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Jangid P, Rai U, Sharma RS, Singh R. The role of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation on female fertility: A review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:358-373. [PMID: 35132884 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2030676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With increasing technological developments, exposure to non-ionizing radiations has become unavoidable as people cannot escape from electromagnetic field sources, such as Wi-Fi, electric wires, microwave oven, radio, telecommunication, bluetooth devices, etc. These radiations can be associated with increased health problems of the users. This review aims to determine the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations on female fertility. To date, several in vitro and in vivo studies unveiled that exposure to non-ionizing radiations brings about harmful effects on oocytes, ovarian follicles, endometrial tissue, estrous cycle, reproductive endocrine hormones, developing embryo, and fetal development in animal models. Non-ionizing radiation also upsurges the free radical load in the uterus and ovary, which leads to inhibition of cell growth and DNA disruptions. In conclusion, non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations can cause alterations in both germ cells as well as in their nourishing environment and also affect other female reproductive parameters that might lead to infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Jangid
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Umesh Rai
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Radhey Shyam Sharma
- Department of RBMH & CH, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Unsal M, Fadiloglu E, Celik B, Kilic F, Tapisiz OL. Effect of Nonionizing Radiation on Progesterone Treatment in Endometrial Hyperplasia: An Experimental Rat Study. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2021; 86:479-485. [PMID: 34749368 DOI: 10.1159/000519195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the negative effect of nonionizing radiation on the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia (EH) with oral progesterone. DESIGN Forty oophorectomized Wistar Albino female rats were included in this experimental rat study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 4 groups were planned as follows: Group A; sham group; Group B; group receiving oral estradiol hemihydrate 4 mg/kg/day; Group C; 4 mg/kg/day oral estradiol hemihydrate followed with 1 mg/day medroxy progesterone acetate (MPA) and Group D; 4 mg/kg/day oral estradiol hemihydrate followed with 1 mg/day MPA with exposure to nonionizing radiation at 1800 mHz/3 h/day. After the experimental model, uterine horns were sampled and the preparations were evaluated for pathological parameters (glandular density, epithelial cell length, and luminal epithelial cell length) via light microscopy. Nonionizing radiation was created by a signal generator and a compatible mobile phone. RESULTS Estrogen was found to increase all parameters related to EH (p < 0.05). Progesterone treatment was found to decrease parameters related to EH (Group B vs. C; luminal epithelial cell length, glandular density, and epithelial length; 11.2 vs. 13.2 μm p = 0.007; 32.5 vs. 35.5, p = 0.068; and 219.9 μm vs. 285 µm, p < 0.001, respectively). Final analyses revealed reduced effectiveness of progesterone treatment in the rats exposed to nonionizing radiation (Group C vs. D); luminal epithelial cell length, glandular density, and epithelial length (11.2 μm vs. 13.5 μm, p = 0.179; 32.5 vs. 52, p < 0.001; and 219.9 μm vs. 374.1 μm, p = 0.001, respectively). LIMITATIONS The limitations of our study are that the results of animal experiments may not be appropriate for direct adaptation to humans and the relatively low number of rats included in the study. CONCLUSION Nonionizing radiation reduces the effect of progesterone in patients receiving treatment for EH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Unsal
- Department of Gynecology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Training and Research Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdem Fadiloglu
- Department of Gynecology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Training and Research Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcin Celik
- Department of Pathology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Training and Research Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kilic
- Department of Gynecology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Training and Research Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Omer Lutfi Tapisiz
- Department of Gynecology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Training and Research Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Moghadasi N, Alimohammadi I, Safari Variani A, Ashtarinezhad A. The Effect of Mobile Radiation on the Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Pregnant Mice. J Family Reprod Health 2021; 15:172-178. [PMID: 34721608 PMCID: PMC8536820 DOI: 10.18502/jfrh.v15i3.7134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Due to the growing use of communication instruments such as cell phones and wireless devices, there is growing public concern about possible harmful effects, especially in sensitive groups such as pregnant women. This study aimed to investigate the oxidative stress induced by exposure to 900 MHz mobile phone radiation and the effect of vitamin C intake on reducing possible changes in pregnant mice. Materials and methods: Twenty-one pregnant mice were divided into three groups (control, mobile radiation-exposed, and mobile radiation plus with vitamin C intake co-exposed (200 mg /kg)). The mice in exposure groups were exposed to 900 MHz, 2 watts, and a power density of 0.045 μw /cm2 mobile radiation for eight hours/day for ten consecutive days. After five days of rest, MDA (Malondialdehyde), 8-OHdG (8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine), and TAC (Total Antioxidant Capacity) levels were measured in the blood of animals. The results were analyzed by SPSS.22.0 software. Results: The results showed that exposure to mobile radiation increased MDA (P=0.002), and 8-OHdG (P=0.001) significantly and decreased Total Antioxidant Capacity in the exposed groups (P=0.001). Taking vitamin C inhibited the significant increase in MDA and 8-OHdG levels in exposed groups. Conclusion: Although exposure to mobile radiation can cause oxidative stress in the blood of pregnant mice, vitamin C as an antioxidant can prevent it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargess Moghadasi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Alimohammadi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Safari Variani
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ashtarinezhad
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Schuermann D, Mevissen M. Manmade Electromagnetic Fields and Oxidative Stress-Biological Effects and Consequences for Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073772. [PMID: 33917298 PMCID: PMC8038719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant with the ever-expanding use of electrical appliances and mobile communication systems, public and occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the extremely-low-frequency and radiofrequency range has become a widely debated environmental risk factor for health. Radiofrequency (RF) EMF and extremely-low-frequency (ELF) MF have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), potentially leading to cellular or systemic oxidative stress, was frequently found to be influenced by EMF exposure in animals and cells. In this review, we summarize key experimental findings on oxidative stress related to EMF exposure from animal and cell studies of the last decade. The observations are discussed in the context of molecular mechanisms and functionalities relevant to health such as neurological function, genome stability, immune response, and reproduction. Most animal and many cell studies showed increased oxidative stress caused by RF-EMF and ELF-MF. In order to estimate the risk for human health by manmade exposure, experimental studies in humans and epidemiological studies need to be considered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schuermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Meike Mevissen
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (M.M.)
