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Pardo-Salamanca A, Paoletti D, Pastor-Cerezuela G, De Stasio S, Berenguer C. Executive Functioning Profiles in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Parent-Child Outcomes. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:909. [PMID: 39201844 PMCID: PMC11352683 DOI: 10.3390/children11080909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit more executive function (EF) deficits compared to typically developing (TD) peers. EF deficits are linked to various impairments in daily functioning and increased parental stress. The first aim of the present study is to investigate EFs in children with ASD and ADHD compared to their TD peers. The second aim is to explore profiles of executive functions in children with ASD and ADHD and, finally, to determine the differences of EF profiles in relation to parental stress and children's functional impairments. METHODS The sample comprised 30 TD children, 47 children with ASD, and 34 children with ADHD, aged 8 to 12 years. Parents completed questionnaires of parenting stress, and children's social and daily-life functioning. Parents and teachers reported information about children's EF. RESULTS The results indicated significantly greater impairment of EFs in the clinical groups compared to the TD group. Moreover, three distinct clusters of functioning were identified based on the severity of reported EF difficulties. The significant findings showed that children with more severe EF profiles were associated with greater daily impairment and higher levels of perceived parental stress. CONCLUSIONS Given the impact of EF deficits on the lives of children with ASD and ADHD and their families, it is crucial that studies like this enhance our understanding and inspire future interventions aimed at improving executive functions in children with ASD and ADHD. Such interventions could help reduce parental stress and improve daily functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pardo-Salamanca
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universitat de València, Avda Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Daniela Paoletti
- Department of Human Studies, LUMSA University, 00193 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Gemma Pastor-Cerezuela
- Department of Basic Psychology, Universitat de València, Avda Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Simona De Stasio
- Department of Human Studies, LUMSA University, 00193 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Carmen Berenguer
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universitat de València, Avda Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
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2
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Fogel Y. Inside the Functional Individualized Therapy for Teenagers with Executive Deficits (FITTED): Insights from the Adolescents and Their Parents. Occup Ther Health Care 2024; 38:698-712. [PMID: 36571276 DOI: 10.1080/07380577.2022.2159100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study explores Functional Individualized Therapy for Teenagers with Executive Deficits (FITTED) factors facilitating adolescents' improvement. At each of eight therapy sessions, 41 adolescents with executive function deficits and their parents wrote the primary concept they "took away." Experts categorized their answers by the FITTED model's main factors-goals, strengths, and strategies-adding child's difficulties for the parents' answers. Results describe answer frequencies by factor in each session. Across time, strengths and strategies dominated among adolescents, and strategies and difficulties among parents. Cognitive strategies are integral to the FITTED process for improving the daily functioning of adolescents with executive function deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Fogel
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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3
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Lynch JD, Xu Y, Yolton K, Khoury JC, Chen A, Lanphear BP, Cecil KM, Braun JM, Epstein JN. [Formula: see text] Environmental predictors of children's executive functioning development. Child Neuropsychol 2024; 30:615-635. [PMID: 37621102 PMCID: PMC10891297 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2023.2247603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Executive functioning (EF) abilities develop through childhood, but this development can be impacted by various psychosocial environmental influences. Using longitudinal data from the Health Outcome and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort study, we examined if psychosocial environmental factors were significant predictors of EF development. Study participants comprised 271 children and their primary caregivers (98.5% mothers) followed from birth to age 12. We identified four distinct EF developmental trajectory groups comprising a consistently impaired group (13.3%), a descending impairment group (27.7%), an ascending impairment group (9.95%), and a consistently not impaired group (49.1%). Higher levels of maternal ADHD and relational frustration appear to be risk factors for increased EF difficulty over time, while higher family income may serve as a protective factor delaying predisposed EF impairment. Important intervention targets might include teaching positive and effective parenting strategies to mothers whose children are at risk for EF dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Lynch
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, 45 W. Corry Blvd, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Center for ADHD, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 10006, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Yingying Xu
