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Lyu Y, He Y, Li Y, Tang Z. Tissue-specific distributions of organic ultraviolet absorbents in free-range chickens and domestic pigeons from Guangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118108. [PMID: 38184061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The ecological risks of organic ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) have been of increasing concern. Studies have found that these chemicals could be accumulated in terrestrial animals and pose toxicities. However, tissue distribution of UVAs in terrestrial species was far from well understood. In this study, free-range chickens and domestic pigeons were selected to investigate the occurrence and tissue distribution of UVAs. Total concentrations of eleven UVAs in muscles ranged from 778 to 2874 (mean 1413 ± 666) ng/g lipid weight, which were higher than those in aquatic species worldwide. Since low UVA concentrations in local environment were previously reported, the results implied the strong accumulation of UVAs in studied species. Brain, stomach and kidney were main target organs for studied UVAs, differentiating from the strong liver sequestration in aquatic species. The mean tissue-to-muscle ratios of 1.02-4.23 further indicated the preferential accumulation of target UVAs in these tissues. The tissue-to-blood ratios of benzophenone (BP), 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS) and homosalate (HMS) in brain were 370, 1207 and 52.0, respectively, implying their preferential accumulation in brain. More research is needed to characterize the toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of UVAs in terrestrial wild species, in order to further understand their potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, PR China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, PR China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - Yonghong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, PR China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, PR China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
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Lee S, Ka Y, Lee B, Lee I, Seo YE, Shin H, Kho Y, Ji K. Single and mixture toxicity evaluation of avobenzone and homosalate to male zebrafish and H295R cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 343:140271. [PMID: 37758070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Avobenzone and homosalate are widely used in sunscreens to provide ultraviolet (UV) protection, either as single compounds or in combination. Some UV filters exhibit estrogenic or anti-androgenic activities, however, studies regarding their interactions and toxicity in mixtures are limited. In this study, the effect of the toxicity of a binary mixture comprising avobenzone (0.72 μg L-1) and homosalate (1.02 and 103 μg L-1) on steroid hormone biosynthesis were investigated using male zebrafish and human adrenocortical carcinoma (H295R) cells. In fish exposed to homosalate, a significant decrease in the gonadosomatic index, testosterone level, and transcription of several genes (e.g, hsd3b2, cyp17a1, and hsd17b1) and a significant increase in the hepatosomatic index, liver steatosis, 17β-estradiol level, and transcription of vtg gene were observed. These results suggest that estrogenic and anti-androgenic effects of homosalate were mediated by the steroidogenic pathway. The presence of 0.72 μg L-1 of avobenzone augmented the anti-androgenic responses in male fish. The testosterone level in the H295R cells were significantly decreased after they were exposed to homosalate alone or in combination with avobenzone, which is consistent with observations in male zebrafish. Further studies need to be conducted to understand the endocrine disrupting properties of long-term exposure to substances typically used in sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Ka
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Lee
- Institute of Natural Science, Yongin University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhye Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Seo
- Department of Food Technology & Service, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Shin
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17092, Republic of Korea.
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Lyu Y, Li G, He Y, Li Y, Tang Z. Occurrence and distribution of organic ultraviolet absorbents in soils and plants from a typical industrial area in South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157383. [PMID: 35843326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) have attracted increasing concern due to their ubiquity, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity. However, available information on their occurrence and transfer in terrestrial environment is still extremely insufficient. In this study, we investigated twelve UVAs in the soils and five terrestrial plant species from a typical industrial area in South China, and found their total concentrations were 5.87-76.1 (median 13.1) and 17.9-269 (median 82.9) ng/g dry weight, respectively. Homosalate was dominant in soils while benzophenone and octrizole were predominant in plants, likely due to their complex sources and bioaccumulation preferences. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were further evaluated based on the ratios of UVA concentrations in plants and soils. The observed BAFs of UVAs were compound and species-specific, and most of them were much >1.0, indicating the chemicals could be transferred from soils to plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of organic UVAs in field soil-plant systems, providing information that may improve our understanding of the bioaccumulability of these chemicals in terrestrial environment and the associated risks. More studies are needed to investigate the transfer and bioaccumulation of such chemicals in soils and terrestrial biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Guanghui Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yonghong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