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Shabani Z, Mohammad Nejad D, Ghadiri T, Karimipour M. Evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of Vitamin E on the rat substantia nigra neural cells exposed to electromagnetic field: An ultrastructural study. Electromagn Biol Med 2021; 40:428-437. [PMID: 33794719 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2021.1907404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) could induce oxidative stress (OS) in human tissues. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is the main hallmark of OS that harms neural cell components, primarily lipids in the myelin sheaths and membranes. Vitamin E is a lipophilic antioxidant that protects cells from OS-related damages and inhibits the LPO process. In this study, male rats were assigned into three groups of Control, EMF, and EMF+ Vitamin E. The EMF producer equipment produced an alternate current of 50 Hz, 3 Mili Tesla (mT). At the end of the experiment, half of the substantia nigra in every sample was used for measurement of the malondialdehyde (MDA) level as the end-product of the LPO and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme. The next half of the tissue was prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the EMF group, MDA level was enhanced and SOD value decreased significantly compared to the control group, but Vitamin E could restore these changes. In rats undergone EMF, heterochromatic nucleus and destruction in some portions of the nuclear membrane were detected. The segmental separation or destruction of myelin sheath lamellae was observed in nerve fibers. In treated animals, the nucleus was round, less heterochromatic, with a regular membrane. Separation of myelin sheath lamellae in some nerve fibers was slighter than the radiation group. Considering the results, EMF exposure induces LPO and triggers ultrastructural changes in the cell membranes, nucleus, and myelin sheath of substantia nigra cells, but Vitamin E consumption weakens these neuropathological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shabani
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Daryoush Mohammad Nejad
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Ghadiri
- Department of Neurosciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Neurosciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Asl JF, Goudarzi M, Shoghi H. The radio-protective effect of rosmarinic acid against mobile phone and Wi-Fi radiation-induced oxidative stress in the brains of rats. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:857-866. [PMID: 32128712 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosmarinus officinalis L. is an aromatic perennial herb from which rosmarinic acid (RA) can be extracted. This research was conducted to assess the effectiveness of RA against radio frequency (RF) radiation-induced oxidative stress due to 915 MHz (mobile phone) and 2450 MHz (Wi-Fi) frequencies in rats. METHODS The animals were separated into six groups, including group 1 receiving normal saline (NS), group 2 (NS/Wi-Fi) and group 4 (NS/mobile), which received NS plus 60 min/day of exposure to the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) for 1 month, group 3 (RA/Wi-Fi) and group 5 (RA/mobile) received RA (20 mg/kg/day, po) plus 60 min/day of EMR, and group 6 (RA) received only RA. RESULTS There was a significant elevation of protein carbonylation (PC), nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and significant reduction in glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the RF radiation-exposed rats' brain compared to the control group. RA reduced the levels of NO, PC and MDA and it also elevated the TAC, GPx, SOD, CAT and GSH levels in the rats' brains in the RA/Wi-Fi and RA/mobile groups compared to the NS/Wi-Fi and NS/mobile groups, respectively. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that RA can be considered a useful candidate for protecting brain tissues against RF radiation-induced oxidative stress at 915 and 2450 MHz frequencies through ameliorative effects on the antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stress indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Fatahi Asl
- Department of Radiologic Technology, School of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Goudarzi
- Medicinal Plant Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoghi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Correlation of Blood Oxidative Stress Parameters to Indoor Radiofrequency Radiation: A Cross Sectional Study in Jordan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134673. [PMID: 32610554 PMCID: PMC7369753 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Electromagnetic pollution is a general health concern worldwide, as cell phone towers are ubiquitous and are located adjacent to or on the roof of schools, and hospitals. However, the health risks are still inconclusive. This cross-sectional study evaluated the potential effect of electromagnetic radiation generated from various resources including cell phone towers on blood glutathione S transferase activity (e-GST) and total antioxidant activity of the Jordanian population. Methods: The power density of three districts in the city of Irbid, Jordan was mapped to generate “outside the houses” and “inside the houses” maps. The effect of categorical variables (gender, using a cell phone, presence of Wi-Fi modem, previous exposure to medical imaging) and continuous variables (distance from the base station, the elevation of the house, the duration of stay in the house, power density outside houses, power density inside houses) on e-GST and total antioxidant activity were investigated. Results: The EMR generated outside the houses—including cell phone towers—did not reach inside the houses at the same power and had no significant influence on e-GST activity. The EMR inside the house, which primarily came from internal resources, has a significant effect on e-GST activity. The duration of stay inside the house, the use of cell phones, and the presence of a Wi-Fi modem had a proportional effect on e-GST activity. The total antioxidant activity was statistically equal between the tested and control groups. Conclusions: Several factors such as building materials restricted the penetration of EMR reaching inside the houses. EMR generated inside rather than outside the houses had a proportional effect on e-GST. The differences in e-GST were compensated successfully by other antioxidant mechanisms. Further research is needed to identify other possible sources of antioxidants, and to evaluate long-term effects and genetic polymorphism.
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Vafaei H, Kavari G, Izadi HR, Zare Dorahi Z, Dianatpour M, Daneshparvar A, Jamhiri I. Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) affects anti-oxidant capacity, DNA repair genes expression and, apoptosis in pregnant mouse placenta. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:833-840. [PMID: 32695301 PMCID: PMC7351435 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.40184.9512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The placenta provides nutrients and oxygen to embryo and removes waste products from embryo's blood. As far as we know, the effects of exposure to Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) signals on placenta have not been evaluated. Hence, we examined the effect of prenatal exposure to Wi-Fi signals on anti-oxidant capacity, expressions of CDKNA1, and GADD45a as well as apoptosis in placenta and pregnancy outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pregnant mice were exposed to Wi-Fi signal (2.4 GHz) for 2 and 4 hr. Placenta tissues were examined to measure the MDA and SOD levels. To measure SOD, CDKNA1, GADD45a, Bax, and Bcl-2 expressions were compared by real-time PCR analysis. TUNEL assay was used to assess apoptosis in placenta tissues. The results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Prism version 6.0 software. RESULTS MDA and SOD levels had significantly increased in exposed Wi-Fi signal groups (P-value< 0.05). Also, quantitative PCR experiment showed that SOD mRNA expression significantly increased in Wi-Fi signal groups. The data showed that CDKN1A and GADD45a genes were increased in Wi-Fi groups (P-value<0.05). The quantitative PCR and the TUNEL assay showed that apoptosis increased in Wi-Fi groups (P-value<0.05). CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence that Wi-Fi signals increase lipid peroxidation, SOD activity (oxidative stres), apoptosis and CDKN1A and GADD45a overexpression in mice placenta tissue. However, further experimental studies are warranted to investigate other genes and aspects of pregnancy to determine the role of Wi-Fi radiation on fertility and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homeira Vafaei
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ghazal Kavari
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Izadi
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Zare Dorahi
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dianatpour
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afrooz Daneshparvar
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iman Jamhiri
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Dauda Usman J, Isyaku UM, Magaji RA, Fasanmade AA. Assessment of electromagnetic fields, vibration and sound exposure effects from multiple transceiver mobile phones on oxidative stress levels in serum, brain and heart tissue. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Yahyazadeh A, Altunkaynak BZ, Kaplan S. Biochemical, immunohistochemical and morphometrical investigation of the effect of thymoquinone on the rat testis following exposure to a 900-MHz electromagnetic field. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151467. [PMID: 31784235 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.151467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Long-term use of cell phones emitting electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have raised concerns regarding public health in recent year. We aimed to investigate the possible effects of 900 MHz EMF exposure (60 min/day for 28 days) on the rat testis. Another objective was to determine whether the deleterious effect of EMF radiation would be reduced by the administration of thymoquinone (TQ) (10 mg/kg/day). Twenty-four male adult Wistar albino rats were randomly selected, then assigned into four groups as followControl, EMF, TQ and EMF + TQ. Testicular samples were analyzed using histological, stereological, biochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. Total numbers of primary spermatocytes and spermatids as well as Leydig cells were significantly decreased in the EMF group compared to the Control group (p < 0.05). In the EMF + TQ group, the total number of primary spermatocytes was significantly increased compared to the EMF group (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly increased in the EMF group compared to the Control group (p < 0.05). Also, serum testosterone levels and wet weight of testes were significantly decreased in the EMF group compared to the Control group (p < 0.05). Our findings suggested that exposure to a 900 MHz EMF had adverse effects on rat testicular tissue and that the administration of TQ partially mitigated testicular oxidative damages caused by EMF radiation.