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7035, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jane C. Khoury
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bruce P. Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kim M. Cecil
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 234 Goodman St, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joseph M. Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, 121 South Main St, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jeffery N. Epstein
- Center for ADHD, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 10006, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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4
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Soltani A, Esbensen AJ. Role of child demographic, executive functions, and behavioral challenges on feelings about parenting among parents of youth with Down syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2024; 148:104717. [PMID: 38479073 PMCID: PMC11031302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Living with a child with Down syndrome (DS) influences the entire family, including caregivers. AIMS This study examined positive and negative caregiver feelings about parenting youth with DS and to what extent children's demographic, cognitive, behavioral characteristics, and co-occurring medical conditions are associated with those parental feelings. Specifically, the mediatory role of child behavioral challenges on the relationship between child executive functioning (EF) and parent feelings about parenting a child with DS was examined in a mediation analysis model. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Parents of 113 youth with DS aged 6 to 17 year rated their positive and negative feelings about parenting, and their child's behavioral challenges and EF. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Externalizing and Internalizing behavioral challenges and emotional and behavioral regulations of EF were significantly associated with positive and negative parent feelings. Child behavioral challenges fully mediated the relationship between child EF and caregiver feelings about parenting, after controlling for identified covariates of child demographics. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Findings have implications for understanding the role of EF, through its impact on behavioral challenges, on the feelings of caregivers about parenting a child with DS. These findings play a role in understanding outcomes of interventions targeted at EF and behavioral challenges, in the context of other child variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanallah Soltani
- Department of Educational Psychology, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran; School of Education, Taylor's University, Malaysia
| | - Anna J Esbensen
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, USA.
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5
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Holland AA, Shamji JF, Clem MA, Perez R, Palka JM, Stavinoha PL. Parent ratings of executive functioning in pediatric survivors of medulloblastoma and pilocytic astrocytoma. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2024; 13:52-61. [PMID: 36111630 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2022.2123707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study compared parent-rated executive functioning in pediatric medulloblastoma (MB) and pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) survivors. Although standard care for both includes surgical resection, children with MB additionally receive chemotherapy and craniospinal irradiation. Given well-documented neurocognitive late effects associated with the latter, we anticipated poor parent-reported executive functioning in MB survivors. Parents/guardians of 36 MB survivors and 20 PA survivors completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF). PA survivors were younger at diagnosis (t[51.97] = 3.07, p < .001, d = 0.86) and demonstrated higher IQ (t[54] = -3.51, p < .001, d = 0.95). However, relative to the MB group, the PA group was rated as having significantly more problems on all BRIEF scales (all p ≤ .05; d = 0.30 - 1.10), except the Shift scale. Additionally, all mean BRIEF scores for MB survivors were within normal limits, whereas for PA survivors, all mean BRIEF scores except for Organization of Materials were significantly discrepant from normative means. Overall, PA survivors were rated as demonstrating poorer executive function than MB survivors. Five theories are discussed as possible explanations for these surprising findings: two related to group differences, two related to potential sources of parental bias, and one related to the nature of questionnaire-based assessment. All these theories represent directions for future research. Parent questionnaires such as the BRIEF may have real-world implications for pediatric brain tumor survivors. Future research should explore factors affecting parent ratings of executive functioning in these populations, along with comparison to performance-based measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ann Holland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jabeen F Shamji
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew A Clem
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Private practice in Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Roger Perez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Private practice in Mission Viejo, California, USA
| | - Jayme M Palka
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Peter L Stavinoha