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Klančič V, Gobec M, Jakopin Ž. Halogenated ingredients of household and personal care products as emerging endocrine disruptors. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134824. [PMID: 35525453 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The everyday use of household and personal care products (HPCPs) generates an enormous amount of chemicals, of which several groups warrant additional attention, including: (i) parabens, which are widely used as preservatives; (ii) bisphenols, which are used in the manufacture of plastics; (iii) UV filters, which are essential components of many cosmetic products; and (iv) alkylphenol ethoxylates, which are used extensively as non-ionic surfactants. These chemicals are released continuously into the environment, thus contaminating soil, water, plants and animals. Wastewater treatment and water disinfection procedures can convert these chemicals into halogenated transformation products, which end up in the environment and pose a potential threat to humans and wildlife. Indeed, while certain parent HPCP ingredients have been confirmed as endocrine disruptors, less is known about the endocrine activities of their halogenated derivatives. The aim of this review is first to examine the sources and occurrence of halogenated transformation products in the environment, and second to compare their endocrine-disrupting properties to those of their parent compounds (i.e., parabens, bisphenols, UV filters, alkylphenol ethoxylates). Albeit previous reports have focused individually on selected classes of such substances, none have considered the problem of their halogenated transformation products. This review therefore summarizes the available research on these halogenated compounds, highlights the potential exposure pathways, and underlines the existing knowledge gaps within their toxicological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Klančič
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Jakopin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Lyu Y, Zhong F, Tang Z, He Y, Han X. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of organic ultraviolet absorbents in the food web of a freshwater lake: Implications for risk estimation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118612. [PMID: 34863893 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) are increasingly reported in environmental matrices and organisms. However, available information on the bioaccumulation of UVAs in freshwater species is insufficient and their trophodynamics in lake food webs remain unknown. We measured the concentrations of twelve UVAs in the wild species from Lake Chaohu. Except for UV-320 not detected, the other UVAs were prevalent in the study species and their total concentrations were in the range of 5.44-131 ng/g dry weight, which were comparable to the concentrations reported in other waters. Compound and species-specific accumulations of UVAs in the organisms were observed. In the lake, the log-transformed concentrations of 4-methyl benzylidene camphor, octyl p-dimethylaminobenzoate, UV-326, and UV-327 related significantly to the trophic levels of species separately. The calculated trophic magnification factors (TMFs) of the four UVAs were 3.79, implying trophic magnification, and 0.18, 0.40 and 0.58, suggesting trophic dilution, respectively. These suggested that the magnification potential and the associated risks of individual UVAs in freshwater lake differed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of these TMFs in lake food webs. However, more investigation is needed to characterize their trophodynamic behaviors in lakes because food web characteristics likely affect trophic transfer of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Fuyong Zhong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xue Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Kwon B, Choi K. Occurrence of major organic UV filters in aquatic environments and their endocrine disruption potentials: A mini-review. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 17:940-950. [PMID: 33991024 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV filters are frequently used in daily life, and hence are ubiquitously detected in the aquatic environment worldwide. Most monitoring efforts and toxicological studies are, however, limited to a few chemicals like benzophenone-3 (BP-3). In the present study, we chose other major organic UV filters, such as avobenzone (AVB), homosalate (HS), octisalate (OS), and octocrylene (OC), and reviewed information on their use, environmental occurrences, and endocrine disruption effects, available to date. Organic UV filters are used in high volume in many consumer applications, not only in sunscreen products but also in cosmetics, personal care products, home products, and food packaging. Environmental monitoring worldwide reveals that recreational coastal waters are among the hot spots of their contamination. An increasing number of experimental studies indicate that organic UV filters such as octinoxate (OMC), AVB, and HS may cause disruptions in sex hormones. Avobenzene and OMC can also influence thyroid function in experimental models. Observations in human population are rarely made, but OMC and OC have been associated with decreased androgenicity and increase of polycystic ovary syndrome, respectively. Further investigations are warranted to fill the knowledge gaps identified in the present study, to help develop relevant safety screening measures for organic UV filters. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:940-950. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bareum Kwon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Sustainable Development (ISD), Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Huang Y, Wang P, Law JCF, Zhao Y, Wei Q, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Shi H, Leung KSY. Organic UV filter exposure and pubertal development: A prospective follow-up study of urban Chinese adolescents. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105961. [PMID: 32679395 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND UV filters, widely used in personal care and industrial products, are being found in the environment and, in humans where with limited understanding on their potential health effects, especially during puberty. OBJECTIVES To examine the association between UV filter exposure and pubertal development in a prospective follow-up study. METHODS This study included 521 elementary and high school students from a suburban area of Shanghai. The initial study was done in October to November 2011; the follow-up study in April to May 2013. Twelve urinary organic UV filters were quantified, and the pubertal development was assessed at each study period by trained physicians using Tanner staging. We used (ordered) logistic regression model and multilevel mixed-effect (ordered) logistic regression model to assess cross-sectional and longitudinal effects between urinary concentration of five major UV filters and pubertal development of stages, onset and