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Singh R, Nath R, Mathur AK, Sharma RS. Effect of radiofrequency radiation on reproductive health. Indian J Med Res 2019; 148:S92-S99. [PMID: 30964085 PMCID: PMC6469375 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1056_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cellular phone system has greatly increased the extent and magnitude of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure. The RFR emitted from mobile phone and mobile phone base stations exerts thermal and non-thermal effects. The short-term and long-term exposure to RFR may have adverse effect on humans as well as animals. Most laboratory studies have indicated a direct link between exposure to RFR and adverse biological effects. Several in vitro studies have reported that RFR induces various types of cancer and DNA or chromosomal damage. On the other hand, some animal studies have not reported adverse effects of this radiation. The present review summarizes information available on the possible effects of RFR on the reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ravindra Nath
- Division of Reproductive Biology & Maternal Health, Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Mathur
- Division of Reproductive Biology & Maternal Health, Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Radhey Shyam Sharma
- Division of Reproductive Biology & Maternal Health, Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Fadiloglu E, Tapisiz OL, Unsal M, Fadiloglu S, Celik B, Mollamahmutoglu L. Non-Ionizing Radiation Created by Mobile Phone Progresses Endometrial Hyperplasia: An Experimental Rat Study. Arch Med Res 2019; 50:36-43. [PMID: 31349952 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-ionizing radiation is related with many pathologies. AIM Determine association between non-ionizing radiation and endometrial hyperplasia. METHODS Fifty oopherectomized Wistar albino rats were administered Estradiol hemihydrate (4 mg/kg) to induce hyperplasia, and were exposed to 1800 MHz radiation created by a mobile phone and a signal generator working as base station. This study was carried out with 5 groups in two phases. The study groups were. Control group without any exposure; group receiving estrogen in first phase of the study; group receiving estrogen in both phases; group receiving estrogen in the first phase and exposed to non-ionizing radiation during second phase and group taking estrogen in both phases and exposed to non-ionizing radiation during the second phase. Following both phases, uterine horns were excised and evaluated based on glandular density (GD), epithelial cell height (ECH), and luminal epithelial cell height (LECH). RESULTS Estrogen increased all parameters during both phases (LECH, GD, and ECH values were 12,2 vs. 16,5 (p = 0.001), 34 vs. 47 (p <0.001), and 201 vs. 376.6 (p = 0.001), respectively during the first phase; LECH, GD and ECH values were 13,2 vs. 20,3 (p <0.001), 35.5 vs. 65,5 (p <0.001), 219.9 vs. 419.6 (p <0.001), respectively, during the second phase).Non-ionizing radiation increased all values without estrogen exposure (LECH, GD and ECH values were 13,2 vs. 17,2 (p = 0,074), 35,5 vs. 59 (p = 0.074), and 219 vs. 318.3 (p <0.001), respectively) or with estrogen exposure (LECH, GD, and ECH, values were 20,3 vs. 22,8 (p = 0,168), 65,5 vs. 77 (p = 0,058), and 419,6 vs. 541,6 (p = 0.004), respectively). CONCLUSION Non-ionizing radiation progressed endometrial hyperplasia in an experimental rat model with/without estrogen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Fadiloglu
- Ankara Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Teaching and Researching Hospital, Women's Health Department, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Omer Lutfi Tapisiz
- Ankara Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Teaching and Researching Hospital, Women's Health Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Unsal
- Ankara Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Teaching and Researching Hospital, Women's Health Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seyma Fadiloglu
- Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcin Celik
- Ankara Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Teaching and Researching Hospital, Women's Health Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Leyla Mollamahmutoglu
- Ankara Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Teaching and Researching Hospital, Women's Health Department, Ankara, Turkey
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Gharib OA. Effect of kombucha on some trace element levels in different organs of electromagnetic field exposed rats. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ola A. Gharib
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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Omar SM, Nasr M, Rafla DA. Transdermal patches loaded with L-cysteine HCL as a strategy for protection from mobile phone emitting electromagnetic radiation hazards. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:112-125. [PMID: 30662314 PMCID: PMC6323147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobile phone usage has been increased in the last few years emitting electromagnetic radiation (EMR), which disturbs normal cellular processes via oxidative stress. L-cysteine, a glutathione precursor, prevents oxidative damage. Transdermal patches (TDPs) loaded with L-cysteine hydrochloride (L-CyS-HCL) were fabricated by dispersion of L-CyS-HCL 5% w/w and different concentrations of sorbitol as a plasticizer in room-temperature vulcanizable synthetic silicone matrices (RTV-Si). The effect of sorbitol on patch physicochemical parameters was assessed; in-vitro L-CyS-HCL release profiles and ex-vivo permeation were studied. Pharmacokinetic parameters of endogenous synthetized in-vivo glutathione, after receiving IV bolus dose of L-CyS-HCl and L-CyS-HCl-RTV-Si-TDPs were studied in rat model. The influence of L-CyS-HCL-RTV-Si-TDPs against damaging effects of mobile phone EMR on rats' blood and brain tissues was studied. The results revealed that patch plasticity, intensity reflections, surface porosity, L-CyS-HCL release rate and skin permeation increased with increasing sorbitol concentration. Pharmacokinetic profile for IV dose and L-CyS-HCl-RTV-Si-TDPs revealed that the L-CyS-HCl-RTV-Si-TDPs provided a sustained glutathione plasma concentration-time profile over entire patch application. High significant differences in biological parameters (blood and brain samples) were observed for radiated rats using the patch in study compared with positive control rats. Promising long-term strategy for protection against mobile phone hazards was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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El-Maleky NF, Ebrahim RH. Effects of exposure to electromagnetic field from mobile phone on serum hepcidin and iron status in male albino rats. Electromagn Biol Med 2018; 38:66-73. [DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2018.1531423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanees F. El-Maleky
- Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Reham H. Ebrahim
- Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Golomb BA. Diplomats' Mystery Illness and Pulsed Radiofrequency/Microwave Radiation. Neural Comput 2018; 30:2882-2985. [PMID: 30183509 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Importance: A mystery illness striking U.S. and Canadian diplomats to Cuba (and now China) "has confounded the FBI, the State Department and US intelligence agencies" (Lederman, Weissenstein, & Lee, 2017). Sonic explanations for the so-called health attacks have long dominated media reports, propelled by peculiar sounds heard and auditory symptoms experienced. Sonic mediation was justly rejected by experts. We assessed whether pulsed radiofrequency/microwave radiation (RF/MW) exposure can accommodate reported facts in diplomats, including unusual ones. Observations: (1) Noises: Many diplomats heard chirping, ringing or grinding noises at night during episodes reportedly triggering health problems. Some reported that noises were localized with laser-like precision or said the sounds seemed to follow them (within the territory in which they were perceived). Pulsed RF/MW engenders just these apparent "sounds" via the Frey effect. Perceived "sounds" differ by head dimensions and pulse characteristics and can be perceived as located behind in or above the head. Ability to hear the "sounds" depends on high-frequency hearing and low ambient noise. (2) Signs/symptoms: Hearing loss and tinnitus are prominent in affected diplomats and in RF/MW-affected individuals. Each of the protean symptoms that diplomats report also affect persons reporting symptoms from RF/MW: sleep problems, headaches, and cognitive problems dominate in both groups. Sensations of pressure or vibration figure in each. Both encompass vision, balance, and speech problems and nosebleeds. Brain injury and brain swelling are reported in both. (3) Mechanisms: Oxidative stress provides a documented mechanism of RF/MW injury compatible with reported signs and symptoms; sequelae of endothelial dysfunction (yielding blood flow compromise), membrane damage, blood-brain barrier disruption, mitochondrial injury, apoptosis, and autoimmune triggering afford downstream mechanisms, of varying persistence, that merit investigation. (4) Of note, microwaving of the U.S. embassy in Moscow is historically documented. Conclusions and relevance: Reported facts appear consistent with pulsed RF/MW as the source of injury in affected diplomats. Nondiplomats citing symptoms from RF/MW, often with an inciting pulsed-RF/MW exposure, report compatible health conditions. Under the RF/MW hypothesis, lessons learned for diplomats and for RF/MW-affected civilians may each aid the other.