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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6
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Larson KR, Demers LA, Holding EZ, Williams CN, Hall TA. Variability Across Caregiver and Performance-Based Measures of Executive Functioning in an Acute Pediatric Neurocritical Care Population. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:97-106. [PMID: 36895819 PMCID: PMC9989517 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2022.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Youth admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for traumatic brain injury (TBI) commonly struggle with long-term residual effects in the domains of physical, cognitive, emotional, and psychosocial/family functioning. In the cognitive domain, executive functioning (EF) deficits are often observed. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning, Second Edition (BRIEF-2) is a parent/caregiver-completed measure that is regularly utilized to assess caregivers' perspectives of daily EF abilities. Using parent/caregiver-completed measures like the BRIEF-2 in isolation as outcome measures for capturing symptom presence and severity might be problematic given that caregiver ratings are vulnerable to influence from external factors. As such, this study aimed to investigate the association between the BRIEF-2 and performance-based measures of EF in youth during the acute recovery period post-PICU admission for TBI. A secondary aim was to explore associations among potential confounding factors, including family-level distress, injury severity, and the impact of pre-existing neurodevelopmental conditions. Participants included 65 youths, 8-19 years of age, admitted to the PICU for TBI, who survived hospital discharge and were referred for follow-up care. Non-significant correlations were found between BRIEF-2 outcomes and performance-based measures of EF. Measures of injury severity were strongly correlated with scores from performance-based EF measures, but not BRIEF-2. Parent/caregiver-reported measures of their own health-related quality of life were related to caregiver responses on the BRIEF-2. Results demonstrate the differences captured by performance-based versus caregiver-report measures of EF, and also highlight the importance of considering other morbidities related to PICU admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kera R Larson
- Division of Pediatric Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Lauren A Demers
- Division of Pediatric Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Pediatric Critical Care and Neurotrauma Recovery Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Emily Z Holding
- Developmental Medical Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cydni N Williams
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Pediatric Critical Care and Neurotrauma Recovery Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Trevor A Hall
- Division of Pediatric Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Pediatric Critical Care and Neurotrauma Recovery Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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7
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Firoozehchi ZR, Mashhadi A, Bigdeli I. The comparison of sluggish cognitive tempo, processing speed, and executive functions in female children with specific learning disabilities and typically developing female children: A pilot study. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2023; 12:1-8. [PMID: 34807791 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2021.2007097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the association of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), processing speed, and executive function (EF) in children with specific learning disabilities (SLD), and the typically developing children (TD) (60 female students aged between 8 and 10). Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory-Parent Version (CABI), the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale-Children and Adolescents (BDEFS-CA), and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (the Processing Speed Index (PSI) were used to assess SCT, processing speed, and EF. The results showed that SCT problems were higher in children with SLD (p < 0.001). In addition, results showed that children with SLD had poorer performance on processing speed (p < 0.001) compared to the TD group. Executive dysfunctioning in self-management to time, self-organization, problem-solving, self-restraint, self-motivation, and self-regulation of emotions were poorer in children with SLD than TD group (p < 0.05). This study provides initial evidence that SCT symptoms are poor in female children with SLD, and associated with executive dysfunction and poor processing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Mashhadi
- Department of Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Imanollah Bigdeli
- Department of Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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8
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Park S, Oh W, Kim Y, Kim HK, Mastergeorge AM. Longitudinal trajectories of maternal parenting stress in Korean families: Children's executive function and school adjustment. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SuJung Park
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Wonjung Oh
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Yunhee Kim
- National Youth Policy Institute Sejong Korea
| | - Hyoun K. Kim
- Department of Child & Family Studies Yonsei University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ann M. Mastergeorge
