccine, and other materials. Those in the nano-dimension are being used for blood substitutes and carriers for enzymes, peptides, drugs, etc. Those in the molecular-dimensions are used as blood substitutes, crosslinked enzymes etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ming Swi Chang
- Artificial Cells and Organs Research Centre, MSSS-FRSQ Research Group in Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|