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Efficient Production of Murine Uterine Damage Model. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 16:119-129. [PMID: 30989039 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-018-0149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thin or damaged endometrium causes uterine factor-derived infertility resulting in a failure of embryonic implantation. Regeneration of endometrium is a major issue in gynecology and reproductive medicine. Various types of cells and scaffolds were studied to establish an effective therapeutic strategy. For this type of investigations, production of optimal animal models is indispensable. In this study, we tried to establish various murine uterine damage models and compared their features. Methods Three to ten-week-old C57BL/6 female mice were anesthetized using isoflurane. Chemical and mechanical methods using ethanol (EtOH) at 70 or 100% and copper scraper were compared to determine the most efficient condition. Damage of uterine tissue was induced either by vaginal or dorsal surgical approach. After 7-10 days, gross and microscopic morphology, safety and efficiency were compared among the groups. Results Both chemical and mechanical methods resulted in thinner endometrium and reduced number of glands. Gross morphology assessment revealed that the damaged regions of uteri showed various shapes including shrinkage or cystic dilatation of uterine horns. The duration of anesthesia significantly affected recovery after procedure. Uterine damage was most effectively induced by dorsal approach using 100% EtOH treatment compared to mechanical methods. Conclusion Taken together, murine uterine damage models were most successfully established by chemical treatment. This production protocols could be applied further to larger animals such as non-human primate.
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Masoumi A, Karbalaei N, Mortazavi SMJ, Shabani M. Radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) causes impaired insulin secretion and increased oxidative stress in rat pancreatic islets. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:850-857. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1490039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Masoumi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Narges Karbalaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S. M. J. Mortazavi
- Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Doyon P, Johansson O. Electromagnetic fields may act via calcineurin inhibition to suppress immunity, thereby increasing risk for opportunistic infection: Conceivable mechanisms of action. Med Hypotheses 2017; 106:71-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Leblebici Altındağ Ö, Take Kaplanoğlu G, Sirav Aral B, Seymen CM. Cep Telefonu Radyasyonunda Melatonin’in Testis Dokusunda Olası Koruyucu Etkisi. DICLE MEDICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.5798/dicletip.298610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Houston BJ, Nixon B, King BV, De Iuliis GN, Aitken RJ. The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on sperm function. Reproduction 2016; 152:R263-R276. [PMID: 27601711 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mobile phone usage has become an integral part of our lives. However, the effects of the radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) emitted by these devices on biological systems and specifically the reproductive systems are currently under active debate. A fundamental hindrance to the current debate is that there is no clear mechanism of how such non-ionising radiation influences biological systems. Therefore, we explored the documented impacts of RF-EMR on the male reproductive system and considered any common observations that could provide insights on a potential mechanism. Among a total of 27 studies investigating the effects of RF-EMR on the male reproductive system, negative consequences of exposure were reported in 21. Within these 21 studies, 11 of the 15 that investigated sperm motility reported significant declines, 7 of 7 that measured the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) documented elevated levels and 4 of 5 studies that probed for DNA damage highlighted increased damage due to RF-EMR exposure. Associated with this, RF-EMR treatment reduced the antioxidant levels in 6 of 6 studies that discussed this phenomenon, whereas consequences of RF-EMR were successfully ameliorated with the supplementation of antioxidants in all 3 studies that carried out these experiments. In light of this, we envisage a two-step mechanism whereby RF-EMR is able to induce mitochondrial dysfunction leading to elevated ROS production. A continued focus on research, which aims to shed light on the biological effects of RF-EMR will allow us to test and assess this proposed mechanism in a variety of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Houston
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive ScienceSchool of Environmental and Life Sciences
| | - B Nixon
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive ScienceSchool of Environmental and Life Sciences
| | - B V King
- School of Mathematical and Physical SciencesUniversity of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G N De Iuliis
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive ScienceSchool of Environmental and Life Sciences
| | - R J Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive ScienceSchool of Environmental and Life Sciences
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Histopathological changes associated with oxidative stress induced by electromagnetic waves in rats' ovarian and uterine tissues. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Shehu A, Mohammed A, Magaji RA, Muhammad MS. Exposure to mobile phone electromagnetic field radiation, ringtone and vibration affects anxiety-like behaviour and oxidative stress biomarkers in albino wistar rats. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:355-62. [PMID: 26546224 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research on the effects of Mobile phone radio frequency emissions on biological systems has been focused on noise and vibrations as auditory stressors. This study investigated the potential effects of exposure to mobile phone electromagnetic field radiation, ringtone and vibration on anxiety-like behaviour and oxidative stress biomarkers in albino wistar rats. Twenty five male wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of 5 animals each: group I: exposed to mobile phone in switched off mode (control), group II: exposed to mobile phone in silent mode, group III: exposed to mobile phone in vibration mode, group IV: exposed to mobile phone in ringtone mode, group V: exposed to mobile phone in vibration and ringtone mode. The animals in group II to V were exposed to 10 min call (30 missed calls for 20 s each) per day for 4 weeks. Neurobehavioural studies for assessing anxiety were carried out 24 h after the last exposure and the animals were sacrificed. Brain samples were collected for biochemical evaluation immediately. Results obtained showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in open arm duration in all the experimental groups when compared to the control. A significant decrease (P < 0.05) was also observed in catalase activity in group IV and V when compared to the control. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicates that 4 weeks exposure to electromagnetic radiation, vibration, ringtone or both produced a significant effect on anxiety-like behavior and oxidative stress in young wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Shehu
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.