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
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9
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Obradović J, Finch JE, Connolly C, Siyal S, Yousafzai AK. The unique relevance of executive functions and self-regulation behaviors for understanding early childhood experiences and preschoolers' outcomes in rural Pakistan. Dev Sci 2022; 25:e13271. [PMID: 35561073 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Performance-based measures of children's executive functions (EFs) do not capture children's application of these skills during everyday emotionally-laden and socially-mediated interactions. The current study demonstrates the value of using assessor report of self-regulation behaviors (inhibitory control and positive affect/engagement) in addition to EF tasks when studying early childhood experiences and development in a rural lower-middle-income country setting. In a sample of 1302 disadvantaged 4-year-olds living in rural Pakistan, we found that directly assessed EFs were significantly related to assessor observations of children's inhibitory control and positive affect/engagement during a structured assessment protocol. However, EFs and two types of self-regulation behaviors demonstrated unique associations with children's (1) contextual experiences, as indexed by family socio-economic resources, participation in parenting interventions, and children's physical growth; and (2) age-salient developmental outcomes, as indexed by direct assessment of pre-academic skills and maternal report of prosocial behaviors and behavior problems. First, family wealth uniquely predicted only observed positive affect/engagement, whereas maternal education uniquely predicted only EFs. Second, children's antecedent linear growth was a significant predictor of both EFs and positive affect/engagement, but exposure to an enhanced nutrition intervention during the first 2 years of life and preschoolers' hair cortisol concentration were associated only with observed self-regulation behaviors. Finally, both EFs and observed positive affect/engagement uniquely predicted children's pre-academic skills. In contrast, only assessors' ratings of positive affect/engagement uniquely predicted maternal report of prosocial behaviors and only assessors' ratings of inhibitory control uniquely predicted maternal report of behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Obradović
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jenna E Finch
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Catie Connolly
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Saima Siyal
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.,DREAM Community Development and Research Organization, Naushahero Feroze, Pakistan
| | - Aisha K Yousafzai
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Chan ESM, Macias M, Kofler MJ. Does Child Anxiety Exacerbate or Protect Against Parent–Child Relationship Difficulties in Children with Elevated ADHD Symptoms? JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2022; 44:924-936. [PMID: 35967514 PMCID: PMC9360658 DOI: 10.1007/s10862-021-09922-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric ADHD is associated with parent–child relationship difficulties. However, the extent to which these relations are attributable to specific ADHD symptom clusters (i.e., inattentive vs. hyperactive/impulsive), and the extent to which child anxiety symptoms may exacerbate or protect against these difficulties, remains unclear. To address these gaps in the literature, the current study combined multi-informant measures (parent, teacher, child) with a clinically-evaluated and carefully-phenotyped sample of 188 children with and without ADHD and anxiety (ages 8–13; 63 girls). Results indicated that child-reported anxiety (β = .46) and teacher-reported inattentive (β = .71) symptoms, and their interaction (β = -1.06), along with child age and IQ (β = -.14 to -.15), predict the extent to which parents perceive themselves as confident and competent parents (all p < .05). In contrast, only comorbid oppositional-defiant disorder conferred risk for increased parent-reported relational frustration, and we were unable to detect any reliable child-level demographic, diagnostic, or behavioral predictors of parent-reported discipline practices. These findings were robust to control for child demographic characteristics, clinical diagnoses, and intellectual functioning, with sensitivity analyses highlighting the importance of assessing ADHD inattentive vs. hyperactive/impulsive symptoms separately for understanding parenting outcomes. Taken together, the current findings suggest that child ADHD and anxiety symptoms may influence specific rather than broad-based aspects of the parent–child relationship, and produce differently valenced outcomes in the presence vs. absence of the other condition. Interestingly, it appears that the combination of greater child inattention and anxiety, rather than elevations in either symptom domain independently, predict adverse parenting outcomes in terms of reduced parental confidence.
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11
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Abidin RR, Smith LT, Kim H. Parenting stress. WIKIJOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.15347/wjm/2022.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenting Stress relates to stressors that are a function of being in and executing the parenting role. It is a construct that relates to both psychological phenomena and to the human body’s physiological state as a parent or caretaker of a child. This article serves as a brief narrative review of the construct.