pace. RESULTS Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and its metabolite 4'-methoxyacetophenone (4'-MAP), two benzophenone derivatives (BP-2, BP-3) and Ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA (OD-PABA) were the most extensively detected UV filters in urine with geometric means (95% CI) in 2010 and 2012 as 1.77 (1.599, 1.956) and 2.28 (1.985, 2.622) ng/mL for EHMC; 4.55 (4.219, 4.907) and 5.26 (4.783, 5.775) ng/mL for 4'-MAP; 4.38 (4.011, 4.774) and 5.74 (5.023, 6.562) ng/mL for BP-2; 0.83 (0.760, 0.903) and 1.09 (0.967, 1.220) ng/mL for BP-3; 5.37 (4.949, 5.820) and 5.80 (5.193, 6.486) pg/mL for OD-PABA. Significant trend P-values (P < 0.05) include: EHMC and its metabolite were negatively correlated with stages of testicular volume and genital development; BP-3 was also negatively correlated with stages of testicular volume in boys, while OD-PABA positively correlated with stages of pubic hair and breast development in girls. Also, EHMC was associated with later pubertal onset of pubic hair and testicular volumes in boys, while OD-PABA correlated with earlier pubertal onset of breast development in girls. OD-PABA also significantly speeded up the progression of pubic hair and breast development in girls. DISCUSSION UV filters were extensively detected. Exposure to EHMC and BP-3 was significantly associated with later pubertal development in boys, and OD-PABA was associated with earlier pubertal development in girls. It demonstrates that the UV filters so widely used in personal care products and widely detected in environments are finding their way back into people where they are distorting endocrine function of adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), China
| | - Japhet Cheuk-Fung Law
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yingya Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), China
| | - Qian Wei
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), China
| | - Yuhan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), China.
| | - Huijing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), China.
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, China.
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Holt EL, Krokidi KM, Turner MAP, Mishra P, Zwier TS, Rodrigues NDN, Stavros VG. Insights into the photoprotection mechanism of the UV filter homosalate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15509-15519. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02610g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Homosalate has been found to exhibit favourable photophysics for inclusion in sunscreens, using a combination of spectroscopic and computational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Holt
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training
| | | | - Matthew A. P. Turner
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training
| | - Piyush Mishra
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
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Sung CR, Kim KB, Lee JY, Lee BM, Kwack SJ. Risk Assessment of Ethylhexyl Dimethyl PABA in Cosmetics. Toxicol Res 2019; 35:131-136. [PMID: 31015895 PMCID: PMC6467356 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2019.35.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylhexyl dimethyl para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is an oily yellow liquid derivative of water-soluble PABA commonly used in sunscreen. Ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA is widely used as an ingredient in many cosmetics at an average concentration of 1.25% (0.5–2.0%) in Korea. Previous studies, including those involving animals, have demonstrated that ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA is toxic to the following four organs: testis, epididymis, spleen, and liver. In addition, experiments using human keratinocytes found that ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA inhibits cell growth and DNA synthesis at low concentrations, and halted the cell cycle of MM96L cells (human melanoma cell line) at the G1 phase. Despite limited clinical data in humans, many studies have confirmed increased mutagenicity of ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA following exposure to sunlight, which suggests that this molecule is likely to contribute to onset of sun-induced cancer despite protecting the skin through absorption of UVB. For risk assessment, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) chosen was 100 mg/kg bw/day in a 4 weeks oral toxicity study. Systemic exposure dosage (SED) was 0.588 mg/kg bw/day for maximum use of ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA in cosmetics. Based on the risk assessment and exposure scenarios conducted in this study, the margin of safety (MOS) was calculated to be 180.18 for a sunscreen containing 8% ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA, which is the maximum level allowed by the relevant domestic authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Rim Sung
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- BK21Plus Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kwack
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
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Abstract
Endocrine disruption has been gathering increasing attention in the past 25 years as a possible new threat for health and safety. Exposure to endocrine disruptor has been progressively linked with a growing number of increasing disease in the human population. The mechanics through which endocrine disruptors act are not yet completely clear, however a number of pathways have been identified. A key concern is the cumulative and synergic effects that endocrine disruptors could have when mixed in consumer products. We reviewed the available literature to identify known or potential endocrine disruptors, as well as endocrine active substances that could contribute to cumulative effects, in topical consumer products. The number of endocrine actives used daily in consumer products is staggering and even though most if not all are used in concentrations that are considered to be safe, we believe that the possibility of combined effects in mixtures and non-monotonic dose/response is enough to require further precautions. A combined in vitro approach based on existing, validated OECD test methods is suggested to screen consumer products and mixtures for potential interaction with estrogen and androgen hormone receptors, in order to identify products that could have cumulative effects or support their safety concerning direct endocrine disruption capabilities.
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