| | - Aliyu Mohammed
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Rabiu Abdussalam Magaji
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mustapha Shehu Muhammad
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Medical Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria
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Dasdag S, Akdag MZ. The link between radiofrequencies emitted from wireless technologies and oxidative stress. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 75:85-93. [PMID: 26371078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Wireless communication such as cellular telephones and other types of handheld phones working with frequencies of 900MHz, 1800MHz, 2100MHz, 2450MHz have been increasing rapidly. Therefore, public opinion concern about the potential human health hazards of short and long-term effect of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) radiation. Oxidative stress is a biochemical condition, which is defined by the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the anti-oxidative defense. In this review, we evaluated available in vitro and in vivo studies carried out on the relation between RF emitted from mobile phones and oxidative stress. The results of the studies we reviewed here indicated that mobile phones and similar equipment or radars can be thought as a factor, which cause oxidative stress. Even some of them claimed that oxidative stress originated from radiofrequencies can be resulted with DNA damage. For this reason one of the points to think on is relation between mobile phones and oxidative stress. However, more performance is necessary especially on human exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Dasdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey
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Yakymenko I, Tsybulin O, Sidorik E, Henshel D, Kyrylenko O, Kyrylenko S. Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation. Electromagn Biol Med 2015; 35:186-202. [PMID: 26151230 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2015.1043557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to cover experimental data on oxidative effects of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation (RFR) in living cells. Analysis of the currently available peer-reviewed scientific literature reveals molecular effects induced by low-intensity RFR in living cells; this includes significant activation of key pathways generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of peroxidation, oxidative damage of DNA and changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. It indicates that among 100 currently available peer-reviewed studies dealing with oxidative effects of low-intensity RFR, in general, 93 confirmed that RFR induces oxidative effects in biological systems. A wide pathogenic potential of the induced ROS and their involvement in cell signaling pathways explains a range of biological/health effects of low-intensity RFR, which include both cancer and non-cancer pathologies. In conclusion, our analysis demonstrates that low-intensity RFR is an expressive oxidative agent for living cells with a high pathogenic potential and that the oxidative stress induced by RFR exposure should be recognized as one of the primary mechanisms of the biological activity of this kind of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Yakymenko
- a Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Olexandr Tsybulin
- b Department of Biophysics , Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University , Bila Tserkva , Ukraine
| | - Evgeniy Sidorik
- a Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Diane Henshel
- c School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University Bloomington , Bloomington , IN , USA
| | - Olga Kyrylenko
- d A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Sergiy Kyrylenko
- e Department of Structural and Functional Biology , University of Campinas , Campinas , Brazil
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An L, Fu J, Zhang T. Reversible effects of vitamins C and E combination on cognitive deficits and oxidative stress in the hippocampus of melamine-exposed rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 132:152-159. [PMID: 25802127 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the spatial cognitive deficits of rats were induced by chronic melamine exposure, which was associated with the hippocampal oxidative damage. Currently, we examined the antioxidative effect of vitamins C and E combination on cognitive function in melamine-treated rats. Melamine was oral administrated to male adolescent Wistar at a dosage of 300mg/kg/day for 28days. After that, animals received vitamins C and E at a dose of 150 and 200mg/kg, respectively, intraperitoneally for the next 7days. Cognitive behaviors were investigated using the Morris water maze test. The biochemical indexes were detected in the hippocampal homogenate. The treatment with vitamin complex significantly ameliorated cognitive deficits induced by melamine. ROS, MDA, and NO contents were almost back to normal, while SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and NOS activities were improved as well. The neural apoptosis in the hippocampus were ameliorated by regulating the expression of anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) and caspase-3. Additionally, histological observation showed that vitamin complex effectively alleviated the injuries of hippocampal neurons. These results suggest that the potential therapeutic for oxidative damage induced neuronal apoptosis after treatment of vitamins C and E combination, which is most likely related to the antioxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei An
- College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China; Max-Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Jingxuan Fu
- College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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Fasseas MK, Fragopoulou AF, Manta AK, Skouroliakou A, Vekrellis K, Margaritis LH, Syntichaki P. Response of Caenorhabditis elegans to wireless devices radiation exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:286-93. [PMID: 25488006 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.995384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the impact of electromagnetic radiation, produced by GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) mobile phones, Wi-Fi (Wireless-Fidelity) routers and wireless DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) phones, on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. MATERIALS AND METHODS We exposed synchronized populations, of different developmental stages, to these wireless devices at E-field levels below ICNIRP's (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) guidelines for various lengths of time. WT (wild-type) and aging- or stress-sensitive mutant worms were examined for changes in growth, fertility, lifespan, chemotaxis, short-term memory, increased ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) production and apoptosis by using fluorescent marker genes or qRT-PCR (quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction). RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between the exposed and the sham/control animals in any of the experiments concerning lifespan, fertility, growth, memory, ROS, apoptosis or gene expression. CONCLUSIONS The worm appears to be robust to this form of (pulsed) radiation, at least under the exposure conditions used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Fasseas
- Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens , Athens , Greece
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28
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Ozgur E, Sahin D, Tomruk A, Guler G, Sepici Dinçel A, Altan N, Seyhan N. The effects of N-acetylcysteine and epigallocatechin-3-gallate on liver tissue protein oxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels after the exposure to radiofrequency radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:187-93. [PMID: 25249432 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.966210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The widespread and sustained use of mobile and cordless phones causes unprecedented increase of radiofrequency radiation (RFR). The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the effect of 900 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)-modulated RFR (average whole body Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of 0.4 W/kg, 10 or 20 min daily for consecutive 7 days) to the liver tissue of guinea pigs and the protective effects of antioxidant treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male guinea pigs were randomly divided into nine groups as: Group I (sham/saline), Group II (sham/EGCG), Group III (sham/NAC), Group IV (10-min RF-exposure/saline), Group V (20-min RF-exposure/saline), Group VI (10-min RF-exposure/EGCG), Group VII (20-min RF-exposure/EGCG), Group VIII (10-min RF-exposure/NAC), and Group IX (20-min RF-exposure/NAC). Protein oxidation (PCO), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were evaluated after the exposure and the treatments with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Significant decreases in the activities of SOD were observed in the liver of guinea pigs after RFR exposure. Protein damage did not change due to RFR exposure. On the other hand, only NAC treatment induced increased PCO levels, whereas EGCG treatment alone elevated the level of AOPP. Due to antioxidants having pro-oxidant behavior, the well decided doses and treatment timetables of NAC and ECGC are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elcin Ozgur
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi and Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center , Ankara
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The effect of 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation of a 3G mobile phone on the parotid gland of rats. Am J Otolaryngol 2015; 36:39-46. [PMID: 25456509 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the effect of 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation on the parotid gland of rats in short and relatively long terms. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Groups A and B served as the control groups (for 10 days and 40 days, respectively), and each group included six rats. Groups C and D were composed of nine rats each, and they were the exposure groups. The rats were exposed to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted by a generator, simulating a third generation mobile phone for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 10 or 40 days. Following exposure, the rats were sacrificed and parotid glands were removed. Histopathological and biochemical examinations were performed. RESULTS Although there were no histopathological changes in the control groups except for two animals in group A and three animals in group B, the exposure groups C (10 days) and D (40 days) showed numerous histopathological changes regarding salivary gland damage including acinar epithelial cells, interstitial space, ductal system, vascular system, nucleus, amount of cytoplasm and variations in cell size. The histopathological changes were more prominent in group D compared to group C. There was statistically significant different parameter regarding variation in cell size between the groups B and D (p=0.036). CONCLUSION The parotid gland of rats showed numerous histopathological changes after exposure to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation, both in the short and relatively long terms. Increased exposure duration led to an increase in the histopathological changes.