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12
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Song H. Longitudinal Investigations of Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Path Models Among Internet Use, Executive Function Problems, and Maternal Control in Young Korean Children. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:846995. [PMID: 35656350 PMCID: PMC9152089 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.846995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive Internet use is related to behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions, but little is known about the relationship between them in young elementary school children. This study examined the longitudinal relationship between children's Internet use for entertainment purposes, executive function problems, and maternal control. Differences by children's Internet addiction status in their associations were also examined. Data from Wave 9 (2016) to Wave 11 (2018) of 1,463 children and mothers who participated in the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC) were used. The children's ages were 8 (grade 2), 9 (grade 3), and 10 years (grade 4) at Waves 9, 10, and 11, respectively. Associations between the variables were analyzed using autoregressive cross-lagged model estimations and multi-group analysis. The results showed the longitudinal stability of each of children's Internet use, executive function problems, and maternal control over the 3 years. Mutual associations between maternal control and children's Internet use were found especially in the low-risk group. In addition, children's executive function problems positively predicted Internet use, and negative associations from executive function problems to maternal control were significant over the years. However, some of these associations were significant only in the high-risk group. Discussions have focused on the protective role of maternal control and cognitive intervention, which could reduce children's excessive Internet use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Song
- Department of Child Psychology and Education/Social Innovation Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Ginnell L, Boardman JP, Reynolds RM, Fletcher‐Watson S. Attention profiles following preterm birth: A review of methods and findings from infancy to adulthood. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Ginnell
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - James P. Boardman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Rebecca M. Reynolds
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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14
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McLuckie A, Landers AL, Rowbotham M, Landine J, Schwartz M, Ng D. Are Parent- and Teacher-Reported Executive Function Difficulties Associated With Parenting Stress for Children Diagnosed With ADHD? J Atten Disord 2021; 25:22-32. [PMID: 29482475 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718756196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the relationship between parenting stress and parent- and teacher-reported executive function difficulties (EFDs) for childhood ADHD. Method: A secondary analysis using linear regression was conducted on parent- and teacher-completed Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function and Parenting Stress Indexes for 5- to 12-year-olds (n = 243) with ADHD. Results: The linear combination of teacher- and parent-reported EFDs accounted for 49% of the variance in child-related parenting stress. Teacher-reported school-based EFDs were relatively inconsequential, having accounted for only 3% of this variance. This stress is best explained by EFDs with emotional control in the school environment and parent-reported EFDs with emotional control, inhibit, monitor, and shift. Conclusion: Parent-reported EFDs, and less so school-based EFDs, are related to parenting stress, but only in regard to EFDs likely underpinning behavioral outbursts and those likely underpinning the daily hassles of providing specialized care to children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley L Landers
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Falls Church, USA
| | | | - Jeff Landine
- University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
| | | | - David Ng
- Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Khan MH, Smithson L, Li E, Kirton A, Pei J, Andersen J, Yager JY, Brooks BL, Rasmussen C. Executive behavior and functional abilities in children with perinatal stroke and the associated caregiver impact. Child Neuropsychol 2020; 27:83-95. [PMID: 32718269 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2020.1796953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal stroke is the most common form of stroke in childhood and is followed by a variety of outcomes, with many children experiencing specific functional and neuropsychological deficits. The association of these outcomes with the psychosocial impact caregivers face is not well documented. The goal of our pilot study was to examine caregivers' perception of executive behavior and functional abilities among children with perinatal stroke, and how these outcomes impact the caregivers. We administered three questionnaires to primary caregivers of children with perinatal stroke to obtain caregiver-reported measures of (1) executive behavior of their child (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition), (2) the functional abilities of their child (Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory Computer Adaptive Test), and (3) the psychosocial impact experienced by the caregiver themselves (Parental Outcome Measure). Participants included 20 children (mean age = 9.3 years, range = 6-16 years) with perinatal stroke and their primary caregivers. Functional abilities in the children were rated as clinically impaired in the domains of daily activities and mobility. Half of the children exhibited clinically impaired ratings on at least one executive behavior domain, but the mean scores for these domains did not reach clinically impaired levels. Greater ratings of problems in daily activities for the child was associated with greater caregiver guilt (r = -0.55, p = 0.02). Caregivers of children with perinatal stroke who experience limitations in performing daily activities should be more closely monitored for adverse impact and be provided the necessary support and education to alleviate the associated guilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad H Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