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An L, Zhang T. Vitamins C and E reverse melamine-induced deficits in spatial cognition and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in rats. Neurotoxicology 2014; 44:132-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Kahya MC, Nazıroğlu M, Çiğ B. Selenium reduces mobile phone (900 MHz)-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 160:285-93. [PMID: 24965080 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to mobile phone-induced electromagnetic radiation (EMR) may affect biological systems by increasing free oxygen radicals, apoptosis, and mitochondrial depolarization levels although selenium may modulate the values in cancer. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of 900 MHz radiation on the antioxidant redox system, apoptosis, and mitochondrial depolarization levels in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Cultures of the cancer cells were divided into four main groups as controls, selenium, EMR, and EMR + selenium. In EMR groups, the cells were exposed to 900 MHz EMR for 1 h (SAR value of the EMR was 0.36 ± 0.02 W/kg). In selenium groups, the cells were also incubated with sodium selenite for 1 h before EMR exposure. Then, the following values were analyzed: (a) cell viability, (b) intracellular ROS production, (c) mitochondrial membrane depolarization, (d) cell apoptosis, and (e) caspase-3 and caspase-9 values. Selenium suppressed EMR-induced oxidative cell damage and cell viability (MTT) through a reduction of oxidative stress and restoring mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, selenium indicated anti-apoptotic effects, as demonstrated by plate reader analyses of apoptosis levels and caspase-3 and caspase-9 values. In conclusion, 900 MHz EMR appears to induce apoptosis effects through oxidative stress and mitochondrial depolarization although incubation of selenium seems to counteract the effects on apoptosis and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Cemal Kahya
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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Poljšak B, Fink R. The protective role of antioxidants in the defence against ROS/RNS-mediated environmental pollution. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:671539. [PMID: 25140198 PMCID: PMC4129148 DOI: 10.1155/2014/671539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can result from exposure to environmental pollutants, such as ionising and nonionising radiation, ultraviolet radiation, elevated concentrations of ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, cigarette smoke, asbestos, particulate matter, pesticides, dioxins and furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and many other compounds present in the environment. It appears that increased oxidative/nitrosative stress is often neglected mechanism by which environmental pollutants affect human health. Oxidation of and oxidative damage to cellular components and biomolecules have been suggested to be involved in the aetiology of several chronic diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, and aging. Several studies have demonstrated that the human body can alleviate oxidative stress using exogenous antioxidants. However, not all dietary antioxidant supplements display protective effects, for example, β-carotene for lung cancer prevention in smokers or tocopherols for photooxidative stress. In this review, we explore the increases in oxidative stress caused by exposure to environmental pollutants and the protective effects of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Poljšak
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Fink
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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An L, Li Z, Zhang T. Reversible effects of vitamins C and E combination on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in melamine-treated PC12 cells. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:239-50. [PMID: 24182201 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.861598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to its high nitrogen content, melamine was deliberately added to raw milk for increasing the apparent protein content. Previous studies showed that melamine-induced apoptosis and oxidative damage on PC12 cells and rats' hippocampus. Several evidences suggested that vitamin antioxidant reduced oxidative stress and improved organic function. Whether treatments with antioxidant vitamins C or E, otherwise combination of them can attenuate oxidative stress after melamine administration remains to be elucidated. In this study, the reversible effects of vitamin antioxidants was investigated on melamine-induced neurotoxicity in cultured PC12 cells, an in vitro model of neuronal cells. When comparing vitamin C and E, the combination of both statistically increased PC12 cells viability. The results further showed that vitamin complex has effectively reduced the formation of reaction oxygen species, decreased the level of malondialdehyde, and elevated the activities of antioxidative enzymes. Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis showed that vitamin combination treatment effectively prevented PC12 cells from this melamine-induced apoptosis. It revealed the apoptotic nuclear features of the melamine-induced cell death. Additionally, a combination treatment of vitamins effectively inhibited apoptosis via blocking the increased activation of caspase-3. In summary, the vitamin E and C combination treatment could rescue PC12 cells from the injury induced by melamine through the downregulation of oxidative stress and prevention of melamine-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L An
- College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University , Tianjin , P. R. China
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Recent Reports of Wi-Fi and Mobile Phone-Induced Radiation on Oxidative Stress and Reproductive Signaling Pathways in Females and Males. J Membr Biol 2013; 246:869-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-013-9597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Herbert MR, Sage C. Autism and EMF? Plausibility of a pathophysiological link - Part I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:191-209. [PMID: 24095003 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are defined behaviorally, they also involve multileveled disturbances of underlying biology that find striking parallels in the physiological impacts of electromagnetic frequency and radiofrequency exposures (EMF/RFR). Part I of this paper will review the critical contributions pathophysiology may make to the etiology, pathogenesis and ongoing generation of core features of ASCs. We will review pathophysiological damage to core cellular processes that are associated both with ASCs and with biological effects of EMF/RFR exposures that contribute to chronically disrupted homeostasis. Many studies of people with ASCs have identified oxidative stress and evidence of free radical damage, cellular stress proteins, and deficiencies of antioxidants such as glutathione. Elevated intracellular calcium in ASCs may be due to genetics or may be downstream of inflammation or environmental exposures. Cell membrane lipids may be peroxidized, mitochondria may be dysfunctional, and various kinds of immune system disturbances are common. Brain oxidative stress and inflammation as well as measures consistent with blood-brain barrier and brain perfusion compromise have been documented. Part II of this paper will review how behaviors in ASCs may emerge from alterations of electrophysiological oscillatory synchronization, how EMF/RFR could contribute to these by de-tuning the organism, and policy implications of these vulnerabilities. Changes in brain and autonomic nervous system electrophysiological function and sensory processing predominate, seizures are common, and sleep disruption is close to universal. All of these phenomena also occur with EMF/RFR exposure that can add to system overload ('allostatic load') in ASCs by increasing risk, and worsening challenging biological problems and symptoms; conversely, reducing exposure might ameliorate symptoms of ASCs by reducing obstruction of physiological repair. Various vital but vulnerable mechanisms such as calcium channels may be disrupted by environmental agents, various genes associated with autism or the interaction of both. With dramatic increases in reported ASCs that are coincident in time with the deployment of wireless technologies, we need aggressive investigation of potential ASC - EMF/RFR links. The evidence is sufficient to warrant new public exposure standards benchmarked to low-intensity (non-thermal) exposure levels now known to be biologically disruptive, and strong, interim precautionary practices are advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha R Herbert
- TRANSCEND Research Program Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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Ni S, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Wu W, Lai K, Yao K. Study of oxidative stress in human lens epithelial cells exposed to 1.8 GHz radiofrequency fields. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72370. [PMID: 23991100 PMCID: PMC3753251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aims of the present study were to determine oxidative stress and to explore possible reasons of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase in human lens epithelial (HLE) B3 cells exposed to low intensity 1.8 GHz radiofrequency fields (RF). Methods The HLE B3 cells were divided into RF exposure and RF sham-exposure groups. The RF exposure intensity was at specific absorption rate (SAR) of 2, 3, or 4 W/kg. The ROS levels were measured by a fluorescent probe 2′7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay in the HLE B3 cells exposed to 1.8 GHz RF for 0.5, 1, and 1.5 h. Lipid peroxidation and cellular viability were detected by an MDA test and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, respectively, in the HLE B3 cells exposed to 1.8 GHz RF for 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. The mRNA expression of SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and GPx1 genes and the expression of SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and GPx1 proteins was measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot assays in the HLE B3 cells exposed to 1.8 GHz RF for 1 h. Results The ROS and MDA levels significantly increased (P<0.05) in the RF exposure group and that the cellular viability, mRNA expression of four genes, and expression of four proteins significantly decreased (P<0.05) compared with the RF sham-exposure group. Conclusions Oxidative stress is present in HLE B3 cells exposed to 1.8 GHz low-intensity RF and that the increased production of ROS may be related to down-regulation of four antioxidant enzyme genes induced by RF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ni
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yibo Yu
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yidong Zhang
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kairan Lai
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Pall ML. Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:958-65. [PMID: 23802593 PMCID: PMC3780531 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct targets of extremely low and microwave frequency range electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in producing non-thermal effects have not been clearly established. However, studies in the literature, reviewed here, provide substantial support for such direct targets. Twenty-three studies have shown that voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) produce these and other EMF effects, such that the L-type or other VGCC blockers block or greatly lower diverse EMF effects. Furthermore, the voltage-gated properties of these channels may provide biophysically plausible mechanisms for EMF biological effects. Downstream responses of such EMF exposures may be mediated through Ca2+/calmodulin stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis. Potentially, physiological/therapeutic responses may be largely as a result of nitric oxide-cGMP-protein kinase G pathway stimulation. A well-studied example of such an apparent therapeutic response, EMF stimulation of bone growth, appears to work along this pathway. However, pathophysiological responses to EMFs may be as a result of nitric oxide-peroxynitrite-oxidative stress pathway of action. A single such well-documented example, EMF induction of DNA single-strand breaks in cells, as measured by alkaline comet assays, is reviewed here. Such single-strand breaks are known to be produced through the action of this pathway. Data on the mechanism of EMF induction of such breaks are limited; what data are available support this proposed mechanism. Other Ca2+-mediated regulatory changes, independent of nitric oxide, may also have roles. This article reviews, then, a substantially supported set of targets, VGCCs, whose stimulation produces non-thermal EMF responses by humans/higher animals with downstream effects involving Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide increases, which may explain therapeutic and pathophysiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Pall
- Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry and Basic Medical Sciences, Washington State University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Tkalec M, Stambuk A, Srut M, Malarić K, Klobučar GIV. Oxidative and genotoxic effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 90:7-12. [PMID: 23352129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) can have various biological effects. In this study the oxidative and genotoxic effects were investigated in earthworms Eisenia fetida exposed in vivo to RF-EMF at the mobile phone frequency (900 MHz). Earthworms were exposed to the homogeneous RF-EMF at field levels of 10, 23, 41 and 120 V m(-1) for a period of 2h using a Gigahertz Transversal Electromagnetic (GTEM) cell. At the field level of 23 V m(-1) the effect of longer exposure (4h) and field modulation (80% AM 1 kHz sinusoidal) was investigated as well. All exposure treatments induced significant genotoxic effect in earthworms coelomocytes detected by the Comet assay, demonstrating DNA damaging capacity of 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation. Field modulation additionally increased the genotoxic effect. Moreover, our results indicated the induction of antioxidant stress response in terms of enhanced catalase and glutathione reductase activity as a result of the RF-EMF exposure, and demonstrated the generation of lipid and protein oxidative damage. Antioxidant responses and the potential of RF-EMF to induce damage to lipids, proteins and DNA differed depending on the field level applied, modulation of the field and duration of E. fetida exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation. Nature of detected DNA lesions and oxidative stress as the mechanism of action for the induction of DNA damage are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Tkalec
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Poulletier de Gannes F, Billaudel B, Haro E, Taxile M, Le Montagner L, Hurtier A, Ait Aissa S, Masuda H, Percherancier Y, Ruffié G, Dufour P, Veyret B, Lagroye I. Rat fertility and embryo fetal development: influence of exposure to the Wi-Fi signal. Reprod Toxicol 2012. [PMID: 23178895 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, concern has been growing about decreasing fecundity and fertility in the human population. Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF), especially radiofrequency (RF) fields used in wireless communications has been suggested as a potential risk factor. For the first time, we evaluated the effects of exposure to the 2450MHz Wi-Fi signal (1h/day, 6days/week) on the reproductive system of male and female Wistar rats, pre-exposed to Wi-Fi during sexual maturation. Exposure lasted 3 weeks (males) or 2 weeks (females), then animals were mated and couples exposed for 3 more weeks. On the day before delivery, the fetuses were observed for lethality, abnormalities, and clinical signs. In our experiment, no deleterious effects of Wi-Fi exposure on rat male and female reproductive organs and fertility were observed for 1h per days. No macroscopic abnormalities in fetuses were noted, even at the critical level of 4W/kg.
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Oksay T, Naziroğlu M, Doğan S, Güzel A, Gümral N, Koşar PA. Protective effects of melatonin against oxidative injury in rat testis induced by wireless (2.45 GHz) devices. Andrologia 2012; 46:65-72. [PMID: 23145464 DOI: 10.1111/and.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Wireless devices have become part of everyday life and mostly located near reproductive organs while they are in use. The present study was designed to determine the possible protective effects of melatonin on oxidative stress-dependent testis injury induced by 2.45-GHz electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Thirty-two rats were equally divided into four different groups, namely cage control (A1), sham control (A2), 2.45-GHz EMR (B) and 2.45-GHz EMR+melatonin (C). Group B and C were exposed to 2.45-GHz EMR during 60 min day(-1) for 30 days. Lipid peroxidation levels were higher in Group B than in Group A1 and A2. Melatonin treatment prevented the increase in the lipid peroxidation induced by EMR. Also reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels in Group D were higher than that of exposure group. Vitamin A and E concentrations decreased in exposure group, and melatonin prevented the decrease in vitamin E levels. In conclusion, wireless (2.45 GHz) EMR caused oxidative damage in testis by increasing the levels of lipid peroxidation and decreasing in vitamin A and E levels. Melatonin supplementation prevented oxidative damage induced by EMR and also supported the antioxidant redox system in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oksay
- Department of Urology, Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - M Naziroğlu
- Department of Biophysics, Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - S Doğan
- Department of Biophysics, Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - A Güzel
- Department of Urology, Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - N Gümral
- Department of Physiology, Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - P A Koşar
- Department Medical Biology and Genetics, Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
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Hintzsche H, Jastrow C, Kleine-Ostmann T, Kärst U, Schrader T, Stopper H. Terahertz electromagnetic fields (0.106 THz) do not induce manifest genomic damage in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46397. [PMID: 23029508 PMCID: PMC3459899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Terahertz electromagnetic fields are non-ionizing electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 0.1 to 10 THz. Potential applications of these electromagnetic fields include the whole body scanners, which currently apply millimeter waves just below the terahertz range, but future scanners will use higher frequencies in the terahertz range. These and other applications will bring along human exposure to these fields. Up to now, only a limited number of investigations on biological effects of terahertz electromagnetic fields have been performed. Therefore, research is strongly needed to enable reliable risk assessment.Cells were exposed for 2 h, 8 h, and 24 h with different power intensities ranging from 0.04 mW/cm(2) to 2 mW/cm(2), representing levels below, at, and above current safety limits. Genomic damage on the chromosomal level was measured as micronucleus formation. DNA strand breaks and alkali-labile sites were quantified with the comet assay. No DNA strand breaks or alkali-labile sites were observed as a consequence of exposure to terahertz electromagnetic fields in the comet assay. The fields did not cause chromosomal damage in the form of micronucleus induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Hintzsche
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Uwe Kärst
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Helga Stopper
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ferrari CKB. Effects of xenobiotics on total antioxidant capacity. Interdiscip Toxicol 2012; 5:117-22. [PMID: 23554550 PMCID: PMC3600510 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-012-0019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this article was to review the effects of xenobiotics on total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Measurement of TAC is appropriate for evaluation of the total antioxidant defenses of blood, cells, and different kinds of tissues and organs. TAC is reduced by alcoholism, smoking, and exposure to radiation, herbicides, carbon monoxide, carbon tetrachloride, lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, aluminum, and other toxic elements. The test is also an important tool in evaluating environmental and occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Kusano Bucalen Ferrari
- Biomedical Research Group, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Campus Universitário do Araguaia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Gov. Jaime Campos, 6390, Distrito Industrial, Barra do Garças, 78.600-000, MT, Brazil
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Simon D, Daubos A, Pain C, Fitoussi R, Vié K, Taieb A, de Benetti L, Cario-André M. Exposure to acute electromagnetic radiation of mobile phone exposure range alters transiently skin homeostasis of a model of pigmented reconstructed epidermis. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 35:27-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Simon
- University Bordeaux Segalen; 146 rue Leo Saignat; Bordeaux; France
| | - A. Daubos
- INSERM U1035; 146 rue Leo Saignat; Bordeaux; France
| | | | | | - K. Vié
- Laboratories Clarins; Pontoise; France