| | - Lisa Smithson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Eliza Li
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
| | - Adam Kirton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Pei
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
| | - John Andersen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada.,Section of Pediatric Neurosciences, Stollery Children's Hospital , Edmonton, Canada.,Child Health, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital , Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jerome Y Yager
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada.,Section of Pediatric Neurosciences, Stollery Children's Hospital , Edmonton, Canada
| | - Brian L Brooks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada.,Neuropsychology Service, Alberta Children's Hospital , Calgary, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine , Calgary, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Carmen Rasmussen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
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16
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Holly LE, Fenley AR, Kritikos TK, Merson RA, Abidin RR, Langer DA. Evidence-Base Update for Parenting Stress Measures in Clinical Samples. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 48:685-705. [DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2019.1639515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia R. Fenley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University
| | | | - Rachel A. Merson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University
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17
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Rudolph KD, Monti JD, Flynn M. Stress Reactivity as a Pathway from Attentional Control Deficits in Everyday Life to Depressive Symptoms in Adolescent Girls. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 46:613-624. [PMID: 28608170 PMCID: PMC5729067 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to expand theoretical models of adolescent depression to determine whether individual differences in cognitive processing-specifically attentional control deficits-help to explain increased risk for depression during adolescence. We also examined whether this pathway was stronger in girls than in boys. A longitudinal design was used to examine whether poor attentional control in everyday life (i.e., difficulties shifting between ideas, tasks, and activities) contributes to depression over time by fostering higher levels of stress reactivity. Youth (298 boys, 338 girls) completed questionnaires assessing stress reactivity (6th and 7th grades) and depressive symptoms (6th, 7th and, 8th grades); teachers completed the shifting subscale of the Behavior Rating Scale of Executive Function (Gioia et al. 2000a) to assess attentional control (6th and 7th grades). Structural equation modeling analyses provided support for the predicted pathway in girls but not boys, yielding a significant indirect effect from 6th grade shifting deficits to 8th grade depressive symptoms via 7th grade stress reactivity. These results suggest that attentional control deficits in early adolescence heighten girls' sensitivity to stress and consequent depressive symptoms, providing a critical direction for efforts to decrease adolescent girls' risk for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D Rudolph
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St, Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Jennifer D Monti
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Megan Flynn
- Medica Research Institute, 401 Carlson Parkway, MR CW105, Minneapolis, MN, 55305, USA
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18
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de Cock ESA, Henrichs J, Klimstra TA, Janneke B. M. Maas A, Vreeswijk CMJM, Meeus WHJ, van Bakel HJA. Longitudinal Associations Between Parental Bonding, Parenting Stress, and Executive Functioning in Toddlerhood. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2017; 26:1723-1733. [PMID: 28572718 PMCID: PMC5429904 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-017-0679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Early executive functioning is an important predictor for future development of children's cognitive skills and behavioral outcomes. Parenting behavior has proven to be a key environmental determinant of child executive functioning. However, the association of parental affect and cognitions directed to the child with child executive functioning has been understudied. Therefore, in the present study we examine the associations between parental bonding (i.e., the affective tie from parent to child), parenting stress, and child executive functioning. At 26 weeks of pregnancy, and at 6 months and 24 months postpartum the quality of the maternal (N = 335) and paternal (N = 261) bond with the infant was assessed. At 24 months, postnatal parenting stress and child executive functioning were measured by means of parent-report questionnaires. Results indicated that for both mothers and fathers feelings of bonding negatively predicted experienced parenting stress over time. In addition, for both parents a negative indirect effect of bonding on child executive functioning problems was found via experienced parenting stress. These findings indicate the importance of monitoring parents who experience a low level and quality of early parent-child bonding, as this makes them vulnerable to parenting stress, consequently putting their children at risk for developing executive functioning problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi S. A. de Cock
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Jens Henrichs
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
- Department of Midwifery Science, AVAG and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo A. Klimstra
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - A. Janneke B. M. Maas
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
- FIOM, ’s Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte M. J. M. Vreeswijk
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
- Apanta, GGZ, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wim H. J. Meeus
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
- Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hedwig J. A. van Bakel
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rosmalen, the Netherlands
- Tranzo, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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19