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Avci B, Akar A, Bilgici B, Tunçel ÖK. Oxidative stress induced by 1.8 GHz radio frequency electromagnetic radiation and effects of garlic extract in rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:799-805. [PMID: 22788526 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.711504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to study the oxidative damage induced by radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) emitted by mobile telephones and the protective effect of garlic extract used as an anti-oxidant against this damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 66 albino Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The first group of rats was given 1.8 GHz, 0.4 W/kg specific absorption rate (SAR) for 1 h a day for three weeks. The second group was given 500 mg/kg garlic extract in addition to RF-EMR. The third group of rats was used as the control group. At the end of the study, blood and brain tissue samples were collected from the rats. RESULTS After the RF-EMR exposed, the advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) levels of brain tissue increased compared with the control group (p < 0.001). Garlic administration accompanying the RF-EMR, on the other hand, significantly reduced AOPP levels in brain tissue (p < 0.001). The serum nitric oxide (NO) levels significantly increased both in the first and second group (p < 0.001). However, in the group for which garlic administration accompanied that of RF-EMR, there was no difference in serum NO levels compared with the RF-EMR exposed group (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference among the groups with respect to malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in brain tissue and blood samples (p > 0.05). Similarly, no difference was detected among the groups regarding serum paroxonase (PON) levels (p > 0.05). We did not detect any PON levels in the brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS The exposure of RF-EMR similar to 1.8 GHz Global system for mobile communication (GSM) leads to protein oxidation in brain tissue and an increase in serum NO. We observed that garlic administration reduced protein oxidation in brain tissue and that it did not have any effects on serum NO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahattin Avci
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
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45
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Al-Damegh MA. Rat testicular impairment induced by electromagnetic radiation from a conventional cellular telephone and the protective effects of the antioxidants vitamins C and E. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:785-92. [PMID: 22892924 PMCID: PMC3400170 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(07)14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of electromagnetic radiation from conventional cellular phone use on the oxidant and antioxidant status in rat blood and testicular tissue and determine the possible protective role of vitamins C and E in preventing the detrimental effects of electromagnetic radiation on the testes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The treatment groups were exposed to an electromagnetic field, electromagnetic field plus vitamin C (40 mg/kg/day) or electromagnetic field plus vitamin E (2.7 mg/kg/day). All groups were exposed to the same electromagnetic frequency for 15, 30, and 60 min daily for two weeks. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules with a disorganized seminiferous tubule sperm cycle interruption in the electromagnetism-exposed group. The serum and testicular tissue conjugated diene, lipid hydroperoxide, and catalase activities increased 3-fold, whereas the total serum and testicular tissue glutathione and glutathione peroxidase levels decreased 3-5 fold in the electromagnetism-exposed animals. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the adverse effect of the generated electromagnetic frequency had a negative impact on testicular architecture and enzymatic activity. This finding also indicated the possible role of vitamins C and E in mitigating the oxidative stress imposed on the testes and restoring normality to the testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Abdullah Al-Damegh
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Onaizah, Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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46
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Ros-Llor I, Sanchez-Siles M, Camacho-Alonso F, Lopez-Jornet P. Effect of mobile phones on micronucleus frequency in human exfoliated oral mucosal cells. Oral Dis 2012; 18:786-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2012.01946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Gye MC, Park CJ. Effect of electromagnetic field exposure on the reproductive system. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2012; 39:1-9. [PMID: 22563544 PMCID: PMC3341445 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2012.39.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The safety of human exposure to an ever-increasing number and diversity of electromagnetic field (EMF) sources both at work and at home has become a public health issue. To date, many in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that EMF exposure can alter cellular homeostasis, endocrine function, reproductive function, and fetal development in animal systems. Reproductive parameters reported to be altered by EMF exposure include male germ cell death, the estrous cycle, reproductive endocrine hormones, reproductive organ weights, sperm motility, early embryonic development, and pregnancy success. At the cellular level, an increase in free radicals and [Ca2+]i may mediate the effect of EMFs and lead to cell growth inhibition, protein misfolding, and DNA breaks. The effect of EMF exposure on reproductive function differs according to frequency and wave, strength (energy), and duration of exposure. In the present review, the effects of EMFs on reproductive function are summarized according to the types of EMF, wave type, strength, and duration of exposure at cellular and organism levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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48
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Agarwal A, Singh A, Hamada A, Kesari K. Cell phones and male infertility: a review of recent innovations in technology and consequences. Int Braz J Urol 2012; 37:432-54. [PMID: 21888695 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382011000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell phones have become a vital part of everyday life. However, the health risks associated with their usage are often overlooked. Recently, evidence from several studies supports a growing claim that cell phone usage may have a detrimental effect on sperm parameters leading to decreased male fertility. Nonetheless, other studies showed no conclusive link between male infertility and cell phone usage. The ambiguity of such results is attributed to the lack of a centralized assay for measuring inflicted damage caused by cell phones. Study design, ethics, and reproducibility are all aspects which must be standardized before any conclusions can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Agarwal
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Colak C, Parlakpinar H, Ermis N, Tagluk ME, Colak C, Sarihan E, Dilek OF, Turan B, Bakir S, Acet A. Effects of electromagnetic radiation from 3G mobile phone on heart rate, blood pressure and ECG parameters in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:629-38. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711420468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Effects of electromagnetic energy radiated from mobile phones (MPs) on heart is one of the research interests. The current study was designed to investigate the effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from third-generation (3G) MP on the heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and ECG parameters and also to investigate whether exogenous melatonin can exert any protective effect on these parameters. In this study 36 rats were randomized and evenly categorized into 4 groups: group 1 (3G-EMR exposed); group 2 (3G-EMR exposed + melatonin); group 3 (control) and group 4 (control + melatonin). The rats in groups 1 and 2 were exposed to 3G-specific MP’s EMR for 20 days (40 min/day; 20 min active (speech position) and 20 min passive (listening position)). Group 2 was also administered with melatonin for 20 days (5 mg/kg daily during the experimental period). ECG signals were recorded from cannulated carotid artery both before and after the experiment, and BP and HR were calculated on 1st, 3rd and 5th min of recordings. ECG signals were processed and statistically evaluated. In our experience, the obtained results did not show significant differences in the BP, HR and ECG parameters among the groups both before and after the experiment. Melatonin, also, did not exhibit any additional effects, neither beneficial nor hazardous, on the heart hemodynamics of rats. Therefore, the strategy (noncontact) of using a 3G MP could be the reason for ineffectiveness; and use of 3G MP, in this perspective, seems to be safer compared to the ones used in close contact with the head. However, further study is needed for standardization of such an assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Colak
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | | | - Necip Ermis
- Department of Cardiology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Tagluk
- Department of Electrical and Electronics, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Cemil Colak
- Department of Biostatistics, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ediz Sarihan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | | | | | - Sevtap Bakir
- Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Acet
- Department of Pharmacology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Yang X, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Li W, Yang B. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from Wharton jelly of the human umbilical cord ameliorate damage to human endometrial stromal cells. Fertil Steril 2011; 96:1029-36. [PMID: 21802667 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from Wharton jelly of umbilical cord (WJ-MSCs) on ameliorating damaged human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). DESIGN Experimental study. SETTING University-affiliated hospital. PATIENT(S) Sixteen endometrial tissues were obtained from women undergoing hysterectomy. Eight umbilical cords were obtained from full-term deliveries. INTERVENTION(S) ESCs were cultured with mifepristone to get damaged ESCs, then damaged ESCs were co-cultured with WJ-MSCs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The proliferation of ESCs was investigated by Cell Counting Kit 8, and the percentage of apoptosis by annexin-V-fluorescein isothiocyanate binding. The mRNA and protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and caspases 3, 8, and 9 were determined by one-step quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. RESULT(S) After exposure to mifepristone, the proliferation of ESCs decreased and the apoptosis percentage increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. At a certain dose and duration, this damage continued even after the withdrawal of mifepristone at 48 hours. When the damaged ESCs were cocultured with WJ-MSCs, the proliferation of these damaged cells was significantly increased and apoptosis percentage decreased. In addition, the level of VEGF mRNA and protein decreased and that of caspases 3, 8, and 9 increased. CONCLUSION(S) WJ-MSCs may serve as a promising treatment approach to ameliorate endometrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, JiangSu, People's Republic of China
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