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Camerota M, Willoughby MT, Kuhn LJ, Blair CB. The Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI): Factor structure, measurement invariance, and correlates in US preschoolers. Child Neuropsychol 2016; 24:322-337. [PMID: 27841094 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2016.1247795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study tests the factor structure, measurement invariance, and correlates of the Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI) with a large and diverse sample of 3- to 5-year-olds (n = 844). Consistent with previous studies, a two-factor model that distinguishes working memory from inhibition provides the best fit to the observed data. This two-factor model has been shown to demonstrate strong measurement invariance for different subgroups of children (boys vs. girls, high vs. low income). Whereas boys tend to have greater working memory and inhibition difficulties (Cohen's d = 0.15 and 0.20, respectively), children from low-income households tend to have more working memory problems than their peers from high-income households (Cohen's d = 0.25). Finally, correlations between CHEXI scores, examiner reports of child behavior, and child performance on a battery of executive function (EF) tasks were investigated. CHEXI scores were found to be more consistently related to examiner reports of child behavior than child performance on EF tasks. Tthe strengths and weaknesses of the CHEXI as a questionnaire measure of EF are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Camerota
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Michael T Willoughby
- b Education and Workforce Development , RTI International , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Laura J Kuhn
- c FPG Child Development Institute , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Clancy B Blair
- d Department of Applied Psychology , New York University , New York , NY , USA
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20
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Agoston AM, Rudolph KD. Interactive Contributions of Cumulative Peer Stress and Executive Function Deficits to Depression in Early Adolescence. THE JOURNAL OF EARLY ADOLESCENCE 2015; 36:1070-1094. [PMID: 28936024 PMCID: PMC5603320 DOI: 10.1177/0272431615593176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to peer stress contributes to adolescent depression, yet not all youth experience these effects. Thus, it is important to identify individual differences that shape the consequences of peer stress. This research investigated the interactive contribution of cumulative peer stress during childhood (second-fifth grades) and executive function (EF) deficits to depression during early adolescence (sixth grade). Youth (267 girls, 227 boys; X̄age at Wave 1 = 7.95, SD = .37) completed questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to assess peer stress and depression, respectively; teachers completed the Behavior Rating Scale of Executive Function to assess everyday performance in several EF domains. As anticipated, exposure to peer stress in childhood predicted heightened sixth-grade depression in girls but not boys with higher levels of EF deficits. This study extends theory and research on individual differences in vulnerability to adolescent depression, in turn elucidating potential intervention targets.
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21
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Heath CL, Curtis DF, Fan W, McPherson R. The association between parenting stress, parenting self-efficacy, and the clinical significance of child ADHD symptom change following behavior therapy. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2015; 46:118-29. [PMID: 24668566 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-014-0458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined parenting stress (PST) and self-efficacy (PSE) following participation in behavioral parent training (BPT) with regard to child treatment response. Forty-three families of children diagnosed with ADHD participated in a modified BPT program. Change in PST and PSE was evaluated using a single group, within-subjects design. Parenting outcomes based on child treatment response were evaluated based upon (1) magnitude and (2) clinical significance of change in child symptom impairment. Parents reported significant improvements in stress and self-efficacy. Parents of children who demonstrated clinically significant reduction in ADHD symptoms reported lower stress and higher self-efficacy than those of children with continued impairments. Magnitude of child impairment was not associated with parent outcomes. Clinical implications for these results include extending treatment duration to provide more time for symptom amelioration and parent-focused objectives to improve coping and stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey L Heath
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,
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22
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Canty AL, Fleming J, Patterson F, Green HJ, Man D, Shum DHK. Evaluation of a virtual reality prospective memory task for use with individuals with severe traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2014; 24:238-65. [PMID: 24559498 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2014.881746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity, convergent validity and ecological validity of a newly developed virtual reality prospective memory (PM) task (i.e., the Virtual Reality Shopping Task; VRST) for use with individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Thirty individuals with severe TBI and 24 uninjured adults matched on age, gender and education level were administered the VRST, a lexical decision PM task (LDPMT), an index of task-friendliness and a cognitive assessment battery. Significant others rated disruptions in the TBI participants' occupational activities, interpersonal relationships and independent living skills. The performance of the TBI group was significantly poorer than that of controls on event-based PM as measured by the LDPMT, and on time- and event-based PM as measured by the VRST. Performance on the VRST significantly predicted significant others' ratings of patients' occupational activities and independent living skills. The VRST was rated as significantly more reflective of an everyday activity, interesting and was afforded a higher recommendation than the LDPMT. For the TBI group, event and total PM performance on the VRST significantly correlated with performance on measures of mental flexibility and verbal fluency, and total PM performance correlated with verbal memory. These results provide preliminary but promising evidence of the sensitivity, as well as the convergent and ecological validity of the VRST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allana L Canty
- a Behavioural Basis of Health Research Program, Griffith Health Institute and School of Applied Psychology , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland , Australia
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23
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Wan Salwina WI, Baharudin A, Nik Ruzyanei NJ, Midin M, Rahman FNA. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms reporting in Malaysian adolescents: do adolescents, parents and teachers agree with each other? Asian J Psychiatr 2013; 6:483-7. [PMID: 24309858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a clinical diagnosis relying on persistence of symptoms across different settings. Information are gathered from different informants including adolescents, parents and teachers. In this cross-sectional study involving 410 twelve-year old adolescents, 37 teachers and 367 parents from seven schools in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, reliability of ADHD symptoms among the various informants were reported. ADHD symptoms (i.e. predominantly hyperactive, predominantly inattentive and combined symptoms) were assessed by adolescents, teachers and parents, using Conners-Wells' Adolescent Self-report Scale (CASS), Conner's Teachers Rating Scale (CTRS) and Conner's Parents Rating Scale (CPRS) respectively. For predominantly hyperactive symptoms, there were statistically significant, weak positive correlations between parents and teachers reporting (r=0.241, p<0.01). Statistically significant, weak positive correlations were found between adolescents and parents for predominantly inattentive symptoms (r=0.283, p<0.01). Correlations between adolescents and parents reporting were statistically significant but weak (r=0.294, p<0.01). Weak correlations exist between the different informants reporting ADHD symptoms among Malaysian adolescents. While multiple informant ratings are required to facilitate the diagnosis of ADHD, effort should be taken to minimize the disagreement in reporting and better utilize the information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Ismail Wan Salwina
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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24
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Silver CH. Sources of data about children's executive functioning: review and commentary. Child Neuropsychol 2012; 20:1-13. [PMID: 23030631 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2012.727793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Accurate measurement of a child's executive functioning (EF) is important for diagnosis, description of functional impairment, and treatment planning. EF assessment typically consists of administration of a battery of performance-based tests involving abilities such as attention, inhibition, reasoning, planning, and mental flexibility. In recent years, observer (e.g., parent) rating scales have been added to the typical EF battery. However, research has revealed that performance-based tests and parent rating scales are not highly correlated. In other words, level of impairment indicated by one source of data often does not match level of impairment indicated by the other source of data. This disagreement places the clinician in a difficult situation when attempting to interpret evaluation results. The profession of pediatric neuropsychology needs to provide guidance about handling this disagreement. Using the current assessment tools, specific EF subdomains may need to be examined systematically to identify precisely where the disagreements lie. Perhaps the relative validity of the two data sources can be determined, and decisions can be made about what to emphasize and what/when to interpret cautiously. Alternatively, perhaps the goal should be to develop and/or refine measurement tools to increase agreement in order to improve accuracy and validity of test interpretation. At this time, the results of performance-based tests and rating scales of EF are being used together but are not being integrated. Evidence-based practice requires that more work be done to enhance the use of these two sources of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl H Silver
- a Department of Rehabilitation Counseling , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , Texas , USA
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25
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The ecological and construct validity of a newly developed measure of executive function: the Virtual Library Task. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2012; 18:440-50. [PMID: 22339816 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617711001883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) assessment paradigms have the potential to address the limited ecological validity of pen and paper measures of executive function (EF) and the pragmatic and reliability issues associated with functional measures. To investigate the ecological validity and construct validity of a newly developed VR measure of EF, the Virtual Library Task (VLT); a real life analogous task--the Real Library Task (RLT); and five neuropsychological measures of EF were administered to 30 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 30 healthy Controls. Significant others for each participant also completed the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX), which is a behavioral rating scale of everyday EF. Performances on the VLT and the RLT were significantly positively correlated indicating that VR performance is similar to real world performance. The TBI group performed significantly worse than the Control group on the VLT and the Modified Six Elements Test (MSET) but the other four neuropsychological measures of EF failed to differentiate the groups. Both the MSET and the VLT significantly predicted everyday EF suggesting that they are both ecologically valid tools for the assessment of EF. The VLT has the advantage over the MSET of providing objective measurement of individual components of EF.
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26
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Severity of Children’s ADHD Symptoms and Parenting Stress: A Multiple Mediation Model of Self-Regulation. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 39:1073-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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